Nr/^VfVrr #ri ^ 

>*>** , „«.*yxvi^«.^J 
? S»4l </p>

<p>• A^T^Sf t* </p>

<p>
' ii/ 1 ft ® A tH VA* * f ^TfT i </p>

<p>ji yntrfM ?( »UU ft m ?»|»V ^A y l \^# 4- • Ar^fk*^ 
*^?1 w * i- -Ay ? T . u. OCa&lt;• aaM - f f'l A l *U l | </p>

<p>CTw, T^Ti </p>

<p>
• $ * + : * y &gt; a ^ ..w ^ \ V? AVf-y. </p>

<p>VI IliXXlA A a lX _- tl - 1- li _ ^Lk. k ki ‘— &gt;. _ </p>

<p>
iiAl*ilftl. 4 A A t U fli « ¦» At t Ai i Itti m </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Google </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>t * f} r.tjc </p>



<p>* </p>

<p>
'-4 f </p>

<p>f </p>



<p>tized by </p>



<p>Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>













<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
o </p>























<p>THE </p>

<p>
BULLETIN 28 </p>

<p>
STATE OF LOUISIANA </p>



<p>HHwr 4 </p>

<p>
|V$SH </p>



<p>
1 i 7 SMKffifcii sAffisfe ¦ • &gt; </p>

<p>
1 $ Vwrlr&gt;ngnl </p>

<p>HBB </p>



<p>
*^g3^8Sy t vjaB </p>











<p>
lfw«» </p>

<p>Hyjjgjy&gt;y^'/; IB </p>

<p>fS£${: ,-: f.;|wj </p>



<p>H </p>



<p>
1 </p>

<p>1 </p>

<p>k </p>

<p>* </p>

<p>¦ </p>



<p>
'¦’^MtWJmi </p>

<p>fr'yPfiw </p>



<p>'¥* jr* .. r^V’’ # I </p>







<p>
Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>6£61 £ I AON </p>

<p>
/ </p>

<p>
Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 1 </p>

<p>
T’vl'ttlit-js.vj Vmjv 'I. .Vi/.'! )(&gt; I¦»nire\y '«/ ,Vir; WO Ziivinu.M V-.i ;.ii </p>

<p>III! IViARY 1MLI I O VOHjpm Kl « </p>

<p>« / ... 11..irtifM a. i </p>

<p>I vMtd /iMinC vpt cr.aul.u -lrf Noith Ann i u.u'i \v&lt;viulpctkcrs rIic I V4irv-hilled Woodpti ktr </p>

<p>&gt; N i'pc nl flu i.tfot lit .ill Anu.ru u* hihk, Ihi Dtp.ttcmi*nf i»f C of </p>

<p>1 i-jrthiUy^.u.'ticii’Tip tine «r| fix Kw lim^n when (his upusu.Hly h.uulsoim </p>

<p>Di 3 i » 1 «• O ‘P 0-1 l imms. .So near in the specie* fp vxiinctis&lt;n '3vji ,?-Sulg'ivcJi-i' </p>

<p>‘ it^il tu-uV-i !.«.»», uP\f hnr.c to tTiahh: rhe i\Miv-hitlf .1 \\ oodhfi ipr fo"XtU&amp;vR </p>





<p>
tub </p>















<p>STATK OF LOUISI ANA </p>

<p>' </p>

<p>DEPARTMENT Of QmmmAmoW ' </p>

<p>: , ' </p>

<p>William G. Rankin* Oomniii^ronei: </p>

<p>•' Pa ¦¦¦'•&lt;' • ' ¦"••¦ • ¦ r -.- r ^-^ : TV TV . ; v. :• '•••'¦ ,• •. </p>

<p>m ¦ : • • ; 4 i •• - . </p>

<p>Bulletin No. 28 </p>

<p>
LOUISIANA </p>

<p>
¦ . ¦ </p>

<p>V - *•.'/. </p>

<p>•’ V %}&gt; : . V , ,* * • </p>

<p>
• l ;v ... 'i. • iV'fH‘AC : </p>

<p>
HARRY. CL. QBEEHOLSPJR </p>

<p>
• j 7 &gt; :^r - ^ ‘v~:^ 1 </p>

<p>* '&amp; XprVv </p>



<p>
» j, , ; ¦ </p>

<p>\ * o»r V </p>



<p>
i¦.... </p>

<p>Published in cooperation with The-. BioL&gt;#fcal Survey, </p>

<p>Untied Stales Department. -A Apm ulht.r-v. </p>

<p>- </p>

<p>¦ </p>

<p>•&gt;v Hi): </p>

<p>DEPARTMENT OF C0NSERVA tTON </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
• • • •. ; . • </p>

<p>••• i'i’vvV. j$Y ftUvr 4 pW • 
. ' ' </p>

<p>
Original from, </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY.OF MICHIGAN' </p>



<p>
12 . </p>

<p>JL S3 </p>

<p>
Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>LOUISIANA </p>

<p>DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION </p>

<p>
WILLIAM G. RANKIN 
Commissioner </p>

<p>
JAMES P. GUILLOT 
Secretary </p>

<p>
DR. J. A. SHAW </p>

<p>Director, Division of Mines and Minerals </p>

<p>
V. H. SONDEREGGER 
Director, Division of Forestry </p>

<p>
ARMAND P. DASPIT 
Director, Division of Fur and Wild Life </p>

<p>
J. B. DAUENHAUER, JR. 
Director, Division of Enforcement and 
Fisheries </p>

<p>
james n. McConnell </p>

<p>Director, Division of Oysters and Water 
Bottoms </p>

<p>
JAMES N. GOWANLOCH 
Chief Biologist </p>

<p>Bureau of Scientific Research and Statistics </p>

<p>
CYRIL K. MORESI 
State Geologist </p>

<p>
WILL BRANAN 
Director of Publicity </p>

<p>
MRS. ESTELLE V. COTTMAN 
Acting Director, Bureau of Education </p>

<p>
PHILIP A. GEHLBACH 
Superintendent of Department’s Flotilla </p>

<p>
HENRY A. CASSOU 
Auditor </p>

<p>III </p>

<p>
Digitized by CjOOQie </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>FOREWORD </p>

<p>
Abundant evidence of the value of the educational 
program of the Louisiana Department of Conservation is 
given by the great demand for information regarding the 
natural resources of our State. Such requests for liter¬ 
ature and lectures come from individuals, sportsmen’s 
and other organizations, and particularly from schools 
of all kinds throughout Louisiana. As one means of pre¬ 
senting to the public such information in usable form, the 
Department of Conservation issues a series of bulletins, 
in which there are set forth the results of research in 
various branches of the Department. </p>

<p>The study of birds offers one .of the most interesting 
and instructive approaches to the whole field of natural 
history. Birds form a relatively small and compact group 
so that it is possible for a reasonably studious and indus¬ 
trious amateur to obtain a knowledge of practically all 
the birds of any one North American locality. Other 
characteristics of birds, their often bright and sharply 
patterned plumages, their varied and interesting calls 
and songs, their wide range of nesting habits, all likewise 
afford additional appeal to the nature lover and to all 
who are fond of the out-of-doors. </p>

<p>Birds have additionally a highly practical value. The 
game species form the basis of a big American business. 
The vast army of American hunters must be provided 
with guns, ammunition, boats, supplies, and personal 
services, to the aggregate value of many millions of dollars 
annually. Birds directly affect and improve the interests 
and welfare of agriculturists and horticulturists every¬ 
where. Birds by their food habits serve as an invaluable 
check on destructive insects and injurious weeds. Day 
by day, season by season, and year by year they serve 
man well. </p>

<p>The previous publications of the Department of Con¬ 
servation concerning the birds of Louisiana have long </p>

<p>V </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>VI </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
been out of print. It was therefore projected five years 
ago that there be published an account of the birds of 
the State more comprehensive than any previously in 
existence. As originally planned under the administra¬ 
tion of then Commissioner Robert S. Maestri, the work 
was to have been presented in a single volume. As pre¬ 
liminary to this, an ornithological survey of the State was 
conducted by Dr. Harry Church Oberholser, accompanied 
by the Chief Biologist of the Department of Conserva¬ 
tion, James Nelson Gowanloch. </p>

<p>Doctor Oberholser, who is Senior Ornithologist of the 
United States Biological Survey, has had a career of 
unexcelled distinction in his contributions to this field of 
science. He has served for twenty-six years as a member 
of the committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union 
charged with responsibility for the scientific acceptance 
and standardization of the species and subspecies of 
North American birds. He has been in charge of many 
most important investigations. He is a member of nearly 
all the ornithological societies in the world. In the course 
of his scientific field work, which has covered all forty- 
eight states of the Union and all nine provinces of Can¬ 
ada, Doctor Oberholser has spent much time at various 
periods in the State of Louisiana. He has in this bulletin 
gathered together all available published and unpublished 
records relating to the birds of the State, and has included 
also a great number of records, some of them unique, 
which have been the result of field work by many mem¬ 
bers of the Department of Conservation. </p>

<p>I wish to thank Doctor Oberholser for his generous, 
unstinted, and painstaking cooperation in the preparation 
of this volume. </p>

<p>Due to the increase of our knowledge of the birds of 
the State, the initial plan of publication in one volume 
has been altered. This volume by Doctor Oberholser, 
entitled “The Bird Life of Louisiana,” Department of 
Conservation Bulletin Number 28, will shortly be fol¬ 
lowed by a second volume, Bulletin Number 29, which </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Foreword </p>

<p>
VII </p>

<p>
will be supplemental to Bulletin Number 28. This second 
volume, prepared by James Nelson Gowanloch, Chief 
Biologist of the Department of Conservation, will present 
in compact form and make readily accessible additional 
information concerning the birds of the State, particu¬ 
larly such supplemental information as is necessary to 
teachers and to bird students who may not have access to 
the many and various general publications on ornithology. </p>

<p>I hope that these publications will assist in widely 
disseminating information regarding our rich Louisiana 
bird life, and particularly that they will serve to aid the 
efforts of teachers everywhere throughout the State in 
educating students to a richer appreciation of the aesthetic 
beauty and practical value of our birds as an important 
part of our wild life. </p>



<p>7*V </p>



<p>Commissioner </p>

<p>
New Orleans, La. 
March 19, 1938. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>CONTENTS </p>

<p>
Page </p>

<p>
FOREWORD . v </p>

<p>CONTENTS. ix </p>

<p>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xi </p>

<p>INTRODUCTION . 1 </p>

<p>THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS. 7 </p>

<p>CALENDAR OF BIRD MIGRATION IN LOUISI¬ 
ANA . 12 </p>

<p>THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 19 </p>

<p>THE BIRDS OF LOUISIANA. 25 </p>

<p>Loons: Order Gaviiformes. 25 </p>

<p>Grebes: Order Colymbiformes. 27 </p>

<p>Petrels: Order Procellariiformes. 30 </p>

<p>Tropicbirds, Pelicans, Boobies, Cormorants, Anhin- 
gas, and Frigatebirds: Order Pelecaniformes.... 30 
Herons, Storks, Ibises, Spoonbills, and Flamingos: </p>

<p>Order Ciconiiformes. 46 </p>

<p>Swans, Geese, and Ducks: Order Anseriformes. 85 </p>

<p>Vultures, Kites, Hawks, Eagles, and Falcons: Order </p>

<p>Falconiformes. 148 </p>

<p>Gallinaceous Birds: Order Galliformes. 190 </p>

<p>Cranes, Rails, Gallinules, and Coots: Order Grui- </p>

<p>formes . 194 </p>

<p>Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers: Order </p>

<p>Charadriiformes. 213 </p>

<p>Pigeons: Order Columbiformes. 314 </p>

<p>Parrots: Order Psittaciformes. 323 </p>

<p>Cuckoos: Order Cuculiformes. 325 </p>

<p>
IX </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>























<p>X </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Page </p>

<p>
Owls: Order Strigiformes. 329 </p>

<p>Whippoorwills and Nighthawks: Order Caprimul- </p>

<p>giformes . 343 </p>

<p>Swifts and Hummingbirds: Order Micropodiformes 351 </p>

<p>Kingfishers: Order Coraciiformes. 357 </p>

<p>Woodpeckers: Order Piciformes. 360 </p>

<p>Perching Birds: Order Passeriformes. 382 </p>

<p>HYPOTHETICAL LOUISIANA BIRDS. 680 </p>

<p>BIBLIOGRAPHY . 687 </p>

<p>INDEX . 761 </p>

<p>
Go i igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>











<p>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS </p>

<p>
Plate </p>

<p>1 . Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus </p>

<p>principalis)* .Frontispiece </p>

<p>Facing Page </p>

<p>2. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps podi- </p>

<p>ceps) on nest. 32 </p>

<p>3. Eastern Brown Pelican ( Pelecanus occidental is </p>

<p>carolinensis ) feeding young. 32 </p>

<p>4. Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) . 32 </p>

<p>5. Adult male Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) at </p>

<p>nest . 32 </p>

<p>6. Anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga) feeding young. 32 </p>

<p>7. Adult American Egrets (Casmerodius alhus </p>

<p>egretta) and young. 48 </p>

<p>8. Adult American Egret (Casmerodius albus </p>

<p>egretta) and young, near view. 48 </p>

<p>9. Snowy Egret (Egretta thula thula) on nest. 48 </p>

<p>10. Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula thula) and young 48 </p>

<p>11. Young Snowy Egrets (Egretta thtda thula).... 48 </p>

<p>12. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor </p>

<p>ruficollis) on nest. 64 </p>

<p>13. Little Blue Heron (Florida caerulea caernlea) </p>

<p>on nest. 64 </p>

<p>14. Adult and young Eastern Green Heron </p>

<p>(Butorides virescens virescens) . 64 </p>

<p>15. Eastern Least Bittern (Ixobrychvs cxilis </p>

<p>exilis) and young. 64 </p>

<p>16. White Ibis (Guara alba) . 80 </p>

<p>17. Mallards (Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha) </p>

<p>and a few other ducks. 96 </p>

<p>18. Nest and eggs of Mottled Duck (Anas </p>

<p>fulvigula maculosa) . 96 </p>

<p>19. Pintails (Dafila acuta tzitzihoa) . 112 </p>

<p>20. Ring-necked Ducks (Perissonetta collaris) and </p>

<p>a few others. 128 </p>

<p>21. King Rail (Rallus elegans elegans) on nest. 192 </p>

<p>22. Purple Gallinule (Porphyrula martinica) . 208 </p>

<p>23. Wilson Plover (Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia), </p>

<p>nest and eggs. 224 </p>

<p>
* Bold faced type indicates a colored plate. </p>

<p>
XI </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIC AN </p>























<p>
XII </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate Facing Page </p>

<p>24. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus vociferus) . 224 </p>

<p>25. Eastern Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus </p>

<p>semipalmatus), nest and eggs . 240 </p>

<p>26. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) .... 272 </p>

<p>27. Young Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexi¬ </p>

<p>canus) . 272 </p>

<p>28. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla megalopterus) </p>

<p>on nest. 288 </p>

<p>29. Least Tern (Sternula albifrons antiUarum) </p>

<p>on nest. 288 </p>

<p>30. Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia imperator) 304 </p>

<p>31. Wings over the Gulf: Black Skimmers </p>

<p>(Rynchops nigra nigra) . 304 </p>

<p>32. Eastern Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura </p>

<p>carolinensis) . 314 </p>

<p>33. Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes canadensis)*.... 320 </p>

<p>34. Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus flammeus).. 336 </p>

<p>35. Adult and young Chuckwillswidow (Antrosto- </p>

<p>mus carolinensis) . 336 </p>

<p>36. Eastern Whippoorwill (Setochalcis vocifera </p>

<p>vocifera)f . 336 </p>

<p>37. Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus </p>

<p>tyrannus) on nest. 384 </p>

<p>38. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor) . 402 </p>

<p>39. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrca).... 512 </p>

<p>40. Boat-tailed Grackle (Cassidix mexicanus </p>

<p>major) on nest . 592 </p>

<p>41. Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra rubra) at </p>

<p>nest. 608 </p>

<p>42. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) . 616 </p>

<p>43. Adult female Louisiana Cardinal (Rich- </p>

<p>mondena cardinalis magnirostris) on nest.... 624 </p>

<p>44. Nest and eggs of Louisiana Cardinal (Rich- </p>

<p>mondena cardinalis magnirostris) . 624 </p>

<p>45. Howell Seaside Sparrow (Thryospiza maritima </p>

<p>howelli) on nest. 656 </p>

<p>
* Ectnpistes wifjrotnrius on plate, 
t Anirostomus vociferus vociferus on plate. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



















<p>INTRODUCTION </p>

<p>
F EW comparable parts of the United States have a bird 
fauna as rich and as interesting as that of Louisiana. 
Although the water bird population of the Gulf Coast 
region of this State is more conspicuous and has received 
more attention than the bird life of the interior, there are 
many places other than the coast where rare and attractive 
birds, often in large numbers, will reward the ornithologist 
who seeks them. </p>

<p>Some of the reasons for this abundance are not far to 
seek. The geographical position of Louisiana, situated as 
the State is, in the southern part of the Mississippi River 
valley and along the Gulf of Mexico, together with its 
physical features, contribute to its attractiveness for birds. </p>

<p>There are in Louisiana several rather distinct types of 
country, which are represented by (1) the beaches and 
islands; (2) the coastal marshes and prairies, which border 
the entire coast; (3) the semi-tropical bayous and humid 
river valleys, chiefly those of the Mississippi, Atchafalaya, 
Red, and Ouachita Rivers, with their tributaries; and (4) 
the wooded and more or less open uplands. </p>

<p>The coastal beaches and islands are low, mostly sandy, 
and in many cases covered only with various kinds of beach 
grass and other low vegetation, although on some of the 
islands and adjacent parts of the mainland there is a growth 
of live-oaks and sometimes various low shrubs. </p>

<p>The wide belt of marshland that borders the entire coast 
is covered with a growth of various kinds of marsh grass, 
interrupted only by occasional strips or patches of timber 
on rather higher ground or along the streams. In many 
places there are also considerable areas of coastal prairie, 
which are higher and drier than the marshes. On these often 
there are larger growths of trees. </p>

<p>The alluvial bottomlands of the streams support a rich 
arboreal and shrubby growth of vegetation, including such 
trees as the live-oak, cypress, and tupelo. </p>

<p>1 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>2 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The uplands are largely wooded, except where they 
have been cleared, and support forests of hardwoods, pines, 
or mixed woodlands. </p>

<p>Each of these types of country has its more or less 
distinctive birds, and some of the bottomland forests, such 
as those along the Tensas River in the northeastern part 
of the state, have a remarkably rich bird fauna. </p>

<p>All of Louisiana lies within the Austroriparian Fauna, 
or Humid Division, of the Lower Austral Life-zone; and 
that portion, including the coastal marshes and prairies and 
the humid river valleys, is a part of the so-called gulf or 
semi-tropical strip of the Austroriparian, being really a 
somewhat intermediate belt between this and the Tropical 
Zone. </p>

<p>The birds of Louisiana early attracted attention, for as 
long ago as 1758 an account of them was published by Du 
Pratz, and soon thereafter certain birds were described 
from this region by Brisson, Linnaeus, Buffon, and Latham. 
John James Audubon spent many months in Louisiana 
studying its birds, and he described several new species 
from his collections in this State. Later in the nineteenth 
century two naturalists—J. Fairie at Prairie Mer Rouge 
in 1853, and Gustavus Wurdemann about Calcasieu Pass in 
1854—made substantial collections of Louisiana birds, which 
were transmitted to the Smithsonian Institution, and later 
placed in the United States National Museum. Many of 
these specimens are still in Washington and furnish interest¬ 
ing records. The number of more recent ornithologists who 
have been attracted by the lure of Louisiana includes, among 
others, Henry W. Henshaw, E. W. Nelson, F. W. Langdon, 
Charles W. Beckham, A. C. Bent, T. Gilbert Pearson, A. K. 
Fisher, Ned Hollister, Vernon Bailey, Arthur H. Howell, 
Herbert K. Job, W. L. McAtee, E. R. Kalmbach, A. M. Bailey, 
J. D. Figgins, Earl G. Wright, J. K. Strecker, and Thomas 
D. Burleigh. Though many have come to Louisiana from 
elsewhere to study its birds, there have been relatively few 
resident ornithologists. Professor George E. Beyer of 
Tulane University at New Orleans devoted much time to </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Introduction </p>

<p>
i 3 </p>

<p>
the investigation of Louisiana bird life, and published the 
first list of the birds of the State. Gustave Kohn, also a 
resident of New Orleans, long studied the bird life of the 
State, and contributed much to advance local ornithological 
knowledge. Andrew Allison and H. H. Kopman were active 
during the latter part of the nineteenth century and the 
early part of the twentieth century, and collaborated with 
Professor Beyer in a second list of the birds of the State, 
which was completed by H. H. Kopman alone. Much in¬ 
formation regarding the birds of Louisiana has likewise 
been gathered by E. S. Hopkins, George H. Lowery, Jr., 
Edward Butler, A. B. Blakemore, H. L. Ballowe, Stanley 
C. Arthur, G. S. Guion, E. A. Mcllhenny, Robert Butler, J. 
S. Campbell, Winston E. Nolan, Ambrose Daigre, W. M. 
Sprinkle, E. L. Moseley, and L. E. Hicks. </p>

<p>The largest and most important collection of Louisiana 
birds is that brought together by Gustave Kohn of New Or¬ 
leans. He was greatly interested in all branches of natural 
history, but his collection of birds is of particular value. It 
is now a part of the collection of the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity, and consists of mounted birds, a good collection of 
skins, and some birds’ eggs. There is also a representative 
mounted collection of birds in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans; and a small 
collection of mounted birds in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Agriculture in the State Capitol at Baton 
Rouge; also a rapidly growing collection in the Louisiana 
State University at Baton Rouge; and another in the Loui¬ 
siana Polytechnic Institute at Ruston. There are some birds 
from Louisiana in the United States National Museum, the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachu¬ 
setts, the American Museum of Natural History in New 
York City, the Chicago Academy of Sciences at Chicago, 
Illinois, the Colorado Museum of Natural History at Denver, 
Colorado, the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago, 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, and doubtless in also other museums. </p>

<p>In the preparation of the present report the writer has, 
in addition to published information, made use of all the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>4 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
specimens available in the several collections above men¬ 
tioned, besides the numerous records in the United States 
Bureau of Biological Survey, and facts from many individ¬ 
uals who have furnished the results of their observations; 
as well as the notes gathered by the writer on three winter 
trips and one summer trip in the State, the winter journeys 
chiefly for the investigation of waterfowl, and the one in 
summer for study of the land birds and the breeding 
colonies of the coast and the interior. During these visits 
the writer has seen most parts of Louisiana. The list of 
birds here presented totals 430 species and subspecies, not 
including 22 birds in the hypothetical list. The latest 
previous list of Louisiana birds, which was published by 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation, comprised 353 
species and subspecies, so that the present investigation 
has resulted in the net addition of 77 forms to our knowl¬ 
edge of the State’s avifauna. </p>

<p>To the authorities of the institutions mentioned above, 
and to the following persons who have aided with speci¬ 
mens, notes, and other information, the writer wishes to ex¬ 
press his sincere thanks: George H. Lowery, Jr., A. M. 
Bailey, J. S. Campbell, Winston E. Nolan, Robert Butler, G. 
S. Guion, Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Dr. T. Gilbert Pearson, 
J. D. Figgins, Dr. Herbert Friedmann, R. A. Steinmayer, 
Dr. Witmer Stone, Wharton Huber, W. Rudyerd Boulton, 
Dr. Louis B. Bishop, Donald R. Dickey, Dr. William H. 
Gates, E. G. Wright, J. L. Peters, J. T. Zimmer, W. E. C. 
Todd, Dr. Charles W. Townsend, Dr. John M. McBryde, H. 
H. Kopman, E. L. Moseley, A. C. Bent, J. J. Kuhn, George 
L. Tiebout, Jr., S. Ward, Jacques Berlioz, George Willett, 
John Dymond, C. S. Harris, E. A. Mcllhenny, and Richard 
Gordon, as well as many members of the United States 
Biological Survey. To Mr. A. M. Bailey, in particular, there 
is due a further cordial expression of gratitude for the un¬ 
usual series of bird photographs that he has obligingly 
furnished for use in this connection. Likewise the permis¬ 
sion of the National Association of Audubon Societies to 
use the colored plates is much appreciated. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Introduction </p>

<p>
5 </p>

<p>
Finally, the writer is under still greater obligation to 
Mr. William G. Rankin, the present Commissioner of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation; to Mr. Robert S. 
Maestri, the former Commissioner, under whose administra¬ 
tion and at whose request this study was undertaken; to 
Mr. Armand P. Daspit, Director of the Wild Life and Fur 
Division; and especially to Mr. James P. Guillot, its genial 
and efficient Secretary. Likewise, much credit is due Mr. 
James N. Gowanloch, and the various other officials of the 
Department, at New Orleans and elsewhere in the State, 
too many to be mentioned by name, who have been uni¬ 
formly courteous and helpful in every way, and without 
whose cooperation the present result would have been 
practically impossible. </p>

<p>Notwithstanding the considerable amount of work al¬ 
ready done by resident and visiting ornithologists in Louisi¬ 
ana, there still remains much to be accomplished before we 
shall possess anything like a comprehensive knowledge of 
the birds of the State. The present report is an attempt to 
bring together our current information in the hope that this 
may stimulate further observations and research. In many 
localities in the State, particularly in the northern and cen¬ 
tral portions, very little ornithological work has been done, 
especially during the summer and the winter, and our knowl¬ 
edge of the distribution, and particularly the breeding sea¬ 
sons, as well as habits of birds in Louisiana is relatively 
small. The lack of adequate definite records for many 
species brings this most forcibly to the attention of anyone 
who carefully studies the bird life of the State. </p>

<p>In citing the records of bird distribution in Louisiana 
and in the other statements made, the writer has here given 
the definite information that he could find, incomplete and 
unsatisfactory as in many cases it is, hoping that this may be 
a guide to future investigators, to show what is most lack¬ 
ing. Since so few actual records of Louisiana birds have 
appeared in print, it seems worth while to give, even for 
the common species, a considerable number of definite un¬ 
published occurrences, so that these may henceforth be 
available in the literature for the use of anyone interested </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>6 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
in the birds of any particular locality. The statement of 
ranges given for Louisiana cites the outlying records, thus 
outlining the range in the best manner possible; but this in 
many cases is admittedly inadequate, since further field 
work will undoubtedly extend many of the ranges to the 
very boundaries of the State. The need for additional field 
work applies also to the limits of the breeding seasons 
of the various species and the dates of eggs found, but in 
both these it seems better to give what is definitely known, 
as a basis for future research. No one more fully than the 
writer recognizes the shortcomings of the present book; 
but even so, it may serve a good purpose if, by calling 
attention to the possibilities, it should but stimulate greater 
interest in the exceptional opportunities for really worth 
while ornithological investigations that exist in the wonder¬ 
ful forests, prairies, swamps, marshes, beaches, bayous, 
lakes, and streams of the State of Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go i igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS </p>

<p>
The mystery of bird migration is always attractive. 
Migration is one of the most distinctive features of bird 
life, and even yet is not fully understood. As commonly 
considered it is the regular seasonal movement of birds to 
and from their breeding grounds. Generally speaking, the 
origin of the migratory movement of birds, in North Am¬ 
erica at least, dates back to the time when the whole 
northern part of the country was covered with ice, and 
this naturally crowded southward the former tropical in¬ 
habitants. When the ice receded the birds reoccupied the 
uncovered areas but continued their migratory movements 
back and forth each year, even in places where the lack of 
food, which was one of the primary causes of their original 
exclusion from the territory, ceased to be a factor. This 
theory, however, does not fully explain the various kinds 
of migration, such as those of tropical sea birds that move 
regularly northward after the breeding season. </p>

<p>In North America most of the migratory movements 
are southward after the breeding season, and northward 
in the spring. There is much variation, however, in the 
time of the beginning of these movements. Some species, 
like the Yellow Warbler and many species of shorebirds, 
begin to move just as soon as the actual season for nesting 
is over. Other species, like the Towhee and certain warblers, 
remain on their breeding grounds for several months after 
they are through breeding, and move southward only at 
the advent of cold weather. </p>

<p>Similar variation exists in the distances to which birds 
migrate. Some kinds of birds, or at least a considerable 
proportion of the individuals that make up the species, may 
migrate only a few hundred miles, or even less, from their 
summer home to their wintering ground; and in some cases 
the migration consists chiefly of the descent of mountain 
birds to the adjacent lowlands. Some species, however, 
travel to a great distance, even several thousand miles, as, 
for instance, the shorebirds and some of the warblers that </p>

<p>7 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>8 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
breed in the northern part of North America, which mi¬ 
grate to southern South America. Perhaps the longest 
migration of any bird is that of the Arctic Tern, which 
travels southward approximately 11,000 miles. </p>

<p>In traveling these considerable distances the birds 
usually pursue a more or less regular route. Sometimes this 
route is a rather narrow lane, as it were, sometimes it is a 
broad area extending well across the continent; but gen¬ 
erally speaking there are several more or less well-defined 
routes of migration between the United States and Central 
or South America. One extends southeast from the Arctic 
to about Labrador, and thence across the sea to South 
America; another along the Atlantic coast and across 
through the West Indies; another from the southern end 
of Florida through Cuba and across the Caribbean Sea 
to the northern part of South America; another across the 
Gulf of Mexico, from the southern part of the Gulf States 
to Yucatan and adjacent parts of Mexico, and thence south¬ 
eastward through Central America to South America; an¬ 
other across the extreme western end of the Gulf of Mexico 
from Texas to Mexico; another through the Rocky Moun¬ 
tain region, and south through central Mexico; and still 
another along the Pacific Coast. There are many varia¬ 
tions of these, and certain species have peculiar migration 
routes which do not conform to the general routes above 
mentioned, but which are entirely or partly different. 
It is of interest also that certain birds, like the Golden 
Plover, Eskimo Curlew, and Connecticut Warbler, do not 
use the same route in both spring and fall, but pass south 
usually by an eastern way, and on their return journey 
northward follow a route that lies much farther west. </p>

<p>Certain birds migrate singly, others in flocks. Of some 
species the adults and young migrate separately, while of 
others they migrate in company. Many birds, like the 
hummingbirds, Chimney Swift, shrikes, and swallows, mi¬ 
grate only or chiefly by day. Many others, such as various 
kinds of warblers and thrushes, travel almost exclusively 
by night, spending the days feeding along the way. The 
weather, undoubtedly, has considerable influence on the </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>The Migration of Birds </p>

<p>
9 </p>

<p>
migration of birds, since a very heavy storm will probably 
delay the migration at the place where the storm is raging, 
and exceedingly cold weather in the spring will retard the 
beginning of migration whenever the low temperature 
exists at points where the birds might begin their migration 
journey. A more or less quiet and overcast night, however, 
seems to be an ideal one for the migratory movements of 
birds, and, on such occasions in favorable locations, large 
numbers may be heard passing over. </p>

<p>The altitude at which migrating birds move has been 
a matter of considerable discussion. Certain species travel 
very close to the earth, or, at most, within a few hundred 
yards of it, and the greater number of the migrants ordin¬ 
arily fly not over 2,000 feet above the ground. However, 
on certain occasions, birds ascend to higher altitudes, par¬ 
ticularly from the necessity of passing over mountain 
ranges, and actual observations have been made of birds 
that were several miles above sea level, although, in these 
cases, not so much farther above the highest point over 
which they flew as might be expected from such a high 
elevation. </p>

<p>The speed of migration is, of course, determined pri¬ 
marily by the limits of power of flight of the individual 
species, which varies greatly; and a distinction, of course, 
should be made between the distance that a single individual 
can fly and the average rate of progression of the species 
as a whole. Many individual birds, even small birds like 
the hummingbirds, can fly 60 miles per hour or more, and 
yet in migrating, the individuals of most species probably 
do not average more than 20 to 40 miles per hour. The 
average advance of the species, however, when a great 
distance is taken into consideration, and land birds only 
considered, probably will not average more than 40 to 70 
miles per day, although the farther north the species 
reaches, and the later the season becomes, the faster the 
average daily advance. Many species, however, move even 
much more slowly than this, some perhaps under 20 miles 
per day. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>10 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The most remarkable feature of migration, however, is 
the almost unerring accuracy with which birds find their 
way, even across a wide expanse of water or a continent, 
at such an altitude that at night they would be unable to 
profit much by landmarks; and when it is considered that 
certain birds travel from their summer home perhaps 
2,000 miles or more to their winter home and return, as 
has been proved by bird banding, to the same bush in the 
winter, it is evident that we are dealing with a more than 
ordinary occurrence. It is apparent that some hereditary 
impulse must guide them in their migration journeys. </p>

<p>On these long travels it is inevitable that there should 
be many hazards, and the accidents to migrating birds are 
numerous and oft-times disastrous. Sometimes millions of 
birds are killed by storms of one kind or another, as for 
instance on the plains, when sleet storms and ice storms 
descend on the migrating multitudes. Severe storms at sea, 
when land birds are migrating across the open water, al¬ 
most invariably result in great loss of life, while light¬ 
houses, monuments, and even telegraph and telephone 
wires take a large toll of birds that are attracted by light, 
or dash against obstructions that they cannot see. </p>

<p>While there is much that is not yet understood about 
the migratory movements of birds, the study of the various 
phases of this activity of birds is a very valuable aid to an 
understanding of the whole problem of behavior of birds. </p>

<p>The coast of Louisiana, situated as it is in the central 
portion of the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, lies 
directly in the migration route across the Gulf of Mexico 
that is used by so many birds traveling from the Gulf States 
to Central and South America. On the Gulf shore, in south¬ 
ern Jefferson Parish, is situated Grand Isle, a sandy coastal 
island that, however, supports a considerable growth of 
live-oak trees. By reason of its position and apparent at¬ 
tractiveness to birds, it seems to be a port of call for large 
numbers of northward migrating small birds in the spring 
and their first stopping place on the edge of the mainland 
of the United States. Few places seem to be so advantag- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>The Migration of Birds </p>

<p>
11 </p>

<p>
eous for the study of the migratory movements of birds in 
the spring as does Grand Isle, and the large numbers of 
migrating birds that are to be found at this locality during 
the northward migration when weather conditions are right, 
are almost unbelievable. It offers an opportunity for further 
investigation such as is presented by few localities. </p>

<p>
Digitized by Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>A CALENDAR OF BIRD MIGRATION IN 
LOUISIANA </p>

<p>
The following tables show the dates of arrival and de¬ 
parture of birds in Louisiana. Those for New Orleans have 
been compiled from the United States Biological Survey 
migration reports of many observers, collectively covering a 
considerable term of years, though the available number of 
records for each species varies greatly. The records for 
Monroe, in Northern Louisiana, are based entirely on the 
observations of George H. Lowery, Jr., and cover a period 
of three years. Comparison of the two lists will serve to 
indicate the difference in the appearance and disappearance 
of migratory birds in the northern and southern parts of 
this State. </p>

<p>In the case of species that ordinarily migrate, no account 
is taken of accidental or casual summer or winter occur¬ 
rence, but the dates given in these tables represent the nor¬ 
mal arrival and departure of the species. </p>

<p>
LOUISIANA BIRD MIGRATION CALENDAR 
NEW ORLEANS, LA. </p>

<p>Spring Migration (Arrival) </p>

<p>
NAME OP BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of spring </p>

<p>arrival </p>

<p>Florida Nighthawk </p>

<p>April 13 </p>

<p>April 8, 1894 </p>

<p>Chimney Swift </p>

<p>March 24 </p>

<p>March 13, 1897 </p>

<p>Ruby-throated Hummingbird </p>

<p>March 25 </p>

<p>March 7, 1897 </p>

<p>Scissor-tailed Flycatcher </p>

<p>
March 25, 1894 </p>

<p>Crested Flycatcher </p>

<p>March 28 </p>

<p>March 12, 1894 </p>

<p>Least Flycatcher </p>

<p>
March 30, 1902 </p>

<p>Barn Swallow </p>

<p>April 1 </p>

<p>March 20, 1895 </p>

<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>February 14 </p>

<p>January 31, 1894 </p>

<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>March 31 </p>

<p>March 25, 1900 </p>

<p>Olive-backed Thrush </p>

<p>
April 2, 1895 </p>

<p>Gray-cheeked Thrush </p>

<p>April 22 </p>

<p>March 27, 1897 </p>

<p>
12 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>
A Calendar of Bird Migration in Louisiana </p>

<p>
13 </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Arrival)—Continued </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Veery </p>

<p>April 19 </p>

<p>April 14, 1905 </p>

<p>Blue-gray Gnatcatcher </p>

<p>March 23 </p>

<p>
Yellow-throated Vlreo </p>

<p>
April 4, 1896 </p>

<p>Red-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>March 23 </p>

<p>March 18, 1894 </p>

<p>Eastern Warbling Vlreo </p>

<p>April 5 </p>

<p>March 27, 1897 </p>

<p>Black-and-White Warbler ! </p>

<p>March 27 </p>

<p>March 24, 1902 </p>

<p>Prothonotary Warbler </p>

<p>March 18 </p>

<p>March 13, 1888 </p>

<p>Worm-eating Warbler </p>

<p>April 9 </p>

<p>April 6, 1902 </p>

<p>Blue-winged Warbler </p>

<p>
March 22, 1898 </p>

<p>Bachman Warbler </p>

<p>March 9 </p>

<p>
Western Parula Warbler </p>

<p>March 5 </p>

<p>February 22, 1893 </p>

<p>Eastern Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>April 6 </p>

<p>April 1, 1892 </p>

<p>Magnolia Warbler </p>

<p>May 3 </p>

<p>April 26, 1903 </p>

<p>Cerulean Warbler </p>

<p>April 9 </p>

<p>April 8, 1898 </p>

<p>Blackburnian Warbler </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>
Ovenbird </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 6, 1895 </p>

<p>Louisiana Waterthrush </p>

<p>
April 2, 1898 </p>

<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>April 1 </p>

<p>March 30, 1895 </p>

<p>Yellow-breasted Chat </p>

<p>April 19 </p>

<p>April 13, 1899 </p>

<p>Hooded Warbler </p>

<p>March 22 </p>

<p>March 13, 1897 </p>

<p>American Redstart </p>

<p>April 7 </p>

<p>April 5, 1902 </p>

<p>Bobolink </p>

<p>April 19 </p>

<p>April 4, 1894 </p>

<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>March 27 </p>

<p>March 22, 1903 </p>

<p>Baltimore Oriole </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 9, 1916 </p>

<p>Scarlet Tanager </p>

<p>April 12 </p>

<p>April 6, 1893 </p>

<p>Summer Tanager </p>

<p>April 5 </p>

<p>April 1, 1904 </p>

<p>Eastern Blue Grosbeak </p>

<p>
April 8, 1898 </p>

<p>Indigo Bunting </p>

<p>April 1 </p>

<p>March 26, 1899 </p>

<p>Dickcissel </p>

<p>April 21 </p>

<p>April 6, 1894 </p>

<p>Grasshopper Sparrow </p>

<p>April 2 </p>

<p>March 30, 1895 </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Departure) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>i </p>

<p>1 </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Yellow-bellied Sapsucker </p>

<p>March 18 </p>

<p>March 19, 1904 </p>

<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>March 30 </p>

<p>April 26,. </p>

<p>Tree Swallow </p>

<p>May 12 </p>

<p>May 17, 1898 </p>

<p>Eastern Hermit Thrush </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 13, 1895 </p>

<p>Gray-cheeked Thrush </p>

<p>i May 5 </p>

<p>May 10, 1903 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>











<p>14 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Departure)—Continued </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Golden-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>March 13 </p>

<p>March 19, 1904 </p>

<p>Ruby-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>April 3 </p>

<p>April 25, 1903 </p>

<p>Cedar Waxwing </p>

<p>May 9 </p>

<p>May 19, 1900 </p>

<p>Bobolink </p>

<p>May 27 </p>

<p>June 17, 1910 </p>

<p>Rusty Blackbird </p>

<p>April 27 </p>

<p>May 10, 1899 </p>

<p>Rose-breasted Grosbeak </p>

<p>May 2 </p>

<p>May 6, 1897 </p>

<p>Eastern Purple Finch </p>

<p>
March 23, 1895 </p>

<p>Eastern Goldfinch </p>

<p>April 4 </p>

<p>April 11, 1896 </p>

<p>Eastern Savannah Sparrow </p>

<p>May 2 </p>

<p>May 12, 1902 </p>

<p>Slate-colored Junco </p>

<p>
March 29, 1896 </p>

<p>White-crowned Sparrow </p>

<p>
May 2, 1897 </p>

<p>White-throated Sparrow </p>

<p>April 22 </p>

<p>April 27, 1903 </p>

<p>
Fall Migration (Arrival) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of fall 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of fall 
arrival </p>

<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>Tree Swallow </p>

<p>Eastern Hermit Thrush 
Golden-winged Warbler 
Golden-crowned Kinglet 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>Eastern Savannah Sparrow 
Eastern Vesper Sparrow </p>

<p>October 9 
August 2 </p>

<p>September 25, 1897 
July 8, 1893 
September 26, 1894 
July 23, 1898 </p>

<p>October 18, 1903 
October 18, 1903 
September 23, 1896 
August 5, 1893 </p>

<p>
October 26 
October 80 </p>



<p>
Fall Migration (Departure) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Eastern Nighthawk </p>

<p>October 18 </p>

<p>November 3, 1895 </p>

<p>Chimney Swift </p>

<p>October 27 </p>

<p>November 4, 1896 </p>

<p>Ruby-throated Hummingbird </p>

<p>October 25 </p>

<p>November 1, 1895 </p>

<p>Yellow-bellied Sapsucker </p>

<p>October 13 </p>

<p>October 10, 1915 </p>

<p>Barn Swallow </p>

<p>October 24 </p>

<p>November 3, 1896 </p>

<p>Northern Cliff Swallow </p>

<p>
November 1, 1895 </p>

<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>October 8 </p>

<p>October 22, 1894 </p>

<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>October 14 </p>

<p>October 18, 1903 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>











<p>A Calendar of Bird Migration in Louisiana </p>

<p>
15 </p>

<p>
Fall Migration (Departure)—Continued </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Veery </p>

<p>
October 17, 1903 </p>

<p>Yellow-throated Vireo </p>

<p>
October 11, 1896 </p>

<p>Red-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>October 10 </p>

<p>October 16, 1895 </p>

<p>Philadelphia Vireo </p>

<p>
October 10, 1896 </p>

<p>Black-and-White Warbler </p>

<p>
October 21, 1897 </p>

<p>Prothonotary Warbler </p>

<p>
September 24, 1893 </p>

<p>Worm-eating Warbler 
Golden-winged Warbler </p>

<p>
September 80, . </p>

<p>September 21, 1897 </p>

<p>Tennessee Warbler </p>

<p>October 28 </p>

<p>November 3 r 1900 </p>

<p>Eastern Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>
October 27, 1893 </p>

<p>Magnolia Warbler </p>

<p>October 24 </p>

<p>November 1, 1895 </p>

<p>Black-throated Green Warbler </p>

<p>
October 28, 1899 </p>

<p>Blackburnian Warbler </p>

<p>October 13 </p>

<p>October 18, 1897 </p>

<p>Chestnut-sided Warbler </p>

<p>
October 10, 1896 </p>

<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>
October 19, 1895 </p>

<p>Mourning Warbler </p>

<p>
October 7, 1896 </p>

<p>Yellow-breasted Chat </p>

<p>
September 12, 1899 </p>

<p>Hooded Warbler </p>

<p>October 22 </p>

<p>October 25, 1899 </p>

<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>September 18 </p>

<p>September 26, 1914 </p>

<p>Scarlet Tanager </p>

<p>
October 7, 1896 </p>

<p>Summer Tanager </p>

<p>October 19 </p>

<p>October 27, 1899 </p>

<p>Indigo Bunting </p>

<p>October 22 </p>

<p>November 1, 1903 </p>

<p>Painted Bunting </p>

<p>
October 27, 1895 </p>

<p>
MONROE, LOUISIANA </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Arrival) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>American Egret </p>

<p>
April 19, 1931 </p>

<p>Little Blue Heron </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 6, 1929 </p>

<p>Eastern Green Heron </p>

<p>April 11 </p>

<p>April 5, 1929 </p>

<p>Yellow-billed Cuckoo </p>

<p>May 3 </p>

<p>May 1, 1931 </p>

<p>Florida Nighthawk </p>

<p>April 30 </p>

<p>April 27, 1930 </p>

<p>Chimney Swift </p>

<p>March 23 </p>

<p>March 21, 1930 </p>

<p>Ruby-throated Hummingbird </p>

<p>April 1 </p>

<p>March 24, 1929 </p>

<p>Eastern Kingbird </p>

<p>April 9 </p>

<p>April 4, 1930 </p>

<p>Northern Crested Flycatcher </p>

<p>April 15 </p>

<p>April 5, 1931 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





















<p>16 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Arrival)—Continued </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of spring 
arrival </p>

<p>Acadian Flycatcher </p>

<p>May 7 </p>

<p>April 26, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Wood Pewee </p>

<p>April 19 </p>

<p>April 10, 1930 </p>

<p>Rough-winged Swallow </p>

<p>March 23 </p>

<p>March 23, 1929 </p>

<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>March 7 </p>

<p>February 23, 1931 </p>

<p>Catbird </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 13, 1930 </p>

<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 6, 1929 </p>

<p>Blue-gray Gnatcatcher </p>

<p>March 20 </p>

<p>March 14, 1931 </p>

<p>White-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>April 3 </p>

<p>March 31, 1929 </p>

<p>Yellow-throated Vireo </p>

<p>April 17 </p>

<p>April 7, 1931 </p>

<p>Red-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 5, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Warbling Vireo </p>

<p>April 7 </p>

<p>April 5, 1930 </p>

<p>Prothonotary Warbler </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 4, 1929 </p>

<p>Blue-winged Warbler </p>

<p>April 10 </p>

<p>April 9, 1930 </p>

<p>Tennessee Warbler </p>

<p>April 23 </p>

<p>April 20, 1931 </p>

<p>Western Parula Warbler </p>

<p>March 18 </p>

<p>March 14, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>April 22 </p>

<p>April 20, 1931 </p>

<p>Magnolia Warbler </p>

<p>May 4 </p>

<p>April 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Black-throated Green Warbler </p>

<p>April 2 </p>

<p>March 30, 1930 </p>

<p>Blackburnian Warbler </p>

<p>April 5 </p>

<p>March 30, 1929 </p>

<p>Sycamore Warbler </p>

<p>April 12 </p>

<p>April 4, 1929 </p>

<p>Chestnut-sided Warbler </p>

<p>April 23 </p>

<p>April 19, 1931 </p>

<p>Bay-breasted Warbler </p>

<p>April 30 </p>

<p>April 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Northern Prairie Warbler </p>

<p>April 11 </p>

<p>March 30, 1930 </p>

<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>April 12 </p>

<p>April 11, 1931 </p>

<p>Maryland YeUowthroat </p>

<p>April 4 </p>

<p>April 4, 1929 </p>

<p>Yellow-breasted Chat </p>

<p>April 22 </p>

<p>April 19, 1931 </p>

<p>Hooded Warbler </p>

<p>April 12 </p>

<p>April 12, 1931 </p>

<p>Wilson Warbler </p>

<p>
April 26, 1931 </p>

<p>Canadian Warbler </p>

<p>April 30 </p>

<p>April 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Baltimore Oriole </p>

<p>April 8 </p>

<p>April 5, 1930 </p>

<p>American Redstart </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 10, 1930 </p>

<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>April 9 </p>

<p>April 5, 1929 </p>

<p>Scarlet Tanager </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 10, 1929 </p>

<p>Summer Tanager </p>

<p>April 10 </p>

<p>April 6, 1929 </p>

<p>Eastern Blue Grosbeak </p>

<p>April 17 </p>

<p>April 11, 1929 </p>

<p>Indigo Bunting </p>

<p>April 18 </p>

<p>April 13, 1930 </p>

<p>Painted Bunting </p>

<p>April 29 </p>

<p>April 20. 1931 </p>

<p>Dickcissel </p>

<p>May 7 </p>

<p>April 28, 1931 </p>

<p>White-crowned Sparrow </p>

<p>April 12 </p>

<p>March 16, 1930 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
A Calendar of Bird Migration in Louisiana </p>

<p>
17 </p>

<p>
Spring Migration (Departure) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of spring 
departure </p>

<p>Marsh Hawk </p>

<p>February 25 </p>

<p>March 10, 1929 </p>

<p>Wilson Snipe </p>

<p>March 19 </p>

<p>March 23, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>March 29 </p>

<p>April 11, 1991 </p>

<p>Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>March 22 </p>

<p>March 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>April 16 </p>

<p>April 26, 1931 </p>

<p>American Pipit </p>

<p>February 15 </p>

<p>February 16, 1930 </p>

<p>Slate-colored Junco </p>

<p>May 5 </p>

<p>May 15, 1930 </p>

<p>White-crowned Sparrow </p>

<p>May 4 </p>

<p>May 12, 1931 </p>

<p>White-throated Sparrow </p>

<p>April 27 </p>

<p>May 12, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Fox Sparrow </p>

<p>March 6 </p>

<p>March 9, 1930 </p>

<p>
Fall Migration (Arrival) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of fall 
arrival </p>

<p>Earliest date 
of fall 
arrival </p>

<p>Marsh Hawk </p>

<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet 
Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet 
American Pipit </p>

<p>Myrtle Warbler </p>

<p>Slate-colored Junco 
White-throated Sparrow </p>

<p>Eastern Fox Sparrow </p>

<p>
November 2, 1930 
November 2, 1930 
November 2, 1930 
November 2, 1930 
December 20, 1930 
September 26, 1931 
October 16, 1930 
October 16, 1930 
November 16, 1930 </p>











<p>Fall Migration (Departure) </p>

<p>
NAME OF BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
l of fall </p>

<p>departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>l </p>

<p>American Egret </p>

<p>
October 12, 1930 </p>

<p>Little Blue Heron </p>

<p>October 22 </p>

<p>October 29, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Green Heron </p>

<p>September 13 </p>

<p>September 21, 1929 </p>

<p>Yellowy-billed Cuckoo </p>

<p>September 25 </p>

<p>September 28, 1930 </p>

<p>Florida Nighthawk </p>

<p>October 7 </p>

<p>October 12, 1931 </p>

<p>Chimney Swift </p>

<p>October 18 </p>

<p>October 25, 1931 </p>

<p>Ruby-throated Hummingbird </p>

<p>October 2 </p>

<p>November 12, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Kingbird </p>

<p>September 10 </p>

<p>September 15, 1929 </p>

<p>Northern Crested Flycatcher </p>

<p>September 17 </p>

<p>September 28, 1930 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>













<p>18 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Fail Migration (Departure)—Continued </p>

<p>
NAME OP BIRD </p>

<p>Average date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Latest date 
of fall 
departure </p>

<p>Acadian Flycatcher </p>

<p>September 10 </p>

<p>September 13, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Wood Pewee </p>

<p>October 4 </p>

<p>October 18, 1931 </p>

<p>Rough-winged Swallow </p>

<p>
August 7, 1931 </p>

<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>
August 17, 1931 </p>

<p>Catbird </p>

<p>
October 12, 1930 </p>

<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>October 6 </p>

<p>October 25, 1931 </p>

<p>Blue-gray Gnatcatcher </p>

<p>
November 16, 1930 </p>

<p>White-eyed Vlreo </p>

<p>October 6 </p>

<p>October 16, 1931 </p>

<p>Yellow-throated Vlreo </p>

<p>September 13 </p>

<p>September 14, 1930 </p>

<p>Red-eyed Vlreo </p>

<p>September 12 </p>

<p>September 15, 1929 </p>

<p>Eastern Warbling Vireo </p>

<p>August 23 </p>

<p>September 7, 1930 </p>

<p>Protbonotary Warbler </p>

<p>September 26 </p>

<p>October 8, 1931 </p>

<p>Blue-winged Warbler </p>

<p>September 25 </p>

<p>October 7, 1931 </p>

<p>Tennessee Warbler </p>

<p>
September 14, 1930 </p>

<p>Western Parula Warbler </p>

<p>October 12 </p>

<p>October 12, 1931 </p>

<p>Eastern Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>
August 11, 1931 </p>

<p>Magnolia Warbler </p>

<p>
October 8, 1931 </p>

<p>Myrtle Warbler </p>

<p>October 22 </p>

<p>October 26, 1930 </p>

<p>Black-throated Green Warbler </p>

<p>
October 4, 1931 </p>

<p>Blackburnian Warbler </p>

<p>September 17 </p>

<p>September 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Sycamore Warbler </p>

<p>
October 16, 1931 </p>

<p>Bay-breasted Warbler </p>

<p>
September 27, 1931 </p>

<p>Northern Prairie Warbler </p>

<p>
September 21, 1930 </p>

<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>
September 13, 1931 </p>

<p>Maryland Yellowthroat </p>

<p>September 4 </p>

<p>September 21, 1930 </p>

<p>Yellow-breasted Chat </p>

<p>September 18 </p>

<p>September 29, 1931 </p>

<p>Hooded Warbler </p>

<p>September 16 </p>

<p>September 26, 1931 </p>

<p>Wilson Warbler </p>

<p>October 2 </p>

<p>October 3, 1931 </p>

<p>Canadian Warbler </p>

<p>
September 7, 1930 </p>

<p>American Redstart </p>

<p>
October 17, 1931 </p>

<p>Baltimore Oriole </p>

<p>September 26 </p>

<p>October 8, 1931 </p>

<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>
August 21. 1931 </p>

<p>Scarlet Tanager </p>

<p>
September 16, 1931 </p>

<p>Summer Tanager </p>

<p>October 13 </p>

<p>October 29, 1931 </p>

<p>Indigo Bunting </p>

<p>
September 13, 1931 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



















<p>
THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS </p>

<p>Almost every one to whom outdoor life appeals is inter¬ 
ested in birds, and very many persons are fond of hunting 
those available as game. For many years federal, state, 
and private organizations have been investigating the birds 
in our country in order to ascertain their numbers, move¬ 
ments, and distribution with a view to more effective co¬ 
operation in their conservation. </p>

<p>Waterfowl shooting is one of the most fascinating out¬ 
door sports. The myriads of birds that fifty years ago 
thronged our lakes, streams, and coastal waters gave prom¬ 
ise of the pleasures of the chase and of a food supply for 
unlimited future years. Various causes, however, have 
changed this outlook, and the rapid decrease in the numbers 
of waterfowl in the United States during the last four 
decades has drawn the attention of sportsmen and others to 
the necessity of careful conservation if the supply is to con¬ 
tinue. Not only is wild fowl shooting an interesting sport, 
but it is one of the most valuable kinds of recreation, par¬ 
ticularly for men who are confined to business in an office 
or to other indoor labor, for not only does it take the mind 
from the worries of everyday life, but the incident out-of- 
door exercise is one of the best antidotes for overworked 
physical nature. Recreation, particularly outdoor recrea¬ 
tion, has in recent years come to be regarded as of the 
utmost importance for the best and most efficient use of 
our powers. </p>

<p>All the wild life of the out-doors is of great value from an 
educational standpoint, because few, if any, things in life are 
more conducive to the proper training of the powers of ob¬ 
servation than natural history. If for nothing else the wild 
things of the out-doors would be well worth preserving for 
this alone. Added to this is the great aesthetic value that 
the more beautiful and otherwise attractive of these have 
for man. </p>

<p>In addition to the great value of wild life from the aes¬ 
thetic, educational, and recreational standpoints, there are </p>

<p>19 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>20 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
many practical considerations of importance. In fact, the 
value of the products of out-door life is often greater than 
that of crops that could be produced from the same areas 
under cultivation. Unfortunately, the wild life resources 
of our country are often considered merely as a mine to be 
exhausted rather than a crop to be nurtured and harvested. 
By careful cultivation, however, all these can be made to 
furnish a continuous supply, the volume of which can even 
be increased by proper measures. Our wild fowl alone, for 
instance, produce each year, at a conservative estimate, at 
least many million dollars worth of food, besides all the rev¬ 
enue that accrues to those who have to do with furnishing 
the means of many kinds for carrying on the sport of hunt¬ 
ing. The latter amount is probably many times greater than 
the actual food value of the birds obtained. </p>

<p>The great reduction in the numbers of wild fowl in the 
last 100 years has more and more drawn attention to the 
need for careful protection in all parts of our country. Such 
conditions have developed that at the present time those 
who have studied the subject have become convinced of two 
things—that the wild life must have further protection and 
that provision must be made for its perpetuation if we are 
to continue in its possession; secondly, that this considera¬ 
tion must be given to it soon. If we wait until the last bird 
of any species is killed, it is perfectly evident that the spe¬ 
cies can never be restored. Much has already been done 
both by the States and by the Federal Government to reme¬ 
dy existing conditions, but much remains to be done. The 
abolition of spring shooting and of market hunting probably 
have done more than any other two things to bring about 
a more hopeful outlook, but local conditions and the increas¬ 
ing army of hunters make it necessary at least locally that 
these great advances in wild life protection be supplemented 
by other means. </p>

<p>Louisiana is one of the most important States of the 
Union from the standpoint of waterfowl protection. Its 
great area, its numerous lakes and bayous, and the diversi¬ 
fied conditions that exist within its boundaries make it one 
of the most attractive wintering, resting, and feeding </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>The Protection of Birds </p>

<p>
21 </p>

<p>
grounds for wild fowl in our country. Places like the bot¬ 
tomlands of the Mississippi River, Catahoula Lake, Lake 
Caddo, and the myriad of streams and ponds, particularly 
in the southern part of the State, are a ready explanation 
for the rich aquatic bird life. Many changes, however, have 
taken place within its boundaries within the past fifty 
years, and with much of the rest of our country it has suf¬ 
fered a great diminution in the numbers of its waterfowl, 
although relatively not so much as have some other States. 
Several ducks, like the Canvasback, the Redhead, the Gad- 
wall, and the Ruddy duck; a number of shorebirds such as 
the Golden Plover, the Upland Plover, and the Marbled 
Godwit; together with those wonderful birds the Sandhill 
Crane and Whooping Crane, are greatly reduced in num¬ 
bers. </p>

<p>The causes of this decrease are not far to seek. They 
are chiefly the cultivation of the country, the drainage of 
various water areas, drought, disease, and excessive hunt¬ 
ing. It is, of course, inevitable that much disturbance of 
wild life should take place in areas that are suitable for 
farming, and in many cases the cultivation and occupation 
of the areas by man is of much more importance than the 
preservation of the wild fowl inhabiting such regions. It is 
possible, however, so to regulate the operations of drainage 
that they will cause the minimum of damage to the birds. 
Furthermore, hunting can be so controlled that it will take 
only the surplus supply each year. </p>

<p>Owing to the restriction, some of which is inevitable, as 
already suggested, of the breeding and feeding grounds of 
our wild fowl that has already taken place, much of our 
game, particularly so far as the great numbers of certain 
species are concerned, is lost permanently, but by proper 
action now we can save practically all that remains to us 
from past years, and pass it down to future generations 
unimpaired. </p>

<p>This will require active cooperation on the part of all 
who are interested not only in the aesthetic, educational, 
and recreational values of our birds, but of those as well 
who are interested from a monetary standpoint. Fortunate- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>22 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ly the song birds, such other desirable birds as the herons, 
together with the rest of the non-game species, including the 
valuable insect eaters, are now not in serious danger, so 
that the most immediate necessity for protective efforts 
concerns the game birds. </p>

<p>Probably the most valuable means of arousing public 
sentiment for the protection of our birds is the education of 
all the people to their value and importance. The absolute 
necessity of preserving the breeding grounds of our water- 
fowl should be impressed on all Americans. To do this all 
the unwise drainage operations of the past may be used 
as a warning for the future. Not only are the breeding 
and wintering grounds necessary for the protection of our 
wild fowl, but there must be attractive areas on which, dur¬ 
ing migration, the birds may rest and feed. The wintering 
grounds are of much concern in Louisiana because a large 
quota of the waterfowl actually winter within its boun¬ 
daries, and sentiment started elsewhere as well as here will 
travel far and aid in preserving what are scarcely less im¬ 
portant than the breeding grounds, the suitable wintering 
areas for ducks, geese, and other water birds. </p>

<p>Besides the general preservation of suitable areas, 
probably the most important, and in fact, the almost indis¬ 
pensable means of protecting our water and other game 
birds, is the establishment of as many sanctuaries as pos¬ 
sible, both public and private, in which birds at all times 
can find refuge, or in which, at most, hunting would be 
permitted only under very careful restrictions. Such refuges 
can be established by individuals alone or in cooperation 
with the States; by States like Louisiana on state-owned 
lands; on areas like the national forests; or by the national 
government, on other areas, as has already been done along 
the Mississippi River and elsewhere. The Upper Mississippi 
Wild Life Refuge in the central northern States, and the 
Bear River Refuge in Utah are good examples of useful 
federal sanctuaries. </p>

<p>Louisiana is particularly well provided with large bird 
sanctuaries. Under State control there are the State Wild Life </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>The Protection of Birds </p>

<p>
23 </p>

<p>
Refuge in Vermilion Parish, the Rockefeller Wild Life Refuge 
in Cameron Parish, and the Russell Sage Wild Life Refuge, 
these being valuable for the protection particularly of ducks 
and geese; the Singer Wild Life Preserve in Madison Parish; 
the Theo Terzia Game Preserve, the Ayers-Fisher Preserve, 
and the Northwest Game Preserve, all of which are 
valuable for the conservation of upland birds and other 
game. There are also the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary 
in Vermilion Parish, administered by the National Associ¬ 
ation of Audubon Societies, and the Delta, Sabine, and 
Lacassine Migratory Bird Refuges, administered by the Bio¬ 
logical Survey. In addition the State parks, although small, 
are natural refuges for wild life; and the Pass a Loutre 
Hunting Preserve in the Mississippi River Delta is, of 
course, a refuge for all kinds of birds and other game at 
times other than the open hunting season. </p>

<p>In addition to education and the protection of the breed¬ 
ing arid feeding grounds of birds, intelligent restrictions of 
the hunting of waterfowl are of course vitally necessary. 
Notwithstanding all that has been accomplished in connec¬ 
tion with the banishing of spring shooting and market 
hunting it may still be necessary further to restrict privi¬ 
leges of this sort, not only for the good of the birds but for 
the sake of preserving the supply for ourselves and for 
those who will fall heir to our advantages. </p>

<p>All true sportsmen should put forth their efforts at all 
times to educate the public to proper enforcement of exist¬ 
ing laws and to the general upbuilding of a spirit of true 
sportsmanship in all those who love outdoor life. Only in 
this way shall we be able to accomplish the greatest good 
not only for the wild life of our country but for ourselves. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>THE BIRDS OF LOUISIANA </p>

<p>Order GAVIIFORMES </p>

<p>Family GAVIIDAE </p>

<p>COMMON LOON </p>

<p>Gavia immer immer (Brunnich) </p>

<p>The Loon is one of our best known large birds, not only 
because it is conspicuous and widely distributed in North 
America, but perhaps by reputation, because of the well 
known expression ‘crazy as a loon'. This remark has refer¬ 
ence, of course, to the wild, weird cry of this bird which 
is occasionally heard, although its ordinary note of few 
syllables is a very melodious, though far-carrying call. </p>

<p>About the size of a goose, it is readily distinguished by 
its black head and neck, white under parts, and black, 
white-spotted, upper surface, although in the winter it 
loses the black pf its head and neck, and the conspicuous 
white spots of the upper surface, and assumes above the 
dull grayish brown of the young and the white of the lower 
parts. </p>

<p>While in the summer it is an inhabitant of the ponds 
and streams of the interior, it frequents during migration 
and in the winter the coastal bays and inlets, where, at 
times, it appears even in flocks. It is very awkward on 
land, but it is one of the most remarkable divers among 
birds, and from this ability the bird has acquired as one 
of its names, ‘great northern diver’, which really is very 
appropriate. While it is rather slow and deliberate in rising 
from the water, once it is under way it has a swift and 
strong flight. In its winter home it is fond of swimming 
about, alternating its appearance on the surface by re¬ 
peated dives. It is extremely wary, and when disturbed 
rises heavily, pattering along the surface of the water with 
its feet, as though running on the land, and flying far 
enough to feel itself out of danger before dropping into 
the water again. When undisturbed it swims readily about </p>

<p>25 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>26 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
or rises partly out of the water, flaps its wings, as though 
to exercise them, and then falls back into a swimming 
position again. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists to a considerable extent 
of fishes, which it catches by diving and pursuit under the 
water. It also varies its diet with crustaceans, insects, 
lizards, leeches, and frogs, and occasionally the roots of 
fresh water plants. </p>

<p>The nest of this diver is rather a crude structure, being 
often a mere heap of rushes and reeds, and at times scarcely 
recognizable as a nest. It is placed usually in the water, 
near the margin of a pond or shallow lake, and often near 
the edge of the reeds. It is sometimes only a few inches 
above the surface of the water. Occasionally on islands the 
bird builds its nest on more or less dry ground, but usually 
not very far from water. When the nest is on dry land the 
birds ordinarily wear a path to the water, which they use 
in leaving the nest instead of attempting to fly before 
reaching the water. The eggs are usually, two, of a dark 
olive green or olive brown color, with a relatively few 
darker brown spots. </p>

<p>The Common Loon is a winter visitor, apparently rare, 
in northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record, that of a specimen taken by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., on a mill pond at Dubach in Lincoln 
Parish, May 18, 1931. 1 The measurements of this bird, 
kindly made for the writer by Mr. Lowery, indicate that it 
is the northern race. Several other individuals were seen in 
the same locality during the spring of 1931, and they may 
have been of the same subspecies. </p>

<p>LESSER LOON </p>

<p>Gavia immer elasson Bishop </p>

<p>The Lesser Loon, which differs from the Common Loon 
only in smaller size, is a fairly common winter resident, 
from September to June 5, chiefly from October to April, 
throughout most of Louisiana, although more frequent on 
the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, less so on the lakes and </p>

<p>l BuIl. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 12. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Holboell Grebe </p>

<p>
27 </p>

<p>
streams of the interior; and reported from Mississippi 
Sound, Breton Island, Belair, Deep Lake, Lake Felicity, 
Berwick Bay, and Vermilion Bay, north to Monroe. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University from Berwick Bay, April 5, 1876; and 
from Belair in Plaquemines Parish, February 1, 1894; also 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans from Morgan City, December, 1931; 
one taken by Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 19,1936; 
one from the same place February 4, 1936; one there by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., on April 18, 1936; and another from 
Louisiana without further data. This is apparently the 
prevailing race of the Loon in Louisiana. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., observed it at Monroe, on Decem¬ 
ber 26, 1930, and October 18, 1931. A. M. Bailey found it 
fairly common on Mississippi Sound in March, 1918; and 
the writer noted it on Vermilion Bay, January 29, 1932; on 
Lake Felicity and Deep Lake, December 23, 1932, a single 
bird in each instance. Two individuals were seen by him on 
an inlet along the shore of Breton Island on June 5, 1933. </p>

<p>Order COLYMBIFORMES </p>

<p>Family COLYMBIDAE </p>

<p>HOLBOELL GREBE </p>

<p>Colymbus grisegena holbollii (Reinhardt) </p>

<p>The Holboell Grebe is of only casual or accidental occur¬ 
rence in winter in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only record for the State is a single bird shot by 
Gilbert Sanson, on Catahoula Lake, in east central Loui¬ 
siana, on December 2, 1937. </p>

<p>HORNED GREBE </p>

<p>Colymbus auritus Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Horned Grebe is a winter resident, from the middle 
of November to the end of March, in southern Louisiana, 
particularly the coastal marshes. The northern limit of its 
winter distribution in this State is not determinable from </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>28 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
the records at hand, but it ranges at least from Vermilion 
Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi River, north to False 
River, New Orleans, and Lake Catherine. It is also a tran¬ 
sient in August and April in the interior of the State. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at Lake Catherine in August, 1885; and one in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans was obtained at New Orleans in April, 1933. 
A. M. Bailey noted in Vermilion Bay a few individuals about 
the middle of November, 1917, one of which he collected; 
and L. E. Hicks reported one seen at New Iberia, December 
26, 1931. George H. Lowery, Jr., observed a single indi¬ 
vidual on False River, in northern West Baton Rouge Par¬ 
ish, on December 13, 1934. This species, while it occurs 
in Louisiana usually as single individuals, is occasionally 
seen here in small companies. </p>

<p>PIED-BILLED GREBE </p>

<p>Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Pied-billed Grebe, which is the common bird of its 
family in Louisiana, is one of those frequently called "hell 
diver’, perhaps because of its expertness in diving when 
alarmed. It is also commonly called ‘dabchick’ or ‘water- 
witch’. It is a rather inconspicuous, brown bird, with a 
rather short, thick, bill which has a blackish band across 
the middle; and there is a conspicuous black patch on the 
throat. This is absent, however, in young birds, and in the 
winter plumage of the adult. </p>

<p>It is found on almost all bodies of water, but it prefers 
the sheltered ponds and streams during the summer season. 
While it is often seen in the open it likes best the reedy 
shores and shallow vegetation-covered parts of the water. 
While it flies well, it prefers to sit on the water, where it 
is usually successfull in eluding its enemies by either diving 
or hiding among the reeds. It is not usually seen in flocks, 
but apparently is fond of its own society. Although awk¬ 
ward on land it is a marvelous diver and can disappear 
beneath the surface at the flash of a gun quickly enough </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Pied-billed Grebe </p>

<p>
29 </p>

<p>
to avoid the shot. The bird is shy, particularly during the 
breeding season, and if suspicious of an intruder will 
quickly vanish. Its note is a rather loud, somewhat harsh 
repetition of a syllable that sounds like ‘cow’. </p>

<p>It feeds on such animal matter as fishes, frogs, worms, 
water insects, and mollusks, and also the softer parts of 
aquatic plants, as well as their seeds. </p>

<p>The nest of this grebe is a bulky heap of rushes, reeds, 
and other water plants, matted together and usually floating 
on the water, though anchored to the reeds or rushes, and, 
unless the water is too deep, it is more or less built up from 
the bottom. A hollow in the center contains the usually five 
to seven eggs, which are dull bluish or olivaceous white, 
though they soon become stained by the wet vegetation with 
which they come in contact. The bird is very shy about her 
nest, and, at the slightest alarm, will cover the eggs, slip 
into the water, and be out of sight in the adjacent vege¬ 
tation before any intruder can reach the nest. When the 
eggs are hatched the young soon leave the nest and swim 
about, following their parents. Occasionally they are car¬ 
ried on the back of the female, where they sometimes will 
even cling to the mother’s feathers while she dives and 
returns to the surface. </p>

<p>The Pied-billed Grebe is a fairly common permanent resi¬ 
dent, but more numerous in winter from early October to 
April; and, though of local distribution, occurs practically 
throughout Louisiana. It has been reported south to south¬ 
western Cameron Parish, Vinton, Edgerly, Chenier au 
Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Morgan City, and Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; east to Carlisle, New 
Orleans, Bayou St. John, and Lake Catherine; and north to 
Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville, and De Soto Parish. It frequents the ponds, 
lakes, and streams of the interior, together with the lagoons 
and bays of the coast. It breeds in May. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were col¬ 
lected at Vinton, March 2, 1892; Edgerly, March 10, 1892; 
New Orleans, June 25, 1870, and October 23, 1890; Bayou 
St. John near New Orleans, November 12, 1888; and Lake </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>30 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Catherine, December 2, 1900. It was taken also by G. A. 
Hillery at Carlisle, November 2,1919; and by Arthur Svihla 
at Morgan City, October 20, 1925. J. S. Campbell found 
nests near Bienville in May, 1932; and noted birds at Lucky 
and Liberty Hill, Bienville Parish, during the summer of 
1932. A. M. Bailey reported it as common in Main Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta during the latter part of Octo¬ 
ber, 1928; and he noted a single bird at Chenier au Tigre, 
December 10, 1925. The writer saw one southwest of the 
club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish, January 25, 1928. </p>

<p>Order PROCELLARIIFORMES </p>

<p>Family HYDROBATIDAE </p>

<p>WILSON PETREL </p>

<p>Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) </p>

<p>The Wilson Petrel is a summer visitor on the Gulf of 
Mexico off the coast of Louisiana, observed only in June, 
between the mouth of the Mississippi River and the mouth 
of Bayou La Fourche. </p>

<p>While apparently not uncommon, the only records avail¬ 
able are: one seen, June 25,1915, on the Gulf of Mexico off 
Cheniere Caminada, seven miles west of Grand Isle, by Her¬ 
bert K. Job and Stanley C. Arthur;* two observed by the 
writer off the mouth of Bayou La Fourche, June 9, 1933; 
and 13 seen, June 8,1933, on the Gulf of Mexico a short dis¬ 
tance off the coast between the mouth of the Mississippi 
River and Shell Island in Plaquemines Parish. </p>

<p>Order PELECANIFORMES </p>

<p>Family PHAETHONTIDAE </p>

<p>YELLOW-BILLED TROPICBIRD </p>

<p>Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt </p>

<p>The Yellow-billed Tropicbird is reported as an occa¬ 
sional summer visitor in Louisiana, for which, however, 
there is apparently no definite record available. </p>

<p>La. Dept. Cons.. No. 20. December 1931. p. 41. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White Pelican </p>

<p>
31 </p>

<p>
The statement by Stanley C. Arthur,’ that “they are only 
seen in this State during midsummer and during the past 
three or four years their observance has been almost com¬ 
mon”, is the only evidence that we have of its occurrence in 
the State. </p>

<p>
Family PELECANIDAE </p>

<p>WHITE PELICAN </p>

<p>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin </p>

<p>The White Pelican, owing to its large size, white color, 
its long, conspicuous, yellow bill, with the immense pendant 
pouch underneath, is a very conspicuous object wherever 
it happens to be. It is so well known that’it is readily 
recognized by almost everyone. </p>

<p>Although it breeds in the interior of North America, 
usually on islands in lakes, it is found in Louisiana almost 
exclusively along the coast, where it frequents the lagoons 
and other bodies of water. At times this bird gathers into 
large flocks. The birds are often seen resting on the water, 
or sitting along the shore where, at a little distance, they 
very much resemble a platoon of white soldiers. </p>

<p>While awkward on land this bird is perfectly at home 
on the water, and in the air flies easily, notwithstanding 
the fact that it is one of the heaviest of flying birds. A 
flock of White Pelicans on the wing is a really splendid 
sight, and the bird is one that should be protected for its 
spectacular interest, if for no other reason. </p>

<p>It is a rather silent bird and very seldom gives utter¬ 
ance to its rather low grunt or croak. </p>

<p>It feeds largely on various kinds of fishes, which it 
obtains by wading or swimming in the shallow water, but 
not by diving, as does the Brown Pelican. </p>

<p>The nest is placed usually on small islands, sometimes 
in company with other water birds, such as cormorants, 
gulls, and terns, but often in separate colonies. It is placed 
on the ground, and is usually a mass of weed-stalks, the </p>

<p>•Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5. January. 1918. p. 17. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>32 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
stems of other water plants, pieces of mud and stone, or 
other rubbish. Sometimes the nests are among the water 
plants, which are trodden down to furnish a platform for 
the eggs. The normally two eggs are chalky white, usually 
more or less stained. A month is required to hateh the eggs, 
in which duty both the parents cooperate. The young, when 
hatched, are naked and unattractive, and they remain in 
the nest at least for two or three weeks. The parents feed 
them largely on regurgitated food, and the process is an 
interesting one that would seem hard work for both parent 
and young, but which doubtless is not particularly annoy¬ 
ing to either. The young reaches its bill into the mouth 
of the adult, and eats as much as he is allowed by the 
parent. This regurgitated food at first is fairly well digested 
by the parent, but later on the young are fed on undigested 
food. </p>

<p>The White Pelican is a permanent resident in southern 
Louisiana, chiefly in the coastal waters, common in winter, 
numerous in summer; reported from Chandeleur Island and 
the Mississippi River Delta, west to Timbalier Island, Chen¬ 
ier au Tigre, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and south¬ 
western Cameron Parish; but only a transient in the rest of 
the State, north to the Tensas River, Monroe, and Bienville. 
It occurs at times in flocks of several hundred. There is no 
definite breeding record for Louisiana, although it has been 
several times reported as nesting. </p>

<p>W. M. Sprinkle noted this species in considerable num¬ 
bers at Chandeleur Island, February 4, 1914; at Mitchell 
Island and Martin Island, October 28, 1912; at Errol Island, 
March 6, 1913; and Battledore Island, January 24,1914. A 
specimen was taken at Carlisle by G. A. Hillery, January 11, 
1920; and there are three specimens in the museum of the 
University of Michigan collected at Grand Isle, April 5, 
1925. The writer met with 29 of these birds near the Delta 
Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
January 22, 1932; and observed a few on Main Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 19, 1932; on Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932; Willow 
Pass, December 20, 1932; Dennis Pass and Johnson Pass, 
December 17, 1932; Cognovich Pass and Dead Woman Pass, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Lire of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 2 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>S\Tf OF*Ml </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Lire of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 3 </p>

<p>
Eastern Brown Pelican Feeding^ You sol </p>

<p>urr^ut&amp;li* , .. </p>

<p>Mud Lump?. MisS^rppi River Delta, 1 ^',; 'JjB'oe %». ji*S&amp; </p>

<p>(lij A M. * </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>



<p>• oViginal from </p>

<p>¦• UNIVERSITY-OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
(LtHirtoy of the Xaviouai Association of Audubon Societies ) </p>

<p>THE WATER TURKEY OR AXH1XGA 
Anhin$j anhinw *Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Our only member oi a strange family, the Darters, the Anhinga is widely distributed through¬ 
out Louisiana. Its slender neck, carried straight before it in flight, and its broad tail, spread 
fan-shaped, serve readily to distinguish the Water Turkey from the Cormorants, which art* 
similar in size. Snake Bird is another popular name for this curious species. </p>

<p>
0X33 </p>

<p>
m </p>













<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original Item </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MEHIgKn </p>









<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plat*; 5 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>5ITY OF MICHIGAN </p>







<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
V </p>

<p>
Emu Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 6 </p>

<p>
V; ;/&gt;A-V?'r l v UlawL I ,a„ May 18, l&amp;jO.;, ; • </p>

<p>f li&gt; A. U. Bailey no&lt;t Ft K, I*&lt;Vk(n*»tv &gt; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Brown Pelican </p>

<p>
33 </p>

<p>
December 18, 1932; all in the Mississippi River Delta. He 
noticed it along the Mississippi River between Pointe a la 
Hache and Pilot Town on January 21,1932. On Lake Barre 
he discovered 100 individuals on December 23, 1932; and a 
few on Little Lake in Terrebonne Parish on the same day. 
A single bird was noted on Terrebonne Bayou, December 22, 
1932; at Avery Island, December 28, 1932; and four at 
Avoca Island, January 28, 1932. At Grand Chenier he ob¬ 
served the species on December 31, 1932; and at Mud Lake 
in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 26, 1928. It is 
a fairly common transient at Bienville during spring and 
autumn; and George H. Lowery, Jr., recorded the appear¬ 
ance of a flock of 300 at Monroe, September 28,1930. </p>

<p>There is a number of summer records. The writer found 
a single individual on the Mud Lumps at the mouth of Pass 
a Loutre, Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 1933, and another 
individual farther up this pass on the same day. John Dy- 
mond reported seeing a flock of 79 on July 11, 1931, on the 
Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of Grand Bayou in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish. The writer saw two birds on Belle Pass Island 
east of Timbalier Island, June 9,1933; and a flock of 150 on 
Isle Derniere, June 22, 1933. </p>

<p>EASTERN BROWN PELICAN </p>

<p>Pelecanus occidentals carolinensis Gmelin 4 </p>

<p>The Eastern Brown Pelican is of particular interest to 
residents of Louisiana, since it is not only the State bird, 
but is portrayed on the Great Seal of the State. In shape 
and size it is much like the White Pelican, but is mostly 
dull brown in color, whence it derives its name. It is a 
more maritime bird than the White Pelican, and is seldom 
found away from the coastal waters. </p>

<p>Like the White Pelican it is rather awkward on land, 
but on the water is perfectly at home, and its flight is 
remarkable owing to the power of its wings and their 
ample expanse. It frequently soars for considerable dis¬ 
tances, often high in the air. This bird is one of the inter- </p>

<p>4 Pelecanus occidentails occidentals of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>34 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
esting sights all along the coast of Louisiana, and should, 
by all means, be protected, particularly in view of the fact 
that it seems to have been decreasing in numbers during 
recent years. Sometimes it assembles into flocks of con¬ 
siderable size, and a great flock of these birds on the wing 
is a sight worth watching. Although the young make noise 
enough when they clamour for food, the adults are almost 
silent. </p>

<p>Its food consists of fishes, mostly those not suited for 
human consumption, so that the fishermen have little legiti¬ 
mate complaint against this bird. It obtains its food by 
diving, sometimes from a considerable height. Its plunge 
takes it underneath the water, which is done by plunging 
with the wind. Underneath the surface it makes a complete 
turn and rises to the surface headed against the wind. </p>

<p>This pelican breeds usually in colonies, often of large 
size. The nest is placed either in bushes, low trees, or on 
the ground, but is almost always a bulky structure of sticks, 
straws, grasses, leaves, and similar materials, with a more 
or less well developed hollow for the eggs. These are usually 
three in number, and are, like those of the White Pelican, 
dull white, mostly more or less stained by contact with the 
nest materials. The period of incubation is about one month, 
and the young are hatched unfeathered. Subsequently 
they are fed by the regurgitation of partly digested food by 
the parents until they are able to fly. The process of feed¬ 
ing is very much like that by the White Pelican, and is 
always an interesting performance for the observer, as 
well as for the participants. </p>

<p>The Eastern Brown Pelican is an abundant permanent 
resident along the Gulf Coast and the coastal waters of Lou¬ 
isiana, from Chandeleur Island and Isle au Pitre, to the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, Grand Isle, and Leedyburg in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish; and of accidental or casual oc¬ 
currence in the remainder of the State north to Caddo Lake, 
where it was seen on September 11, 1915, by H. H. Kopman; 
and to Lake Bisteneau, where noted in 1932 and 1933 by J. 
S. Campbell. It breeds on the islands and occasionally the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Broivn Pelican </p>

<p>
35 </p>

<p>
mainland along the Gulf Coast from the Chandeleur Islands 
to the vicinity of Isle Derniere. It nests from February to 
July; and there are records of eggs from March 28 to-June 
22, and of young unable to fly as late as July 10. While the 
Brown Pelican breeds on various islands along the coast of 
the State, it shifts its breeding places often from year to 
year; likewise the nesting in different colonies sometimes 
varies much in time of year. </p>

<p>The writer saw 1350 Eastern Brown Pelicans on Isle 
Derniere, June 22, 1933; also 334 on East Timbalier Island, 
227 on Timbalier Island, and 191 on Grand Isle, June 9, 
1933; as well as small numbers on Lake Pelto, June 22, 
1933; at Shell Island in Plaquemines Parish, on Ronquille 
Bay, and along Southwest Pass near the mouth of the Mis¬ 
sissippi River, June 8, 1933; and on Main Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, June 7, 1933. The species was common 
on Isle au Pitre, June 3, 1933; Chandeleur Island and Mit¬ 
chell Island, June 4, 1933; Errol Island and Curlew Island, 
June 5, 1933; and Breton Island, June 6, 1933. On Grand 
Gosier Island, he observed about 100, June 6,1933, but there 
was no indication that the birds were breeding on this is¬ 
land. This is of particular interest in view of the fact that 
A. M. Bailey found 1200 nests on this island in June, 1918. </p>

<p>The largest and most important colonies of nests of this 
species on the coast of the State during 1933, so far as the 
writer is aware, are the three mentioned below. On the 
North Islands in the Chandeleur Island group, the writer 
found on June 4, 1933, a colony of 2300 nests which con¬ 
tained from one to three, very rarely four eggs each, and a 
very few young just hatched. He detected about 2200 adult 
birds as well as about 100 young in the nests. On the Mud 
Lumps at the mouth of Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi 
River Delta he saw on June 7, 1933, 4550 birds in several 
breeding colonies on the separate mud lumps, and on one 
occasion a small group on the adjacent mainland. About one- 
half of these were young, ranging from birds just hatched 
to those nearly grown, though the great majority were able 
to leave the nests. On Belle Pass Island, east of Timbalier </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>36 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Island, which he visited on June 9, 1933, he discovered a 
colony of about 1000 nests and 1000 young in the nests, but 
no eggs. In addition to the young in the nests there were 
about 2400 adults seen at this colony. There are eggs in the 
museum of Tulane University collected on Marsh Island, 
March 28, 1894. </p>

<p>While the Eastern Brown Pelican does not seem to be 
present in such numbers during the winter as in summer, it 
is nevertheless of general distribution along the Gulf Coast 
and is frequently observed. In the Mississippi River Delta 
the writer noted it at Main Pass, December 19, 1932; at 
Codro Pass, December 18, 1932; at Willow Pass, December 
20, 1932; Dennis Pass, December 17, 1932; and at the Delta 
Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 19, 1928. He noticed a 
single individual near Buras on the Mississippi River, Jan¬ 
uary 23,1932; and one near Myrtle Grove, January 24,1932. 
This pelican was met with by him also on the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; on Lake Timbalier, Lake 
Barre, Lake Felicity, and Deep Lake, December 23, 1932; 
and on Calcasieu Lake, December 30, 1932. At Leedyburg 
in southwestern Cameron Parish, Arthur Svihla noted it on 
January 3, 1926. </p>

<p>The Brown Pelican of the eastern United States is suffi¬ 
ciently different from the bird of the West Indies, by rea¬ 
son of its larger size, to be subspecifically separable, as 
indicated by Peters.* </p>

<p>
Family SULIDAE </p>

<p>ATLANTIC BLUE-FACED BOOBY </p>

<p>Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson </p>

<p>The Atlantic Blue-faced Booby is of only accidental oc¬ 
currence on the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>One was found dead by E. S. Hopkins, July 28, 1929, on 
Grand Gosier Island in the Chandeleur Group. 6 </p>

<p>B Check-List of Birds of the World, Vol. I, October 6, 1931, p. 81. </p>

<p>"Bailey and Wright, Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 2, June, 1931, p. 126, re¬ 
corded as from “Coral Island”. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-bellied Booby </p>

<p>
37 </p>

<p>
WHITE-BELLIED BOOBY </p>

<p>Svla leucogastra leucogastra (Boddaert) 7 </p>

<p>The White-bellied Booby is of casual occurrence in the 
Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana during spring, au¬ 
tumn, and winter. </p>

<p>The only definite records seem to be two males which 
George E. Beyer collected in September, 1884, on the Mis¬ 
sissippi River, about 50 miles below New Orleans; 8 three 
others observed at Red Pass near the mouth of the Missis¬ 
sippi River, January 15, 1901 ;* and a specimen obtained at 
Grand Isle, April, 1929, by E. S. Hopkins. 10 </p>

<p>GANNET </p>

<p>Moris bassana (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Gannet is a casual winter visitor along the Gulf 
Coast of Louisiana. </p>

<p>It is stated by George E. Beyer 11 to have been taken sev¬ 
eral times at The Rigolets, but the only definite record seems 
to be a male shot there on December 9,1886. </p>

<p>Family PHALACROCORACIDAE 
double-crested cormorant 
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson) </p>

<p>This rather ungainly bird is readily distinguished from 
most other species by its goose-like size, long slender neck, 
small head, slightly hooked bill, and general blackish or 
brownish coloration. On the wing it flies much like a 
goose, and is frequently mistaken for that bird. This simi¬ 
larity undoubtedly accounts for its name ‘nigger goose’, 
or ‘Irish goose’. </p>

<p>It is found about all the larger watercourses and bodies 
of water, both in the interior and along the coasts of the 
United States, and sometimes appears in immense numbers, </p>

<p>^Sula leucogaster leucogastcr of the 1981 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>8 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 87. </p>

<p>•Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, The Auk, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, July, 1907, p. 316. </p>

<p>10 Bailey and Wright, Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 2, June, 1931, p. 126. </p>

<p>“Pr^c. La. Soc. Naturalista, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 87. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>38 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
migrating frequently in large flocks. It is an almost en¬ 
tirely silent bird. Its flight, though heavy, is well-sustained, 
but not rapid. It is rather awkward on land, and has dif¬ 
ficulty sometimes in rising from the water. </p>

<p>This bird, however, is an expert diver, and obtains its 
food of various kinds of fishes in this way, pursuing its 
prey under water, where it makes considerable speed. The 
undigested remains of its meals are ejected from the mouth 
in the form of pellets. </p>

<p>The Double-crested Cormorant breeds in colonies, often 
of considerable size, either on the ground or rocks, or in 
trees, like herons. The nest is a bulky structure composed 
of various kinds of sticks, grasses, weeds, bark, and aquatic 
or other vegetation. Sometimes it is decorated with pieces 
of evergreen, or other things such as bark, feathers, or 
even dead crustaceans. There are commonly 3 or 4 eggs, 
rather elongate in shape, of a bluish white or very pale 
blue color, this ground color often more or less concealed 
by a whitish lime-like coating. The young are blackish when 
hatched and are without feathers. They remain for a con¬ 
siderable time in the nest, where they are fed regurgitated 
food by the parents. </p>

<p>The Double-crested Cormorant is principally a winter 
resident, from October 17 to April 19, abundant in southern 
Louisiana, particularly the Gulf Coast region and the larger 
bodies of water, less numeroqs in winter in northern Louisi¬ 
ana, though abundant in migration along the streams and 
lakes, at times gathering into companies of many thousands. 
It has been reported from Lake Catherine, the Mississippi 
River Delta, Grand Isle, Lake Timbalier, Isle Derniere, 
Marsh Island, Chenier au Tigre, and Calcasieu Lake, north 
to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mon¬ 
roe, and Lake Bistineau. It also breeds, chiefly in May and 
June, but only, so far as known, in the southwestern part of 
the State, although according to J. S. Campbell it occurs in 
summer on Lake Bistineau. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens of this subspecies 
from Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, collect- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Double-crested Cormorant </p>

<p>
39 </p>

<p>
ed March 10, 1882; also in the museum of Tulane Univers¬ 
ity, from Lake Catherine, December 16, 1900, February 19, 
1884, February 14, 1885, and March 4,1890; and from Mer- 
mentau, April 14, 1894; in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans, from Shell Island 
near Buras, February, 1933; and Westwego, December, 
1931; and in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, from Pilot 
Town in the Mississippi River Delta, January 31, 1930, J. 
Leiter. Two birds identified in the Colorado Museum of 
Natural History are from Elephant Pass, January 26,1918; 
and two others from Isle Derniere, were taken on December 
7,1918, by A. M. Bailey. Northern birds banded within the 
summer range of this subspecies have been captured in 
Louisiana at Verret Lake, October 25, 1925, and November 
4,1924; Ville Platte in Evangeline Parish, October 17,1931; 
and Cocodrie Bayou, November, 1931. </p>

<p>Cormorants of this form were found breeding by A. M. 
Bailey at Bird Island in Cameron Parish in 1930, and he 
noted young well grown by June 1, 1930. At that time this 
cormorant was associated in the same colony with Anhingas 
and American Egrets. Mr. Bailey recorded also that it was 
observed here during the breeding seasons of 1916, 1917, 
and 1918. 1 * Birds, probably of this race, were observed by 
the writer at Calcasieu Lake, December 31, 1932; at Avery 
Island, December 28, 1932; at Marsh Island, January 30, 
1932; Avoca Island, January 28, 1932; and East Cote 
Blanche Bay, January 29, 1932. On Vermilion Bay, 155 in¬ 
dividuals were seen on January 30, 1932; and 300 on Lake 
Barre, December 22, 1932. This cormorant was noted also 
on Timbalier Bay, Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), Little Lake, 
and Lake Felicity in Terrebonne Parish, December 23, 1932. 
The writer found it on Bayou Des Allemands near Mud 
Lake, December 24, 1932; on Little Barataria Bayou near 
Lake Salvador, January 26, 1932; and on Bayou Boeuf, Jan¬ 
uary 27,1932. Cormorants presumably of this race are com¬ 
mon in winter in the delta of the Mississippi River and along 
the lower part of the river itself. The writer saw about 100 
along the Mississippi River near Venice, December 20,1932; </p>

<p>“Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIXX, No. 2, June, 1931, p. 127. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go* gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>40 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and others at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 
22, 1932; on Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; and on 
Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932. </p>

<p>FLORIDA CORMORANT </p>

<p>Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Florida Cormorant, if it occurs at all, is a permanent 
resident, probably fairly common, in southeastern Loui¬ 
siana, west to near Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>No specimens of the Florida Cormorant from Louisiana 
have been examined, but if the Florida Cormorant is recog¬ 
nizable as distinct, and occurs in the State, the breeding 
birds from southeastern Louisiana are probably of this 
form. At present, however, the distribution records of oc¬ 
currence are difficult to determine, since the birds are, of 
course, not distinguishable except by examination of speci¬ 
mens. This cormorant is included here, pending further in¬ 
vestigations, because of the records already published. 
Robert Butler informs the writer that it breeds in West 
Feliciana Parish; and Winston E. Nolan is authority for the 
statement that there is a colony breeding in Devil’s Swamp, 
12 miles north of Baton Rouge; but from neither of these 
localities have specimens been examined. </p>

<p>MEXICAN CORMORANT </p>

<p>Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus (Brandt) </p>

<p>This bird, in general appearance, is almost a duplicate 
of the Double-crested Cormorant, except for its much smal¬ 
ler size. It is a bird of the coast region, and is rarely found 
in the interior. Like the other cormorants, it is, in general 
aspect on the wing, very much like a goose. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is much the same as that of the 
Double-crested Cormorant, and is, so far as known, largely 
of fishes. </p>

<p>The Mexican Cormorant breeds in colonies, placing its 
nest usually in bushes that grow in the water. The nests 
are substantial platforms, composed largely of sticks, but </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Anhinga </p>

<p>
41 </p>

<p>
have only a shallow depression for the eggs. The eggs are 
usually four or five, bluish white in color, though often 
much nest stained, and in shape are like other cormorants’ 
eggs. </p>

<p>The Mexican Cormorant is a fairly common permanent 
resident in the Gulf Coast region of southwestern Louisiana, 
from Cameron Parish east to Vermilion Bay. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Cameron Parish, 
collected January 19, 1879; two taken by E. G. Wright, at 
Ged in Calcasieu Parish, June 1, and May 30, 1930; and 
three in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans 
are from Vinton, March 5, 1894, and March 30 and 31, 1893. 
J. D. Figgins found nests with young on June 20, 1919, on 
Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish; and A. M. 
Bailey collected one specimen there on June 19, 1919, 
he also found it breeding on Bird Island in Cameron 
Parish in the spring of 1930. He noted it also at Avery 
Island during the breeding seasons of 1916, 1917, 1918, and 
1930, but found no nests. The writer saw about 200 of these 
birds in Southwest Pass on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary 
in company with Double-crested Cormorants, January 23, 
1928. </p>

<p>
Family ANHINGIDAE </p>

<p>ANHINGA; WATERTURKEY </p>

<p>Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Anhinga, or, as it is variously called, ‘snakebird’, 
‘waterturkey’, or ‘darter’, is one of the most grotesque, and, 
at the same time, interesting, of our larger water birds. 
It is about the size of a cormorant, the male with mostly 
black plumage, long slender neck, and long, sharp-pointed 
bill, which characters render it readily distinguishable. </p>

<p>It is fond of the swamps and marshy lakes, bayous, 
and similar places. It may be seen often sitting on some 
tree by the water, or swimming with its body beneath the 
water, and only its snake-like head and neck appearing 
above the surface. Although apparently awkward on land, 
or when on trees, it is remarkable for its powers of flight, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>42 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and often soars for a long time, sometimes in circles like 
a hawk. In straightaway flight it is swift and steady. 
Sometimes it descends from a great height, with great 
speed, as if it were falling out of the air. As in the air, it 
is also expert in swimming and diving, and moves under 
water often with great speed. Like the cormorants it is 
active only during the day, and rests at night, usually in 
trees. It is normally silent, although it sometimes utters 
a grunting note. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists principally of fishes of 
various kinds, which it is well equipped to catch. It eats 
also shrimps, lizards, snakes, aquatic insects, crawfishes, 
and even small turtles. </p>

<p>It breeds either by itself, or in rookeries of various 
kinds of herons, in swamps, and similar places. The nests 
are usually placed in bushes or low trees, and often over 
water. Ordinarily there are not large numbers of Anhingas 
in any one colony. The nest is bulky, not very well con¬ 
structed, chiefly of sticks and leaves, and lined with small 
leaves. It usually contains three or four eggs, and often 
incubation begins before the full number is laid, so that 
they do not all hatch at one time; and there are, therefore, 
young of various ages in the nest together. The eggs are 
bluish white, sometimes more or less covered with a chalky 
deposit, and commonly nest-stained. The young, like those 
of the cormorants, are naked when hatched, though not 
blackish, but yellowish. They remain in the nest until able 
to fly, and are fed by the parents, as are the cormorants, by 
regurgitated food. </p>

<p>The Anhinga is a permanent resident in all of Louisiana 
wherever there are suitable swamps, streams, lagoons, or 
other bodies of water, fairly common in summer, less num¬ 
erous in winter, particularly in northern Louisiana; report¬ 
ed north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west to Caddo 
Lake, Ged, Bird Island in Cameron Parish, and Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish; south to Lake Arthur, Lake Charles, 
lower Vermilion River, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Ver- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Anhinga </p>

<p>
43 </p>

<p>
milion Bay, Avery Island, Avoca Island, Bayou Chene, and 
the Mississippi River Delta; and east to New Orleans, Madi- 
sonville, Bedico River Marsh, Ponchatoula, Bains, Marks- 
ville, Frogmore, and Newellton. Migrants in northern Lou¬ 
isiana arrive late in April. It breeds in the fresh water 
swamps, bayous, and lakes, and is often associated with the 
Little Blue Heron, Snowy Egret, American Egret, and Great 
Blue Heron. The breeding season is from early April to late 
July; and there are records of eggs from April 21 to June 
2, and of young in the nest as late as July 26. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bird have been examined, in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University, from Ponchatoula, April 4,1886; 
Lake Arthur, May 28, 1896; Bedico Marsh, July 26, 1890; 
and Bayou La Barre, March 22, 1890. It was taken also in 
Cameron Parish, May 1 and 8, 1919, and June 20, 1883; and 
by E. G. Wright at Ged in southwestern Calcasieu Parish 
on May 31, 1931; and at Avery Island, May 8 and 9, 1930. 
Eggs were collected on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish by 
R. E. Rachford, June 2, 1886, May 19, 1886, and April 25, 
1885. George H. Lowery, Jr., found it nesting in a colony 
of Little Blue Herons at Moss Lake, 10 miles north of Lake 
Charles in June, 1935. J. S. Campbell says that a pair of 
adults brought two young to a small pond near Bienville on 
July 4, 1932; and that he saw on Black Lake in Natchi¬ 
toches Parish 17 young on July 10, 1932. The writer saw it 
breeding in the E. A. Mcllhenny Preserve at Avery Island, 
June 21, 1933, and there were at that time a number of 
nests containing young. George E. Beyer in 1891 reported 
that it bred at New Orleans and Madisonville; and Edward 
Butler that in 1922 it bred at Bains. The writer noted the 
species at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; at Newellton and 
Frogmore, June 16, 1933; at Krotz Springs, June 21, 1933; 
and at Lottie, June 15, 1933. </p>

<p>While not so numerous in winter as in summer, it is 
nevertheless during the former season rather generally dis¬ 
tributed, at least in southern Louisiana. The writer observed 
it along Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 24 and 
27, 1928; along the lower Vermilion River, January 23, 
1928; at Avery Island, December 28, 1932; at Avoca Island, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>44 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
January 28, 1932; and in the Mississippi River Delta at the 
Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 22, 1932; on Dead 
Woman Pass and Codro Pass, December 18, 1932. </p>

<p>Family FREGATIDAE </p>

<p>MAN-O’-WAR-BIRD; FRIGATEBIRD </p>

<p>Fregata magnificens rothschildi Mathews” </p>

<p>The Man-o’-war-bird, or ‘Frigatebird’, as it is com¬ 
monly called, is one of the most remarkable birds in Louisi¬ 
ana. Its mostly black plumage, long forked tail, and long 
wings, make it easily recognizable among the many birds 
that frequent the southern coasts of the United States. </p>

<p>While the bird probably does not breed in the United 
States, it spends the summer season along the coasts, where 
it often assembles into large flocks. Its powers of flight 
are so great that it always attracts the attention of even the 
casual observer. It often soars for long periods without 
motion of the wings, and often at great altitudes. The bird 
is apparently indifferent to high winds, as its powerful 
flight enables it easily to offset the gales. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists chiefly of various kinds 
of fishes, although other water animals are also eaten. 
It obtains a portion of its food by picking it up from near 
the surface of the water, but a considerable part is taken 
from other species of birds, such as cormorants, boobies, 
gulls, and terns. It attacks these birds vigorously, and 
usually succeeds in inducing them to drop their finny prey, 
which the Frigatebird then seizes for its meal, often before 
it reaches the water. Thus does it maiptain the reputation 
indicated by its name. </p>

<p>The Man-o’-war-bird breeds in tropical regions, and 
usually in colonies on islands. The nests are commonly 
placed in the tops of low bushes, on rocks, on the ground, 
or elsewhere. The nest is composed chiefly of sticks, vines, 
straws, grasses and leaves, and lined with finer materials 
of the same kind. It is a rather bulky platform, in the </p>

<p>18 Fregata magnificens of tho 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Man-o ’- War-Bird </p>

<p>
45 </p>

<p>
central depression of which the single white egg is laid. 
The young are without feathers when hatched and are care¬ 
fully brooded and otherwise taken care of by the parents 
until they are able to shift for themselves. </p>

<p>The male Frigatebird has a large unfeathered throat 
pouch which, during the breeding season, is bright red in 
color, and capable of being inflated to enormous size, giving 
the bird a very remarkable appearance. Apparently this is 
a means of attracting the attention and interest of the fe¬ 
male. When inflated this pouch looks very much like a 
small balloon attached to the throat. </p>

<p>The Man-o’-war-Bird is an abundant summer visitor, 
from March 26 to November, occasionally to December 3, 
along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, chiefly from the Chande- 
leur Islands to Timbalier Island and Isle Derniere, and occa¬ 
sionally inland to New Orleans. There is no definite au¬ 
thentic breeding record for the State, although it has been 
several times reported to nest. It sometimes gathers into 
flocks of many thousands. </p>

<p>This species was collected at North Island, Chande- 
leur Group, June 12,1930, by E. G. Wright; at Errol Island, 
June 5 and 6, 1919; on Shell Key near Elephant Pass, June 
8,1919; by C. C. Sperry at Quarantine (Cubit’s Gap) in the 
Mississippi River Delta, August 3, 1925; and Terrebonne 
Bay, June 14,1918, by Stanley C. Arthur. The writer found 
the species to the number of 1100 at North Island in the 
vicinity of the colony of Brown Pelicans on June 4, 1933, 
but there was no indication that it was nesting in the vicin¬ 
ity. It was observed by him in small numbers also at Chan- 
deleur Island and Freemason Island, June 4, 1933; Isle au 
Pitre, June 3,1933; Curlew and Errol Islands, June 5,1933; 
Grand Gosier Island, Breton Island, and Bird Island south¬ 
west of Breton Island, June 6, 1933; at the Mud Lumps at 
the mouth of Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, 
June 7,1933; at the mouth of Southwest Pass in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, and at Shell Island in Plaquemines Parish, 
June 8, 1933; Barataria Bay, June 10, 1933; on Timbalier 
Island, June 9, 1933; and on Isle Derniere, June 22, 1933. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>46 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Between Timbalier Island and Grand Isle, June 9, 1933, the 
Frigatebird was numerous all along the Gulf Coast, flying 
and circling high, but moving in general toward the west, 
singly or in small flocks; and along this part of the coast the 
writer counted 385 birds. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer records the capture of three Frigate- 
birds on August 19, 1888, in the city of New Orleans. 14 </p>

<p>The Frigatebird of the Gulf of Mexico and the West 
Indies is sufficiently differentiated from the bird of the 
Galapagos Islands, by reason of its decidedly longer tail, to 
warrant separation as a distinct subspecies, which has been 
described by Mathews as Fregata magnificens rothschildi. </p>

<p>
Order CICONIIFORMES </p>

<p>Family ARDEIDAE </p>

<p>GREAT BLUE HERON </p>

<p>Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus 
The Great Blue Heron is a winter resident, probably 
fairly common throughout the State. </p>

<p>The only certain records, however, are a single specimen 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans, without further data than that it was 
taken in the State of Louisiana; another, collected by Whar¬ 
ton Huber at Chenier au Tigre, January 20, 1928; and a 
bird, banded at Spider Island, Wisconsin, and killed on the 
Atchafalaya River in St. Landry Parish on October 11, 
1929. Doubtless the collecting of Great Blue Herons in the 
State would reveal the presence of further examples of this 
race. </p>

<p>WARD HERON </p>

<p>Ardea herodias wardi Ridgway 
The Ward Heron is a larger and paler edition of the 
Great Blue Heron; and lives in the southern United States. 
Its large size, long bill, and grayish coloration will dis¬ 
tinguish it readily from all the other herons of Louis- </p>

<p>14 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1807-1800 (1000), p. 87. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ward Heron </p>

<p>
47 </p>

<p>
iana. It is one of the best known of the large water birds, 
and is frequently called ‘blue crane’. </p>

<p>In flight this heron moves with slow wing-beats, its 
legs, meanwhile, extended straight behind. While it does 
not usually gather into very large flocks, a considerable 
number are often seen together. It frequents all the coastal 
waters, though it is not so fond of the ocean beaches, pre¬ 
ferring the quieter and shallower bays. It is fond of stand¬ 
ing motionless on the margin of some shallow lake or la¬ 
goon, either resting or watching for an opportunity to 
obtain a meal. It is usually a wary bird, and though ap¬ 
parently slow in movement is often difficult of approach. 
It seems usually not to be quarrelsome, although occasion¬ 
ally it does attack other birds, and in general seems to 
live in harmony with the other herons of the regions it 
inhabits. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists of fishes, mammals, 
birds, snakes, insects, crustaceans, and, in fact, almost any 
animal that is small enough for it to overcome. Occasionally 
individual birds make themselves troublesome at fish hat¬ 
cheries, but a great many of the fishes that this bird con¬ 
sumes are species that are not particularly sought by man, 
so that except in unusual circumstances, its food habits are 
not particularly detrimental. Like many other species, how¬ 
ever, it does not discriminate between fishes that are in¬ 
teresting to man and those that are not, and whenever the 
bird raids a fish pond or fish-net, it naturally arouses the 
ire of the fisherman. </p>

<p>The Ward Heron places its nest in various situations, 
in a marsh, on an island along the coast, or in wooded 
swamps, in colonies, often associated with other herons. 
According to its location the nest is placed in bushes, in 
the tops of tall trees, or even on the ground. It is usually 
a bulky structure composed chiefly of sticks, and lined with 
rootlets, grass, small twigs, and similar materials. Some of 
the nests are three feet wide and built up to about the same 
height. The usually four eggs are rather oval in shape, and 
pale greenish in color. It requires about 28 days for the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>48 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
eggs to hatch, and the young, being helpless at first, re¬ 
quire long care on the part of the parents. They are fed 
by regurgitation of food from the bill of the parent, par¬ 
ticularly in the early part of their existence. This perform¬ 
ance is rather curiously carried out by the young bird, 
which takes hold of the bill of the parent bird crosswise, 
and then by a pumping motion the food is injected into the 
mouth of the young bird. </p>

<p>The Ward Heron is a common permanent resident 
throughout Louisiana, reported north to Holly Ridge, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville, and Caddo Parish; west to Cross Lake near 
Shreveport, and Bird Island in northwestern Cameron Par¬ 
ish; south to the southwestern corner of Cameron Parish, 
Calcasieu Lake, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Lake 
Barre, Grand Isle, Barataria Bay, Ronquille Bay, and Cog- 
novich Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; east to Pass a 
Loutre, Chandeleur Island, Freemason Island, Old Harbor 
Key, Lake Catherine, Hammond, Simmesport, Archie, 
Thomastown, and Tendal. It occurs wherever there are suit¬ 
able areas both along the Gulf Coast and in the interior. It 
breeds in favorable locations, chiefly from February to 
June, and usually in colonies, often with Cormorants, An- 
hingas, American Egrets, and other herons. There is rec¬ 
ord of eggs on April 1. </p>

<p>The writer has identified specimens of this subspecies of 
the Great Blue Heron in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans, from Grand Isle, 
February, 1933, and from Chef Menteur, without date. Eggs 
were collected on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish by J. H. 
Rachford on April 1, 1886. W. M. Sprinkle noted this bird 
breeding on Chandeleur Island on July 3, 1916. H. H. Kop- 
man found it common at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896, 
and present on Bayou Des Glaizes near Simmesport about 
September 1, 1917. J. S. Campbell reports it from Pool’s 
Pond near Bienville during the summers of 1931, 1932, and 
1933. The writer observed it on Ronquille Bay, June 8, 
1933; on Grand Caillou Bayou and Bayou Salle, June 22, 
1933; along Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, 
June 7, 1933; at Archie, June 16, 1933; at Holly Ridge and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisian v </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHI#|ji| </p>





<p>Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>¦ </p>



<p>
Bito Ln-’e op Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate S </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>SITY OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
Aih»li E('KV3 (Ca^rroJ/a^ albu&amp;' t.«) ano Vihm;. Nfc&lt;ut View </p>

<p>T^JIaXa^e* May -W_ % </p>

<p>} VkijMfaitifo' A: M &amp;*&amp;*£ »"4. T-. R&lt;; . ^ </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitize </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original fram </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Lin? op Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 11 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Egret </p>

<p>
49 </p>

<p>
Tendal on the Tensas River in Madison Parish, June 17, 
1933; and at Cross Lake, west of Shreveport, June 18, 1933. </p>

<p>Winter birds presumably of this race were reported by 
H. H. Kopman at Hammond, January 24 and 25, 1918; on 
Freemason Island by W. M. Sprinkle, January 16,1914; and 
the writer saw it on Calcasieu Lake, December 30,1932; be¬ 
tween the Orange-Cameron Land Company's club house and 
the Gulf of Mexico, January 24, 1928; on the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, January 22,1928; at Avoca Island, January 
28, 1932; Marsh Island, January 30, 1932; and on Lake 
Barre, Lake Felicity, Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), and Lit¬ 
tle Lake, all in Terrebonne Parish, December 23, 1932. In 
the Mississippi River Delta he found it very common on 
Octave Pass near the Delta Duck Club, January 22, 1932; 
and observed it also on Main Pass near Chateau Canard, 
December 19, 1932; Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; 
and on Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932. </p>

<p>AMERICAN EGRET </p>

<p>Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The rather large size, pure white plumage, yellow bill, 
and black legs of this bird make it conspicuous and easily 
identified among the birds of the marsh. It lives, as do 
most of the other herons, along the shores of marsh, lake, 
river, lagoon, and bay of the coast. Whether in flight, with 
its rather slow, measured wing-beat, perched on a tree or 
bush, or standing motionless along the shore or in the water 
of a pond or marsh, it is always an attractive and conspic¬ 
uous object. The long plumes on the lower back are so 
beautiful that they led to their use as millinery ornaments, 
and, for a time, it seemed that this beautiful bird would be 
exterminated, at least in the United States, by the plume 
hunters. Fortunately, however, the bird has been preserved, 
and is now on the increase. </p>

<p>This heron sometimes assembles into considerable com¬ 
panies, although it does not move in dense flocks, as do 
some of the smaller water birds. It associates everywhere 
on friendly terms with other herons. Notwithstanding its </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>50 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
long legs and rather large size, the bird alights and moves 
about in trees with astonishing ease. Like most of the 
herons it is not a noisy bird, and its low ‘cuk’, which seems 
to be its only note, is heard most frequently during the 
breeding season. It roosts in the trees and bushes of 
swamps and similar places, together with other herons, 
sometimes in large numbers. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is obtained, as is the food of many 
other herons, along the marshy or shallow margins of lakes, 
ponds, or marshes, or in places in the rice fields. The bird 
stands or walks along very slowly, and when a victim is 
seen, such is speared by the sharp bill. Its food consists 
largely of frogs, lizards, small fishes, snails, crawfish, 
mice and other mammals, grasshoppers and other insects. </p>

<p>Like many of the herons, the American Egret nests in 
colonies, frequently in swamps or on islands, where the nests 
are placed usually in trees or bushes; and often in company 
with Louisiana Herons, Snowy Egrets, and Ward Herons. 
The nest is a rather large platform, although not ordinarily 
very compactly built. The nest materials are mostly sticks, 
with some lining of weed-stems, vines, or small twigs. 
Sometimes there are two or more nests in the same tree or 
bush. The three or four eggs are of the general appearance 
of other herons’ eggs, and pale greenish in color. They 
hatch in about 24 days; and the young remain in the nest 
until usually able to fly, but they are easily frightened by 
the approach of an enemy, and sometimes leave on this 
account. They are fed by the parent birds, at first by 
regurgitated food, and later by fishes that are either partly 
digested or not at all, which the young pick up from the 
nest themselves. </p>

<p>The American Egret is a common permanent resident on 
the waters of the coastal prairie region of southern Louisi¬ 
ana, and a summer resident over the rest of the State; ob¬ 
served in northern Louisiana from April 19 to October 12. 
It has been reported north to near Tallulah, Prairie Mer 
Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Lake Bistineau; west to Bird 
Island in northwestern Cameron Parish; south to Mud Lake </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Egret </p>

<p>
51 </p>

<p>
in southwestern Cameron Parish, Lake Charles, Gueydan, 
Chenier au Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Dulac, and 
the Mississippi River Delta; east to Main Pass in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, the lower Mississippi River, Junior, Bird 
Island southwest of Breton Island, Hog Island, Jackson, 
Bains, Archie, St. Joseph, Newellton, and Thomastown. The 
northern limit of the winter range is not definitely de¬ 
termined, although it is known to occur at this season as far 
as Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, Avoca 
Island, Atchafalaya Swamp west of Baton Rouge, and New 
Orleans. It breeds in central and southern Louisiana, also 
on the Texas end of Caddo Lake, chiefly from April to June; 
and there are records of eggs from April 2 to May 4. It nests 
often in colonies with other herons, such as the Louisiana 
Heron, the Little Blue Heron, and the Snowy Egret. In the 
post-breeding season it is occasionally seen in companies of 
several thousands. </p>

<p>J. J. Kuhn reported this egret numerous in the swamps 
about five miles east of Tallulah, September 28, 1983; and 
H. H. Kopman, common at Thomastown, July 13 to 28,1896. 
A specimen was collected by J. Fairie at Prairie Mer Rouge 
in 1853. J. S. Campbell noticed it at Bienville, June 2, July 
5, and October 12, 1932. George H. Lowery, Jr., observed a 
few of these egrets in a large nesting colony of Little Blue 
Herons at Moss Lake, 10 miles north of Lake Charles in 
June, 1935. Stanley C. Arthur found nests with young at 
Jackson in East Feliciana Parish on May 20, 1916. The 
writer noted it at Lottie and Krotz Springs, June 21, 1933; 
at Archie, St. Joseph, and Newellton, June 16, 1933; at Du¬ 
lac on Grand Caillou Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, June 22, 
1933; at Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 
1933; and to the number of over 200 about Bird Island 
southwest of Breton Island, June 6, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach 
obtained a specimen 314 miles south of Gueydan, July 30, 
1925. H. H. Kopman saw a single individual at Junior, 
August 4 and 5, 1917; and W. M. Sprinkle, approximately 
100 individuals feeding about Hog Island, October 11, 1913. 
Specimens were obtained at Ged in southwestern Calcasieu 
Parish on June 1, 1930, by E. G. Wright; at Pilot Town, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Origiral from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>52 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
October 24, 1928, by A. M. Bailey; Carr’s Creek in Jack- 
son Parish, June 5, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr., and 
Grand Isle, June 15, 1937, by S. Ward. </p>

<p>During the winter the writer has observed this species 
at various localities throughout most of the Gulf Coast re¬ 
gion of the State. In the Mississippi River Delta he noted 
it rather commonly at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, 
January 22, 1932; Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932; Dead 
Woman Pass and Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; Den¬ 
nis Pass, December 17, 1932; and on Main Pass near Cha¬ 
teau Canard, December 19, 1932. It was also fairly common 
along the lower Mississippi River from the State Public 
Shooting Grounds to Ostrica. He met with it at Boudreaux 
Lake in Terrebonne Parish and on Little Caillou Bayou, near 
Bush Canal, December 24, 1932. He saw 30 of these birds, 
January 28, 1932, at Avoca Island; and detected the species 
also on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; 
along Black Bayou in the northwestern part of Cameron 
Parish, January 24,1928; and at Mud Lake in southwestern 
Cameron Parish, January 26,1928. George E. Beyer report¬ 
ed this egret at New Orleans on December 19, 1893. The 
northernmost winter record for the State is a single bird 
seen by George H. Lowery, Jr., in the Atchafalaya Swamp 
30 miles west of Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>SNOWY EGRET </p>

<p>Egretta thula thula (Molina) </p>

<p>The pure white plumage, black bill and legs, moderate 
size, and beautiful plumes on the back and head, easily dis¬ 
tinguish this bird from all the other inhabitants of the 
marsh. The only bird with which it is likely to be confused 
is the young Little Blue Heron, which, though mostly white, 
usually has some tinge of gray on the wing tips, lacks 
entirely the plumes of the Snowy Egret, and has also dark 
greenish olive, instead of black, legs and feet. This egret 
is another one of the birds that, for many years, suffered 
from the inroads of the plume hunters, but it is now so 
carefully protected that it seems to be steadily increasing </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Snowy Egret </p>

<p>
53 </p>

<p>
in numbers, a very desirable situation, since the bird is 
one of the most beautiful and attractive of all our marsh 
j birds. </p>

<p>I The Snowy Egret lives in very much the same sort of 
| places as does the American Egret, and is at home in the 
| marshes or along streams, and about the lagoons of the 
f coast, as well as the marshes and ponds of the interior. 
It may be seen commonly in flight over the marsh or about 
the muddy margins of streams, inlets, bayous, or other 
similar places, either resting or watching for its food. At 
night it assembles into roosts, which sometimes are of 
considerable size, these roosts being usually in swamps or 
marshes, where the birds perch on the trees, usually over 
the water. In flight it is rather more active than the Ameri¬ 
can Egret, with more rapid wing-beats, and is astonish¬ 
ingly active for a. bird with such long legs and neck. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists of various water animals, 
such as fishes, shrimps, crabs and other crustaceans, snails, 
lizards, frogs, and insects including cutworms and grass¬ 
hoppers. Evidently, in its food habits, it is decidedly not 
injurious. </p>

<p>This bird usually nests in colonies, either on islands 
or in marshes, placing the nest commonly in bushes or low 
trees. In some places, however, the nests are built in the 
reeds but a short distance above the water, and often in 
colonies of other herons. The nest is composed chiefly of 
sticks and marsh vegetation, including roots, the lining 
being of finer materials of the same kind. Sometimes, how¬ 
ever, the entire nest is made of rushes or reeds, with a 
similar lining, and is usually not very compactly built. The 
four or five eggs are pale bluish green, and hatch in about 
18 days. As with other herons the young are rather help¬ 
less and need care for a long time in the nest, usually more 
than three weeks. They are fed by the parents on regurgi¬ 
tated food, at least during the early part of their existance. </p>

<p>The Snowy Egret is a common, locally abundant, per¬ 
manent resident in the Gulf Coast region of Louisiana, win¬ 
tering north to Calcasieu Lake, Avery Island, and Avoca 
Island; a common summer resident from March 23 to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
54 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
October 14 in central Louisiana, and a fairly common sum¬ 
mer visitor to northern Louisiana. As a summer bird it has 
been reported north to Madison Parish, Monroe, Saline, 
Lake Bistineau, and Caddo Lake; west to Caddo Lake, Vin¬ 
ton, and Bird Island in Cameron Parish; south to Calcasieu 
Pass, Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, Bayou Penelle in Ter¬ 
rebonne Parish, East Timbalier Island, Grand Isle, Ron- 
quille Bay, and Southwest Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Willow Pass, the mouth of Pass a Loutre, 
and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Bird Island 
southwest of Breton Island, Bains, Jackson, Frogmore, and 
Newellton. It breeds in many colonies in southern and cen¬ 
tral Louisiana, with other herons and the Anhinga, on the 
islands and mainland of the Gulf Coast, and in the lakes and 
3wamps of the interior; the largest colony being on Avery 
Island. The nesting season is from April to July, and there 
are records of eggs from April 9 to June 21. This egret has 
greatly increased in Louisiana during recent years, in part 
by reason of the Avery Island colony. </p>

<p>In the United States National Museum there are eggs of 
this species collected at Avery Island by Robert Butler Mc¬ 
Lain, April 9, 1893. Richard Gordon reported it nesting in 
the marshes 10 miles north of the Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, June 9, 1933; and Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 
19, 1936. J. D. Figgins found it breeding on Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish in June, 1919; George H. Lowery, Jr., noted 
a few individuals in a nesting colony of Little Blue Herons, 
at Moss Lake, 10 miles north of Lake Charles, in June, 1935, 
and Stanley C. Arthur discovered nests and young at Jack- 
son in East Feliciana Parish, May 20, 1916. The writer saw 
about 100 pairs nesting on the various islands of Ronquille 
Bay in colonies of the Louisiana Heron, and their nests con¬ 
tained eggs at the time of his visit, June 8, 1933. Large 
numbers of Snowy Egrets were, as usual, breeding on E. A. 
Mcllhenny’s lake at Avery Island, June 21, 1933. At this 
time the nests contained eggs or younp, although many of 
the young were full grown. This is perhaps the most im¬ 
portant colony of the Snowy Egret in the United States, and 
it is due entirely to the interest and protection afforded by 
Mr. Mcllhenny. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Brewster Egret </p>

<p>
55 </p>

<p>
G. Wiirdemann collected specimens of the Snowy Egret 
at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854; Ambrose Daigre at 
Grand Isle, April 11, 1936; and E. G. Wright at Avery 
Island, May 8, 13, and 17, 1930. The writer noted it at Vin¬ 
ton, Lacassine, Roanoke, and Mermentau, June 20, 1933, 
chiefly on the prairies, in the wheat fields, and along the 
beaches and ditches; at Bayou Penelle in Terrebonne Par¬ 
ish, June 22,1933; Frogmore and Newellton, June 16,1933; 
and Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933. J. J. Kuhn says that in the 
summer of 1933 it was of frequent occurrence in Madison 
Parish. J. S. Campbell reports it of regular occurrence at 
Saline and Lake Bistineau, from April 20 to October 14. 
The writer counted 268 Snowy Egrets about Bird Island 
southwest of Breton Island, June 6, 1933; and he saw the 
species also commonly in the Mississippi River Delta, June 
7, 1933, along Main Pass, Pass a Loutre, about the Mud 
Lumps at the mouth of Pass a Loutre, and in Southwest 
Pass as far south as Burwood. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
reported its arrival near Baton Rouge, March 23, 1933. </p>

<p>It does not seem to be so common during the winter in 
the Gulf Coast region of Louisiana as in the summer. A. M. 
Bailey met with it at Chenier au Tigre, December 8 to 18, 
1925; and the writer saw it at Grand Chenier, December 31, 
1932; 12 individuals at Calcasieu Lake on the same day; also 
several at Avery Island, December 28, 1932; on Little Wax 
Bayou and Avoca Island, January 28, 1932. In the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta it is fairly common and well distributed. 
The writer counted 98 individuals near the Delta Duck Club 
on Octave Pass, January 19, 1928; and in 1932, a few on 
Main Pass near Chateau Canard, December 19; on Willow 
Pass, December 20; on Cognovich Pass, December 18; and 
on Dennis Pass and Johnson Pass, December 17. </p>

<p>BREWSTER EGRET </p>

<p>Egretta thula brewsteri Thayer and Bangs 
A single specimen of a large female Snowy Egret, which 
is obviously not the eastern race, Egretta thula thula, was 
taken by A. M. Bailey, at Avery Island, Louisiana, on May </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>56 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
18, 1918. It is tentatively recorded under the name Egretta 
thula brewsteri pending a further investigation into its 
status, which is not possible at the present time. </p>

<p>REDDISH EGRET </p>

<p>Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Reddish Egret is a casual summer visitor to the 
southwestern part of the Gulf Coast region of Louisiana. 
There are several reports of its occurrence but apparently 
few definite records. </p>

<p>E. S. Hopkins collected a specimen at Grand Isle, July 
25, 1931.” H. H. Kopman states that he has seen it on Isle 
Derniere; 1 ' and it was also reported from Thompson Creek 
between East Feliciana and West Feliciana parishes in 
1915.” </p>

<p>The Reddish Egret was doubtless formerly more com¬ 
mon than it is at the present time, as appears from George 
E. Beyer’s statement in 1900 that it was a common resident 
along the coast during the summer. </p>

<p>LOUISIANA HERON </p>

<p>Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse) </p>

<p>Of moderate size, with a rather slender bill, the Louis¬ 
iana Heron may easily be distinguished by its light grayish 
upper surface, rather long, reddish neck, and white lower 
parts of the body. In some regions, such as in Louisiana 
and Texas, it seems to prefer the coastal marshes and la¬ 
goons, with their islands, to the interior parts of the coun¬ 
try. </p>

<p>In general habits this bird is very much like the other 
herons of similar size. It is very fond of the marshy prai¬ 
ries, and may frequently be seen sitting about the edges 
of small pools. It roosts like the other herons, and even 
in company with them. </p>

<p>The food of this heron, which it seeks in the shallow 
water about the margins of ponds, marshes, meadows, and </p>

<p>“La. Cong. Review, Vol. II, No. 10, July, 1932, p. 23. </p>

<p>lf Bul1. La. Dept. Cons., No. 10, December, 1921, p. 149. </p>

<p>17 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 84. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Heron </p>

<p>
57 </p>

<p>
rice fields, is caught by the bird as it walks or runs along. 
It lives on various kinds of fishes; worms; insects such 
as cutworms and grasshoppers; lizards; and crawfishes. Its 
destruction of grasshoppers more than makes up for any 
possible damage it may do in eating fish that are of use to 
man. </p>

<p>Its courtship is one of the notable features of its life 
history, and the efforts that the male makes by bowing and 
dancing from branch to branch are very interesting to the 
observer. Like so many of the other long-legged birds, the 
Louisiana Heron is surprisingly agile and secure on the 
branches of the trees. The nests are often in considerable 
colonies, either on islands, in swamps, or drier forests, and 
often in company with other species of herons. The nests 
are placed in trees or bushes, and are composed of sticks, 
canes, or other marsh vegetation, rather loosely put to¬ 
gether, and lined with finer materials of similar kind. The 
eggs are usually four or five, and light bluish green in color, 
without markings. It requires about three weeks for the 
young to hatch, and they are cared for by the parents in a 
way similar to that of other herons. They are fed by re¬ 
gurgitation for a considerable period,* and are looked after 
in some cases even after leaving the nest. Sometimes, since 
they are easily frightened, they desert the nest before they 
are grown, and spend the rest of their growing period 
climbing about the bushes, which they do with considerable 
agility. Many of them, however, are lost by falling and 
being unable to recover themselves from the water. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Heron is a permanent resident, abundant 
in summer, only fairly common in winter, in the Gulf Coast 
region of Louisiana, the migrants returning from the south 
in March. It ranges regularly from the southwestern part 
of Cameron Parish, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, 
Marsh Island, Isle Derniere, East Timbalier Island, Grand 
Isle, Octave Pass and Main Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta, Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, Hog Island, 
and Battledore Island; north to Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish, Vinton, Calcasieu Lake, Moss Lake 10 miles north of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>58 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Lake Charles, Avery Island, Morgan City, New Orleans, Lake 
Catherine, Martin Island, Freemason Island, and Chande- 
leur Island. It breeds casually north also to Jackson in East 
Feliciana Parish, and is a casual summer visitor north to 
the northwestern corner of the State at Frierson in De Soto 
Parish. It breeds from early April to late July; and there 
are records of eggs from April 9 to June 21. Its breeding 
habitat is chiefly the brushy islands of the Gulf Coast and 
inlets, but it nests also in places on the mainland in colonies, 
some of which are of considerable size; here as elsewhere 
associating with other herons such as the Snowy Egret, 
Little Blue Heron, Yellow-crowned Night Heron, and others. 
The Louisiana Heron is well named, since it is probably 
as numerous in the State of Louisiana as in any other 
similar area. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Morgan City, No¬ 
vember 2, 1925, collected by Mrs. Ruth D. Svihla; Avery 
Island, May 8 and 17, 1930, E. G. Wright; New Orleans, 
July 6, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; and from Grand Isle, May 
2 , 1925. It was taken also at Chenier au Tigre, July 21, 
1925, by C. C. Sperry; and on Hog Island, June 4, 1919, by 
E. R. Kalmbach. The writer found several nesting colonies 
on islands in Ronquille Bay, June 8, 1933, some of these con¬ 
taining eggs, others young in various stages of development. 
A. C. Bent noted a colony of these birds on Battledore 
Island, June 21,1910; and W. M. Sprinkle reported it breed¬ 
ing on Freemason Island, the nests containing eggs on April 
16, 1915; and also breeding on Freemason Island, May 27, 
1915. Eggs in the collection of H. W. Carriger were col¬ 
lected near Vinton, May 5, 1922. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
discovered a few breeding in a colony of Little Blue Herons 
at Moss Lake, 10 miles north of Lake Charles in June, 1935. 
The Louisiana Heron is one of the abundant breeding birds 
at E. A. Mcllhenny’s famous heron preserve at Avery 
Island, and the writer saw many nests with eggs and many 
with young there on June 21, 1933. Stanley C. Arthur 
states that on June 18,1918, it was breeding on Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish, and R. E. Rachford collected eggs there 
on May 19, 1886; and the writer found a large number </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Little Blue Heron </p>

<p>
59 </p>

<p>
of Louisiana Herons at Bird Island southwest of Breton 
Island, June 6, 1933, where they were evidently nesting. 
Ambrose Daigre reports large numbers nesting at Grand 
Isle on April 19, 1936. The writer noted the species also on 
Chandeleur Island, Brush Island, and Martin Island, June 4, 
1933; on Grand Caillou Bayou between Dulac and Four 
Bayou, on Bayou Salle, and Lake Pelto, all in Terrebonne 
Parish, and a considerable number of individuals on Isle 
Derniere on June 22, 1933. Stanley C. Arthur reports a 
single nest found at Jackson, May 20,1916; and J. K. Streck- 
er records seeing a single bird at Frierson in De Soto Parish, 
June 9, 1928. The species was common on Main Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 1933. H. H. Kopman ob¬ 
served the species at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; at Phoe¬ 
nix, April 9 and 10, 1918; Carlisle, October 4 and 5, 1917; 
at Savoie, April 14, 1918; at Caernovan, April 16 to 18, 
1918; at Lake Catherine, April 4 and 5, 1918; and at Belair, 
April 21, 1917. </p>

<p>Although the species is not so common in Louisiana dur¬ 
ing the winter as in the summer, it is of general distribution 
along the Gulf Coast. W. M. Sprinkle saw, February 4, 
1914, on Chandeleur Island, 100 Louisiana Herons feeding. 
The writer came upon a few individuals at the Delta Duck 
Club in the Mississippi River Delta, January 22, 1932, and 
January 19, 1928; on Lake Barre, Lake Felicity, and Deep 
Lake, all in Terrebonne Parish, December 23, 1932; at 
Boudreaux Lake in the same region, December 24, 1932; at 
Avery Island, December 28, 1932; Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, January 22, 1928; Grand Chenier, a single bird, De¬ 
cember 31, 1932; also between the Orange-Cameron Land 
Company’s club house and the beach of the Gulf of Mexico, 
one on January 26,1928; and one at Calcasieu Lake, Decem¬ 
ber 30, 1932. </p>

<p>LITTLE BLUE HERON </p>

<p>Florida caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Little Blue Heron is well named, for the plumage 
of the adult is wholly bluish slate color, except for the 
maroon tinge of the head and neck. The immature bird, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>60 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
however, is white, except for some slate gray tinge on the 
ends of the primaries, and sometimes patches of this color 
over the rest of the plumage. It is one of the best known 
of the smaller herons, and is common throughout much of 
its southern range. In common with the American Egret 
and the Snowy Egret, it has a very definite northward 
movement after the breeding season, and is found in late 
summer in some numbers far to the north of its breeding 
range in the southern states. It is more of an inland than 
a coast bird, although it is found also at times in the la¬ 
goons and marshes of the coastal regions. Like other herons 
it is fond of the marshes, small lakes, ponds, and the reedy 
or marshy borders of streams, and similar kinds of coun¬ 
try. </p>

<p>In flight and general habits it is much like the Snowy 
Egret, and, like that species, roosts in numbers in the trees 
or bushes of the swamps. It seeks its food along the edges 
of marshes, in meadows or rice fields, and along the 
marshy shores of lakes and ponds, where it walks quietly 
about on the alert for its prey, which, when seen, it seizes 
quickly with its bill. It lives chiefly on crawfishes, shrimps, 
lizards, frogs, grasshoppers, cutworms, other insects, and 
small fishes. One of the peculiarities of this bird is its 
fondness for crawfishes, and on this account it has gained 
the friendship of the rice growers, who regard it as ex¬ 
ceedingly useful in keeping down these crustaceans, which 
infest the rice field levees. From the habit of seeking its 
food in this way it has acquired the name ‘levee walker'. </p>

<p>This heron breeds in colonies, often of considerable 
size, and associated commonly with the Louisiana and other 
herons. These nesting colonies are on islands or in swamps, 
where the bird places its nests in the bushes or trees, 
usually less than 40 feet from the ground. Occasionally a 
large number of nests are found in a single bush. The 
nest itself is a rather fragile platform, chiefly of sticks, and 
with a lining of finer twigs. The four or five eggs are pale 
bluish green. The young are fed, as is the case with other 
herons, on regurgitated food for a considerable period of 
their life in the nest. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Little Blue Heron </p>

<p>
61 </p>

<p>
The Little Blue Heron is an abundant summer resident, 
from early March to October 29, and breeds throughout the 
State in suitable water areas. It has been reported north 
to Waverly, Delhi, Jones in Morehouse Parish, Monroe, 
Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west to Caddo Lake, Atkins, 
Newton, Toomey, and Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton; south to Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, Southwest Pass, Pilot 
Town, and Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta; and 
east to Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, Brush 
Island, Grand (Half Moon) Island in Lake Borgne, Lake 
Catherine, Rigolets, Ponchatoula, Jackson, Simmesport, 
Archie, Frogmore, Somerset, Thomastown, and the Singer 
Preserve in Madison Parish. It is also a fairly common 
winter resident in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico, 
from the Mississippi River Delta and Mud Lake in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish, north at least to Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Lake, Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, and the lower Vermilion River. It breeds in colonies 
with other herons such as the Snowy Egret and Yellow- 
crowned Night Heron, and with the Anhinga, from early 
May to July; and there are records of eggs from April 7 to 
June 21. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Jones in Morehouse 
Parish, collected, June 30, 1910, by A. H. Howell; from 
Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, May 12 and 14, 
1919, by E. R. Kalmbach; and from Avery Island, May 9 
and 17, and August 15, 1930. One was obtained also at 
Gueydan, May 23, 1925, by E. R. Kalmbach. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., reported a large nesting colony numbering 
some 15,000 birds, mostly of this species, at Moss Lake, 10 
miles north of Lake Charles, in June, 1935. Nesting with 
.the Little Blue Herons were some Snowy Egrets, American 
Egrets, Louisiana Herons, and Anhingas. J. S. Campbell 
found a small colony of Little Blue Herons in the summer of 
1932 on a small lake near Castor in Bienville Parish. Stanley 
C. Arthur found nests and young of this species at Jackson 
in East Feliciana Parish, May 20, 1916; and the writer saw 
nests, mostly with young, many of them full grown, in the 
Mcllhenny Preserve at Avery Island, June 21, 1933. He </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>62 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
noted it on the prairies and along the bayous at Toomey, 
Vinton, Sulphur, Lake Charles, Iowa (La.), Roanoke, and 
Mermentau, June 20, 1933; at Newton, June 19, 1933; At¬ 
kins and Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; Monroe, Waverly, 
and Delhi, June 17,1933. J. S. Campbell reported its spring 
arrival at Bienville, April 10, 1932, and its departure on 
October 20 of the same year. It was also present on the 
Singer Preserve along the Tensas River 13 miles southwest 
of Tallulah on June 16 and 17, 1933; and H. H. Kopman 
listed it as abundant at Thomastown in Madison Parish, 
July 13 to 28, 1896. The writer noticed it at Archie, Frog- 
more, and Somerset, June 16, 1933; at Dulac, on Grand 
Caillou Bayou from Dulac to Four Bayou, and on Bayou 
Penelle, all in Terrebonne Parish, June 22, 1933. In the 
Mississippi River Delta it was common on June 7, 1933, 
when he met with it at Pilot Town, Pass a Loutre, Main 
Pass, and Southwest Pass down to Burrwood. He observed 
this heron at The Rigolets, June 2, 1933; on Brush Island 
and Half Moon Island (Grand Island) in Lake Borgne on 
June 3, 1933; with other herons on Bird Island southwest of 
Breton Island, June 6,1933; and common also in the cypress 
swamps near Lottie, June 16,1933. </p>

<p>Although the Little Blue Heron is, in Louisiana, not so 
common in the winter as in the summer, it is, like most of 
the herons, fairly well distributed at this season throughout 
the Gulf Coast region. A. M. Bailey recorded a few at 
Chenier au Tigre between December 8 and 18, 1925; and 
G. A. Hillery collected a specimen at Carlisle, January 11, 
1920. The writer listed it on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, January 22, 1928; and along the lower Vermilion River 
on the following day. One bird was seen by him on Calca¬ 
sieu Lake, December 31, 1932; another on Black Bayou in 
northwestern Cameron Parish, January 27, 1928; and sev¬ 
eral individuals at Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Par¬ 
ish, January 26,1928. In the Mississippi River Delta it was 
fairly common in January and December, 1932, where he de¬ 
tected it at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 22, 
1932; at Chateau Canard on Main Pass on the same day; on 
Gasper Pass, December 19,1932; Willow Pass, December 20, 
1932; Dead Woman Pass, December 18, 1932; and on Den- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Green Heron </p>

<p>
63 </p>

<p>
nis Pass, December 17, 1932. Along the Mississippi River 
between the State Public Shooting Grounds and Ostrica he 
saw two individuals on January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>EASTERN GREEN HERON </p>

<p>Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Green Heron, or as it is called in some parts of the 
country, ‘shitepoke’, is one of the most widely distributed 
of the herons of the United States, as it breeds north to 
southern Canada, as well as south to Central America. It 
is readily distinguishable by its small size, dark greenish 
upper parts, and maroon-colored neck. The Eastern Green 
Heron which occupies the eastern half of the United States 
is the subspecies found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>It lives along the shores of lagoons and marshes of the 
coastal regions, as well as about the lakes, ponds, swamps, 
marshes, and streams of the interior. As it is a migratory 
bird in the north, it spends the winter in the southern 
United States, or farther south. </p>

<p>On the wing it is rather deliberate, and its flight some¬ 
what resembles that of a crow. It is not as gregarious as 
most of the other herons, and, while small companies are 
sometimes found together, particularly during the migra¬ 
tions, it is usually seen singly about the edges of the marsh, 
on mud flats, or similar places. It does not resort to roosts 
in such numbers as do many of the other herons. Its note 
is a hoarse croak, which is rather frequently heard. </p>

<p>It lives on a variety of food, including crawfishes, frogs, 
crabs, lizards, small fishes, tadpoles, various kinds of water 
inhabiting insects, grasshoppers, cutworms, and other in¬ 
sects, together with sometimes earthworms, snakes, and 
small mammals. This food is gathered both in the marshes 
and on the uplands. </p>

<p>Although this heron sometimes nests in colonies, it 
commonly does so singly, and while occasionally it breeds 
in company with other herons, it apparently prefers its 
own society to that of neighbors. The nest is located ordi- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>64 </p>

<p>
Bird, Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
narily not far from water, though even on cultivated 
ground, such as orchards, or in dry woodlands, as well as 
in the marshes or swamps. This is placed usually at moder¬ 
ate height from the ground, in a bush or low tree, but 
sometimes in the top of a high tree, even occasionally on 
the ground, or on the house of a muskrat. The nest is a 
rather flimsy structure of sticks, with but a slight depres¬ 
sion for the eggs, although sometimes the material includes 
reeds, weed-stalks, and similar materials. The four to five 
eggs are pale green, and are hatched in about two and one- 
half weeks. The young are fed by regurgitation for a con¬ 
siderable period; but they early develop a faculty for climb¬ 
ing about the branches in the vicinity of the nest, particu¬ 
larly when they are disturbed by the approach of a poten¬ 
tial enemy. In this climbing about the branches, in addition 
to the feet they use the wings, bill, and neck. The young 
also are able to swim rather well while still unable to fly. 
One of the conspicuous habits of the young of this bird 
is the vomiting of their food whenever they are disturbed 
in the nest, which feature makes it rather disagreeable for 
anyone who wishes to study their habits closely. </p>

<p>The Eastern Green Heron is a common summer resident, 
from March 14 to October 27, throughout Louisiana, from 
the Gulf Coast to the northern border; reported north to 
Prairie Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Parish; 
west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Taylortown, Natchitoches, 
Toomey, Ged, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south 
to Calcasieu Pass, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Avery 
Island, Isle Derniere, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, and South¬ 
west Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Pass 
a Loutre and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Phoenix, Carlisle, Bayou Loutre in St. Bernard Parish, 
Lake Catherine, Jackson, Simmesport, Newellton, Thomas- 
town, and Tallulah. It is found in all suitable water areas, 
such as bayous and canals, breeding from early April to 
June or July; and there are records of eggs from April 3 
to June 8. </p>

<p>Specimens of this heron were taken at Morgan City, 
September 3, 1925, by Mrs. Ruth D. Svihla; at Gueydan, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>
Bibo Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 12 </p>

<p>
Orfginal from </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
UNlVERSfTY </p>

<p>
Louisiana Hewn Uhjti'oiwxmi tfiroUn ntffcttlhs) pit Nest. 
Avevy J.slami, La.. May i. r i, ly.’iO, </p>

<p>(Ph&lt;?toim*ph by A. M.. bailey »m»J Y, 1&gt;. </p>









<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original fro m </p>

<p>UNIVERSSTY OF MiCHIGAN </p>

<p>
i 1 </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Plate .14 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>











<p>Digitized b) </p>

<p>
»Go gle </p>

<p>
' Origirial from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Little Blue Heron </p>

<p>
61 </p>

<p>
The Little Blue Heron is an abundant summer resident, 
from early March to October 29, and breeds throughout the 
State in suitable water areas. It has been reported north 
to Waverly, Delhi, Jones in Morehouse Parish, Monroe, 
Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west to Caddo Lake, Atkins, 
Newton, Toomey, and Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton; south to Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, Southwest Pass, Pilot 
Town, and Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta; and 
east to Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, Brush 
Island, Grand (Half Moon) Island in Lake Borgne, Lake 
Catherine, Rigolets, Ponchatoula, Jackson, Simmesport, 
Archie, Frogmore, Somerset, Thomastown, and the Singer 
Preserve in Madison Parish. It is also a fairly common 
winter resident in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico, 
from the Mississippi River Delta and Mud Lake in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish, north at least to Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Lake, Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, and the lower Vermilion River. It breeds in colonies 
with other herons such as the Snowy Egret and Yellow- 
crowned Night Heron, and with the Anhinga, from early 
May to July; and there are records of eggs from April 7 to 
June 21. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Jones in Morehouse 
Parish, collected, June 30, 1910, by A. H. Howell; from 
Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, May 12 and 14, 
1919, by E. R. Kalmbach; and from Avery Island, May 9 
and 17, and August 15, 1930. One was obtained also at 
Gueydan, May 23, 1925, by E. R. Kalmbach. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., reported a large nesting colony numbering 
some 15,000 birds, mostly of this species, at Moss Lake, 10 
miles north of Lake Charles, in June, 1935. Nesting with 
.the Little Blue Herons were some Snowy Egrets, American 
Egrets, Louisiana Herons, and Anhingas. J. S. Campbell 
found a small colony of Little Blue Herons in the summer of 
1932 on a small lake near Castor in Bienville Parish. Stanley 
C. Arthur found nests and young of this species at Jackson 
in East Feliciana Parish, May 20, 1916; and the writer saw 
nests, mostly with young, many of them full grown, in the 
Mcllhenny Preserve at Avery Island, June 21, 1933. He </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-crowned Night Heron </p>

<p>
65 </p>

<p>
May 23, 1925, and Chef Menteur, May 22, 1919, by E. R. 
Kalmbach; at Grand Isle, April 8,1936, by Ambrose Daigre, 
and June 17 and July 24, 1937, by S. Ward; at Caminada 
Bay, June 22, 1937 by S. Ward; at Calcasieu Pass in the 
spring of 1854 by G. Wurdemann; at Prairie Mer Rouge 
in 1853 by J. Fairie; and at Ged in southwestern Calcasieu 
Parish, June 1, 1930, by E. G. Wright. J. S. Campbell 
came upon four nests near Lucky, in Bienville Parish, April 
28, 1932, and the next year there were six nests in the 
same place. </p>

<p>Stanley C. Arthur reported this species from Jackson in 
East Feliciana Parish on May 20,1916; H. H. Kopman from 
Lake Catherine, April 4 and 5,1918; Phoenix, September 12 
to 15,1917, and October 27,1917; Carlisle, October 4 and 5, 
1917; and Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. 
George E. Beyer noted its arrival at New Orleans, March 
21,1894; George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, March 14, 
1933; and J. S. Campbell, at Bienville in northern Louisiana, 
April 6, 1932. The writer found the Eastern Green Heron 
in the Mississippi River Delta on June 7, 1933, common 
along Pass a Loutre, Main Pass, and Southwest Pass about 
Burrwood. In 1933 he noted it also at Ronquille Bay, June 
8; Avery Island, June 21; Isle Derniere, June 22; common 
along the Dupres Canal in Jefferson Parish, and on Bayou 
Cutler, also present on Little Barataria Bayou, on June 
10. He saw it in 1933 at Waggaman, June 23; at Brous¬ 
sard, June 21; and at Lottie on June 15. H. H. Kopman, at 
Thomastown, regarded it abundant from July 13 to 28, 
1896; and the writer observed it at Tallulah and Newellton, 
June 16,1933; at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, and Taylortown, 
June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, June 19, 1933; at Toomey, 
Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, Vinton, and Lake 
Charles, on June 20, 1933. </p>

<p>BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON </p>

<p>Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The rather heavy build, black crown, gray upper parts, 
and pale grayish or whitish lower surface of the Black- 
crowned Night Heron, usually serve to distinguish it from </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>64 </p>

<p>
Bird, Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
narily not far from water, though even on cultivated 
ground, such as orchards, or in dry woodlands, as well as 
in the marshes or swamps. This is placed usually at moder¬ 
ate height from the ground, in a bush or low tree, but 
sometimes in the top of a high tree, even occasionally on 
the ground, or on the house of a muskrat. The nest is a 
rather flimsy structure of sticks, with but a slight depres¬ 
sion for the eggs, although sometimes the material includes 
reeds, weed-stalks, and similar materials. The four to five 
eggs are pale green, and are hatched in about two and one- 
half weeks. The young are fed by regurgitation for a con¬ 
siderable period; but they early develop a faculty for climb¬ 
ing about the branches in the vicinity of the nest, particu¬ 
larly when they are disturbed by the approach of a poten¬ 
tial enemy. In this climbing about the branches, in addition 
to the feet they use the wings, bill, and neck. The young 
also are able to swim rather well while still unable to fly. 
One of the conspicuous habits of the young of this bird 
is the vomiting of their food whenever they are disturbed 
in the nest, which feature makes it rather disagreeable for 
anyone who wishes to study their habits closely. </p>

<p>The Eastern Green Heron is a common summer resident, 
from March 14 to October 27, throughout Louisiana, from 
the Gulf Coast to the northern border; reported north to 
Prairie Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Parish; 
west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Taylortown, Natchitoches, 
Toomey, Ged, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south 
to Calcasieu Pass, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Avery 
Island, Isle Derniere, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, and South¬ 
west Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Pass 
a Loutre and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Phoenix, Carlisle, Bayou Loutre in St. Bernard Parish, 
Lake Catherine, Jackson, Simmesport, Newellton, Thomas- 
town, and Tallulah. It is found in all suitable water areas, 
such as bayous and canals, breeding from early April to 
June or July; and there are records of eggs from April 3 
to June 8. </p>

<p>Specimens of this heron were taken at Morgan City, 
September 3, 1925, by Mrs. Ruth D. Svihla; at Gueydan, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-crowned Night Heron </p>

<p>
67 </p>

<p>
ing very loosely built, at other times substantially con¬ 
structed. The materials are usually sticks, from various 
kinds of trees, with an interior construction or lining of 
small twigs, vines, roots, and grasses. The eggs are usually 
three to five, and are of a pale bluish green color, without 
markings. The young, like those of most herons, are cared 
for by the parents until they are able to fly, and they are 
fed, at least early in their lives, on regurgitated food, 
by the insertion of the bill of the parent into the mouth of 
the young. The young have the same habit as the young 
of the Green Heron, of throwing up their food, when, for 
any reason, they become excited. </p>

<p>The Black-crowned Night Heron is a fairly common per¬ 
manent resident throughout Louisiana, frequenting the 
streams, bayous, and various other bodies of waters, both 
along the Gulf Coast and inland; reported north to Lake 
Providence, Mer Rouge, and Lake Hayes ten miles west of 
Shreveport; west to the Sabine River and Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish; south to Calcasieu Pass, Chenier au Tigre, 
Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, and Cognovich Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta; and east to Pass a Loutre in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, Octave Pass, Breton Island, Martin 
Island, West Feliciana Parish, Lake Moreau, and Tallulah. 
It breeds from March to June, and there is record of eggs 
on April 7. It is found in colonies of other herons such as 
the Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Great Blue Heron, and 
Snowy Egret. </p>

<p>E. S. Hopkins collected this species on Grand Isle, April 
6, 1926; G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 
1854; and W. L. McAtee on Octave Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, January 30, 1910. Robert Butler stated in 1933 
that it bred in West Feliciana Parish; R. H. Sterling re¬ 
ported its nesting on May 12, 1919, at Lake Moreau, Pointe 
Coupee Parish; and Ambrose Daigre sparingly at Grand 
Isle, April 19, 1936. Eggs have been taken on Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish as early as April 7. E. R. Kalmbach 
noted it fairly common at a point ten miles south of Tallulah, 
and also east of there, June 13 to July 13, 1924; and Vernon </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>68 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Bailey listed one shot at Mer Rouge, June 6, 1892. Ned 
Hollister detected it at Belair, April 4,1904; and H. H. Kop- 
man considered it fairly common at Phoenix, October 23, 
1917. The writer found it common at Livonia and at Lottie, 
June 15, 1933; also observed it on Martin Island, June 4, 
1933; on Breton Island, June 5, 1933; along Pass a Loutre 
in the Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 1933; and in Ron- 
quille Bay, probably nesting on the islands, June 8, 1933. </p>

<p>It seems not to be so numerous during the winter as at 
other seasons, but A. M. Bailey recorded it at Chenier au 
Tigre, December 8 to 18, 1925; and the writer saw a single 
individual on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 
1928; one individual on Cognovich Pass in Hie Mississippi 
River Delta, December 18, 1932; another near the Orange- 
Cameron Land Company's club house in southwestern Cam¬ 
eron Parish, January 25, 1928; and two between the same 
club house and the beach of the Gulf of Mexico on January 
26, 1928. G. K. Cherrie collected a specimen at Buras, on 
February 6, 1896. </p>

<p>YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON </p>

<p>Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Similar in appearance to the Black-crowned Night 
Heron, this bird differs chiefly in having the crown white 
or yellowish white. It is a bird of much more southern dis¬ 
tribution than is the other Night Heron, and inhabits 
chiefly the southern United States. </p>

<p>It inhabits the marshes, cypress and othjer swamps, 
and also along the bayous, marshy lakes, and shallow bodies 
of water, but sometimes in drier situations, and even in 
rocky areas. It is, in most parts of its range, not so num¬ 
erous a bird as its black-crowned relative, and does not 
gather ordinarily into companies of such large size, this 
possibly due to the probably smaller numbers of the bird 
as a whole, at least in the United States. </p>

<p>In food habits it is more diurnal, although it does feed 
also at night. It lives chiefly on crawfishes, crabs, and 
other crustaceans, snakes, snails, fishes, lizards, leeches, 
also even small mammals and injured birds. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Yellow-crowned, Night Heron </p>

<p>
69 </p>

<p>
It breeds in the wooded swamps, and on islands in the 
marshes, sometimes in small bushes or low trees, even but 
a short distance above the water, or in the upper parts of 
tall trees in the wooded swamps. Sometimes it builds on 
dry ground or in the mangroves along the coast. The nest 
is usually constructed of sticks and weed-stalks, and lined 
with smaller twigs, roots, weeds, and leaves; and is some¬ 
times a rather slight structure, sometimes more substan¬ 
tial. The eggs are usually three or four, of a pale bluish 
green color, unmarked, as are the eggs of other herons. </p>

<p>The Yellow-crowned Night Heron is a common summer 
resident, from February 19 to October 11, throughout Lou¬ 
isiana, but is less numerous in the northern part of the 
State, living in suitable swamps, bayous, and other water 
areas, both salt and fresh. It has been recorded north to 
Monroe and Caddo Parish; west to Atkins, Crichton, Natchi¬ 
toches, Ged, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south to 
Calcasieu Pass, Marsh Island, Bayou Salle, Grand Isle, Ron- 
quille Bay, Southwest Pass and Pass a Loutre in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, Venice, Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, 
Martin Island, Lake Catherine, Bains, and Thomastown. It is 
also a casual winter resident in at least the central southern 
part of the State. It breeds on the islands along the Gulf 
Coast and in swamps in the interior, frequently in colonies 
with other herons, from early April to early July; and there 
are records of eggs from April 16 to June 11. </p>

<p>Specimens were collected along the Harvey Canal in Jef¬ 
ferson Parish, March 11, 1900; in Cameron Parish, June, 
1883; at Calcasieu Pass by G. Wiirdemann in the spring of 
1864; south of Gueydan, March 23, 1926; Labadieville, May 
28, 1919; young at Thibodaux, May 26, 28, and 29, 1919, 
all by E. R. Kalmbach; Lake Catherine, July 29, 1926, 
by C. C. Sperry; and Ged, June 11,1930, by E. G. Wright. </p>

<p>Eggs in the United States National Museum were ob¬ 
tained in Cameron Parish by E. R. Kalmbach on April 30, 
1919; and there are also eggs in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity gathered on Marsh Island on an unknown date. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>70 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
W. M. Sprinkle reported this species breeding on Martin 
Island, April 24, 1916, when there were eggs in the nests; 
and on Freemason Island, June 10, 1916, at which time all 
the eggs had hatched. </p>

<p>The writer noted the species on Bird Island, southwest 
of Breton Island, June 6, 1933; and in the Mississippi River 
Delta at Pilot Town, along Main Pass, Pass a Loutre, and 
Southwest Pass to Burrwood, June 7, 1933. He saw it on 
Ronquille Bay, June 8, 1933, where individuals were proba¬ 
bly breeding in colonies of other herons; and on Bayou Salle 
in Terrebonne Parish, June 22,1933; at Lottie in the cypress 
swamps, June 15, 1933; and at Romeville, June 14, 1933. 
H. H. Kopman considered it abundant at Thomastown, July 
13 to 28, 1896; recorded its spring arrival at New Orleans, 
February 19, 1914; and observed it at Venice as late as Oc¬ 
tober 11,1917. Stanley C. Arthur said that it was breeding 
on June 18, 1918, at Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; and 
the writer noticed it at Crichton and Atkins in the north¬ 
western part of the State on June 18,1933; at Natchitoches, 
June 19, 1933; and at Monroe, June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>The only winter record consists of seven birds seen by 
the writer on Lake Felicity in Terrebonne Parish on Decem¬ 
ber 23, 1932. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN BITTERN </p>

<p>Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu) </p>

<p>Of about the size of the night herons, the American 
Bittern is readily distinguished from them by its dark 
brown and buff streaking throughout, darker above, paler 
below. It is a widely distributed bird, occupying most of 
North America, and, on account of its rather seclusive 
habits, is probably more numerous than it appears. It is 
not gregarious like most of the herons, and is usually seen 
singly in its favorite habitat, which is the marshes and 
swamps of both the interior and the coast. </p>

<p>When disturbed it rather awkwardly takes wing, al¬ 
though in final flight it is very much like the other herons. 
Altogether it is rather a sluggish bird and may be seen 
chiefly amid the vegetation of its haunts, usually standing </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Bittern </p>

<p>
71 </p>

<p>
motionless, or, at most, walking slowly about, hunting its 
food. It has the habit, particularly when it seeks to elude 
observation, of standing perfectly still, with its bill point¬ 
ing upward, and its body compressed, so that, on account 
of its brown-striped coloration, it blends almost completely 
with the reeds or other vegetation of its habitat. </p>

<p>One of the most striking features of the Bittern’s 
life history, and one that has brought it the most attention, 
is its vocal performance. Its notes sound very much like 
the noise of a pump, or of a mallet hitting a stake, and 
from these notes it has earned the names ‘thunder pumper’ 
and ‘stake driver’. The strange movements that the bird 
makes in giving utterance to these sounds are most inter¬ 
esting to watch. </p>

<p>The American Bittern feeds almost entirely on animal 
matter, and it is not particular regarding the kind. It lives 
on frogs, small fishes, crawfishes, snakes, lizards, mice, 
mollusks, grasshoppers, and other insects. </p>

<p>It breeds in marshes or in wet meadows, and places 
its nest ordinarily amidst the cattails, rushes, or other vege¬ 
tation, usually only a few inches above the ground or the 
water, in some cases on bare ground or in the grass of a 
meadow. The nest itself is a platform, usually poorly put 
together, or a small hole in the ground, lined with but little 
material. The material of the nest is flags, rushes, grasses, 
small sticks, or similar vegetation. Sometimes the bird 
makes a path to and from the nest, so that it can approach 
and leave without exciting too much interest on the part of 
its enemies. The commonly four or five eggs are of a 
buff color, unmarked. The young are hatched in about four 
weeks, and remain for some time in the nest, being fed on 
regurgitated food for much of this period by the adults, 
after the manner of many of the herons, the young seizing 
the bill of the adult crosswise, and subsequently receiving 
the food. </p>

<p>The American Bittern is a permanent resident, fairly 
common in winter from early October to May, rare in the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>72 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
summer, throughout Louisiana wherever there are suitable 
marshes or other water areas. It has been reported north 
to Lake Providence, Prairie Mer Rouge, Bienville, and De 
Soto Parish; west to De Soto Parish and Cameron Parish; 
south to the southwestern part of Cameron Parish, Grand 
Chenier, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, 
Avery Island, and Venice in Plaquemines Parish; and east 
to Phoenix, Carlisle, Belair, New Orleans, Covington, Chef 
Menteur, and Madisonville. </p>

<p>It breeds at least occasionally in southern Louisiana, for 
A. M. Bailey found young just out of the nest on May 23, 
1930, at Chenier au Tigre. George E. Beyer in 1891 re¬ 
ported its breeding at Madisonville; and J. Fairie collected 
it at Prairie Mer Rouge in the northeastern part of the 
State, in June, 1853. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at Venice in Plaquemines Parish, January 30, 1900; 
another in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, by E. G. 
Wrjght at Avery Island, May 13,1930. A single bird struck 
the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the mouth of Atchafalaya 
Bay on April 21, 1907; and E. R. Kalmbach obtained indi¬ 
viduals at Gueydan, August 27, 1925, and in Cameron Par¬ 
ish, May 10 and 14,1919. Vernon Bailey found it in Cameron 
Parish, not uncommon, from January 6 to 13, 1926; and the 
writer noted it between the Orange-Cameron Land Com¬ 
pany’s club house and the Gulf of Mexico in southwestern 
Cameron Parish, January 24 to 27, 1928; also at Grand 
Chenier, December 31, 1932. H. H. Kopman reported it at 
Phoenix, October 23, 1917; at Carlisle, October 4 and 5, 
1917; Belair, October 21, 1917; and Caernovan, April 16 to 
18, 1918; and Andrew Allison at New Orleans, April 7, 
1904. J. S. Campbell noticed it near Bienville during winter 
in 1931 and 1932; and L. E. Hicks at Lake Providence, De¬ 
cember 22, 1931. </p>

<p>EASTERN LEAST BITTERN </p>

<p>Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Eastern Least Bittern much resembles its larger 
relative, the American Bittern, except for its black or </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Least Bittern </p>

<p>
73 </p>

<p>
chestnut upper surface. It is a small bird, not much larger 
than a snipe, but in habits a heron. </p>

<p>It lives chiefly in the marshes of the coast, and the 
marshy borders of lakes, ponds, and streams. It is a bird 
of retiring habits and of rather awkward flight, which 
is usually not prolonged. It is seen usually singly, and 
apparently does not, under normal circumstances, gather 
into flocks. Although it is apparently not strong on the 
wing, it performs long migrations, since it leaves its home 
in Canada and the northern United States, and does not 
winter north of Florida. </p>

<p>The food of this bittern consists of frogs, fishes, lizards, 
leeches, snails, beetles, flies, other insects, and even occas¬ 
ionally small mammals and birds. </p>

<p>It builds its nest usually in the cattails or other vegeta¬ 
tion of the marsh, in both fresh and salt water areas. The 
nest is placed in the vegetation, rarely high above the water, 
and constructed by making use of the tops of the grasses or 
rushes as a foundation, on which is placed a rather loose 
structure of reeds, grasses, or other marsh plants, sometimes 
twigs. The eggs are usually four or five, and of a greenish 
or bluish white. About two and one-half weeks are con¬ 
sumed in the hatching of the eggs, and the incubation 
duties are performed by both male and female. When the 
young are hatched they are fed by regurgitation, after 
the manner of the American Bittern. The young are able 
to climb about long before they are able to fly, using their 
feet to maintain their position on the reeds. </p>

<p>The Eastern Least Bittern is a summer resident, from 
March 11 to November 1, in practically all of Louisiana, 
chiefly the marshes and rice fields; locally common in south¬ 
ern Louisiana, less so in the northern part of the State, 
probably on account of the much smaller area of favorable 
habitat. It is reported north to Madison Parish, Monroe, 
Ruston, and Bienville; west to Cameron Farm 14 miles 
south of Vinton; south to Cameron Parish, Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Isle Derniere, Lake Pelto, 
Four Bayou in southern Terrebonne Parish, Grand Isle and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>74 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
the mouth of the Mississippi River; and east to Junior, 
Phoenix, Savoie, Belair, New Orleans, Caernovan, Chef 
Menteur, Lake Catherine, Rigolets, Slidell, Madisonville, and 
Thomastown. It has been said to winter in southern Lou¬ 
isiana, but we can find no definite records. It breeds in the 
marshes and swamps from April to July; and there are 
records of eggs from April 18 to June 17; and of young able 
to fly, July 5. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens taken at Morgan City by 
Mrs. Ruth D. Svihla in 1925; at Bayou Couba in St. Charles 
Parish, April 21, 1898; and at New Orleans by Thomas D. 
Burleigh, July 6, 1935. Others not examined in the present 
connection were obtained at The Rigolets, March 11, 1870, 
by Henry W. Henshaw; in Cameron Parish, June 4, 1930; 
and Avery Island, June 13, 1930, by E. G. Wright; near 
Bienville, May 29, 1932, by J. S. Campbell; Lake Catherine, 
May 23, 1919; Gueydan, June 8 and 11, 1925, by E. R. 
Kalmbach; and Chenier au Tigre, July 19, 1925, by C. C. 
Sperry. There are eggs in the United States National 
Museum collected at Slidell, May 31, 1904, by Andrew Alli¬ 
son; at Belair, June 8, 1904, by the same ornithologist; and, 
in the museum of Tulane University, eggs from New Or¬ 
leans, April 18,1894, and from Plaquemines Parish, without 
date. George E. Beyer stated in 1891 that it bred at Madi¬ 
sonville ; and H. H. Kopman observed it at Phoenix, Septem¬ 
ber 15, 1917; Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; Bayou Des 
Allemands, June 19 to 21, 1917; Savoie, April 14, 1918; and 
Caernovan, April 16 to 18,1918; also at Thomastown, where 
he found several individuals in the marshy vegetation of one 
of the swampy lakes, July 13 to 28,1896. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., says that it breeds commonly at Monroe, where he found 
young able to fly on July 5,1932. E. R. Kalmbach regarded 
this bird common in the Gulf Coast area south of the rice 
belt, and also in the rice area south of Gueydan during the 
summer of 1925; and noted it also at Cameron Farm in 
Cameron Parish 14 miles south of Vinton in May, 1919. The 
writer met with it at Isle Derniere, on Lake Pelto, along 
Four Bayou, Little Go-to-Hell Bayou in southern Terre¬ 
bonne Parish, and at Dulac, June 22, 1933; and on the Du- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wood Ibis </p>

<p>
75 </p>

<p>
pres Canal in Jefferson Parish, June 10, 1933. S. Ward 
collected it at Grand Isle, June 14 and 15, 1937; and George 
H. Lowery, Jr., on April 6, 1936; and J. W. Trahan listed 
it as breeding on the State Wild Life Refuge on the west 
side of Vermilion Bay in June, 1915. J. D. Figgins collected 
eggs on June 17, 1919, in Cameron Parish. </p>

<p>Family CICONIIDAE </p>

<p>WOOD IBIS </p>

<p>Mycteria americana Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Wood Ibis, or, as it is sometimes, and more prop¬ 
erly, called, ‘wood stork’, is one of the most striking birds 
of the southern United States. Of large size, pure white in 
color, except for the black ends of its wings, and its dark 
unfeathered head, it is readily distinguished from any other 
white bird. </p>

<p>It lives in the swamps, bayous, and marshes of the 
coast, and of the interior of the southern United States. 
Its bare head has given it the name of ‘flinthead’, and its 
general appearance that of ‘gannet’, by which name it is 
known in some localities. On the marshes it may be seen 
on the wing flying in flocks to and from its feeding and 
breeding grounds, and its flight is one of the most remark¬ 
able of any of our large birds. Its large, powerful wings 
carry it easily aloft, and it soars for long distances, or 
circles higher and higher until completely out of sight. 
Sometimes it may be seen on the wing during migration, 
flying or soaring high in the air. At times this bird gathers 
into flocks of considerable size. On the edges of the marshes, 
about the pools, or in swamps, and along the wooded bayous, 
this bird may be seen, either perched on some dead tree, 
or standing in the water. It is wary and difficult of ap¬ 
proach, and, when in flocks, usually has a sentinel to guard 
in case of danger. The adults are almost silent birds, al¬ 
though occasionally they utter a hoarse croak. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is sought in the marshes, sloughs, 
and shallow pools, and also on the mud flats of the coast. 
In feeding it walks about looking for its prey, and, in the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>76 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
process, often drags the bill through the water or mud. 
Its food consists chiefly of fishes, frogs, snakes, young alli¬ 
gators, rats, small turtles, young grackles, worms, crabs, 
and similar water animals, crickets, beetles, dragonflies, 
and other insects; together with small quantities of vege¬ 
table food, such as seeds. </p>

<p>This bird breeds usually in colonies, placing its nests in 
the tops of tall cypress or other trees in the swamps, in 
sometimes inaccessible places, but occasionally in smaller 
trees on islands in lakes. The nest is a bulky structure, 
composed of sticks with but a relatively shallow depression 
for the eggs, with finer twigs and leaves for the lining. 
Some of the nests are rather flimsy, much more so than 
one would expect for so large a bird. Often many nests are 
located in the same tree. The eggs are usually three, creamy 
white, without markings. Notwithstanding the quiet, digni¬ 
fied behavior of the adults, the young, particularly as they 
increase in size, are very noisy, and the coming of an 
intruder near a colony is the signal for a rising din from 
the young birds. </p>

<p>The Wood Ibis is locally a fairly common permanent res¬ 
ident in southern Louisiana, and a regular summer visitor 
in northern Louisiana, at least from May to September; re¬ 
ported north to five miles east of Tallulah, Ouachita Parish, 
Big Creek near Vienna in Lincoln Parish, and Lake Bisti- 
neau; west to the marshes along the Sabine River in Cam¬ 
eron Parish; south to the Gulf Coast in southwestern 
Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Pass, Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east 
to Lake Catherine, Bogue Chitto and Bedico rivers in St. 
Tammany Parish, Bayou Sara, Bains, Marksville, and 
Thomastown. It was formerly much more numerous than 
at the present time, and undoubtedly bred in the State, at 
least in the southern portion. </p>

<p>Stanley C. Arthur collected five individuals of this spe¬ 
cies in Cameron Parish on June 17,1918. George E. Beyer 1 * 
records two nesting colonies of 40 birds each on the Bedico 
and Bogue Chitto rivers in St. Tammany Parish. It has also </p>

<p>1, The Ink. Vol. XXV, No. 2. April, 1808, p. 174. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Glossy Ibis </p>

<p>
77 </p>

<p>
been said by Stanley C. Arthur to nest along Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish, June 18, 1918, as well as in Avoyelles 
Parish. It is not certainly known now to be breeding in 
Louisiana. A. M. Bailey observed several flocks of Wood 
Ibises near the Gulf Coast in Cameron Parish, November 1, 
1928; and found it common in the marshes along the Sabine 
River in the same parish in June, 1919, but saw none in 
1930. H. H. Kopman reported in 1907 that it was common 
near Calcasieu Pass. J. S. Campbell considers it of regular 
occurrence in summer at Lake Bistineau; and George H. 
Lowery, Jr., observed a flock of 105 birds near Cameron 
on June 21,1935. The writer saw a flock of 15 individuals 
of this species near Pointe a la Hache on the Mississippi 
River, January 21,1932; and a single bird at Chateau Can¬ 
ard on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, December 
19, 1932. John James Audubon recorded it over 100 years 
ago from Bayou Sara; and Edward Butler observed 32 indi¬ 
viduals at Bains, a locality not far from Bayou Sara, on 
April 10 and April 16, 1922. Specimens were collected by 
Ambrose Daigre at Lottie on August 20, 21, and 22, 1935. 
W. L. McAtee noted three on September 12,1912, at Marks- 
ville; and George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it not uncommon 
in summer in Ouachita Parish. J. J. Kuhn saw a number 
of them in Madison Parish five miles east of Tallulah, Sep¬ 
tember 28, 1933; and T. G. Davidson observed the bird on 
Big Creek six miles west of Vienna in Lincoln Parish in 
1932. H. H. Kopman found it common about Thomastown 
from July 13 to 28,1896. </p>

<p>Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN GLOSSY IBIS </p>

<p>Plegadis falcineUus falcineUus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Glossy Ibis is a true ibis, some two feet in 
length and about three feet in extent of wings, and when 
adult of a rich, dark chestnut, with dark metallic green or 
purple wings and tail. In North America it breeds only in 
the Gulf States, although occasionally it has been found 
wandering farther northward. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>78 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It lives in the marshes and swamps along the rivers, 
bayous, and lagoons. In flight it is very similar to other 
ibises, and gathers at times into flocks, sometimes associated 
with other ibises. </p>

<p>This bird feeds chiefly on crawfishes, snakes, grass¬ 
hoppers, cutworms, and other insects, from which diet, it 
may be assumed that the bird, so far as man is concerned, 
is beneficial. </p>

<p>This ibis places its nest usually in bushes, not far above 
the ground, and in colonies, sometimes of large size. The 
nest is constructed of twigs, rushes, and similar materials, 
with a rather shallow depression for the eggs. These are 
usually three or four in number, pale green and unmarked. </p>

<p>The Eastern Glossy Ibis is probably a permanent resi¬ 
dent, fairly common locally, in the Gulf Coast region of 
southern Louisiana, from the Mississippi River Delta to 
Cameron Parish, although there are no certain winter 
records. </p>

<p>Owing to the difficulty in the field of distinguishing this 
species from the White-faced Glossy Ibis, there are com¬ 
paratively few authentic data of its occurrence in Louisiana. 
E. R. Pike collected a specimen at Chateau Canard on Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on November 13, 1930, 
and three specimens on November 17, 1930, in the same lo¬ 
cality. There is a specimen from New Orleans in the W. H. 
Ballou collection in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, but it 
possibly was obtained from a Chicago market. E. G. Holt 
found this ibis breeding in the coastal marshes of Cameron 
Parish, May 25, 1932, where he saw a considerable number 
of birds of this species nesting with Snowy Egrets, Louisi¬ 
ana Herons, American Egrets, and Black-crowned Night 
Herons, in a rookery in the marsh. At the time of his visit 
all of the eggs of the Eastern Glossy Ibis had hatched except 
for an occasional one that perhaps was infertile." </p>

<p>i°The Auk, Yol. L, No. 3, July, 1933, ]»p. 351-352. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-faced Glossy Ibis </p>

<p>
79 </p>

<p>
WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS </p>

<p>Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This ibis is very similar in appearance to the Glossy 
Ibis, being distinguished in the adults only by the presence 
of a broad white band on the forehead at the base of the 
bill. </p>

<p>It lives in the same kind of country, builds its nest in 
the marshes or swamps, and in habits is scarcely disting¬ 
uishable from its close relative. </p>

<p>The White-faced Glossy Ibis is a locally common perma¬ 
nent resident in the coastal region of southern Louisiana, 
from the Gulf Coast east of the Mississippi River west to 
Cameron Parish, and north at least to Lake Charles. It 
nests in colonies of herons on the Gulf islands and also on 
the mainland. </p>

<p>The writer has examined an adult collected by A. M. 
Bailey at Chenier au Tigre, on May 2, 1927; and also an 
immature specimen, which is apparently this species, that 
was collected by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Lake Charles on 
July 31, 1933. A. M. Bailey found it common in large flocks 
at Chenier au Tigre, May 5, 1917, and January 15 to 21, 
1919; and also on the Louisiana State Wild Life Refuge he 
saw ten on November 20, 1916. The writer discovered near¬ 
ly 100 of these birds at Grand Chenier on December 30, 
1932; also 26 on the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s 
ranch, a short distance from the club house, January 25, 
1928; and another bird northwest of the club house on Jan¬ 
uary 27, 1928. </p>

<p>WHITE IBIS </p>

<p>Guara alba (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Of pure white plumage, except for its black wing tips, 
with bright red bill and legs, long neck, and curved bill, 
and of about the size of the Glossy Ibis, the White Ibis is 
readily distinguished from all the other Louisiana birds. </p>

<p>Like herons and other ibises, it is fond of the marshes, 
swamps, lakes, and ponds of the river bottoms and inland 
lakes. The flights of this bird in the morning and evening </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>80 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
to and from its feeding grounds, its food habits on the 
oozy marshes, and its attitudes as it perches on logs or 
dead trees are attractive incidents in the life of this most 
interesting bird. The White Ibis is rather shy and difficult 
to study, but its habits are well worth the effort it takes 
to make their acquaintance. It sometimes gathers into flocks 
of considerable size, particularly when roosting, at times 
other than the breeding season. </p>

<p>It is fond of feeding along the shallow margins of lakes, 
ponds, and bayous, and even in the salt water marshes, in 
meadows, and wherever it can find its favorite food of 
crawfishes, crabs, snails, small fishes, snakes, grasshop¬ 
pers, cutworms, and other insects. </p>

<p>Like many of the other ibises and herons it is not a 
noisy bird, but it has some rather low notes which it utters 
at times, and by some writers likened to the syllables ‘croo’, 
‘honk’, or ‘walla’, each several times repeated. </p>

<p>The White Ibis nests in colonies, which are situated 
either in the mangroves of coastal islands, in fresh water 
lakes or marshes, or, if inland, in marshes, swamps, and 
river bottoms. The nests are ordinarily placed in bushes 
or trees, sometimes as many as 50 nests in a single tree, 
usually not very high above the water or the ground. The 
nests are composed of twigs and roots, and lined with reeds, 
some of them being little more than rude platforms, with 
a bare depression for the eggs. Sometimes these colonies 
contain the nests of such herons as the Black-crowned Night 
Heron, Louisiana Heron, Little Blue Heron, or Snowy Egret, 
showing that these birds fraternize freely. The eggs are 
usually four in number, bluish white or pale buff, and 
spotted with various shades of brown. The young are 
hatched in about three weeks, and after they are partly 
grown they climb readily about on the branches of the 
bushes or trees at the nest, sometimes traveling for a con¬ 
siderable distance. They seem to be easily alarmed at the 
presence of any strange appearance, and attempt to escape 
in this way. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bnu* Lift up LorMANA </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Scarlet Ibis </p>

<p>
81 </p>

<p>
The White Ibis is a rather rare permanent resident in 
southern Louisiana, from Cameron Parish, Avery Island, 
and New Orleans, north to Lake Pontchartrain, Bayou Sara, 
Lottie, and Toomey. It breeds in colonies with herons of 
various species, but only a few of such nesting groups now 
remain, for it is apparently much less numerous than for¬ 
merly. </p>

<p>Robert Butler states that it breeds in West Feliciana 
Parish; and the writer saw 21 birds in a cypress swamp 
near Lottie on June 15, 1933. A. M. Bailey noted a few at 
Avery Island, April 27, 1917, and collected one specimen. 
He found also a few in Cameron Parish, June 16, 1919. A 
specimen in the museum of Tulane University was taken at 
Bayou St. John near New Orleans, September 29,1888; and 
one in the Colorado Museum of Natural History by T. Huff¬ 
man at Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, on June 29, 1920. </p>

<p>The writer has identified winter birds also in Tulane 
University, collected at New Orleans, December 16, 1893; 
others taken in Jefferson Parish, December 13 and 20,1885; 
and at Toomey in Calcasieu Parish on February 18, 1895. </p>

<p>SCARLET IBIS </p>

<p>Guara rubra (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Scarlet Ibis is of only accidental occurrence in south¬ 
ern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only accepted record is by John James Audubon,* 0 
who saw three birds at Bayou Sara on July 3, 1821. </p>

<p>Family PLATALEIDAE </p>

<p>ROSEATE SPOONBILL </p>

<p>Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This strikingly beautiful bird is scarcely to be confused 
with any other inhabitant of Louisiana. Some 30 to 35 
inches in length, it is of sufficient size to be conspicuous , 
even were it not for its beautiful deep pink plumage, which 
stands out whatever its surroundings. Its color has given </p>

<p>”0mIUi. Blog., Vol. V, 1839, p. 62. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>82 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
rise to most of its names, and it is known popularly often as 
‘pink curlew’, or simply ‘pink bird’; and the spoon-like 
shape of the end of its bill has suggested the name by which 
it is most commonly called. While it has a wide distribution 
in South and Central America, it is confined in the United 
States mostly to the southern part of the eastern coast 
region, although it straggles occasionally even farther 
north. </p>

<p>Its preferred home is in the mangroves or other dense 
coastal thickets or low woods, and it formerly was a com¬ 
mon bird in our semi-tropical Gulf Coast region. Today, 
however, owing to its persecution by man, it has greatly 
decreased, and only a few colonies now remain in the United 
States. Fortunately, however, these are receiving careful 
protection. </p>

<p>The flight of the Roseate Spoonbill is similar to that of 
other large heron-like birds, and is not swift, but rather 
deliberate, with slow wing-beats. Sometimes the birds 
move in flocks of various shapes, even in long lines, the 
individual birds with their necks fully extended forward 
and feet stretched out behind; and where the birds are 
numerous not infrequently in flocks of considerable size. 
Sometimes they sail without motion of the wings for at 
least a short distance. On the ground they move with slow, 
rather dignified steps, wading in the water in search of 
their food or walking on the land. They perch readily on 
trees or bushes, and seem to be at home in almost any 
situation. They have no conspicuous vocal performance, 
only a low grunt or croak that is not to be heard for any 
considerable distance. </p>

<p>The food of this bird, which it seeks chiefly along the 
margins of the shore, consists of various kinds of animals 
that live in the water, such as small fishes, insects, and 
crustaceans. </p>

<p>As with many similar birds, the nesting of the spoonbill 
is very much like that of herons and ibises. It breeds usual¬ 
ly in colonies, even of considerable size, and the nests are 
placed in trees or bushes, on islands, in isolated areas on the </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Roseate Spoonbill </p>

<p>
83 </p>

<p>
coastal prairies, or in almost inaccessible parts of vast 
coastal swamps, but almost always near water. For breed¬ 
ing purposes it to some extent associates with other birds, 
such as Anhingas, cormorants, herons, and ibises. Often 
the nests are difficult to reach, not only on account of the 
inaccessibility of the location, but by reason of the mud and 
water that often surround the breeding place, and the 
hordes of voracious mosquitoes that haunt these localities. 
The nests are usually not high from the ground, are made 
of sticks and lined with dead leaves, strips of bark, and 
other similar materials. </p>

<p>The eggs are about three or four in number, and their 
color is dull white with markings of brown. When the young 
are hatched they are not very handsome, but they are un¬ 
usually colored, having a deep pink skin. They are help¬ 
less, however, and must be fed in the nest for a long time 
before they are able to leave and take care of themselves 
in the jungle. When very young they are fed by the re¬ 
gurgitation of food from the parent’s bill, and the young 
obtain this food by inserting the bill into the throat of the 
parent bird, and thus taking out the food. One after an¬ 
other the youngsters in a nest are thus fed by their parents. </p>

<p>When the birds leave the nest in their first complete 
(juvenal) plumage they are mostly dull white, with very 
little tinge of pink, but later on they acquire the complete 
pink plumage. </p>

<p>This outstanding bird, wherever found, adds much to 
the landscape, and, since its haunts are usually places un¬ 
inhabited, it enlivens the wilderness with color, in addition 
to its other attractiveness. It is sincerely to be hoped that 
present efforts to protect this bird will result in its preser¬ 
vation, not only for our own pleasure, but for future gen¬ 
erations. </p>

<p>The Roseate Spoonbill is a rare permanent resident, less 
frequent in winter, in the Gulf Coast region of southwestern 
Louisiana, chiefly if not entirely in Cameron Parish; and 
of casual occurrence in summer, east to the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, Avery Island, and Bayou Sara; and in win- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>84 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ter to the Mississippi River below New Orleans. It is un¬ 
doubtedly much less numerous than formerly. It breeds 
from May to August, and there are records of eggs from 
May 18 to June 2, and in August. </p>

<p>The two best known, and probably the only recent, breed¬ 
ing colonies of this species in Louisiana are those on Black 
Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, and on Bird Island 
in Cameron Parish 14 miles south of Vinton. A. M. Bailey 
stated that there were 90 birds nesting in 1919 in the Black 
Bayou colony, and that they had eggs in August. E. R. 
Kalmbach says that in 1918 there were 300 birds in this col¬ 
ony. There are eggs in the United States National Museum 
collected on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, June 2, 1886, 
by R. E. Rachford. The colony on Bird Island has been 
occupied intermittently for a number of years, and has been 
visited by a number of ornithologists. There is undoubtedly 
but a relatively small number of birds at this colony, proba¬ 
bly not over 100 pairs, and there seemingly is a considerable 
difference in the breeding dates from year to year. T. Gil¬ 
bert Pearson reported that on May 18, 1920, there were 76 
nests containing from three to five eggs, and that 87 
birds were in evidence. The writer visited this colony on 
June 20, 1933, but saw neither birds nor occupied nests. 
Whether this indicates that the birds did not breed during 
this season, or that they returned later and reared their 
young has not been determined. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
reported 17 birds seen on June 10, 1936, on Johnson Bayou 
in Cameron Parish. The Roseate Spoonbill was reported as 
breeding at Bayou Sara by C. W. Beckham in 1887, but this 
is not substantiated by any definite data. </p>

<p>Specimens were taken at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 
1864 by G. Wiirdemann; elsewhere in Cameron Parish on 
June 20,1883, by an unknown collector; and at Black Bayou 
on June 20 and August 5, 1919, by T. Huffman. H. H. Kop- 
man found the species common near Calcasieu Pass in 1907. 
A. M. Bailey saw a few individuals during the summer 
months at Avery Island, and two at the same locality on 
April 27, 1917. Three birds were discovered by E. S. Hop¬ 
kins on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, June 6,1926. Two </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Flamingo </p>

<p>
85 </p>

<p>
wanderers were shot in December, 1884, on the Mississippi 
River about five miles below New Orleans, and were re¬ 
corded by George E. Beyer.” </p>

<p>Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE </p>

<p>AMERICAN FLAMINGO </p>

<p>Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus </p>

<p>The American Flamingo, though several times recorded 
from Louisiana, has usually been mistaken for some other 
species such as the Roseate Spoonbill or the Wood Ibis. It 
is apparently only an accidental wanderer to the State. The 
only definite authentic record is a single bird seen by W. L. 
McAtee at Cameron on the Calcasieu River near its mouth 
in Cameron Parish on December 6,1910.” </p>

<p>Order ANSERIFORMES 
Family ANATIDAE </p>

<p>WHISTLING SWAN </p>

<p>Cygnus columbianus (Ord) </p>

<p>The Whistling Swan is a rare winter visitor in the Gulf 
Coast region of Louisiana, from the Mississippi River Delta 
to Cameron Parish; and a transient elsewhere in the State. 
It was in former years apparently much more numerous 
than at the present time. There are very few definite rec¬ 
ords of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>A single bird was collected by W. L. McAtee at Cameron, 
November 30, 1910; and one was obtained by Winston E. 
Nolan from a flock of three on Main Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta on January 15,1933. </p>

<p>TRUMPETER SWAN </p>

<p>Cygnus buccinator Richardson </p>

<p>The Trumpeter Swan was formerly perhaps a fairly 
common winter resident, at least in the Gulf Coast region of 
Louisiana, but it no longer occurs in the State. </p>

<p>«Proc. La. 8oc. Naturalists, £©r 1897*1899 (1900), p. 91. </p>

<p>t*The Auk, Vol. XXVIII, No. 9, April, 1911, p. 274. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>86 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Apparently the only tangible records for this area are 
as follows: George E. Beyer, Andrew Allison, and H. H. 
Kopman say that it has occurred off the mouth of the Mis¬ 
sissippi River.” One bird was seen and photographed by 
Stanley C. Arthur on the State Wild Life Refuge near Avery 
Island, January 7, 1915. Another was seen on Belle Isle 
Lake in November, 1914, by T. Gilbert Pearson and others. 
This bird was later shot by a fisherman and identified by 
Stanley C. Arthur as of this species.” </p>

<p>COMMON CANADA GOOSE </p>

<p>Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Perhaps no one of our North American waterfowl is 
better known than is the Canada Goose. It ranges through¬ 
out the United States and in some of its forms north to the 
Arctic coast. It is one of the very earliest birds to appear 
in the spring in those localities where it does not spend 
the winter. </p>

<p>The Common Canada Goose is one of our largest water- 
fowl, dark brown above, brownish white below, with a 
black neck and a large white patch on each side of the head, 
so that it is easily distinguished from any of the other geese. </p>

<p>It frequents streams, lakes, and other bodies of water, 
the coastal bays and inlets, marshes, meadows, and similar 
areas. It is fond of the shores of rivers, where it often 
seeks sand or gravel to aid its digestion. It gathers at 
times into large flocks, either for purposes of roosting or 
flying. Its migratory movements are performed either by 
day or by night, and the birds move frequently in relatively 
small companies, often in triangular formation. Its wing- 
beats are not particularly rapid, and the bird seems not to 
move fast, but it is capable of at least 60 miles per hour in 
the air. </p>

<p>The voice of this bird is the well known ‘honk’ that in 
the early spring betokens the approach of the flights of </p>

<p>geese. </p>

<p>"The Auk, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, July, 1907, p. 321. </p>

<p>'-’‘IVnrson, Circ. Nat. Asso. And. Soc., No. 11, February 15, 1928, p. 6. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Common Canada Goose </p>

<p>
87 </p>

<p>
The diet of the Canada Goose is varied, depending on 
season and locality. It is very fond of various kinds of 
vegetable food, such as grain, various kinds of grasses and 
water plants, such as eelgrass and various seaweeds. It 
takes chiefly the leaves and tender shoots of young grain, 
and the leaves and stems of grasses, preferably when young. 
It eats also various kinds of animal food, such as insects, 
snails, and crustaceans. Like many of the ducks it feeds 
by tipping up and reaching down to the bottom to obtain 
water plants or aquatic animals. </p>

<p>The nest of this goose is situated in more or less marshy 
areas, or on dry, even rocky land, sometimes in close prox¬ 
imity to colonies of other water birds like gulls and cor¬ 
morants. The nest is on the ground, sometimes merely a 
slight depression containing only a few weeds, straws, and 
sticks, with a lining of down. When the nest is placed in 
a marsh in the reeds it is usually more bulky and some¬ 
times of considerable size, with a good hollow in the cen¬ 
ter for the reception of the eggs. The materials under 
these circumstances are usually the marsh vegetation of 
the immediate vicinity, such as rushes, canes, grasses, and 
similar plants. The eggs are usually five or six, dull or 
creamy white, unspotted, but often becoming much nest 
stained as incubation progresses. It takes about four weeks 
to hatch the eggs, which is the duty of the female, but the 
male guards the nest and his mate, and is very greatly 
attached to his home. Under normal circumstances this 
bird mates for life. The young are well taken care of by 
the parents until they are fully able to take care of them¬ 
selves. </p>

<p>The Common Canada Goose is a common winter resi¬ 
dent, from the last of September to April 22, accidentally to 
June 20, in the Gulf Coast region of Louisiana; from Gum 
Cove in southwestern Cameron Parish, Grand Chenier, the 
State Wild Life Refuge, Chenier au Tigre, and the mouth of 
the Mississippi River; north to Catahoula Lake, Lake Provi¬ 
dence, and the Mississippi River in the northeastern part of 
the State; and a transient in most of the remainder of Lou- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>88 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
isiana. It frequents the streams and lakes of the interior, 
together with the waters and prairies of the Gulf Coast 
region, flocking separately or associated with other geese, 
usually in rather small groups. </p>

<p>It was taken at Cameron, November 29, 1910, at Gum 
Cove, January 2, 3, and 4, 1911, and at Gueydan, February 
15, 1910, by W. L. McAtee; and at Pilot Town in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, January 30, 1929, by Joseph Leiter. 
Arthur Svihla noted a flock at Leedyburg on January 3, 
1926; and the writer saw a small number at Grand Chenier, 
December 31, 1932; also at Calcasieu Lake, December 30 
and 31, 1932. A few were noted by the writer near the 
club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s ranch 
in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 25 and 27, 1928; 
and Eugene M. Boring reported 150 individuals on the Mc- 
Ilhenny Bird Refuge at Avery Island, November 5, 1932. 
Ned Hollister saw a single bird at Bear Lake eight miles 
northwest of Tallulah, March 1, 1904. In the Mississippi 
River Delta it was obtained at Quarantine (Cubit’s Gap) by 
E. B. Cognevich in November, 1911; and the writer found 
it in small numbers there on Willow Pass, December 20, 
1932, and on Main Pass, December 19,1932. Mr. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., saw a single adult in the marsh at Grand 
Chenier on June 20, 1935. </p>

<p>The writer has examined eight specimens of this form 
of the Canada Goose from Cameron Farm south of Vinton, 
collected by A. M. Bailey on December 16 and 22, 1917, 
February 25, 1919, and in January, 1919. </p>

<p>LESSER CANADA GOOSE </p>

<p>Branta canadensis leucopareia (Brandt) </p>

<p>The Lesser Canada Goose is a rather uncommon, some¬ 
times locally common, winter resident, observed from Nov¬ 
ember 30 to January 13, probably for the most part in the 
Gulf Coast region of Louisiana; and probably also a tran¬ 
sient in the interior. There are very few definite Louisiana 
records. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hutchins Goose </p>

<p>
89 </p>

<p>
W. L. McAtee collected a specimen at Gum Gove in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, January 2, 1911, where he 
found this goose common at that time. Vernon Bailey noted 
this bird about the lakes in Cameron Parish, January 7 to 
13, 1926, in flocks with the larger Common Canada Goose. 
It was reported also on the Louisiana State Wild Life Refuge 
near Abbeville, November 30,1916, by J. W. Trahan. </p>

<p>The writer has seen two specimens taken by A. M. Bai¬ 
ley at Cameron Farm, in Cameron Parish, on December 20 
and 22, 1917. </p>

<p>
HUTCHINS GOOSE </p>

<p>Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richardson) </p>

<p>The Hutchins Goose is a winter visitor, possibly not un¬ 
common, on the Gulf Coast prairies of at least southwestern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only definite record, however, is a specimen ob¬ 
tained by C. C. Leedy on November 3, 1929, at the Orange- 
Cameron Land Company's ranch in Cameron Parish.** </p>

<p>AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE </p>

<p>Anser albifrons gambelli Hartlaub </p>

<p>This bird, while in general not so numerous as some 
of the other geese, is yet in some localities a familiar bird 
to sportsmen. It is known often by the name ‘speckled 
belly', or even ‘brant’, although the latter name is more 
frequently applied to the Snow Goose. In its two forms it 
is found over a large part of North America, from Green¬ 
land to Alaska in the summer, and from California to the 
coast of the Gulf of Mexico in the winter, as well as south 
into Mexico. In general appearance it is a brown bird with 
a white forehead, and light under parts with large black 
spots, which make it conspicuous in the field. The young 
birds, however, have little or no black below. </p>

<p>In flight the White-fronted Goose is very similar to 
some of the other geese, though perhaps not quite so heavy </p>

<p>La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 116. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>90 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
on the wing as is the Canada Goose. It occurs often in 
flocks, sometimes of large size, and frequents marshy areas, 
wet meadows, sometimes coastal waters, streams, and lakes. </p>

<p>The note of this goose is so different from most of the 
other geese that it has suggested the name ‘laughing goose’. 
This is composed of several repetitions of the syllable ‘wah\ </p>

<p>It feeds on various kinds of marsh vegetation, wild ber¬ 
ries, and often on waste grain in the fields, as well as on 
the young stalks of growing plants. Sometimes it eats also 
acorns and other mast, and occasionally snails. </p>

<p>This goose breeds on the barren grounds of the far 
north, and places its nest usually on the ground in a grassy 
place near a lake or other body of water. It consists chiefly 
of a hole in the ground, with a little lining of moss or 
various kinds of grasses, lichens, and leaves, and lined 
with much down and some feathers. The eggs are nor¬ 
mally five or six, buff or dull white, without markings. </p>

<p>The American White-fronted Goose is a fairly common 
winter resident, from September to April 6, in the Gulf 
Coast region of Louisiana, from the Mississippi River to 
Chenier au Tigre and Cameron Parish, north to Lake Ar¬ 
thur and New Orleans; and chiefly, if not entirely, a tran¬ 
sient elsewhere in the State. It associates with other geese 
on the prairies and marshes, usually those that are not salt. </p>

<p>Louisiana specimens of White-fronted Geese in the mu¬ 
seum of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, collected by 
A. M. Bailey are nearer the present than to the smaller 
European race. They are from Cameron Parish, November 
1, 1928; and Pilot Town, October 24, 1928. Similar are oth¬ 
ers from Cameron Farm, obtained by Mr. Bailey on De¬ 
cember 17, 18, 19, 21, and 22, 1917. E. L. Schioler 26 
records Anser albifrons gambelli from Louisiana on the 
basis of specimens examined from Lake Arthur, taken, 
March 1, 1907, and from Louisiana without further locality, 
collected, January 6, 1905, and January 15, 1908. </p>

<p>* € Danmarks Fu^lc, Yol. I, 102."), p. 4 16. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Lesser Snow Goose </p>

<p>
91 </p>

<p>
A specimen of this species from Lake Arthur, taken, 
March 1,1905, is in the Florida State Museum. This goose 
was collected also at Cameron, November 29, 1910, and 
at Gum Cove in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 2, 
1911, by W. L. McAtee. The writer found a small number 
of American White-fronted Geese on Timbalier Bay, De¬ 
cember 23, 1932; a single individual on Willow Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, December 20, 1932; and W. L. 
McAtee collected several on Main Pass, January 31 and 
February 1, 1910. </p>

<p>So far as determinable from all the material examined, 
there is record of only a single race of the White-fronted 
Goose in Louisiana. All the certainly identifiable occur¬ 
rences refer to the so called ‘tule’ goose, formerly and now 
more appropriately known as the American White-fronted 
Goose. </p>

<p>LESSER SNOW GOOSE </p>

<p>Chen hyperborea hyperborea (Pallas) </p>

<p>The Lesser Snow Goose is about the size of a small 
Canada Goose. It is one of the few North American birds 
that is practically all white, since only the ends of the wings 
are black. </p>

<p>So far as its breeding range is concerned, it is a bird 
of the Arctic regions, where it is commonly called ‘wavy', 
but it migrates south to the southern United States and to 
Mexico to winter. Great numbers pass the winter on the 
coasts of Louisiana and Texas, where they associate with 
the Blue Goose. In winter and during migration this goose 
lives either along the shore in the marshes, whither it re¬ 
sorts chiefly for the purpose of feeding, or on the prairies 
and meadows of the higher ground. When on the wing it 
moves not so much in V-shaped flocks as do the Canada 
geese, and some of the other kinds, but in more or less ir¬ 
regular flocks, and often in long diagonal lines. At times, 
particularly in winter, it gathers into enormous flocks of 
many thousands, which frequent the marshes or prairies for 
the purpose of feeding; and the rising of such a flock is </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>92 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
one of the most magnificent sights of bird life. Its note is 
a rather harsh ‘honk’, and the bird is, at times, even on the 
wing, rather noisy. </p>

<p>The food of this goose consists mostly of grasses, grains, 
and berries, which it obtains in the meadows, uplands, or 
marshes. It is fond of the roots and succulent parts of 
water plants. It feeds also on insects, mollusks, and various 
kinds of invertebrates. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in a depression on the ground; is 
composed of various kinds of vegetation, and lined with 
down. The usually five to seven eggs are dull white, un¬ 
marked, and are hatched in about four weeks. The buffy 
youngsters are carefully cared for by their parents until 
they are able to fly. </p>

<p>The Lesser Snow Goose is a common winter resident, 
from October 5 to March 8, on the prairies and marshes of 
the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta to Marsh Island, Chenier au Tigre, and 
southwestern Cameron Parish, more numerous in south¬ 
western Louisiana than elsewhere; and north at least to 
Freshwater Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, Calcasieu Lake, and 
Avoca Island; less commonly to Lake Providence; also a 
transient, not common, in central and northern Louisiana, 
chiefly in the Mississippi River valley. In winter along the 
coast it occurs almost entirely associated with the Blue 
Goose. In the interior it frequents the lakes and larger 
streams. </p>

<p>Specimens of this goose were taken at Freshwater Bayou 
in Calcasieu Parish on January 12, 1894; by Wharton Hu¬ 
ber at Chenier au Tigre, January 12, 14, 16, 18, 23, and 28, 
1928; and by A. M. Bailey, December 13,1925; also by A. M. 
Bailey in Cameron Parish, November 1,1928; by Joseph Lei- 
ter at Chateau Canard on Main Pass in the Mississippi Riv¬ 
er Delta; and at Quarantine (Pilot Town), January 16, 
1928; by Eugene R. Pike at Quarantine, February 1, 1928; 
by W. L. McAtee at Gum Cove, January 2,1911, and at Cam¬ 
eron, November 28, 29, and 30,1910, and December 2,1910. 
Arthur Svihla noted it in considerable numbers at Leedy- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Blue Goose </p>

<p>
93 </p>

<p>
burg in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 2, 1926. 
L. E. Hicks observed two individuals at Lake Providence on 
December 22,1931. The writer saw 600 individuals between 
the club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company and 
the beach of the Gulf of Mexico, January 26, 1928. In the 
same general locality it was observed in small numbers, Jan¬ 
uary 24, 25, and 27 of the same year. He found it also at 
Calcasieu Lake, December 30,1932; Grand Chenier, Decem¬ 
ber 31, 1932; on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 
22, 1928; and eight individuals at Avoca Island, January 
27, 1932. In the Mississippi River Delta it was common 
though not present in very large numbers, and he saw never 
more than 400 in a locality during the winters of 1928 and 
1932. He met with it on Codro Pass and Cognovich Pass, 
December 18, 1932; and Johnson Pass, December 17, 1932. 
It seemed to be most numerous on Main Pass, where he 
counted 376 on December 19, 1932; and on Dead Woman 
Pass, where he discovered about the same number, Decem¬ 
ber 18, 1932. It was noticed also on Octave Pass, January 
22, 1932; on Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932; and on Wil¬ 
low Pass, December 20,1932. While in this region it is not 
infrequently observed flying over the more interior locali¬ 
ties, its main habitat is the flats and marshes bordering the 
various passes near their mouths in the Gulf of Mexico. </p>

<p>BLUE GOOSE </p>

<p>Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>For many years the Blue Goose was commonly consid¬ 
ered a variety of the Lesser Snow Goose, but it is now 
known to be a distinct species. It differs materially from 
the Lesser Snow Goose in having a slaty blue plumage with 
only the head and neck white. It is thus a conspicuous 
and handsome goose which is easily distinguished from all 
the other kinds, although of about the same size as the 
Lesser Snow Goose. </p>

<p>In flight it is very similar to the Lesser Snow Goose. 
While, at times, particularly on migration, it associates 
largely with its own kind, gathering into enormous flocks </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>94 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
on the coasts of Louisiana and Texas in the winter; yet, 
particularly in the Missouri Valley and central southern 
Canada, on the northward migration in the spring, it 
is more or less commonly associated with the Lesser Snow 
Goose. On its breeding ground, also, it nests in colonies 
with that species. Its voice is very similar to that of the 
Lesser Snow Goose. </p>

<p>Its feeding habits on the coasts of Louisiana and Texas 
are such that it becomes a very important matter to pre¬ 
serve the marshes if we are to save the winter home of this 
goose. The bird lives on various kinds of marsh plants such 
as cattails, Johnson grass, and goose grass; and so exten¬ 
sive is their use of these plants for food that they often 
entirely remove this vegetation from large areas. They eat 
not only the tops, but also the roots of the plants. </p>

<p>Until recent years the nest of the Blue Goose remained 
a mystery, but it has recently been found not only on Baf¬ 
fin Island, but on Southampton Island in the American Arc¬ 
tic regions. The bird builds its nest on the ground in more 
or less scattered colonies. The bulky nest is composed of 
moss and similar materials, and lined with down. The us¬ 
ually three to four eggs are dull white. </p>

<p>The Blue Goose is an abundant winter resident, from 
October 5 to May 19, on the islands, prairies, and marshes 
along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, from The Rigolets and 
Chandeleur Island west to the mouth of the Mississippi 
River, Vermilion Bay, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, 
and the Sabine River near the Gulf of Mexico in Cameron 
Parish; also a transient in the valley of the Mississippi 
River north to northeastern Louisiana, and casually west to 
Lake Bistineau. It ranges and feeds in flocks up to at least 
40,000, chiefly in the Mississippi River Delta and west to 
Cameron Parish, but it does not winter far inland from the 
coast. It is the most abundant goose in Louisiana, and 
probably much the greater portion of the species winters in 
this State, almost always associated with the Lesser Snow 
Goose. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Blue Goose </p>

<p>
95 </p>

<p>
A. M. Bailey collected specimens of the Blue Goose in 
Cameron Parish, November 1, 1928, and at Pilot Town, 
October 25, 1928; Joseph Leiter, at Chateau Canard, No¬ 
vember 13, 1928, and January 30, 1930; A. K. Fisher shot 
two birds from a flock at Chef Menteur on November 2, 
1919; and E. B. Cognevich obtained this species at Triumph 
in Plaquemines Parish in March, 1910. Large flocks up to 
thousands were seen by W. W. Bayly at North Chandeleur 
Island, November 2, December 2 and 13, 1921, and January 
31, 1922; and J. E. Bishop reported small flocks of Blue 
Geese flying over The Rigolets at Long Point Light Station, 
between October 25 and December 1,1922. In the Mississippi 
River Delta this species occupies chiefly the flats and marshy 
prairies at the mouths of the various passes near or on the 
Gulf of Mexico; and probably in this general locality there 
occurs the greatest Louisiana concentration of these geese, 
at least this was the case in 1932. At the mouth of Octave 
Pass on January 22,1932, the writer saw 30,000 Blue Geese; 
and also smaller numbers on Willow Pass, December 20, 
Gasper Pass, December 19, and Dead Woman Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 18 of the same year. It was likewise abundant on Main 
Pass, December 19 and 20, 1932, and January 22, 1932; on 
Codro Pass and Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; on 
Dennis Pass, Johnson Pass, and Pass a Loutre, December 
17, 1932. Along the lower Mississippi River from the State 
Public Shooting Grounds up to near Ostrica, the writer also 
noted a few birds, practically all on the wing, January 23, 
1932. He found this species abundant on the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23,1928; at Grand Chenier, 
December 31,1932; and Calcasieu Lake, December 30,1932. 
W. L. McAtee collected specimens on Little Vermilion Bay, 
February 23, 1910, and at Cameron, November 30 and De¬ 
cember 3, 1910; and the writer noted a few individuals near 
Mud Lake in the southwestern part of Cameron Parish, 
January 26, 1928. J. S. Campbell reported a single bird 
shot by a hunter on Lake Bistineau, October 18, 1933. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>96 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>ROSS GOOSE </p>

<p>Exanthemops rossii (Cassin) ,T </p>

<p>The Ross Goose is a casual winter visitor in the Gulf 
Coast region of southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only definite records are a single specimen taken by 
W. L. McAtee, February 23,1910, on the shore of Little Ver¬ 
milion Bay near the mouth of the Vermilion River; and one 
killed in Cameron Parish in 1916, by J. A. Carruthers. A 
report of one supposed to have been captured by Dudley 
Berwick," is evidently a mistake, since Mr. Berwick writes 
that he has had no specimen of this goose. </p>

<p>FULVOUS TREE-DUCK </p>

<p>Dendrocygna bicolor helva Wetmore and Peters </p>

<p>The Fulvous Tree-duck is fairly common, but of very 
irregular and local occurrence, in summer, autumn, winter, 
and spring in southern Louisiana, from The Rigolets to 
Cameron Parish, and north to New Orleans and Lake Cath¬ 
erine. It possibly breeds in the State, but the writer has 
been able to discover no definite record of nesting. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer states that several large flocks appeared 
on Lake Catherine during October, 1892, when a number of 
birds were shot, and that it was again taken in January, 
1900, at The Rigolets.” J. W. Trahan reported it from the 
State Wild Life Refuge, November 80,1916; and one bird is 
recorded from New Orleans, January 22,1870, by an anony¬ 
mous author. Mrs. Bruce Reid observed it along the lower 
Sabine River near Lake Sabine in the summer of 1933. Am¬ 
brose Daigre informs the writer that two males and a 
female were captured on Dennis Pass, Mississippi River 
Delta, on November 2, 1934. A. M. Bailey registered this 
duck from Chenier au Tigre as abundant during the winter 
of 1926, as observed on May 6, 1917, and says that five 
specimens were taken there on December 8 and 11, 1925. 
He also noted a few individuals during the spring of 1918 </p>

<p>* 7 Ohen rossi of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>* 8 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 126. </p>

<p>*»Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 90. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
iral fn </p>

<p>
Mallards (Am* pUiiyrhynchu phti/rh yvchu ) and a f i.v, Uthkr Ihm ks 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Ka.. January 1, .1934.. </p>

<p>&lt;f , b6x'ofrra»|&gt;b $t| A- fcf. SaRsy ji.n'i F. R. D*.ki«»i-ori,i </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Nbst ANf Egos ov Mottubiv Duck (At^igpittimAA maculosa) 
fJhenitr au Tigre. La., May 20, IS30. </p>

<p>(PMwerapli Jjy A. M. BoiEay.) </p>











<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Common Mallard </p>

<p>
97 </p>

<p>
in the same locality. T. Gilbert Pearson chronicled it as 
seen in early autumn on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary. 
In addition, individuals are said to have been killed in Cam¬ 
eron, St. Mary, and Terrebonne parishes, and at the mouth 
of the Mississippi River . 30 </p>

<p>COMMON MALLARD </p>

<p>Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha Linnaeus 31 </p>

<p>Familiar as the ancestor of most of our domestic ducks, 
the Mallard is probably the best known of all the species 
of our wild ducks. It breeds over much of North Amer¬ 
ica, Europe, and Asia, and it is, therefore, one of the most 
widely distributed of all ducks. It is one of the early birds 
to push northward in the spring migration, and is a fav¬ 
orite with sportsmen almost everywhere. One of the most 
important parts of its range, so far as migration and win¬ 
ter are concerned, is the Mississippi Valley, where it is one 
of the two most abundant ducks, the other being the Pin¬ 
tail. Here, in some of the swamps, marshes, and lakes, 
which it loves to frequent, it is present in almost unbeliev¬ 
able numbers, although it is not so abundant as in former 
years, notwithstanding that it is one of the ducks that have 
suffered least from recent adverse conditions. </p>

<p>It is found everywhere within its range where there are 
suitable ponds, lakes, streams, or other bodies of water, 
but one of its favorite resorts is a wooded swamp where 
the ground is covered with water, and where there is both 
protection and food. This duck is a wary and active bird, 
and has a powerful and well sustained flight. When rising 
from the water it springs upward like the Black Duck, and 
so powerful are its wings that it does not need to patter 
along the surface of the water, as do some of the other 
ducks, in order to launch itself into the air. It flies often 
in V-shaped flocks, and when resting it gathers at times 
into companies of great size; and it migrates either by day 
or by night. It frequently associates with other species of </p>

<p>*°Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 127. </p>

<p>zl Anas platyrhynchot platyrhynchos of the 1931 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from - </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>98 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ducks in mixed flocks or, at times, keeps more or less to it¬ 
self. The note of the Mallard is a not unmusical ‘quack’ of 
rather characteristic quality. </p>

<p>The food of the Mallard is almost all of vegetable char¬ 
acter, and comprises the seeds, leaves, and other parts of 
such plants as grasses, duckweeds, pondweeds, smartweeds, 
duck potatoes, wild celery, rushes, and willows. The rela¬ 
tively small part of its food that it derives from animals 
consists of insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and small fishes. 
The Mallard is one of the ducks that regularly feed in 
woodlands or on dry areas, such as forests, grain fields, 
and similar places, where it obtains acorns or grain. </p>

<p>The nest of the Mallard is placed commonly in a dry sit¬ 
uation, either about the margin of a lake or slough, or on 
the dry prairie, meadow, or even sandhill, sometimes at a 
great distance from water. The nest is composed of various 
kinds of vegetable matter, such as grasses, reeds, and rushes, 
and is lined with finer materials of this kind, feathers, and 
down from the breast of the female. The eight to ten eggs 
are large, and pale greenish, pale buff, or white. The fe¬ 
male, without assistance from the male, incubates the eggs, 
which process is completed in usually a little less than four 
weeks. Like most of the other ducks, the pretty downy young 
are ready to swim as soon as they are dry after hatching, 
and the female takes unusually good care of them until 
they are able to look out for themselves. When a brood is 
threatened with danger the female in charge of them al¬ 
ways attempts to distract the attention of an intruder to 
herself so that the young can escape. </p>

<p>The Common Mallard is a winter resident, from October 
1 to May 6, throughout Louisiana, abundant in the southern 
part of the State, common in northern Louisiana; and re¬ 
ported north to Lake Providence, West Carroll Parish, Mon¬ 
roe, and Bienville; west to Shreveport, Logansport, Vinton, 
and southwestern Cameron Parish; south to Gum Cove in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, Mud Lake, Cameron, Calca¬ 
sieu Lake, Pecan Island, Grand Chenier, Tiger Island, 
Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, East Cote Blanche Bay, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Common Mallard </p>

<p>
99 </p>

<p>
Wax Lake Pass, Atchafalaya Bay, Timbalier Bay, and Port 
Eads; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Hog Island, Battledore Island, Breton Island, Errol Island, 
Freemason Island, Mitchell Island, Brush Island, Lake 
Borgne, Chef Menteur, Lake Catherine, Baton Rouge, New 
Roads, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It is credited with 
breeding in this State, but the writer has been able to find 
no definite record. It is probably the most abundant duck 
in the State, and is generally distributed from the very edge 
of the marshes on the salt water of the Gulf of Mexico to the 
lakes, ponds, wooded swamps, and marshes of the interior. </p>

<p>Several birds were killed at Quarantine, (Pilot Town), 
November 22, 1925, and January 16, 1926, by C. S. Harris. 
Many specimens of the Mallard were collected at Long 
Lake near Hamburg Bay by P. A. Conlon from November 
12, 1910, to March 6,1911; by A. A. Rabalais at Mansura in 
Avoyelles Parish, October 22, 1911, December 9, 1910, Jan¬ 
uary 5, 1913, and February 10, 1911; by R. Mattason at 
Bordelonville, October 28 and November 5, 1911; and at 
Moreauville, November 11, 1911, December 28, 1911, Jan¬ 
uary 5, 1912, and February 9, 1912. W. L. McAtee obtained 
it at Gum Cove, January 2, 3, and 4, 1911; and at Cameron, 
November 29 and 30, 1910; Joseph Leiter at Chateau Can¬ 
ard on Main Pass, Mississippi Delta, January 30, 1930; 
Wharton Huber at Chenier au Tigre January 31, 1928; A. 
M. Bailey at Avery Island, May 6, 1917; and Winston E. 
Nolan at Gueydan on February 23, 1937. </p>

<p>W. M. Sprinkle reported it common on Hog Island, De¬ 
cember 11, 1913; Battledore Island, December 10, 1913; 
Breton Island, November 28, 1916; Errol Island, March 20, 
1913; Chandeleur Island, January 12, 1916; Freemason 
Island, January 18,1913; Mitchell Island, January 12,1914; 
and Brush Island, November 10, 1914. In the Mississippi 
River Delta this species is abundant throughout the marshes 
and even to the mouths of the various passes of the Missis¬ 
sippi River. The writer found it on Main Pass, December 
19, 1932; on Octave Pass and Gasper Pass, January 19, 
1928; Codro Pass, Dennis Pass, and Cognovich Pass, De¬ 
cember 18, 1932; Pass a Loutre and Johnson Pass, Decern- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>100 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ber 17, }932; and along the lower Mississippi River from the 
State Public Shooting Grounds north to near Ostrica, Jan¬ 
uary 23, 1932. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell considers it a common winter visitor 
about Bienville, from October 10 to May 4. H. H. Kopman 
regarded it as common on False River near New Roads, De¬ 
cember 15, 1917; and Eugene M. Boring at Lake Catherine, 
November 20, 1932. The writer found it common at Timba- 
lier Bay, Lake Felicity, Deep Lake, Drum Lake (Lake Tam¬ 
bour) , Little Lake, and Lake Barre, December 23, 1932; on 
Bayou Des Allemands and Mud Lake near Des Allemands, 
December 24, 1932; on Atchafalaya Bay and East Cote 
Blanche Bay, January 29, 1932; Wax Lake, Wax Lake Pass, 
Avery Island, and Avoca Island, January 28, 1932; at Marsh 
Island and West Cote Blanche Bay, January 30,1932; on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; the lower 
Vermilion River, January 30, 1932; Grand Chenier and 
Calcasieu Lake, December 30 and 31, 1932; Mud Lake in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, January 26, 1928; at the 
club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company, January 
25, 26, and 27, 1928; and on Black Bayou in northwestern 
Cameron Parish, January 24, 1928. Arthur Svihla detected 
it at Leedyburg in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 
1, 1926; and Ned Hollister noted it abundant in Morehouse, 
West Carroll, East Carroll, and Madison parishes, February 
11 to March 20,1904; and he flushed flocks of this bird from 
the wet woodlands where they were feeding on the mast. 
Every morning and evening, from February 17 to March 6, 
1904, he saw large numbers flying over his Bear Lake 
Camp. </p>

<p>A male hybrid between the Common Mallard and the 
American Pintail was shot at Avoca Island, November 24, 
1935, by J. T. Upton. </p>

<p>RED-LEGGED BLACK DUCK </p>

<p>Anas rubripes rubripes Brewster </p>

<p>This is one of the best known ducks in the eastern part 
of the United States, and in many places is a favorite with </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-legged Black Duck </p>

<p>
101 </p>

<p>
sportsmen. It is sometimes known as ‘dusky duck,’ or 
‘black mallard’, due to the fact that at a distance the bird 
appears black, although it is really dark brown, and in ap¬ 
pearance very much like the female of the Mallard, but 
there is very little or no difference between the sexes. It 
may readily be distinguished from the Mallard in that it 
does not have the conspicuous white wing-bars that are 
present in the latter bird. </p>

<p>In coastal areas the Red-legged Black Duck is very fond 
of the marshes, inlets, and lagoons, and it often is found on 
the wide open expanses of water like Chesapeake Bay, or 
even on the water of the ocean, along the coast. In the in¬ 
terior it frequents the marshes, lakes, and sloughs, very 
much as the Mallard, with which it regularly associates. 
At times, along the Atlantic Coast, it gathers into flocks 
of large size, but it is not an abundant bird in the Missis¬ 
sippi Valley. In flight and general appearance it is much 
like a Mallard, and like it is strong on the wing, springing 
from the water at a single bound. </p>

<p>Like the Mallard, it is not primarily a diving bird, al¬ 
though it can dive well when necessary. It feeds in shal¬ 
low water, by dabbling or tipping up along the shore, and 
obtains its food from the bottom of the water, where it 
pulls from the mud the vegetation or water animals on 
which it feeds. The food consists largely of seeds, leaves, 
and roots of various kinds of water plants, such as grasses 
and sedges; of snails, worms, small frogs, salamanders, and 
aquatic insects. At times the bird resorts to fields of grain, 
such as buckwheat, barley, wheat, corn, and rice; or eats 
berries, such as blueberries and huckleberries. </p>

<p>This duck breeds in swamps or grassy meadows, in 
thickets, or in almost any similar places, but usually on dry 
ground. The nest is placed in a depression on the ground, 
usually well concealed by the surrounding vegetation, com¬ 
posed of grasses and leaves of various kinds of plants, and 
lined with finer materials of the same kinds, with a small 
quantity of down. The usually eight to ten eggs are very 
much like those of the Mallard, being white or pale greenish </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>102 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
buff. The young hatch in about four weeks or less, and they 
are soon led away from the nest by the female and cared for 
almost exclusively by her until they are able to fly. As with 
the Mallard and many other ducks, the female is very de¬ 
voted to her young. </p>

<p>The Red-legged Black Duck, a northern bird, is a fairly 
common winter resident, recorded from October 15 to 
February 21, chiefly in southern Louisiana, but also in the 
northern part of the State; but most of the records are un¬ 
identifiable subspecifically. The species as a whole has been 
reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, Monroe, and Lake Bistineau; west to Cameron 
Parish; south to southwestern Cameron Parish, Jackson 
Bayou in Cameron Parish, Cameron, Belle Isle, Gueydan, 
Chenier au Tigre, Lake Felicity, Little Lake, Golden Mea¬ 
dow in La Fourche Parish, and the Mississippi River Delta; 
and east to Chandeleur Island, St. Bernard Parish, The 
Rigolets, and Lake Providence. </p>

<p>Owing to the lack of sufficient specimens it is not pos¬ 
sible now to determine the relative frequency of the two 
subspecies of the Black Duck. Both, however, certainly oc¬ 
cur in Louisiana. All the subspecifically unidentified sight 
records of northern black ducks here used are placed under 
the Red-legged Black Duck, although without much doubt, 
some of these records probably refer to the Common Black 
Duck. </p>

<p>Specimens of Anas rubripes rubripes have been exam¬ 
ined by the writer, from Octave Pass in the Mississippi Riv¬ 
er Delta, taken, February 3, 1911, by A. K. Fisher; from 
Cubit’s Gap (Pilot Town), February 28, 1911, by G. T. 
Smith; Belle Isle, March 2, 1910, W. L. McAtee; Chenier 
au Tigre, January 4,1934, A. M. Bailey; Chateau Canard on 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, January 29, 1929, 
Joseph Leiter; at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, a 
single bird, December 18, 1932; and one mounted in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans, collected at Golden Meadow, La Fourche 
Parish, December 14, 1931. The writer also certainly identi- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Common Black Duck </p>

<p>
103 </p>

<p>
fied 11 birds of this subspecies on January 24, 1928, near 
the Gulf of Mexico, just south of the Orange-Cameron Land 
Company’s club house in southwestern Cameron Parish. </p>

<p>Black Ducks of this species but unidentifiable subspecifi- 
cally have been killed at Lake Providence, February 20, 
1923; on Johnson Bayou in Cameron Parish, December 3, 
1923; Cameron Parish, December 14,1923; and at Cameron, 
December 14, 1923, and December 11, 1925; at Gueydan, 
December 7, 1920; Lake Boeuf, January 12, 1931; Lake 
Long in La Fourche Parish, November 26, 1932; Spanish 
Pass in Plaquemines Parish, February, 1932; Bayou Biloxi 
in St. Bernard Parish, December 3, 1922; Chandeleur 
Island, December 6, 1924; and Rigolets, November 5, 1926. 
The writer has seen this species at Little Lake and Lake 
Felicity, December 23, 1932; on Willow Pass, December 20, 
1932; and 24 individuals at Chateau Canard on Main Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 22, 1932. J. S. 
Campbell reports it common in winter, from October to 
March, at Lake Bistineau. </p>

<p>COMMON BLACK DUCK </p>

<p>Anas rubripes tristis Brewster </p>

<p>The Common Black Duck is probably a fairly common 
winter resident, from October to February or March, in the 
Gulf Coast region, and also present though less common in 
the interior of northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>Owing to the difficulty of making subspecific determina¬ 
tions of birds seen in the field much more investigation is 
necessary to determine the relative and actual abundance of 
this form. The writer has examined specimens taken by 
Wharton Huber at Chenier au Tigre on January 24 and 28, 
1928 ; and by A. M. Bailey at Cameron Farm in Cameron 
Parish, December 18,1917. One bird probably of this form, 
banded at Milford, Michigan, was killed at Spanish Pass, 
Plaquemines Parish, on February 1, 1932. The writer pos¬ 
itively identifed three individuals of this race in southwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish, near the club house of the Orange- 
Cameron Land Company, January 25, 1928. George H. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>104 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Lowery, Jr., reports it a fairly common winter resident in 
the northeastern part of Louisiana, but relatively rare in 
the region about Monroe. 32 </p>

<p>MOTTLED DUCK </p>

<p>Anas fulvigula maculosa Sennett </p>

<p>The Mottled Duck, or, as it is frequently called, ‘summer 
mallard’, is in size and appearance very much like the Red- 
legged Black Duck, but has broader light edgings on the 
feathers of the upper parts, and the throat is plain buff, 
without the streaks or spots of the Black Duck. </p>

<p>It is a bird chiefly of the marshes and waters of the 
coast region, where in habits it is very much the same as 
the more northern bird. It associates sometimes with other 
species of ducks, but is often found in flocks by itself. It 
breeds on the prairies, often about the ponds, placing the 
nest in the thick grass and rushes, sometimes over the water, 
and usually well concealed. It is composed chiefly of rushes 
and grasses, and is supported by the growing vegetation. 
The lining consists chiefly of finer materials, like those of 
the nest, also of feathers, and down, and even sometimes 
pieces of cotton. The 8 to 11 eggs are white or greenish 
white. </p>

<p>The Mottled Duck is a common permanent resident in 
the Gulf Coast marshes of Louisiana from the mouth of the 
Sabine River, Gum Cove in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Calcasieu Pass, Cameron, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, 
Vermilion Bay, Marsh Island, Grand Isle, Southwest Pass 
and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Bayou Loutre 
in St. Bernard Parish, and Chandeleur Island; north to Chef 
Menteur, mouth of Pearl River, West Feliciana Parish, 
Dupres Canal in Jefferson Parish, Mermentau, Roanoke, 
Hayes, and Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish. 
There are apparently no records from more northern parts 
of Louisiana. It breeds from February to July; and there 
are records of eggs from the first week in February to 
June 1. </p>

<p>
La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1031, p. 16. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Mottled Duck </p>

<p>
105 </p>

<p>
The writer has identified specimens of this duck from 
Chef Menteur, collected, March 16, 1917, by A. M. Bailey; 
and it has also been taken at Belle Isle, March 2, 1910, and 
Grand Chenier, December 1, 1910, by W. L. McAtee; at 
Quarantine (Cubit’s Gap) in the Mississippi River Delta, 
August 2,1925, by C. C. Sperry; at Pilot Town, December 2, 
1930, by E. R. Pike; and October 20 and 24, 1928, by A. M. 
Bailey; and in Cameron Parish, November 1, 1928, by A. M. 
Bailey. J. D. Figgins detected this species breeding in north¬ 
western Cameron Parish in 1919, and found nests containing 
eggs during the first week of February, 1920. A. M. Bailey 
obtained a specimen with a set of eggs on May 27, 1930, at 
Chenier au Tigre; and also killed birds there in November. 
Eggs were taken by E. S. Hopkins at Grand Isle, April 8, 
1926. H. H. Kopman reported it common and breeding at 
Calcasieu Pass in 1907, and observed a single bird at Hayes, 
June 12, 1918. Robert Butler says that it breeds in West 
Feliciana Parish; the writer observed it at Roanoke, June 
20, 1933; on the Dupres Canal in Jefferson Parish, June 10, 
1933; and in Southwest Pass near Burrwood, June 7, 1933. 
S. Ward collected specimens at Grand Isle on July 24, 27, 
28, and 29, 1937. </p>

<p>This species seems to be as common in the winter as in 
the summer. W. L. McAtee noted it at Cameron, November 
28 to December 6, 1910, and common also at Gum Cove in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, January 2 to 5, 1911. The 
writer remarked it near the Gulf of Mexico south of the 
Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house, January 24, 
1928. John C. Phillips obtained specimens at Vermilion 
Bay in January, 1914; and W. L. McAtee at Grand Chenier, 
December 1, 1910. The writer observed it common on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 to 23, 1928; on 
Atchafalaya Bay, January 29, 1932; at Avoca Island, Janu¬ 
ary 28, 1932; and at Deep Lake, December 23,1932. In the 
Mississippi River Delta, Stanley C. Arthur obtained speci¬ 
mens near the mouth of the river, December 7, 1924; and 
the writer met with it commonly on Main Pass, December 
19,1932; near the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 
22,1932; and in Cognovich Pass, December 18,1932. Many </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
4 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>106 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
were observed on the lower Mississippi River between the 
Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve and Ostrica on January 23, 
1932. W. M. Sprinkle reported a large flock feeding at 
Chandeleur Island, February 19, 1916. </p>

<p>GADWALL </p>

<p>Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Gadwall is a common winter resident, from October 
1 to April 25, chiefly in the southern part of Louisiana; re¬ 
ported from southwestern Cameron Parish, Grand Chenier, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Vermilion 
Bay, Avery Island, Atchafalaya Bay, Timbalier Bay, mouth 
of the Mississippi River, Chef Menteur, and Lake Catherine, 
north to New Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish, and Lake 
Providence; but mostly a transient elsewhere in the State, 
and apparently less frequently noticed than in the Gulf 
Coast region. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at Freshwater Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, January 18, 
1894. The Gadwall was collected also by W. L. McAtee at 
Little Vermilion Bay, February 23, 1910; at Cameron, No¬ 
vember 29 and 30, 1910; Belle Isle, March 1 and 2, 1910; 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, January 31 and 
February 1, 1910; on Twenty-seven Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, February 3,1910; and at Long Lake near Ham¬ 
burg, March, 1910. George A. Hillery obtained it at Car¬ 
lisle, January 11, 1920; L. Jenfreau at Venice, February 19, 
1910; and E. J. Trinchard at Lake Borgne Pond in Lake 
Catherine, February 4, 13, and 16, 1910. H. H. Kopman 
regarded it common on False River near New Roads in 
Pointe Coupee Parish, December 15, 1917; and noted it also 
at Phoenix, October 23, 1917. A. K. Fisher saw between 
200 and 300 individuals at Chef Menteur, November 3, 1919; 
and specimens were obtained there by A. M. Bailey on 
March 11 and 16, 1917. </p>

<p>The Mississippi River Delta is one of the best localities 
in the State for this species. The writer has noticed it on 
several of the passes near the mouth of the river, and found </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>European Wigeon </p>

<p>
107 </p>

<p>
it not only on the inland ponds but at the mouths of the 
passes as well. He saw it on Pass a Loutre, December 17, 
1932; on Main Pass, January 22, 1932; but most numerous 
on Octave Pass, January 19, 1928, when 650 were seen. He 
observed 400 on Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; and 
437 on Codro Pass on the same day. He noted it also on the 
Mississippi River between Ostrica and Myrtle Grove, Janu¬ 
ary 24, 1932; on Lake Felicity, Lake Barre, and Timbalier 
Bay, December 23, 1932; Atchafalaya Bay, January 29, 
1932; and common at Avery Island, December 28, 1932. At 
Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932, he saw three birds that 
had been collected on that day. He also listed a few on Cal¬ 
casieu Lake, December 31,1932; also between the club house 
on the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s ranch and the 
Gulf of Mexico in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 
24, 1928. </p>

<p>
EUROPEAN WIGEON </p>

<p>Mareca penelope (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The European Wigeon is an accidental winter visitor, 
south to the Gulf of Mexico in southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only records for the State seem to be three birds, a 
male and two females, collected in 1915 by W. B. Lee in 
Cameron Parish on his Cameron Farm 14 miles south of 
Vinton.” </p>

<p>
BALDPATE </p>

<p>Mareca americana (Gmelin) </p>

<p>Of the many species of ducks that are native to eastern 
North America, very few are better known than the Bald- 
pate, or, as it is commonly called, ‘wigeon’ or ‘American 
Wigeon.' It derives its name Baldpate from the general 
appearance of the white top of the head, by which the adult 
male can be readily distinguished. The large white patch 
in the wing, together with the vinaceous band on the breast, 
and the long green stripe behind the eye, the speckled 
throat, and rather large size, will readily distinguish the </p>

<p>* 3 Arthur, Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, January, 19 IS, p. 22. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>' DIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>108 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
male of this bird from its relatives. The female, however, 
is a dull colored bird that in appearance much resembles 
the females of a number of other ducks. </p>

<p>This duck frequents both fresh and salt water ponds, 
lakes, rivers, and bays, wherever it can find shelter and 
food. It is one of the most beautiful of the American ducks, 
and one that is a favorite with sportsmen. It has a strong 
flight, although it is probably not so swift as some of the 
smaller species; and a curious whirring sound, so charac¬ 
teristic of many ducks, is caused by the beat of its wings. 
It associates commonly in flocks, either alone or in com¬ 
pany with other ducks. Its low whistling note is decidedly 
musical and characteristic. </p>

<p>The food of the Baldpate consists of the seeds, roots, and 
leaves of pond weeds, grasses, and other water plants, in¬ 
sects, with a small quantity of mollusks, crustaceans, and 
various other articles of diet that the marsh affords, in¬ 
cluding small fishes and other water animals. This bird 
commonly feeds with its head, neck, and breast below the 
surface, though it rarely dives. However, the bird robs 
not only the Canvasback and Redhead of the results of 
their labors, in the form of food that it covets, but it treats 
even the Coot in the same way. </p>

<p>The nest of the Baldpate is rather well constructed, us¬ 
ually not close to the water, but on dry land and on the 
ground. It is a slight depression, lined with weeds, grasses, 
and down, probably from the female herself. The 8 to 12 
plain buffy white eggs are incubated by the female alone, 
and only a single brood is reared. The downy little duck¬ 
lings when hatched resort to the shores of lakes or grassy 
ponds, where the parent watches over them until they are 
able to care for themselves. </p>

<p>The Baldpate is a common winter resident, from October 
15 to April 25, on the Gulf Coast marshes and islands of 
Louisiana, from Chandeleur Island and the mouth of the 
Mississippi River, to Chenier au Tigre, and to Gum Cove in 
southwestern Cameron Parish; north at least in migration 
to Lake Providence, Catahoula Lake, and Monroe. It is </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Pintail </p>

<p>
109 </p>

<p>
seen usually in small companies, but sometimes in flocks of 
1000 or more. The Chandeleur Islands and the Mississippi 
River Delta seem to be favorite resorts for this species. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this duck in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University at New Orleans, from Lake Cath¬ 
erine, collected in 1900, and a bird taken by L. Spaulding 
at Iowa (La.), March 15, 1909. It was obtained by W. L. 
McAtee at Gum Cove, January 3, 1911, and at Belle Isle, 
March 1 and 2, 1910; by Stanley C. Arthur at the mouth of 
the Mississippi River, December 4, 1924; by E. J. Trinchard 
at Lake Catherine, November 7,1925, and January 16,1926, 
and at Lake Borgne Pond in Lake Catherine, February 16, 
1910; by Joseph Leiter at Chateau Canard on Main Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 1, 1929; and by 
A. M. Bailey at White Lake on February 7, 1919. </p>

<p>W. M. Sprinkle observed it at Battledore Island, March 
5, 1915; Errol Island, February 5, 1914; Freemason Island, 
January 1,1914; and at Chandeleur Island, January 9,1913. 
The writer saw moderate numbers of this species on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23,1928; at Wax Lake 
Pass and Avery Island, December 28, 1932; and on Atcha- 
falaya Bay, January 29, 1932. In the Mississippi River 
Delta he found it common on Codro Pass, December 18, 
1932; on Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932; and on Octave 
Pass near the Delta Duck Club, January 22,1932; also along 
the Mississippi River from the Pass a Loutre Hunting 
Preserve north to near Ostrica on January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>AMERICAN PINTAIL </p>

<p>Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The Pintail, commonly known also as ‘sprig’ or ‘sprig- 
tail’, is one of the most abundant and best known ducks 
of North America. It has a wide distribution from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. So far as the male is con¬ 
cerned it is easily distinguished from the other ducks by 
its brown head and neck, brownish gray upper parts, white 
lower parts, and long white stripe up the side of the neck. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>110 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It is found in almost all situations where there is water, 
both inland and along the coast, but it seems to be rather 
partial to the lakes, ponds, and larger streams that have 
marshland borders, and the unwooded marshes, either along 
the coast or elsewhere. It is one of the early migrants, 
and moves sometimes in large flocks. On its wintering 
ground or in migration it sometimes gathers on lakes and 
in marshes in almost unbelievable numbers, at times mov¬ 
ing in dense flocks. Its long wings and tail make it easily 
identifiable in flight. This duck is a favorite with sports¬ 
men, not only on account of its abundance, but on account 
of the fine quality of its flesh as food and of the sport 
that its hunting provides. </p>

<p>The flight of the Pintail is swift, and it has the habit 
of dropping from a high altitude for a long distance, some¬ 
times almost to the ground, during which performance the 
wings produce a rushing sound that is audible for a con¬ 
siderable distance. When rising from the water it springs 
upward, as does the Mallard, and is soon off on its flight. 
On the water it is one of the most graceful of the ducks, 
but always alert. It is not from particular choice a diving 
species, and it seeks its food along the shore, or in shallow 
water, by stretching down the neck and dabbling in the 
mud to obtain the animal or vegetable food on which it 
subsists. This food consists to a large extent of vegetable 
matter, such as seeds, roots, and tender shoots of various 
kinds of water plants, as pondweeds, grasses, smartweeds, 
sedges, duckweeds, and other similar vegetation. It feeds 
also on such animal food as worms, snails, leeches, small 
fishes, crawfishes, other crustaceans, and various kinds of 
insects. </p>

<p>It nests commonly on dry ground, sometimes at a con¬ 
siderable distance from water, although also near the shores 
of lakes, ponds, or other bodies of water. It* places its nest 
on the ground in a depression; makes it of small sticks, 
grasses, mosses, and other vegetation; and lines it with finer 
grasses, leaves, and down. Sometimes the nest is well con¬ 
cealed, at other times it is easily discovered. The eggs are </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Pintail </p>

<p>
111 </p>

<p>
usually six to eight, and in color pale buff or greenish. The 
young are hatched in a rather shorter time than the young 
of the Mallard, in slightly over three weeks, and the in¬ 
cubation is taken care of by the female alone. She is not 
easily flushed from the nest and will sometimes remain 
until almost trodden upon. As with many other species of 
ducks, the female takes most of the care of the young, and 
is exceedingly solicitous for the welfare of her children. 
When they are threatened by an intruder she apparently 
forgets about herself and seeks only to draw attention away 
from her young by feigning injury or by other means. </p>

<p>The American Pintail is a very abundant winter resi¬ 
dent, from September 15 to April 27, throughout Louisiana, 
reported north to Lake Providence, Bear Lake northwest of 
Tallulah, Lake Bistineau, and Caddo Lake; west to Shreve¬ 
port and southwestern Cameron Parish; south to Cameron, 
Calcasieu Lake, Grand Chenier, shores of Grand Lake in 
eastern Cameron Parish, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Vermilion Bay, Lake Barre, 
and Port Eads; and east to Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi 
River Delta, the lower Mississippi River, Breton Island, 
Errol Island, Freemason Island, Chandeleur Island, Brush 
Island, Chef Menteur, Lake Catherine, New Roads, and 
Madison Parish. It is most numerous in the marshes of the 
Gulf Coast region, but it frequents all kinds of water and 
marsh areas as well as the swamps, although not so much 
the wooded areas of the swamps as the Mallard. It is often 
seen in flocks of thousands along the coast, by itself or asso¬ 
ciated with other ducks. With the possible exception of the 
Mallard it is the most numerous duck in Louisiana. </p>

<p>This duck was collected at Gum Cove, January 3, 1911; 
at Cameron, November 29 and 30, 1910; at Little Vermilion 
Bay, February 25, 1910; at Gueydan, February 15, 1910; 
Grand Chenier, December 1, 1910; at Belle Isle, March 1 
and 2, 1910; and Big Lake near Hamburg, February 11, 
1910, all by W. L. McAtee. E. J. Trinchard obtained it at 
Lake Borgne Pond in Lake Catherine, February 13, 1910, 
and at Chef Menteur, February 15, 1910; by A. M. Bailey </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>112 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
at the latter locality on April 16, 1917; Wharton Huber at 
Chenier au Tigre, January 19, 1928; Joseph Leiter at 
Chateau Canard in the Mississippi River Delta, January 
30, 1930; L. Jenfreau at Venice, February 18 and 19, 1910; 
and E. R. Kalmbach, south of Gueydan, many specimens 
from February 10 to 17, 1930. </p>

<p>In the Mississippi River Delta this species occurs almost 
everywhere. W. L. McAtee gathered a number of specimens 
at Twenty-seven Pass, February 2, 3, and 4, 1910; E. B. 
Cognevich killed others at Triumph, February 10 to 14, 
1910; and in November, 1911; C. S. Harris at the Delta 
Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 16, 1926; and W. L. 
McAtee on Main Pass, January 31, 1910. H. H. Kopman 
noted it at Port Eads, October 12, 1917; and the writer saw 
about 5600 individuals on Octave Pass, January 22, 1932; 
found the specie's abundant on Codro Pass, Dead Woman 
Pass, and Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; Main Pass 
and Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932; Willow Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 20, 1932; and less common on Pass a Loutre, Johnson 
Pass, and Dennis Pass, December 17, 1932. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman considered it as common on False River 
near New Roads, December 15, 1917; and W. M. Sprinkle 
as abundant on Hog Island, November 13, 1914; Freemason 
Island, November 23, 1910; Errol Island, October 31, 1912; 
Brush Island, January 11, 1914; and Chandeleur Island, 
January 12, 1916. The writer met with it on the lower Ver¬ 
milion River and on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Janu¬ 
ary 23, 1928; on Marsh Island, January 30, 1932; and on 
Avoca Island, January 28, 1932. It was abundant at Avery 
Island, December 28, 1932 and he saw it also at Lake Barre, 
December 23,1932; at Grand Chenier and on Calcasieu Lake, 
December 30, 1932. In southwestern Cameron Parish he 
discovered it common between the Orange-Cameron Land 
Company’s club house and the Gulf of Mexico, and on Black 
Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, January 24, 1928. 
Ned Hollister observed several flocks flying over Bear Lake 
eight miles northwest of Tallulah, February 17 to March 6, 
1904. W. B. Lee reported a fairly good flight of this duck </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life or Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 19 </p>

<p>
' </p>





<p>
T*, </p>

<p>
Digits </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
UN IVI </p>

<p>
Origir.al frcrr </p>

<p>SITY OF M </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Green-winged Teal </p>

<p>
113 </p>

<p>
in ‘the vicinity of Shreveport during the week preceding 
October 21, 1930; and Henry Galbraith reported 500 at 
Caddo Lake on February 4, 1932. A. B. Blakemore chroni¬ 
cled the autumn arrival of this bird at New Orleans about 
September 15; and H. L. Ballowe at Diamond, September 
25,1900. According to J. S. Campbell the American Pintail 
is abundant on Lake Bistineau in late autumn and winter. </p>

<p>GREEN-WINGED TEAL </p>

<p>Nettion carolinense (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This duck is rather smaller and more slender than the 
Blue-winged Teal, and its rufous head with a broad green 
stripe on the side, and its light, dark-spotted, breast, will 
serve to distinguish it, so far at least as the male is con¬ 
cerned, from any of the other small ducks. </p>

<p>The Green-winged Teal is more of a salt water duck 
than the Blue-winged Teal, and is widely distributed 
throughout North America. It occurs in large numbers 
along the coast, as well as in the interior. During the 
breeding season it is rather more northerly in habitat than 
the Blue-winged Teal, and it does not go so far south during 
the winter. </p>

<p>This teal is one of the very swiftest on the wing of all 
our ducks, and perhaps moves at times at the rate of nearly 
100 miles an hour. It is marvelously active in the air, 
and sometimes in dense flocks performs almost unbeliev¬ 
able maneuvers over the marshes. Like the Blue-winged 
Teal it often associates with other ducks, or moves in flocks 
by itself. </p>

<p>The note of the male Green-winged Teal is a rather in¬ 
conspicuous mellow whistle, and that of the female a faint 
quack. On land this bird is rather unusually graceful, and 
can run rather swiftly. Sometimes it even travels consid¬ 
erable distances on foot, particularly when passing from 
one pond to another in search of food. It is, of course, a 
fine swimmer, and dives well, although it does not obtain 
its food usually in this way, preferring to dip in the shallow 
water, as do the other surface feeding ducks. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original frn-m </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIG0fl| </p>



<p>114 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The food of this teal consists of many kinds of water 
animals, such as mollusks, crustaceans, tadpoles, insects, 
and worms, and of various water plants and their seeds. 
It frequently is found in grain fields, where it feeds on 
waste grain of different kinds, such as wheat, barley, and 
corn, and it is fond also of the seeds of weeds and grasses, 
and various berries and nuts. </p>

<p>The nest of this duck is placed on the ground in a de¬ 
pression, and is ordinarily well constructed, in a dry situ¬ 
ation, sometimes not even near the water. It is composed of 
grasses and weeds, sometimes a few leaves and even small 
twigs, and lined with a mat of fine grasses and down. The 
usually 10 to 12 eggs are cream color or very dull white, 
without markings. They are hatched in about the same 
time as the eggs of the Blue-winged Teal, and the female 
takes practically all care of the young until they are able 
to fly. </p>

<p>The Green-winged Teal is a common winter resident, 
from October 1 to April 22, casually to May 2, throughout 
most of Louisiana, though more numerous in the southern 
portion, and mostly transient in the northern part of the 
State. It has been noted north to Bear Lake northwest of 
Tallulah, Monroe, Liberty Hill, and Bienville; west to Fresh¬ 
water Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, and southwestern Cam¬ 
eron Parish; south to Mud Lake in Cameron Parish, Calca¬ 
sieu Pass, Cameron, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Avery Island, Marsh Island, 
Atchafalaya Bay, Timbalier Bay, and the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Main Pass (Mississippi River Delta), 
Belair, New Orleans, Caernovan, St. Bernard, Baton Rouge, 
Mansura in Avoyelles Parish, and Madison Parish. It fre¬ 
quents the marshes and water areas of the Gulf Coast, also 
the swamps, lakes, and streams of the interior, and is found 
often associated with other ducks. </p>

<p>The writer has seen a specimen of this species from 
Freshwater Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, taken, January 12, 
1904; and other birds were collected by G. Wiirdemann in 
the spring of 1854 at Calcasieu Pass; by W. L. McAtee at </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Green-winged Teal </p>

<p>
115 </p>

<p>
Cameron, November 29 to 30, 1910, Grand Chenier, Decem¬ 
ber 1,1910, Little Vermilion Bay, February 23 and 24,1910, 
Gueydan, February 15, 1910, and Belle Isle, March 2, 1910; 
by Joseph Leiter at Chateau Canard on Main Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, January 30,1930; by A. A. Rabalais 
at Mansura in Avoyelles Parish, October 22,1911, December 
20,1910, and January 12,1912; by R. Mattason at Bordelon- 
ville, October 28 and November 5, 1911, and October 2, 
1912; at Hamburg, November 9 and December 9, 1912, No¬ 
vember 1,1912, and October 25, 1912; Moreauville, October 
2 and 15, 1912, and November 30, 1912; and by E. J. Trin- 
chard on Lake Borgne Pond in Lake Catherine, February 
4, 1910. H. H. Kopman reported it at St. Bernard, October 
19, 1920. </p>

<p>In the Mississippi River Delta this species is locally com¬ 
mon. E. B. Cognevich obtained it at Quarantine (Cubit’s 
Gap), December 18,1911; and W. L. McAtee on Main Pass, 
January 31 and February 2, 1910; and on Twenty-seven 
Pass, February 3, 1910. The writer observed small num¬ 
bers at Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932; on Cognovich 
Pass, December 18, 1932; and near the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass, January 22,1932. L. Jenfreau collected birds 
at Venice, February 18 and 19,1910; and the writer saw the 
species occasionally on the Mississippi River between the 
Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve and Ostrica, January 23, 
1932. At Belair, one was reported by Ned Hollister as shot 
there, March 29, 1904. J. S. Campbell reports two collected 
at Liberty Hill, March 10, 1932; another near Bienville, 
April 18, 1933; and several seen on a pond near Bienville, 
April 22, 1933. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister saw a few also about Bear Lake, eight 
miles northwest of Tallulah, February 17 to March 6, 1904. 
The writer noticed the Green-winged Teal on Atchafalaya 
Bay, January 29,1932; on Lake Timbalier, Little Lake, Lake 
Barre, Lake Felicity, and Terrebonne Bayou in Terrebonne 
Parish, December 23, 1932; at Avoca Island, January 27, 
1932; Avery Island, December 28, 1932; on the lower Ver¬ 
milion River and the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>116 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
22, 1928; and on Calcasieu Lake, December 31, 1932. He 
saw a few individuals along the canals in the northwestern 
part of the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s ranch in west¬ 
ern Cameron Parish; and along Black Bayou in northwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish, January 27, 1928; also at Mud Lake 
and the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house, Janu¬ 
ary 26, 1928. </p>

<p>
BLUE-WINGED TEAL </p>

<p>Querquedula discors (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Although one of the smaller ducks, the Blue-winged 
Teal is one of the best known and one greatly sought by 
sportsmen. While it occurs over much of North America it 
is rare or absent in the northern portions, and is most com¬ 
mon in the wide area commonly called the Valley of the Mis¬ 
sissippi. In winter it migrates regularly to South America, 
being the only North American duck that does this in any 
considerable numbers. In addition to its size, its bright 
grayish blue wing-patch will readily distinguish it from 
other similar ducks. </p>

<p>Since it is largely a bird of the fresh water it is found in 
greatest numbers along rivers, and about ponds and lakes, 
where it frequently gathers in great numbers. It is one 
of the earliest migrants among the ducks and passes south 
from the northern part of its range during September. It 
has a rapid and well-sustained flight, moves in often dense 
flocks, and frequently associates with various other species 
of ducks. In alighting it often pitches suddenly down into 
the reeds, like a snipe. </p>

<p>When feeding it is rather graceful in movement, and, 
like the other surface-feeding ducks, does not dive for its 
food but immerses the head and neck in efforts to obtain 
food from the bottom of the water. Its diet comprises 
both vegetable and animal matter, the vegetable consisting 
chiefly of various parts of aquatic plants, seeds of pond- 
weeds, smartweeds, and various kinds of grasses and 
sedges; and the animal matter of many kinds of water 
animals, such as insects, mollusks, worms, and crustaceans. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Blue-winged Teal </p>

<p>
117 </p>

<p>
The nest of this duck is usually on the grassy margin 
of a pond or stream, and is a fairly bulky structure of dif¬ 
ferent kinds of reeds, grasses, and rushes, lined with down. 
Sometimes the nest is arched over, the better to provide 
concealment. The usually 8 to 12 eggs are light cream color 
or dull white, unmarked. Incubation lasts about 22 days, 
and practically all the young are hatched at one time. They 
remain in the nest only until they are able to walk, when 
they are led to the water by their parents and guarded by 
the mother until they are able to take care of themselves. 
Like many of the ducks the female is very attentive to the 
young, and protects them with all the wiles that she pos¬ 
sesses. </p>

<p>The Blue-winged Teal is a permanent resident through¬ 
out the greater part of Louisiana; reported north to Lake 
Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, and 
Bienville; west to western Cameron Parish; south to Calca¬ 
sieu Pass, Cameron, Grand Chenier, the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Vermilion Bay, 
Grand Isle, and the Delta Duck Club in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Diamond, Savoie, Phoenix, Carlisle, Belair, Mitchell Island, 
St. Malo on Lake Borgne, Lake Catherine, and Bayou Sara. 
It is most common as a transient from September to Novem¬ 
ber, and from March to April; and is fairly common in win¬ 
ter in the southern part of the State, but rare in winter in 
northern Louisiana; and a casual breeding bird, from Marsh 
Island and Cameron Parish to Black Bayou Lake in Ouachita 
Parish in the northern part of the State. It nests chiefly in 
April and May; and there is record of eggs on May 9. </p>

<p>T. Gilbert Pearson reports that it breeds sparingly on 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary; and George H. Lowery, 
Jr., mentioned finding adults with young on Black Bayou 
Lake in northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>This species was collected at Calcasieu Pass in the spring 
of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann; south of Gueydan, April 3 and 
5, 1926, by E. R. Kalmbach; in Avoyelles Parish, April 1, 
1912, and September 23, 1912, by A. A. Rabalais; at Belle </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>118 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Isle, March 2, 1910, by W. L. McAtee; and at Grand Isle, 
April 16, 1936, by Ambrose Daigre. H. L. Ballowe reported 
it at Diamond, April 3, 1902; H. H. Kopman at Caernovan, 
November 4, 1917, and April 16 to 18, 1918; at Phoenix, 
September 12 to 15, 1917; and at Savoie, April 14, 1918. 
Ned Hollister found it abundant at Belair, March 25 to 
April 8, 1904; and W. M. Sprinkle saw 25 individuals on 
Mitchell Island, September 19, 1911. A. M. Bailey obtained 
a specimen at Chef Menteur on April 16, 1917; and J. Canile 
several at Grand Chenier on April 6, 1919. </p>

<p>There are a number of known winter occurrences. A 
specimen in the museum of Tulane University was taken at 
St. Malo on Lake Borgne, January 5, 1900. J. S. Campbell 
considers it common in winter at Bienville; he saw four 
individuals at Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, December 
23,1934; and L. E. Hicks eight at Lake Providence, Decem¬ 
ber 22, 1931. W. L. McAtee saw it at Cameron, December 
3, 1910; and the writer noted a few between the Orange- 
Cameron Land Company’s club house and the Gulf of Mex¬ 
ico, January 26, 1928; also at Avery Island, December 28, 
1932; at Avoca Island, January 28, 1932; and a single bird 
on Bayou Black between Houma and the mouth of Bayou 
Chene in Terrebonne Parish, January 27, 1932. G. A. Hill- 
ery collected a single specimen at Carlisle, December 7, 
1919; Joseph Leiter, one at Chateau Canard on Main Pass, 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 31, 1930; C. S. 
Harris, another at the Delta Duck Club on January 16, 
1926, and J. D. Figgins one in Cameron Parish, February 
5, 1920. The writer saw a number on the Mississippi River 
between the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve and Ostrica, 
January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>The subspecies described from Grand Chenier, Louisi¬ 
ana, by F. H. Kennard, as Querquedula discors albinucha 
is apparently but an individual variant of the Blue-winged 
Teal, possibly due in part to the age of the individual. </p>

<p>5 'The Auk. Vnl. XXXVI, No. 4, October, 1919, p. 459. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Cinnamon Teal </p>

<p>
119 </p>

<p>
CINNAMON TEAL </p>

<p>Querquedvla cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot)” </p>

<p>The Cinnamon Teal is a rare autumn and winter visitor 
in northern and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are apparently few definite records for the State. 
The first is a specimen taken by E. Pilate at Opelousas in 
1849, before August 21, and recorded by John Cassin.** The 
species has been reported from Cameron Parish, Marsh 
Island, the State Wild Life Refuge, the Rockefeller Wild 
Life Refuge, Chef Menteur, and by George H. Lowery, Jr.," 
from Shreveport and Ruston, all these without specific 
dates. Definite records** are a pair of birds taken at Pointe 
a la Hache in Plaquemines Parish, December, 1884; another 
pair from the western shore of Lake Pontchartrain near 
New Orleans, obtained also in December, 1884; two females 
shot by A. Perilliat on Lake Catouatchie in December, 1893; 
a pair collected in November, 1896, on Lake Catouatchie; 
a male killed by Rafael Robin at St. Malo on Lake Borgne, 
January 5, 1900, which is now in the museum of Tulane 
University, where it has recently been examined; and one 
bird shot by John Dymond, Jr., at the Delta Duck Club, 
January 15, 1911, this being one of about 20 killed in Lou¬ 
isiana during that season.** </p>

<p>SHOVELER </p>

<p>Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Shoveler, commonly called by sportsmen ‘spoon¬ 
bill’, on account of its somewhat spoon-shaped bill, is one 
of the most handsome North American ducks. Its metallic 
green head, white breast, chestnut under parts, grayish blue 
and green wing markings, and black back, give the male a 
conspicuous appearance that is distinctive. </p>

<p>While it is one of the characteristic fresh water ducks, 
it is found also in the marshes and inlets of the coastal </p>

<p>z *Q\urquedultL cyanoptera of the 1931 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>38 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IV, 1849 (1850), p. 195. </p>

<p>37 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, November, 1931, p. 17. </p>

<p>••Beyer, Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 89; Allison, The 
Auk, Vol. XVII, No. 2, April, 1900, p. 170. </p>

<p>••McAtee, The Auk, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1911, p. 274. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>120 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
areas, and even sometimes at the mouths of rivers along 
Ihe coast. It occurs elsewhere in all kinds of situations 
wherever there is water and food, and frequently associates 
with other ducks, such as the Baldpate and Lesser Scaup, 
either in small companies, or at times in larger flocks by 
itself. This duck has a swift and rapid flight, and rises 
straight up from the water without difficulty as do the Mal¬ 
lard and Pintail. The notes of the Shoveler are not con¬ 
spicuous, being weak and low-pitched. It is one of the ducks 
that may be expected, particularly during migration and 
in winter, in almost any large company of mixed waterfowl. </p>

<p>The Shoveler feeds much from the surface of the water, 
but also in shallow water, along the edges of the marshes, 
where at times it tips up to feed from the bottom, although 
it does not indulge in this practice so much as some of the 
other surface-feeding ducks. Its food consists chiefly of 
the buds, young shoots, and seeds of grasses, rushes, duck¬ 
weeds, pondweeds, and various other water plants, together 
with crustaceans, small mollusks, worms, small frogs, fishes, 
snails, and other similar aquatic animals. </p>

<p>It nests on the ground, usually on prairies or meadow 
lands, sometimes on high ground at a considerable distance 
from the water, on either moist or dry ground. The nest 
is placed in a depression, and usually is well hidden in the 
grass or by other vegetation. It is composed of grasses, 
weed-stalks, and similar materials, and lined with down 
and finer grasses. The eggs are usually about 11, and are 
of a pale dull greenish color. The male takes little interest 
in the nest and the subsequent care of the young, but gath¬ 
ers into flocks and frequents the ponds and sloughs in the 
general neighborhood. The incubation duties and the care 
of the young are performed entirely by the female. </p>

<p>The Shoveler is a winter resident, from October 21 to 
April 16, in Louisiana, common in the Gulf Coast region, 
from Chandeleur Island and Lake Catherine, west to Belair, 
Phoenix, Mississippi River Delta, Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, Rockefeller Wild Life Refuge, Chenier au Tigre, and 
Calcasieu Pass; less common, often only a transient in cen- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Shoveler </p>

<p>
121 </p>

<p>
tral and northern Louisiana; reported in winter north to 
Lake Providence, Bear Lake northwest of Tallulah, Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, Black Lake Bayou in Bien¬ 
ville Parish, and Lake Bistineau. It frequents the marshes 
and islands of the coast region directly on the Gulf of Mex¬ 
ico in salt water, and also the ponds, swamps, lakes, and 
streams of the interior, often associated with other ducks. 
It is, however, apparently much less numerous than for¬ 
merly. </p>

<p>This duck was taken at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 
1854 by G. Wiirdemann; at Belle Isle, March 1, 1910, by 
W. L. McAtee; south of Gueydan, April 8, 1926, by E. R. 
Kalmbach; at Carlisle by G. A. Hillery, November 2, 1919; 
and at Chateau Canard on Main Pass in the Mississippi Riv¬ 
er Delta, January 1 and 29, 1929, and January 30, 1930. H. 
H. Kopman saw a few at Phoenix, October 23,1917; found it 
abundant at Belair, October 21, 1917; and observed it also 
on Lake Catherine, April 4 and 5, 1918. A. K. Fisher killed 
ten at Chef Menteur, November 2, 1919; A. M. Bailey one 
there on April 16, 1917; and R. B. Warther others at 
Grand Chenier on February 21, and March 10, 1916. </p>

<p>W. L. McAtee obtained it at Grand Chenier, December 1, 
1910; Cameron, November 29 and 30, 1910; and on Twenty- 
seven Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, February 2 and 3, 
1910; and L. Jenfreau at Venice, February 18 and 19, 1910. 
The writer found it common in the Mississippi River Delta, 
especially on the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve, January 
23, 1932, where it frequented largely the mouths of the 
passes. He noted it at Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932; 
on Octave Pass, January 22, 1932; Main Pass, December 
19, 1932; and Willow Pass, December 20, 1932. W. M. 
Sprinkle reported several hundred feeding about Chande- 
leur Island, February 12, 1915. W. L. McAtee discovered 
it common in the region about Vermilion Bay, February 23 
to March 3,1910; and Vernon Bailey abundant in the marsh 
area of southern Cameron Parish, January 6 to 13, 1926. 
W. L. McAtee met with it at Cameron, December 3, 1910; 
and the writer saw 400 individuals near the club house of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>122 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
the Orange-Cameron Land Company in southwestern Cam¬ 
eron Parish, January 25, 1928; and small numbers of this 
bird in the same general region about the same time; and 
on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 
1928. Ned Hollister reported a flock of 12 birds on Bear 
Lake, eight miles northwest of Tallulah, February 28,1904; 
and J. S. Campbell two individuals at Tallulah, December 
25,1933; and two at Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, De¬ 
cember 23, 1934. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it is 
fairly common during winter at False River in northern 
West Baton Rouge Parish. J. S. Campbell also considers it 
rather regular in winter on Black Lake Bayou in Bienville 
Parish, and on Lake Bistineau. </p>

<p>WOOD DUCK </p>

<p>Aix sponsa (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Perhaps the most beautiful duck in North America, the 
male Wood Duck is conspicuous by his bright colors. His 
green and purple head, with narrow white streaks, white 
throat, reddish or chestnut breast, and white under parts, 
with light buffy brown sides, pinkish white bill, and orange 
feet, mark him as distinguished. </p>

<p>This shy bird is almost exclusively a fresh water duck, 
and lives in the cypress and other swamps of the south, the 
wooded swamps and marshy woodlands, particularly along 
the streams, and other similar places in the north. Usually 
seen singly, in pairs, or in small flocks, it occasionally, in 
places where it is abundant, gathers in flocks of sometimes 
several thousands. It is, in the northern part of its range, 
a strictly summer bird, from which characteristic it is com¬ 
monly called ‘summer duck’. It is a rather early spring 
migrant, and soon passes into its northern quarters. In its 
natural haunts this bird is very skillful in flying swiftly 
through the trees, even in dim light. Its ordinary flight is 
strong and swift, and its outline is usually sufficient for 
identification. It is an excellent swimmer and, like most 
ducks, can dive well, although it does not commonly engage 
much in this practice. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wood Duck </p>

<p>
123 </p>

<p>
The notes of the male are a rather weak, plaintive 
whistle, but the female has a rather harsh quack. </p>

<p>The Wood Duck obtains part of its food on the surface 
of the water, or from the bottom of the shallows. It feeds 
also largely on the land, picking up from the ground vari¬ 
ous kinds of vegetable matter, such as chestnuts, acorns, 
and berries. It feeds much on the seeds, stems, and leaves 
of water plants, such as duckweeds, grasses, sedges, and 
pondweeds. It lives also on many kinds of insects, such 
as beetles, locusts, and May flies, and on small fishes, snails, 
small frogs, and similar animals. </p>

<p>It is one of the relatively few kinds of ducks that do 
not nest on the ground. For this purpose the bird selects 
a cavity in a tree, and from this habit is called ‘Wood Duck’ 
or ‘tree duck’. While this is its common place of nesting it 
uses also suitable bird boxes put up for the purpose. The 
nest is nearly always not far from water, but sometimes it 
is at a considerable distance; and the height from the ground 
varies from three to more than 50 feet. The hollow used 
as the nest often contains pieces of plants, feathers, and 
down. The dull white eggs are usually 10 to 15 in number, 
although sometimes many more. The young are hatched in 
about four weeks. Although the female performs this her¬ 
self, the male is often not far away. Much has been said 
regarding the manner in which the female Wood Duck 
brings the young from the nest to the water on which they 
subsequently live, but it is now known that there are at least 
three or four methods by which this is accomplished. Some¬ 
times the young, when the nest is not too high from the 
ground, jump or scramble down to the water themselves, 
sometimes they are carried by the parents, on the back or 
grasped in the feet or bill of the parent. </p>

<p>The Wood Duck is one of the outstanding examples of 
the value of protection, since many years ago this duck was 
in great danger of practical extinction, but by a closed sea¬ 
son, which is still in effect, it has been brought back to a 
condition that is very gratifying to all who are fond of the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>124 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
out-of-doors. It is hoped that no catastrophe will happen 
to this beautiful bird and that it may always be preserved. </p>

<p>The Wood Duck is a common permanent resident 
throughout Louisiana, wherever there are wooded swamps 
or bayous, even in the southern part of the Gulf Coast re¬ 
gion; less common, however, in winter in northern Louisi¬ 
ana than in the southern part of the State; reported north 
to Lake Providence, West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Black 
Bayou Lake in Ouachita Parish, Saline Creek in Bienville 
Parish, and Lake Caddo; west to Clear Lake in De Soto 
Parish and to Cameron Parish; south to Calcasieu Pass, the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Avery 
Island, Houma, and Belair; and east to Boutte, New Or¬ 
leans, Bayou Loutre in St. Bernard Parish, Madisonville, 
Clinton, Bayou Sara, Bains, Moreauville, Hamburg, Borde- 
lonville, Mansura, and Thomastown. It is probably more 
numerous everywhere in the summer than in the winter, 
and breeds chiefly from early April to June. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at New Orleans, December 13, 1909. Wood Ducks 
were obtained at Long Lake near Hamburg, in March, 1910, 
by P. A. Conlon; at Mansura in Avoyelles Parish, October 
28 and 30, 1911, December 20, 1910, January 12, 1911, and 
February 4, 1911, by A. A. Rabalais; and by J. B. Mattason 
at Hamburg, September 20,1912, December 12 and 20,1912, 
and February 2 and 24, 1912; at Moreauville, September 15, 
1912, November 11, 1911, and December 3, 1912; and at 
Bordelonville, October 22, 1911, and November 5, 6, and 16, 
1911. The writer found it fairly numerous along the lower 
Vermilion River below Abbeville, January 22, 1928; and 
Henry Galbraith reported 25 seen at Caddo Lake, February 
14, 1932. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported in 1891 that it bred at Madi¬ 
sonville and Clinton; and Robert Butler states that it now 
nests in West Feliciana Parish. J. S. Campbell considers it 
not common in summer along Saline Creek in Bienville 
Parish, where it breeds. H. H. Kopman found it common 
at St. Martinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; and he noted it also </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Redhead </p>

<p>
125 </p>

<p>
at Burton, between July 12 to 14, 1917; at Bayou Boeuf, 
June 19 to 21,1917; on Bayou Chene, August 29 to 30,1917; 
and at Boutte, August 23 and 24, 1917. C. A. Bibbins gave 
it as a common resident at Mermentau; and E. C. Wurzlow 
as common at Houma. A. M. Bailey noted the species breed¬ 
ing at Avery Island, May 18,1930. H. H. Kopman remarked 
it common about the small lakes in the swamps near Thom- 
astown in Madison Parish, July 13 to 28, 1896; and Ned 
Hollister met with it commonly in East Carroll and West 
Carroll parishes, March 6 to 13, 1904. He obtained a speci¬ 
men at Tallulah on February 23, 1904; and J. S. Campbell 
observed two individuals there on December 25, 1933. </p>

<p>REDHEAD </p>

<p>Nyroca americana (Eyton) </p>

<p>This duck is well described by its common name, but 
is sometimes, in books at least, called the American Poch¬ 
ard, on account of its supposed close relationship to the 
European bird known by that name. It is readily disting¬ 
uished from all the ducks, except the Canvasback, by its 
reddish chestnut head and neck, gray upper parts, and 
whitish posterior under surface. It differs from the Can¬ 
vasback in having a shorter, stouter bill, and more brightly 
chestnut head. </p>

<p>It breeds exclusively in the interior, on lakes, ponds, 
sloughs, and other small bodies of water, but during winter 
it lives in the coastal regions, on the inlets, lagoons, and 
adjacent rivers, frequenting both the marshes and the open 
water. This is one of the ducks that gather into enormous 
flocks, and is often associated with other ducks, particular¬ 
ly the Canvasback. It has suffered most severely from ad¬ 
verse conditions in the last few years, and its careful pro¬ 
tection in the immediate future is the only prospect that 
exists for its salvation. It is one of the finest of our North 
American ducks, one, too, that is much sought after by 
sportsmen and epicures, and for these reasons, as well as 
for many others, it is desirable that it receive adequate pro¬ 
tection. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>126 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
In obtaining its food the Redhead almost always pursues 
the diving method, and it, therefore, is able to feed in water 
of considerable depth, although it frequents for this pur¬ 
pose the places where it can find the food that it seeks. It 
may be seen also, on occasion, working about the shallow 
margins of the marshes and streams, where also it can find 
food, at times in company with surface-feeding ducks. It 
lives on the roots, leaves, and other parts of various kinds 
of water plants, such as wild celery, water lilies, wild rice, 
and such animals as frogs, snails, other mollusks, fishes, 
lizards, insects, and other, chiefly water, animals. </p>

<p>The Redhead breeds usually in marshes and sloughs, 
where there is a suitable place for its nest among the rushes 
or flags. This is usually located in rather shallow wat¬ 
er, and among the plants that grow in such places. It is 
composed of reeds, rushes, or similar water plants, and 
lined with finer materials of the same kind, but often with 
little or no down, sometimes, however, with a considerable 
quantity. The eggs are considerable in number, commonly 
from 10 to 15, but often many more. They are usually pale 
buff in color, and can ordinarily be distinguished from the 
eggs of the Canvasback. Not infrequently eggs of other 
species of ducks are found in the nest of the Redhead. The 
young are beautiful balls of down, buff or brownish olive 
in color, with darker markings. They are able to swim al¬ 
most as soon as hatched, and are taken in charge by the 
female. </p>

<p>The Redhead is an uncommon, formerly common or 
abundant, winter resident, from November 12 to March 22, 
in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana; reported 
from Lake Catherine, Chandeleur Island, South Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, southern La Fourche Parish, East 
Cote Blanche Bay, West Cote Blanche Bay, Vermilion Bay, 
Marsh Island, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au 
Tigre, Grand Chenier, and Belle Isle Lake in Vermilion Par¬ 
ish; north to False River in northern West Baton Rouge 
Parish, Lake Providence, Monroe, Black Lake Bayou in 
Bienville Parish, and Lake Bistineau. It is chiefly a tran- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ring-necked Duck </p>

<p>
127 </p>

<p>
sient in the northern part of the State, most frequently ob¬ 
served along the Mississippi River in northeastern Louisi¬ 
ana. It frequents the bays, bayous, lakes, and larger streams, 
and is one of the ducks that have greatly decreased in 
recent years. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans are from Lake Catherine, February 14, 1885; and 
from the shores of Lake Pontchartrain, near New Orleans, 
January 21,1894. W. M. Sprinkle records several hundred 
individuals feeding about Chandeleur Island, December 14, 
1912; at Freemason Island, January 1,1914; at Errol Island, 
January 14, 1914; and on Breton Island, January 17, 1911. 
W. T. Helmuth noted a flock of these birds on South Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta, March 22, 1918. It is seen only 
sparingly in winter on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary,' 
where the writer saw ten birds on the lake near the club 
house, January 23, 1928. A. M. Bailey reports a few killed 
by hunters at Chenier au Tigre, December 8 to 18,1925, and 
a few taken at Belle Isle in Vermilion Parish in December, 
1925. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it common in win¬ 
ter in the Baton Rouge region; and observed it on False 
River, December 31, 1934; J. S. Campbell records it from 
Black Lake Bayou in Bienville Parish and Lake Bistineau 
in the autumn of 1933. </p>

<p>RING-NECKED DUCK </p>

<p>Perissonetta collaris (Donovan) 4 ® </p>

<p>This bird, about the size of the Lesser Scaup Duck, and 
of similar coloration, may be easily distinguished from that 
bird by its dull gray instead of white wing-patch. </p>

<p>It is mostly a fresh-water duck, living on the ponds, 
lakes, sloughs of the interior, and on the fresh-water ponds 
and lagoons of the coast regions. This bird is swift of 
flight and moves usually in small flocks, although sometimes 
thousands are found together, particularly during the win¬ 
ter. It is a good swimmer and an excellent diver, and 
obtains much of its food by the latter method, although it </p>

<p>* f 'Xl/roca collaris of the 1931 A. O. U. Check List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>128 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
does feed by dabbling along the shallow margins of the wa¬ 
ter, particularly where there is considerable vegetation. </p>

<p>Its food consists of the seeds, bulbs, leaves, and other 
parts of water plants such as wild rice and pondweeds, to¬ 
gether with water insects and their larvae, snails, craw¬ 
fishes, small frogs, and small fishes. </p>

<p>The nest of this duck is placed on the ground in a marsh 
or wet meadow, sometimes built up in the water, and usual¬ 
ly well concealed by the surrounding vegetation. It is a 
rather bulky structure composed of various kinds of grasses 
and lined with down. The usually 8 to 12 eggs are pale 
olive buff and very closely resemble those of the Lesser 
Scaup Duck. </p>

<p>The Ring-necked Duck is a fairly common, locally com¬ 
mon, winter resident, from October 15 to April 26, in prac¬ 
tically all of Louisiana. It has been reported north to 
Liberty Hill and Bienville; west to Cameron Parish; south 
to the Florence Club 16 miles south of Gueydan, the Rainey 
Wild Life Sancutary, Avery Island, Avoca Island, Lake 
Felicity, and the mouth of the Mississippi River; and east 
to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, New Orleans, 
Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Catherine, New Roads, Moreau- 
ville, and Hamburg. It is not so often seen in the northern 
part of the State, especially during the winter. It frequents 
the bayous, swamps, lakes, and the passes of the Mississippi 
River Delta, often associated with the Lesser Scaup Duck. 
It was evidently in former years much more numerous than 
at the present time. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at Bayou Des Allemands, January 20, 1893; on the 
shore of Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans, November 
15, 1875, and on Lake Pontchartrain, November 12, 1875. 
The writer has also examined a specimen collected at Lib¬ 
erty Hill, April 26, 1933, by J. S. Campbell; and one at 
Morgan City, October 31, 1925, by Arthur Svihla. W. L. 
McAtee obtained it at Lake Roseau near Hamburg, Febru¬ 
ary 11, 1910; J. B. Mattason at Hamburg, December 10, 12, 
14, 16, and 20, 1912, and at Moreauville, December 1, 1912. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
PtATE 20 </p>

<p>
Bmp Lire of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Rainey Wild lJfr;:Ss^^Ott^ Ls.. Januavy 1, I ($4. </p>

<p>'rhotoifraph by A. M- ©fr!i*&gt; an a t\ R. DfcklniOfi. r </p>







<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Canvasback </p>

<p>
129 </p>

<p>
Stanley C. Arthur secured it at the mouth of the Mississippi 
River, December 4, 1924; and E. B. Cognevich at Quaran¬ 
tine (Cubit’s Gap) in the Mississippi River Delta, Novem¬ 
ber 11,1911, December 18 and 25,1911. It is one of the less 
common ducks in the Mississippi River Delta. The writer 
saw 100 individuals on Willow Pass, December 20,1932; but 
only a few on the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve, January 
23,1932; near the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 
19,1928; and at Chateau Canard on Main Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, January 19, 1928. J. S. Campbell saw 
eight at Pool's Pond near Bienville, October 28,1933. H. H. 
Kopman reported it as fairly common on False River at New 
Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish, December 15,1917; and the 
writer noted it ht the Florence Club 16 miles south of Guey- 
dan, December 29, 1932; at Avery Island, December 28, 
1932; and on Lake Felicity, December 23, 1932. On the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 300 were seen, January 23, 
1928; and at Avoca Island over 650 on January 28, 1932. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., reported several birds observed in 
Cameron Parish about January 1, 1938. </p>

<p>CANVASBACK </p>

<p>Aristonetta valisineria (Wilson) 41 </p>

<p>Few ducks have so great a reputation for excellence of 
their flesh as food as has the canvasback, but, except un¬ 
der certain unusual circumstances, the taste of its flesh is 
really inferior to some of its near relatives. On account of 
its perhaps over-publicized excellence as food, and for other 
reasons, it has much more than ordinary attractiveness for 
sportsmen and naturalists. </p>

<p>In general appearance it is a dull red-headed duck with 
a long bill, whitish back, and blackish breast. It is a truly 
American duck, being confined to North America, breeding 
in the middle and more northern parts of the continent, 
except in the east, and migrating to Mexico and to the 
Gulf of Mexico for the winter. In days gone by, during 
the months of October and November, the Canvasback, </p>

<p>4l Xyroca valisineria of the 1931 A. O. IT. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, &gt;gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>130 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
both in the eastern United States and along the Gulf Coast, 
swarmed in almost countless thousands over the waters of 
the bays and lagoons. Today, however, the species is greatly 
reduced in numbers, and particularly is this noticeable 
along the Gulf Coast, as, for instance, in Louisiana and 
Texas. </p>

<p>Wherever the wild celery grows in fresh, or nearly 
fresh, water along the coasts, the Canvasback is likely to 
be found, since this is one of its favored foods. Wild celery 
grows in relatively shallow water, but in order to obtain 
the roots the birds must dive for them. Whenever the 
bird feeds on this diet it acquires a very delicate flavor, 
but without this food, and when it lives op various other 
water plants, seeds, and mollusks, small fishes, and various 
other water animals, its flesh is not nearly so good. </p>

<p>Although a heavy bird its flight is strong and well sus¬ 
tained, and it is a marvelous swimmer and diver. When 
engaged in feeding or resting on the water, the Canvasback 
seems to be protected by sentinel birds that give the alarm 
whenever an enemy approaches. In the interior of the 
country it feeds and rests, as well as breeds, on the prairie 
ponds and smaller bodies of water. Along the larger bays 
of the coast there is a more or less regular daily movement 
to and from the feeding grounds. On these flights it 
travels very much as during migration, in small, wide ex¬ 
tending parties of more or less geometrical outline. </p>

<p>As many sportsmen have discovered, the Canvasback 
is a shy duck, and there is need for much strategy on the 
part of the duck hunter successfully to lure the bird within 
range. Like many other ducks it can be frightened away 
from a particular locality by too much shooting, and this, 
in part, may be the reason for its absence at the present 
time in certain places along the coasts where it was formerly 
abundant. </p>

<p>This duck places its nest in the tall grass or rushes 
along the edge of some pond or lake or stream. It is usually 
situated in shallow water, and ordinarily rests on the bot- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Canvasback </p>

<p>
131 </p>

<p>
tom. It is a bulky structure, composed of rushes, grasses, 
small twigs, and lined with feathers and down, apparently 
sometimes taken from the breast of the female. Notwith¬ 
standing its bulky character the nest is usually well and 
strongly built. There are usually six to ten eggs of a gray¬ 
ish green or greenish buff color. </p>

<p>The Canvasback is a fairly common, locally common, 
winter resident, from November 7 to May 6, in southern 
Louisiana, from the mouth of the Mississippi River, Morgan 
City, Vermilion Bay, Avery Island, Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, Chenier au Tigre, and probably the lower Sabine 
River, north to Lake Catherine and New Roads in Pointe 
Coupee Parish; and a rather uncommon winter visitor and 
transient in northern Louisiana, recorded north to Lake 
Bistineau. It frequents the lakes of the interior, the coast 
prairies, and the waters of the Mississippi River Delta, even 
to the edge of the Gulf of Mexico. It was formerly abun¬ 
dant, but is now greatly reduced in numbers, and there are 
perhaps not more than a relatively few thousands winter¬ 
ing in the State each year. </p>

<p>This species was collected in the Mississippi River Delta 
at Cubit’s Gap, February 10 to 14,1910, and in March, 1910, 
by E. B. Cognevich; at Chateau Canard on Main Pass, Jan¬ 
uary 20, 1930, by Joseph Leiter; at the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass, November 22, 1925, and January 16, 1926, on 
Main Pass, January 30, 1910, and on Twenty-seven Pass, 
February 3, 1910, by W. L. McAtee. In this region it is 
probably at the present time more numerous than anywhere 
else in the State. The writer saw a few on Octave Pass on 
January 19, 1928, and January 22, 1932; also on Dead 
Woman Pass, December 18, 1932; Willow Pass, December 
20, 1932; and much larger numbers on Gasper Pass and 
Main Pass, December 19, 1932. He found it numerous also 
on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 
1928; and a few at Avery Island, December 28, 1932. A. M. 
Bailey noted a few in the vicinity of the West Chenier Lakes 
near Chenier au Tigre, November, 1916, and March 6,1918; 
and abundant there, December 8 to 18,1925. J. B. Mattason 
collected it at Moreauville, November 15 and 22, 1912; and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>132 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Stanley C. Arthur at Lake Catherine, November 7, 1925. 
H. H. Kopman reported it fairly common on False River 
near New Roads, December 15, 1917; and Arthur Svihla 
noted it at Morgan City on September 25,1925. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell states that it is rare at Lake Bistineau but that a few 
are killed there each winter.- </p>

<p>AMERICAN GREATER SCAUP DUCK </p>

<p>Fulix marila nearctica (Stejneger) 4 * </p>

<p>The American Greater Scaup Duck is a rare winter resi¬ 
dent, from November 2 to January 22, reported from the 
Mississippi River to Vermilion Parish, and north to New 
Orleans and Avery Island. There are very few definite 
records of this species for the State, and in the field it is 
often confused with the Lesser Scaup Duck. </p>

<p>A specimen in the Biological Survey collection in the 
United States National Museum was collected at Avery 
Island, December 13, 1929, by E. A. Mcllhenny. Examples 
were also taken by G. A. Hillery at Carlisle, November 2, 
1919, and December 7, 1919. The writer observed three on 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928; and 22 
at Avery Island, December 28, 1932. </p>

<p>The Greater Scaup Ducks inhabiting North America are 
subspecifically distinguishable from those of the Old World. 
While there is apparently no significant difference in size, 
the American bird has the middle portion of the outer webs 
of all but the three outer primaries whitish or white, which 
areas in the European bird are dull brownish, or at most 
light brown. While this character is most evident in the 
males it holds good also in the females in that the feather 
areas in question are distinctly lighter in the American bird 
than in the other. </p>

<p>The breeding range of the American Greater Scaup 
Duck is in Alaska, and northern to central southern Canada; 
and the winter distribution extends from southern Alaska 
and Maine south to Lower California, Texas, Louisiana, 
and Florida. </p>

<p>42 Nyroca marila of the 1931 A. O. 17. Cheek-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Lesser Scaup Duck </p>

<p>
133 </p>

<p>
This now recognizable race was long ago separated as 
Aythya marila nearctica by Leonhard Stejneger, 4 ’ who based 
his name on the “American subspecies”; and his type, sub¬ 
sequently selected, is an adult male, No. 89226 of the United 
States National Museum Collection, collected at Bristol Bay, 
Alaska, May 1,1882, by Charles L. McKay, original number 
96. The American Greater Scaup Duck would, therefore, 
be called Fulix marila nearctica. </p>

<p>Perhaps the reason for the disuse of this subspecific 
name is that in the original description the difference be¬ 
tween the two races was stated to be the color of the "inner” 
webs of the primaries, whereas the real character is in the 
outer webs. </p>

<p>
LESSER SCAUP DUCK </p>

<p>Fulix affinis (Eyton) 44 </p>

<p>This is one of the most abundant and best known of 
our ducks. Its rather small size, black head and neck, with 
conspicuous bluish gray bill, light colored back, and wings 
with a conspicuous white patch, serve to distinguish it 
among North American ducks. The female is brown where 
the male is black. </p>

<p>This duck frequents the swamps, marshes, lakes, and 
other water areas of the interior during the summer and 
migration seasons, but in winter it concentrates mostly in 
the coastal regions. It assembles sometimes in enormous 
flocks, which may or may not associate with other ducks. 
Unfortunately this bird is not nearly so abundant today as 
it used to be. It is fond of resting on the water in great 
rafts, where, as it frequently stays far away from the 
shore, it is reasonably safe from hunters and enemies. Its 
flight is swift and well sustained, although it has some 
difficulty in rising from the water. It is an excellent diver 
and obtains much of its food in this way. </p>

<p>It feeds, to a considerable extent in fresh water, and 
on wild rice, the seeds and other parts of such plants as 
bayberry, burreed, and saw-grass; on snails, small oysters, </p>

<p>‘•Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., No. 29, Dec. 16, 1885, p. 161 (in text). </p>

<p>* i \yroca affinis of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Got &gt;gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>134 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
and other mollusks, crawfishes, tadpoles, small fishes, 
worms, and water insects and their larvae. </p>

<p>The nest of the Lesser Scaup is placed on the ground, 
either on moist prairie or in a marshy place, or even on 
dry ground. It is ordinarily well concealed, and composed 
chiefly of dry grass and similar vegetable materials, and 
lined with down, feathers, and sometimes fine grass. The 
usually 9 to 12 eggs are olive buff, and are hatched 
by the female in three or four weeks. The handsome downy 
young are solicitously cared for by the female as soon as 
they are able to follow her about. </p>

<p>The Lesser Scaup Duck is a winter resident, from Octo¬ 
ber 12 to May 27, chiefly in southern Louisiana; reported 
from the Chandeleur Islands, Lake Borgne, the Mississippi 
River Delta, Grand Isle, Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, and 
Cameron Parish; north to Lake Pontchartrain, Napoleon- 
ville, Lake Providence, and Oak Grove in West Carroll Par¬ 
ish ; formerly very abundant, but now common, only locally 
abundant. It frequents the inland lakes and bayous, as well 
as the more open waters of the Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>This species was taken by E. J. Trinchard at Lake 
Borgne Pond in Lake Catherine, February 4 and 13, 1910; 
by G. A. Hillery at Carlisle, January 11, 1920, November 2, 
1919, and December 7, 1919; by E. G. Wright at Avery 
Island, May 17, 1930; also banded birds were killed at 
Golden Meadow, December 6, 1931, and at Napoleonville, 
December 3, 1926. Eugene M. Boring found it common at 
Lake Catherine, November 20 and December 16,1932; A. K. 
Fisher at Chef Menteur, November 2 and 3,1919; and H. H. 
Kopman saw a few at Belair, October 21, 1917. W. M. 
Sprinkle reported it present in numbers at Chandeleur 
Island, January 12, 1916; at Freemason Island, January 26, 
1914; Sundown Island and Martin Island, January 22, 1914; 
Mitchell Island, January 23, 1914, and November 10, 1914; 
Errol Island, January 25, 1914; Breton Island, November 
28, 1916; Battledore Island, January 24, 1914; and Hog 
Island, February 10, 1915. He noted only a few at North 
Island, October 12, 1914; and at Old Harbor Key, May 27, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Goldeneye </p>

<p>
135 </p>

<p>
1911. Ambrose Daigre observed this duck at Grand Isle on 
April 11, 1936. Along the lower Mississippi River from 
Ostrica to Myrtle Grove the writer noticed a small number 
on January 24,1932. In the Mississippi River Delta he met 
with a few on Pass a Loutre and Johnson Pass, December 
17, 1932; and near the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, 
January 22, 1932, but the species was not common in this 
region. He saw some 4500 birds of this species on Lake 
Salvador, January 26, 1932, which is a larger number than 
he has personally observed anywhere else in the State at any 
one time. He found it present in considerable numbers on 
Bayou Des Allemands in La Fourche Parish, December 24, 
1932, and saw some near New Orleans, January 21, 1932. 
It was fairly common on Lake Barre, December 22,1932; on 
Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), December 23, 1932; also on 
Atchafalaya Bay, January 29, 1932. The writer saw only a 
few, however, on Little Caillou Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, 
December 24, 1932; on the Atchafalaya River between Mor¬ 
gan City and Little Wax Bayou, January 28, 1932; as well 
as on West Cote Blanche Bay, January 29, 1932; but found 
it common on Vermilion Bay, January 29, 1932; at Avery 
Island, December 28, 1932; and on the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 1928. He detected a small 
number at Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932; and a single 
individual on the lower Vermilion River below Abbeville, 
January 30, 1932. A. M. Bailey recorded it abundant at 
Chenier au Tigre, December 8 to 18,1925; and W. L. McAtee 
considered it common at Cameron in Cameron Parish, No¬ 
vember 28 to December 6,1910; but the writer saw only two 
at Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish on January 
26, 1928. J. S. Campbell noted 86 at Oak Grove on Decem¬ 
ber 23, 1934; and a single bird at Pool’s Pond, near Bien¬ 
ville, March 18, 1934. Specimens of this duck were taken 
by A. M. Bailey at White Lake on February 7 and 9, 1919. </p>

<p>AMERICAN GOLDENEYE </p>

<p>Glaucionetta clangida americana (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The American Goldeneye is a rare winter resident, from 
late autumn to May, in southern Louisiana, chiefly from the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>136 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Mississippi River and Cat Island, Mississippi, west to the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary in Vermilion Parish; and a rare 
transient in central and northern Louisiana, chiefly in the 
vicinity of the Mississippi River, but noted west to Monroe. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University taken on Lake Washa, near New Orleans, 
December, 1875; and in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans, from Golden 
Meadow, December 14, 1931. A single individual was seen 
by Ned Hollister on Bear Lake eight miles northwest of Tal¬ 
lulah, March 6, 1904; and George H. Lowery, Jr., reports it 
rare at Monroe. T. Gilbert Pearson gives it as not common 
on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary. A single bird was taken 
by Stanley C. Arthur at the mouth of the Mississippi River, 
December 7, 1924. The writer saw two at Avery Island, 
December 28, 1932; 12 on Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), 
four on Little Lake, three on Deep Lake, and one on Lake 
Felicity, all in Terrebonne Parish, December 23, 1932. 
William Lea collected one bird in Cameron Parish on De¬ 
cember 5, 1919. </p>

<p>
BUFFLEHEAD </p>

<p>Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This duck is one of the most beautiful and at the same 
time one of the smallest of our North American waterfowl. 
Its black plumage, with a large white patch on the side of 
the head will readily distinguish it in the male from almost 
any other duck, except perhaps the Goldeneye, and even 
from this it is readily separated on account of the lack of 
a white spot in front of the eye, and the presence of white 
on the side of the hind head. It is unfortunately one of the 
least common of our ducks, and one that needs careful pro¬ 
tection in future. It is sometimes called ‘spirit duck’; and 
often ‘butterball’. </p>

<p>It lives in the vicinity of ponds, lakes, streams, and 
other bodies of water in the interior, and also on the bays 
and lagoons in the coastal areas. At times it assembles 
into flocks of considerable size, although these are usually </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bufflehead </p>

<p>
137 </p>

<p>
not as compact as those of some of the other ducks, but it 
often flies singly or in very small flocks. Its flight is very 
swift and strong, and it rises easily from the surface of the 
water without the effort that some of the other larger ducks 
have to exert. It is a rather silent bird, although it does 
have a low note. It is a remarkable diver and can swim 
under water easily without the use of its wings, although 
perhaps it sometimes uses them to increase its speed. It 
obtains its food by diving, and sometimes descends to a 
considerable depth to obtain food from the bottom. </p>

<p>The diet of this duck consists of bivalves, snails, other 
mollusks, shrimps, small fishes, crawfishes, leeches, and 
crustaceans, together with grasshoppers, beetles, and other 
insects, and also various kinds of water plants. </p>

<p>The Bufflehead is one of the relatively few ducks that 
build their nests in hollows in trees and in similar places. 
It is more or less an inhabitant of wooded areas during 
the summer, usually not far from the water. The nest is 
ordinarily in a natural hole of a tree or in an old wood¬ 
pecker’s hole. Sometimes, particularly when the nest is in 
a woodpecker’s hole, little or no nesting material is used, 
except the small chips or fine pieces of wood that are com¬ 
monly seen in a woodpecker’s nesting cavity. The 10 to 12 
eggs are pale yellowish or pale olive buff. </p>

<p>The Bufflehead is a rare winter resident, from Novem¬ 
ber 12 to March, from Lake Borgne, the Mississippi River 
Delta, and Vermilion Parish; reported north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Black 
Lake Bayou in Bienville Parish, and Lake Bistineau. Here 
it frequents chiefly the lakes, bayous, and larger streams, 
and was apparently in former times much more common 
than at the present day. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans, identified in the present connection, were taken at 
Lake Catherine, February 7, 1888 (two birds); and Decem¬ 
ber 24, 1886; Lake Borgne, December 2, 1886; Mandeville, 
November 12 and 18, 1881; Raceland, December 10, 1890; 
and New Orleans in 1889. Henry W. Henshaw took a single </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>138 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
bird at Lake Borgne in March, 1871; and Ambrose Daigre, 
two females on Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, 
November 30,1934. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported it fairly 
common at Monroe; and J. W. Trahan noted it on the State 
Wild Life Refuge near Abbeville, November 30, 1916. The 
writer observed nine individuals on the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; a few at Avery Island, De¬ 
cember 28, 1932; on Deep Lake in Terrebonne Parish, De¬ 
cember 23, 1932; and on Lake Salvador, January 26, 1932. 
J. S. Campbell found 26 at Oak Grove in West Carroll Par¬ 
ish on December 23, 1934. He considers the species fairly 
common in winter on Lake Bistineau and Black Lake Bayou. </p>

<p>OLDSQUAW </p>

<p>Clangida hyemalis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Oldsquaw is a casual winter visitor, from Novem¬ 
ber 16 to May 3, in southern Louisiana, mostly in the coastal 
waters. </p>

<p>The writer has been able to find the following records 
for the State. One specimen taken on Lake Catherine, Feb¬ 
ruary 28, 1885, by Gustave Kohn,* 8 is still in the museum of 
Tulane University at New Orleans. Another was obtained 
on Bayou Barataria, 20 miles west of New Orleans, Febru¬ 
ary 13, 1899; a female at Grand Chenier, February, 1917; 
another female at Grand Isle, April 4, 1921, by E. S. Hop¬ 
kins ; another at the same locality, May 3, 1922, by the same 
collector; a male at the Delta Duck Club, January, 1927, by 
C. S. Harris; still another male at the same locality, Decem¬ 
ber, 1928, reported by E. S. Hopkins; a female in Cameron 
Parish, January 22,1929, by E. S. Hopkins; and a female at 
the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s ranch, January 28, 
1929, taken by Willard Smith. George H. Lowery, Jr., saw 
a single bird on City Park Lake, Baton Rouge, November 
15, 1933. </p>

<p>EASTERN HARLEQUIN DUCK </p>

<p>Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Harlequin Duck is an accidental winter vis¬ 
itor on the coast of Louisiana. </p>

<p>4B Amer. Nat.. Vol. XTX, No. 9, September, 1885, p. 896. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-winged Scoter </p>

<p>
139 </p>

<p>
The only record for the State is by John James Audubon, 
and though entered in his journal was not published by him. 
Frank M. Chapman 4 * made available this interesting record 
which he discovered by examination of Audubon's journal. 
When Audubon was in the Southwest Pass of the Mississippi 
River Delta, under date of April 1, 1837, he wrote this 
statement: “Saw a pair in perfect plumage”. </p>

<p>WHITE-WINGED SCOTER </p>

<p>Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The White-winged Scoter is an accidental winter visitor 
on the coast of Louisiana. </p>

<p>A young male was taken a few miles south of Cameron 
Farm which is in Cameron Parish, 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton, during the latter part of December, 1924, by Elmer 
Bowman. 47 There is also a male specimen in the museum 
of Tulane University, killed on the Sabine River in Calca¬ 
sieu Parish, March 1, 1900. </p>

<p>SURF SCOTER </p>

<p>Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Surf Scoter is an accidental winter visitor in south¬ 
ern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record for this species, a male shot 
on Bayou St. John, near New Orleans, March 20, 1890, and 
now in the Gustave Kohn collection in the museum of Tulane 
University, at New Orleans, where it has been recently ex¬ 
amined. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN SCOTER </p>

<p>Oidemia americana Swainson </p>

<p>The American Scoter is an accidental winter visitor in 
southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is apparently but one record for the State, a speci¬ 
men taken near Lake Catherine, and formerly in the collec¬ 
tion of Gustave Kohn. 4 * This specimen the writer has not 
been able to find. </p>

<p>4 “Bird-Lore, Vol. II,, No. 5, October 1, 1900, p. 158. </p>

<p>47 Bailey, The Auk, Vol. XLII, No. 3, July, 1925, p. 442. </p>

<p>4, Beyer, Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 90. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, &gt;gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>140 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
RUDDY DUCK </p>

<p>Erismatura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson) </p>

<p>Probably no duck has so many different names as this 
well-known bird. Some of those commonly heard are ‘but- 
terbair, ‘dipper’, ‘booby’, ‘sleepyhead’, ‘spiketail’, ‘bullneck’, 
and ‘Johnny bull’. The application of many of these names 
is obvious, but some of them are purely fanciful. Like many 
other ducks the Ruddy Duck is known by names that are 
common to other species. It is otherwise a peculiar bird, 
having no very close relatives in North America. </p>

<p>It is a handsome bird with rich chestnut plumage and 
a big white patch on each side of the head in the male, but 
the female is a dull brown bird that might be mistaken for 
a number of other ducks. In addition it has a bright grayish 
blue bill, and a short tail held erect, which characters make 
it easily identifiable almost anywhere. </p>

<p>This duck lives in the summer in the interior, and during 
the winter frequents mostly the coastal marshes, bays, and 
inlets, where, in some localities, it is present in great num¬ 
bers, although in recent years it has greatly decreased. It 
is one of the swiftest flying of all ducks, and has the habit 
of skimming along close to the surface of the water, at a 
little distance looking more like a giant bumblebee than a 
duck. It flies, however, often at considerable altitudes, but 
usually not in compact, though sometimes in large, flocks. It 
is a fine swimmer and a remarkable diver, but it has diffi¬ 
culty in rising from the water, pattering along the surface 
with its feet until it is able to mount into the air. </p>

<p>The Ruddy Duck obtains much of its food from the bot¬ 
tom of the water by diving, and it lives chiefly on vegetable 
material such as the roots, seeds, leaves, and stems of 
grasses and other aquatic plants, like wild rice, duckweed, 
pond lilies, and flags. The animal portion of its food con¬ 
sists chiefly of snails, mussels, worms, small fishes, and 
insects. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in fresh water ponds and lakes, 
usually in rather shallow water, where the bird builds up </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ruddy Duck </p>

<p>
141 </p>

<p>
a bulky structure several inches above the surface of the 
water, and anchored to the surrounding vegetation. Some¬ 
times the growing reeds or rushes are arched over to form 
a canopy, and the nest is almost always well concealed. 
The materials consist of rushes, reeds, or flags, with finer 
materials of the same kind for lining. The eggs are large 
for the size of the bird, usually six to nine in number, 
though sometimes as many as 20, white, with a rather 
unusually thick shell, and a rough surface. </p>

<p>The young are well taken care of by the female; and 
the male is much more attentive to them until they are 
able to fly than is the male of many species of ducks. The 
young are very active and strong, and dive well at an early 
age, even obtaining some of their food in this way, which 
is unusual for young ducks. </p>

<p>The Ruddy Duck is a not uncommon winter resident, 
from October 24 to January 25, and probably later, through¬ 
out Louisiana, but most frequently observed in the south¬ 
western part of the State; recorded north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Black Lake in 
Natchitoches Parish, and Lake Bistineau; west to Cameron 
Parish; south to southwestern Cameron Parish, the State 
Wild Life Refuge near Abbeville, Avery Island, Dead 
Woman Pass and Willow Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Caernovan, and Lake Catherine. It was formerly very much 
more numerous, and at the present time it appears usually 
in only small companies. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey noted it on November 1, 1928, in Cameron 
Parish; and the writer saw 58 birds, of which five were 
shot, near the club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Com¬ 
pany’s ranch in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 25, 
1928. He observed one in the same region between the club 
house and the Gulf of Mexico, January 24, 1928. J. W. 
Trahan reported it from the State Wild Life Refuge, No¬ 
vember 30, 1916; the writer found a few at Avery Island, 
December 28, 1932; and one on Bayou Des Allemands, De¬ 
cember 24, 1932. H. H. Kopman examined one that was </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>142 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
killed at Caernovan, November 4, 1917. There are two 
specimens in the museum at Tulane University, taken at 
Lake Catherine, December 24, 1886. In the Mississippi 
River Delta A. M. Bailey met with a few on October 24, 
1928; and the writer noted seven on Willow Pass, December 
20,1932; and one on Dead Woman Pass, December 18,1932. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., reports it fairly common during 
migrations and in winter in northern Louisiana; and J. S. 
Campbell observed 176 at Oak Grove on December 23,1934; 
and has found it rare in winter on Black Lake in Natchi¬ 
toches Parish and on Lake Bistineau. </p>

<p>HOODED MERGANSER </p>

<p>Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This bird, sometimes called the ‘hooded shelldrake’ or 
‘sawbill diver’, is one of our handsomest ducks. Its large 
fan-like, mostly white, crest, with a black border, distin¬ 
guishes it almost instantly anywhere, from other ducks 
of similar moderate size. The plumage otherwise is mostly 
black and white. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the streams, lakes, and ponds of the in¬ 
terior during summer, and of the coastal lagoons, bays, 
and streams in the winter. It has a strong and rapid flight, 
but it does not gather into such flocks as do many of the 
other ducks, partly because of its fewer numbers. It is 
seen usually flying singly, in pairs, or in very small groups, 
and at times ascending to a considerable height. </p>

<p>This bird does not consume such a large quantity of 
fish as do the two other mergansers. It subsists largely 
on crawfishes and other crustaceans, dragonflies, caddis- 
flies and their larvae, and other insects, snails and other 
mollusks, small frogs, fishes, and some vegetable food, such 
as the seeds and roots of aquatic plants and a little grain. 
The flesh is very much more palatable than that of other 
mergansers. </p>

<p>The mating performance of this handsome bird consists 
of various motions of the body and crest. The bird breeds 
chiefly along the dense wooded bottomlands and timbered </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hooded Merganser </p>

<p>
143 </p>

<p>
swamps, where it places its nest in a hollow in the trunk of 
a tree, stump, or even a log. Occasionally even a hole in 
the ground is made use of for this purpose, or even a bird 
box erected for the purpose. The nest is composed of often 
a small amount of nesting material, but occasionally there 
is a considerable quantity of such materials as leaves, grass, 
and moss, and a lining of down and feathers, or both. The 
commonly 8 to 12 eggs are white, and are hatched in about 
30 days. Since the nest is sometimes at a considerable 
distance from the ground, it is necessary to bring the 
young from the nest to the water, and this is done by 
the mother, who carries the young birds one at a time in 
her bill down to the water. Thereafter they receive the 
usually good care from the mother. </p>

<p>The Hooded Merganser is a rare winter resident, from 
November 30 to April 2, in most of Louisiana, chiefly in the 
Gulf Coast region and along the Mississippi River, as well 
as in other parts of the interior about the lakes and along 
streams; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in 
West Carroll Parish, and to Richland Parish; west to 
Cameron Parish; south to the State Wild Life Refuge near 
Abbeville, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, 
Vermilion Bay, Lake Barre, and Lake Felicity; and east to 
Lake Catherine, False River, and Bayou Sara. Formerly 
it was apparently much more common than at the present 
time. It is also a rare summer resident and breeds. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer, Andrew Allison, and H. H. Kopman 
are authority for the statement that this merganser breeds 
in the State, and that young have been seen in June.*' Rob¬ 
ert Butler also reports it breeding in West Feliciana Parish. 
A few summers prior to 1933 he received two very young 
juvenal birds at Bains, and kept them until they grew into 
adult male and female Hooded Mergansers. </p>

<p>E. L. Moseley reported it in Richland Parish, April 2, 
1923; George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it is fairly common 
in autumn at False River in northern West Baton Rouge 
Parish; J. W. Trahan noted it on the State Wild Life Refuge, </p>

<p>4 *Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, The Auk, Vol. XXIV. No. 3, July, 1907, p. 317. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>144 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
November 30,1916; and A. M. Bailey met with it at Chenier 
au Tigre, March 10, 1918, and December 8, 1925; also on 
Vermilion Bay, November, 1918, when he observed many 
and collected a few specimens. There is a pair of birds 
in the museum of Tulane University, taken at Lake Cath¬ 
erine in 1901; and a pair in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans, without data 
other than that they were taken in Louisiana. George E. 
Beyer observed ten individuals about December 25,1905, at 
Lake Catherine; J. S. Campbell noted two at Oak Grove on 
December 23, 1934; and the writer saw a few on the Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; two birds on Lake 
Felicity, and one on Lake Barre, December 23, 1932. A. M. 
Bailey collected one at Chenier au Tigre on March 15, 
1918; and George B. Saunders reports it as of occasional 
occurrence in the Sabine Migratory Waterfowl Refuge (the 
Orange-Cameron Land Company property) in Cameron 
Parish. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN MERGANSER </p>

<p>Mergus merganser americanus Cassin </p>

<p>This is the largest merganser of the United States, and it 
is closely allied to the European bird. In general appear¬ 
ance it is much like the Red-breasted Merganser, but its 
under parts lack the reddish brown breast. Some of the 
other names by which it is called are ‘goosander’ and 
‘fish duck’. Like the other mergansers it has a long slender 
bill, with sharp tooth-like projections which make the jaws 
look like miniature saw blades. </p>

<p>It lives both in fresh and salt water, although it nests 
mostly in the interior. It inhabits the vicinity of lakes, 
ponds, and streams of the interior, as well as the bays, 
lagoons, and other waters of the seacoasts. At times, par¬ 
ticularly in the winter, it assembles into flocks of large 
size. It is a silent bird and rarely ever is heard to utter 
any sound. Its flight is strong and rapid, and it has 
the habit of flying, like the other mergansers, low over 
the water, even when a considerable number are moving </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Merganser </p>

<p>
145 </p>

<p>
together. Like many other ducks it has difficulty in rising 
from the water, and must get a good start before it is 
finally on the wing. It is a remarkable diver, somewhat 
like the Loon in this respect; and it also swims swiftly, 
either on the surface of the water or submerged. In this 
way it obtains much of its food, for it lives almost entirely 
on fishes of various kinds. Sometimes it takes fishes of 
considerable size. </p>

<p>In addition to fishes it devours various kinds of mus¬ 
sels and other mollusks, swallowing them without discard¬ 
ing the shells. It also at times eats decayed fish, likewise 
crawfishes and other crustaceans, salamanders, frogs, 
worms, snails, and various water insects; and even roots 
and other parts of water plants. </p>

<p>This merganser has fully as remarkable a mating per¬ 
formance as has the Red-breasted Merganser. The males 
swim and splash the water, diving and pursuing their 
rivals, and spread themselves out for the admiration of the 
females, sometimes rising almost vertically in the air, flap¬ 
ping the wings, and keeping the tail spread, then raising 
the head until it is pointing upward at a sharp angle, then 
bowing again and again. All this and much more is con¬ 
tinued until the female indicates her acceptance. This bird 
nests either in cavities in trees or on the ground, some¬ 
times under the roots of a tree or in a cavity under a rock, 
where the nest is more or less protected. The nest material 
consists of grasses, roots, and weeds, lined with down. The 
usually 9 to 12 eggs are pale buff. Like many other ducks 
the female performs the duty of incubation, and also takes 
practically sole care of the young, since the male absents 
himself from the female and gathers with the other males 
to pass the time apart. </p>

<p>The American Merganser is a rare winter resident, from 
October 24 to April 19, casually to June 3, on the lakes and 
other coastal waters of southern Louisiana, from the lower 
Mississippi River near the Delta, west to Grand Isle, Deep 
Lake, Little Lake, Lake Felicity, West Cote Blanche Bay, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>146 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Marsh Island, and the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary; and 
north to Grassy Island in Lake Borgne. It is apparently 
less numerous than formerly. </p>

<p>J. W. Trahan reported this species near Abbeville on 
October 24,1916; and T. Gilbert Pearson considers it a win¬ 
ter resident on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary. Ambrose 
Daigre observed it at Grand Isle on April 19, 1936. E. S. 
Hopkins found it rather common on Barataria Bay during 
the winter and until late in April. The writer observed a 
single individual on Marsh Island, and six on Cote Blanche 
Bay, January 30, 1932; two on the lower Mississippi River, 
between Pointe a la Hache and Pilot Town, on January 21, 
1932; and two between Ostrica and Myrtle Grove on Janu¬ 
ary 24, 1932. He also saw three on Lake Felicity, two on 
Little Lake, and one on Deep Lake, December 23, 1932. A 
single individual that the writer ran upon at Grassy Island 
in Lake Borgne on June 3, 1933, evidently was a cripple or 
a bird that for some other reason had failed to migrate. </p>

<p>RED-BREASTED MERGANSER </p>

<p>Mergus serrator serrator Linnaeus 80 </p>

<p>The Red-breasted Merganser, or, as it is often called, 
‘sawbiir or ‘hairycrown’, has, as its name indicates, a red¬ 
dish brown breast; and otherwise, in general appearance, 
it is much like the American Merganser, although smaller, 
the neck and head of the male dark metallic green, and that 
of the female brown. </p>

<p>This bird lives both in the interior and along the coast, 
nesting mostly in the interior, but sometimes on coastal 
islands. It lives along streams and about the various bodies 
of water, where its food is to be obtained. At times during 
the winter, particularly along the coast of the ocean, the 
Red-breasted Merganser congregates in large numbers, 
sometimes many thousands. The bird has some difficulty 
in rising from the water, and uses its feet to aid the rapid 
movement of the wings to enable it to get under way. 
Once on the wing, however, its flight is strong, and al- </p>

<p>*°Mcrgus serrator of the 1931 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-breasted Merganser </p>

<p>
147 </p>

<p>
though it often rises to a considerable height it likewise 
often flies low over the water, even close to the surface, 
It is a fine swimmer and excellent diver. On land, how- 
. ever, it is rather awkward in gait. It hunts its food in the 
water, often by swimming underneath the surface, with¬ 
out the aid of its wings, although at times it makes use 
of them to increase its speed. </p>

<p>In food habits this merganser is largely a fish-eater, 
but it takes also mollusks, crawfishes, and other crusta¬ 
ceans. </p>

<p>The courtship of this merganser is rather a remarkable 
performance, and sometimes engaged in by several males 
which are individually endeavoring to charm a single fe¬ 
male. It consists of various movements of the head, body, 
and wings, and is accompanied by a number of loud, rough 
notes. Notwithstanding the fondness of the Red-breasted 
Merganser for the seacoast during the winter, this bird 
breeds chiefly in the interior along ponds, rivers, and lakes. 
The nest is situated on the ground and is usually protected 
by some overhanging branches of trees or roots, or is even 
under a fallen tree or mass of driftwood. The nest itself is 
usually in a depression and well concealed, and is composed 
of grass and sometimes lined with down and fine grass or 
rubbish. The usual eight to ten eggs are pale olive buff, 
and are hatched in about four weeks. The female performs 
all of this work and takes most of the care of the young, 
but the male assists in the latter parental duty. Sometimes 
the mother offers her back as a resting place for the downy 
young. </p>

<p>The Red-breasted Merganser is a winter resident from 
October 25 to late April, casually to June 22; reported north 
to Lake Providence and Black Bayou Lake near Monroe; 
west to Vermilion Parish; south to the State Wild Life Ref¬ 
uge, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Vermilion Bay, Grand Isle, 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Main 
Pass, Battledore Island, Errol Island, Chandeleur Island, 
Freemason Island, Martin Island, Lake Catherine, and False 
River. It is a common species, formerly locally abundant, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>148 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
in the Gulf Coast region and its waters but much less fre¬ 
quent in the interior about streams and lakes. It sometimes 
occurs in flocks of considerable size. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans was taken at Lake Catherine, December 23, 1900; 
and George E. Beyer observed the species there on Christ¬ 
mas, 1905. W. M. Sprinkle reported it numerous at Martin 
Island, January 12, 1914; Freemason Island, February 26, 
1915; Chandeleur Island, January 9, 1913; at Errol Island, 
December 31, 1913; and on Battledore Island, December 10, 
1913. A. M. Bailey noted it on Main Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, October 25, 1928; and the writer saw a single 
individual at Pilot Town, December 19,1932. E. S. Hopkins 
considered it very common about Grand Isle during the win¬ 
ter months, leaving there late in April; and A. M. Bailey col¬ 
lected a specimen at this locality, March 15, 1919; and 
another on Vermilion Bay, November 20, 1916. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., reports it a common species at False River in 
West Baton Rouge Parish, where he saw several hundred 
individuals on December 13, 1934. J. W. Trahan listed this 
merganser from the State Wild Life Refuge, November 30, 
1916; and the writer observed several individuals on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23,1928; and on Lake 
Barre and Lake Felicity, December 23, 1932. A single bird, 
seen on Bayou Penelle in Terrebonne Parish by the writer, 
June 22,1933, was apparently another case of either delayed 
migration or of a crippled bird. A. M. Bailey collected 
specimens at Lake Borgne on March 12 and 23, 1917. </p>

<p>Order FALCONIFORMES </p>

<p>Family CATHARTIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN TURKEY VULTURE </p>

<p>Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied </p>

<p>The almost universal name for this vulture is ‘turkey 
buzzard’. This name, as a matter of fact, is a misnomer, 
because the name ‘buzzard’ is properly applied to the large 
hawks, like the Red-tailed Hawk. It is one of our largest 
birds, sometimes more than six feet in expanse of wings. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Turkey Vulture </p>

<p>
149 </p>

<p>
and two and one-half feet in length. With the exception of 
its dark reddish head it is clothed in dark brown. It has a 
wide distribution in the United States, and is in most lo¬ 
calities common, although most numerous in the southern 
states. On account of its size and the frequency of its oc¬ 
currence, it is one of our best known birds. </p>

<p>It lives almost everywhere on uplands and lowlands, 
and even in the mountains. At times, particularly when 
attracted by a supply of food, it assembles into flocks of 
considerable size and fights with the eagles and Black Vul¬ 
tures for its share of the available food. Walking about 
on the ground it has somewhat the bearing of a turkey, 
and this, together with its size and red head, have sug¬ 
gested the name Turkey Vulture. In flight it is one of the 
most remarkable of our birds, since, owing to its wide wing 
expanse, it is capable of maintaining itself in the air for 
long periods with but little effort, soaring about often so 
high in the air as to be scarcely visible, or low over the 
tree tops or open fields. It is a practically voiceless bird, 
the only note that it utters at rare intervals is a rather low 
hiss or a scarcely audible grunt. </p>

<p>In food habits it is one of the most conspicuous of 
bird scavengers, living almost exclusively on dead animals, 
even those in an advanced stage of decay. Sometimes it 
has been known to attack wounded animals that were un¬ 
able to offer resistance, but ordinarily it does not disturb 
healthy animals. Occasionally, however, it does attack 
young pigs and chickens, or even young herons and ibises. 
Birds, mammals, reptiles, and other animals, are eaten in¬ 
discriminately. Much has been written to prove that the 
Turkey Vulture locates its prey by sight or by smell. The 
facts, however, go to show that it uses either one or both 
of these methods, but neither to the exclusion of the other. </p>

<p>This vulture makes its nest in caves or hollow stumps, 
under rocks, a fallen log in the woods, or in similar places, 
where the eggs can be protected and concealed from 
enemies. Occasionally it has been known to place its nest 
in a brush heap or even in a hollow in the top of a high </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>150 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
tree. Little or no material is used, and this is usually fine 
bits of decayed wood or similar materials, though usually 
the eggs are placed on the ground or in a cavity, without 
attempt at nest building. The eggs are nearly always two, 
rarely one or three, and are white, handsomely marked 
with blotches and spots of dark brown and drab. The 
young, which remain in the nest until they are able to take 
care of themselves, are fed, at first at least, by regurgita¬ 
tion, the young, one at a time inserting their bills into the 
throat of the parent when feeding is in process. </p>

<p>The Eastern Turkey Vulture is a common permanent 
resident of general distribution over the entire State of Lou¬ 
isiana, from all the Gulf Coast region to the northern 
border; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in 
West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, Foster, 
and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, Lake Hayes (ten miles 
west of Shreveport), Logansport, Many, Leesville, Long- 
ville, and Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish; 
south to southwestern Cameron Parish, Cameron, Calcasieu 
Pass, Vermilion Bay, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Lake 
Felicity, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, Shell Island, and South¬ 
west Pass near Burrwood; and east to Pass a Loutre in the 
Mississippi River Delta, the lower Mississippi River near 
Buras, Junior, Belair, New Orleans, Lake Catherine, Oak- 
lawn near Lacombe, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hackley, 
Clinton, St. Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Frogmore, 
Ferriday, Waterproof, St. Joseph, Quimby, Tallulah, and 
East Carroll Parish. It breeds in suitable places all over 
the State, from March to May; and there is record of eggs 
as early as March 28. </p>

<p>The single specimen representing the eastern form of 
this species that has been examined in the present connec¬ 
tion was taken at Minden in Webster Parish on August 22, 
1934, by George H. Lowery, Jr. This is an immature bird 
evidently on its breeding grounds; and thus indicates that 
the Eastern Turkey Vulture breeds to western Louisiana. 
A. H. Howell noted this vulture at Belcher, February 3 to 8, 
1908; at Foster, January 27 to 31, 1908; at Logansport, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Turkey Vulture </p>

<p>
151 </p>

<p>
August 25 to 27,1906; at Mansfield, January 23 to 25,1908, 
and April 26 to May 3, 1907; and at Natchitoches, January 
16 to 21,1908; at all of these localities a common bird. The 
writer observed it at Caddo Lake and Cross Lake, June 18, 
1933; at Fort Jesup, Many, Fisher, Florien, Gandy, Ana- 
coco, Leesville, Pickering, De Ridder, Longville, and Sul¬ 
phur, June 19,1933; and at Lacassine, June 20, 1933. W. L. 
McAtee regarded it common at Cameron, November 28 to 
December 6, 1910; and the writer noticed it about the 
Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house in southwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish, January 24, 1928; and along Black 
Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, January 24 and 
27, 1928. </p>

<p>The writer encountered it at Avery Island, December 28, 
1932, and June 21, 1933; all along' the lower Vermilion 
River, January 23, 1928; on Vermilion Bay, January 29, 
1932; and on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 
1928. It was also present, but not in large numbers, on Lake 
Felicity, December 23, 1932; on Little Caillou Bayou, De¬ 
cember 24, 1932; on Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish and 
Bayou Chene, January 27,1932; and the Dupres Canal, June 
10, 1933. He found it along the Gulf Coast from Cheniere 
Caminada to the mouth of Bayou La Fourche, June 9, 1933; 
and from Ronquille Bay to Shell Island in Plaquemines Par¬ 
ish, June 8, 1933; along the lower Mississippi River from 
Buras to Venice, December 16, 1932; and H. H. Kopman 
saw it at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917. In the delta of the 
Mississippi River, the writer met with it along Southwest 
Pass and on Pass a Loutre, June 7, 1933; at the Delta Duck 
Club on Octave Pass, January 19, 1928; and on Main Pass, 
December 19,1932. H. H. Kopman considered it fairly com¬ 
mon at Oaklawn near Lacombe, August 17, 1917; and A. H. 
Howell, at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. George E. 
Beyer reported in 1891 its breeding at Madisonville, Clinton, 
and New Orleans; and Edward Butler, at St. Francisville 
in 1915 and at Bains in 1916. H. H. Kopman remarked it 
fairly common at Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 
1917; and the writer listed it at Jonesville, Jena, Archie, 
Utility, Frogmore, Ferriday, Waterproof, St. Joseph, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, &gt;gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>152 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Newellton, Quimby, and Tallulah, June 16, 1933; and on the 
Singer Preserve along the Tensas River in Madison Parish 
13 miles southwest of Tallulah, June 17, 1933. Vernon 
Bailey discovered it common at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 
1892; and Ned Hollister, abundant in Morehouse and East 
Carroll parishes, February 11 to March 13, 1904. Eggs of 
this species were collected by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu 
Pass in 1854; and by B. H. Brodnax at Brodnax in 1896. </p>

<p>WESTERN TURKEY VULTURE </p>

<p>Cathartes aura teter Friedmann </p>

<p>The recently described Western Turkey Vulture 51 is of 
apparently only casual autumn or winter occurrence in cen¬ 
tral southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>To date the only record is a single specimen taken at 
Morgan City on November 14, 1925, by Mrs. Ruth D. 
Svihla. </p>

<p>
BLACK VULTURE </p>

<p>Coragyps atratus atratus (Meyer) </p>

<p>This bird is often confused with the Turkey Vulture, 
since in general color appearance it is much the same. 
However, it may be distinguished by its black head and its 
rather square instead of rounded tail which is very con¬ 
spicuous when the bird is in flight. It is a bird of more 
southern distribution than the Turkey Vulture, and is not 
generally common north of the southern United States. </p>

<p>The Black Vulture lives in all kinds of country, as 
does the Turkey Vulture, and even is at home in the streets 
of towns. It is powerful on the wing, and can soar for 
hours without effort. It is most frequently seen soaring 
or flying in the air in its search for food, often in company 
with the Turkey Vulture. It usually does not appear in 
large numbers, except when favorable opportunity for food 
is an attraction. </p>

<p>Si Cathnrte# (turn trier Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Sor. Wash., XLVI, October 26 
1933, p. 1HS. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black Vulture </p>

<p>
153 </p>

<p>
The food of this bird is very similar to that of the 
Turkey Vulture, and it thus subsists largely on carrion of 
all kinds. It is, however, fond of fresh meat, and sometimes 
under unusual circumstances will attack very young domes¬ 
tic animals. Any dead animal is acceptable, and the bird 
does not wait for this to become decomposed before taking 
it as food. Probably both its sense of smell and of sight 
are used in its search for something to eat. </p>

<p>This vulture breeds wherever it can find good places 
for concealment, as for instance on uninhabited islands, 
about marshes or swamps, along rivers, and elsewhere. It 
builds practically no nest, but lays its eggs on the ground, 
in a hollow stump, under a log, in a rock or clay cave in 
a cliff, in a hollow limb above the ground, even in a thicket 
where the opportunities for concealment are good. The 
eggs are usually two, white or pale greenish, thickly marked 
with dark brown and drab. The young are hatched in 
about four weeks, and both birds assist in the incubation. 
The young commonly remain at or near the nest until 
they are able to fly, and are, of course, cared for by the 
parents meanwhile, and fed chiefly by the regurgitation of 
predigested food. </p>

<p>The Black Vulture is an abundant permanent resident 
throughout Louisiana, reported north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
Bienville, and Caddo Parish; west to Lake Hayes (ten miles 
west of Shreveport), Atkins, Mansfield, Natchitoches, 
Florien, Longville, Vinton, Toomey, Cameron Farm 14 miles 
south of Vinton, and Black Bayou in western Cameron Par¬ 
ish; south to Gum Cove in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Cameron, Grand Chenier, Vermilion Bay, Chenier au Tigre, 
Little Wax Bayou, Grand Isle, and Cognovich Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta; and east to the lower Mississippi 
River near Pilot Town, Junior, Belair, Boutte, New Orleans, 
Oaklawn near Lacombe, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hack- 
ley, Clinton, St. Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Jonesville, 
Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. It ap¬ 
pears often in flocks during both winter and summer, fre- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>154 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
quently associated with the Eastern Turkey Vulture. It 
breeds throughout practically all of its range in the State; 
and there is record of eggs as early as March 6. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister found this species near Mer Rouge, Febru¬ 
ary 11 to 16, and March 16 to 20,1904, but not as numerous 
there as the Eastern Turkey Vulture.- A. H. Howell noted 
it at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 1907; and common at 
Natchitoches, January 16 to 21, 1908. The writer saw it at 
Atkins on June 18, 1933; at Florien, Longville, and Lake 
Charles, June 19, 1933; at Toomey, June 20, 1933; also fair¬ 
ly numerous on the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, 
June 20, 1933; and along Black Bayou in the northwestern 
part of Cameron Parish, January 27, 1928. W. L. McAtee 
reported it common at Vinton, December 31,1910; Cameron, 
November 28 to December 6, 1910; and at Gum Cove, Jan¬ 
uary 2 to 5, 1911. The writer noticed it at Grand Chenier, 
December 30 and 31, 1932, and in greater numbers on Ver¬ 
milion Bay, January 29 to 30, 1932; a few on Little Wax 
Bayou, January 28, 1932; at Avery Island, June 21, 1933; 
and December 28, 1932; along the lower Vermilion River 
fairly common on January 23, 1928; and still more numer¬ 
ous on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928. 
He observed a few on Little Barataria Bayou, June 10, 
1933; along Little Caillou Bayou on December 24, 1932; at 
Broussard, June 21, 1933; Houma, December 22, 1932; at 
Lottie and Livonia, June 15, 1933. A. M. Bailey collected 
it at Avery Island on December 4, 1918, and E. G. Wright 
there on May 13, 1930. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman considered it common at Junior, August 
4 and 5, 1917; at Oaklawn near Lacombe in St. Tammany 
Parish, August 17, 1917; and at New Orleans, June 22, 
1917, to July 9, 1917. George E. Beyer stated in 1891 that 
it bred at Madisonville and Clinton. Ned Hollister listed it 
as common at Belair, March 25 to April 8, 1904; and A. H. 
Howell, at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. In the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta the writer has seen it on Cognovich 
Pass, December 18, 1932; and also on the Mississippi River 
between Pointe a la Hache and Pilot Town, January 21, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-tailed Kite </p>

<p>
155 </p>

<p>
1932; and between Pilot Town and Venice, December 20, 
1932. Ambrose Daigre observed it at Grand Isle April 26 
and 30, 1936. Edward Butler recorded it as breeding at St. 
Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916; and H. H. Kop- 
man, as common at Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 
1917. It is stated by J. S. Campbell to be common in sum¬ 
mer, but less so in winter in Bienville Parish. The writer 
saw a few individuals also at Jonesville and Tallulah, June 
16,1933; and one on the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest 
of Tallulah, June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>Family ACCIPITRIIDAE 
WHITE-TAILED KITE </p>

<p>Elanus leucurus majuscidus Bangs and Penard </p>

<p>The White-tailed Kite is an accidental autumn visitor to 
northern and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are only two records for the State, the first of 
which is a single specimen taken by George E. Beyer on the 
right bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Kenner, a short 
distance west of New Orleans on October 11, 1890;" the 
other, that of one bird seen on November 2,1930, near Mon¬ 
roe in Ouachita Parish, northern Louisiana, by George H. 
Lowery, Jr." </p>

<p>
SWALLOW-TAILED KITE </p>

<p>Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This is one of the most beautiful and striking of all 
our birds of prey. Its white head, neck, and lower parts, 
and its glossy purplish black wings, tail, and back, together 
with its very long forked tail, render it conspicuous and 
easily recognized. It has marvelous powers of flight, and 
to observe one sailing high above the swamps or forests 
of the river valleys, which are its chosen haunts, is a sight 
long to be remembered. In fact so graceful and remarkable 
is its flying ability that one can scarcely realize that it is </p>

<p>£2 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 98. </p>

<p>63 Lowery, Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 19IU, p. 19. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>156 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
not an enormous swallow. Its ordinary voice is a loud, 
sharp ‘ki' or ‘eee’, which is audible for a considerable dis¬ 
tance. </p>

<p>Apparently, in its food habits, it is not an injurious 
species, living on snakes, frogs, lizards, toads, and various 
kinds of insects, such as grasshoppers, crickets, cicadas, 
cottonworms, dragonflies, bees, and wasps. Most, if not 
all, of its food is obtained and even eaten while the bird 
is on the wing. </p>

<p>It builds its nest in the tops of tall trees, in swamps, 
or along streams, or in other forests. The nest is usually 
far above the ground, sometimes more than 200 feet, in 
either deciduous or evergreen trees. It is composed of 
sticks, moss, and small twigs, and is but a platform with 
a little depression for the eggs. The eggs are normally 
two in number, white, spotted and blotched with various 
shades of brown. Both birds assist in the incubation of the 
eggs, and are very active in the protection of their nest 
and young. </p>

<p>The Swallow-tailed Kite is a very rare summer resident, 
from March 23 to September, in most parts of Louisiana, 
from Honey Island in Pearl River, Grand Isle, and Cameron 
Parish, north to near Tallulah, though more frequent in the 
southern part of the State. It is also an accidental winter 
visitor in southwestern Louisiana. It breeds from May to 
July; and there is record of eggs on June 16. Evidently 
this species was very much more numerous in former times 
than it is today. </p>

<p>F. W. Langdon found it common between April 1 and 
April 17, 1881, in pairs on the Cinclare Plantation in West 
Baton Rouge Parish. It has been reported breeding on 
Honey Island, in the swamps bordering the Pearl River in 
the southeastern corner of Louisiana." E. S. Hopkins re¬ 
ported seeing four individuals at Grand Isle on April 18, 
1925, of which one was collected. He also noted there a 
single bird on April 11, 1926." </p>

<p>54 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 192. </p>

<p>® B Hopkins, 8th Bien. Kept. La. Dept. Cons., 1926*1928 (1928), p. 279. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Mississippi Kite </p>

<p>
157 </p>

<p>
Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken on the Bedico River in Tangipahoa Parish, June 30, 
1889, by George E. Beyer, and at Mandeville on May 27, 
1877. Two were seen by George H. Lowery, Jr., on the 
Singer Preserve on the Tensas River 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah, June 16, 1933. </p>

<p>The sole winter record for Louisiana is that of a single 
individual seen by the writer on the Lower Vermilion River, 
south of Abbeville, on January 23, 1928. </p>

<p>MISSISSIPPI KITE </p>

<p>Ictinia misisippiensis (Wilson) </p>

<p>This bird, though not so well known or so conspicuous 
as the Swallow-tailed Kite, is, however, well distributed 
over the southeastern United States. It is a bird almost 
uniformly slate-colored, without a strongly forked tail. </p>

<p>It lives about rivers, bayous, and lakes, usually near 
or in woodlands; and on the plains it frequents the low 
forests or chaparral, or the fringes of timber along streams. 
In flight it is strong and active, and sometimes gathers 
into considerable flocks, particularly during the migration 
season. </p>

<p>The bird feeds largely while on the wing and apparently 
lives almost entirely on large insects, such as grasshoppers, 
crickets, dragonflies, cicadas, and the larger beetles, also 
frogs, lizards, and snakes. It is thus a very beneficial bird 
and deserves careful protection everywhere. It apparently 
never molests other birds. </p>

<p>It builds its nest in trees, usually not at a high eleva¬ 
tion, and often only a few feet above the ground, but 
occasionally in the top of a tall tree, sometimes as much 
as 135 feet from the ground. The nest is composed of 
sticks and lined with leaves or weeds. It is often well built, 
but usually not bulky, and has very little depression at the 
top for the eggs. The same nest is not infrequently occupied 
in several successive years, and occasionally an old crow’s </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>158 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
nest or similar structure is utilized. The eggs are usually 
one or two, white, and usually unmarked, although often 
nest stained. Both birds take part in the incubation, which 
requires about four and one-half weeks. The young remain 
in the nest for a considerable time, and are carefully fed 
by the parents until they are able to shift for themselves. </p>

<p>This kite is an uncommon summer resident, from April 
2 to August 27, over practically all of Louisiana, from Avery 
Island and Chenier au Tigre to Tallulah and West Carroll 
Parish, wherever woods or fringes of trees along streams 
furnish suitable habitats. It breeds from April to August, 
and there are records of eggs from May 8 to July 29. It 
seems to be of most frequent occurrence in the southeastern 
part of the State. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans, chiefly from the Gustave Kohn collection, were 
taken at Madisonville, May 12 and 17, 1888; May 30, 1886; 
and August 27, 1886; at New Orleans in July, 1889; on the 
Bedico River in Tangipahoa Parish, July 22, 1890; and at 
Como in Franklin Parish, July 25, 1899. Furthermore, a 
group of three birds with nest and eggs is in the museum of 
Tulane University, all collected at Como on July 29, 1899. 
This species was taken by C. C. Sperry at New Orleans on 
July 28, 1925; by T. D. Burleigh August 12, 1935; and at 
Westwego by Winston E. Nolan on August 5, 1925. An¬ 
other specimen from Westwego, collected in June, 1932, is 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans. The writer observed a pair of these 
birds along the Industrial Canal near New Orleans on June 
2, 1933. Robert Butler is authority for the statement that 
this species breeds in West Feliciana Parish; E. R. Kalm- 
bach reported it from near Tallulah, July 1 and 2, 1924; and 
J. S. Campbell observed it on Saline Creek in Bienville Par¬ 
ish, July 18, 1932; and along Black Lake Bayou in the same 
parish on July 20, 1933. A nest with eggs found on May 8, 
1867, near the Boeuf River in West Carroll Parish, was re¬ 
corded by J. P. Norris. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Sharp-shinned Hawk </p>

<p>
159 </p>

<p>
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK </p>

<p>Accipiter striatus velox (Wilson) </p>

<p>This is one of our smallest hawks, and, in adult plum¬ 
age, is bluish slate above, white below, with brown or 
rufous barring. Its rather short rounded wings and a 
rather long tail will serve to distinguish it from the other 
hawks. </p>

<p>This hawk is one of the very few that may be regarded 
as injurious, by reason of its attacks on small birds. It 
is found mostly in the more or less open country, along 
the edges of woodlands, in pastures, and other similar 
places, but also sometimes in dense forests. It is one of 
the hawks that regularly migrate south after the breeding 
season, and is often seen in great numbers, passing along 
the migration routes. It is capable of very swift flight, 
and can overtake almost any bird on the wing. It has 
sharp, rather piercing, notes uttered particularly when the 
nest is approached, some of which have been variously rep¬ 
resented as *kek\ ‘kik’, ‘cha’, or ‘yip’» several times repeated. </p>

<p>This bird lives almost exclusively on small birds of 
various kinds, such as blackbirds, grackles, larks, sand¬ 
pipers, woodpeckers, and others, but at times it also eats 
mice, shrews, lizards, frogs, and large insects, like grass¬ 
hoppers, crickets, and moths. </p>

<p>The nest is usually built in a tree, either deciduous or 
evergreen, and sometimes at a considerable distance from 
the ground. It is composed of small sticks and bark, and 
lined with similar finer materials. The eggs are white or 
bluish white, variously blotched with different shades of 
brown and are usually handsome. Both parents aid in the 
incubation of the eggs, which requires about three weeks, 
possibly a little more. The young are fed for several weeks 
in the nest or until they are able to take care of themselves. 
The sitting bird sometimes leaves the nest at the approach 
of anyone, but at times attacks or darts at the intruder 
with considerable viciousness. At other times, however, the 
bird will remain on the nest until almost touched. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>160 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The Sharp-shinned Hawk is a fairly common winter resi¬ 
dent, from October 3 to March 29, in Louisiana, reported 
north to Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Tallulah, and 
Bienville; south to southwestern Cameron Parish, Grand 
Chenier, Pilot Town, and Madisonville. It is also a very 
rare and very local summer resident in the State. It breeds 
from March to May; and there are records of eggs from 
March 7 to May 4. </p>

<p>It was reported breeding near Bains in West Feliciana 
Parish in May, 1916, by Edward Butler. </p>

<p>There is a specimen in the museum of Tulane University, 
taken on the Bedico River on August 6, 1890; and George E. 
Beyer noted it at Madisonville in Saint Tammany Parish on 
August 5, 1890. There are specimens of this species in the 
museum of Tulane University collected at Madisonville in 
December, 1887; at New Orleans, March 29, 1876, and De¬ 
cember 27, 1887; at Bayou La Barre, November 27, 1889; 
and at Avery Island, January 13,1894. The writer has seen 
a specimen obtained by Winston E. Nolan at Abbeville about 
December 24, 1932; and one by E. G. Pike at Pilot Town, 
December 5, 1930. The writer observed this species along 
the Harvey Canal, south of New Orleans on January 26, 
1932; near Grand Chenier on December 31, 1932; and near 
the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish on January 26, 1928. Four indi¬ 
viduals were noted by John S. Campbell at Oak Grove in 
West Carroll Parish on December 23, 1934; and one at Tal¬ 
lulah by the same observer on December 26, 1933. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a fairly common resident in the 
Baton Rouge region. J. S. Campbell found nests near 
Bienville on April 7 and May 4, 1932; and one at Friend¬ 
ship as early as March 7, 1933. </p>

<p>COOPER HAWK </p>

<p>Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The Cooper Hawk is virtually a large edition of the 
Sharp-shinned Hawk, since in the field it is practically 
indistinguishable in color from that bird. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Cooper Hawk </p>

<p>
161 </p>

<p>
It is to be found in almost all kinds of country, although 
apparently the partly wooded and more open areas are 
preferred. It is rarely seen in any considerable numbers, 
as it is not gregarious, and generally speaking is much less 
numerous than the Sharp-shinned Hawk, with which it 
often associates on its migration journeys. </p>

<p>Like the Sharp-shinned Hawk it is very destructive to 
other birds, and can dispose of birds of considerable size, 
such as grouse, partridges, and doves, although most of its 
victims are smaller. It at times also is detrimental in poul¬ 
try yards, particularly to young chickens, and also domestic 
pigeons. Its wariness and speed of flight render it difficult 
to kill. Sometimes it eats also mice, rats, squirrels, rabbits, 
and other mammals, snakes, frogs, lizards, and the larger 
insects, such as grasshoppers, beetles, crickets, and butter¬ 
flies, on some occasions even feeding on small fishes. </p>

<p>The nest of this hawk is usually in a tree, deciduous 
or evergreen, at a considerable distance from the ground. 
Sometimes an old nest is utilized or the nest of a crow or 
squirrel is appropriated. The nest ordinarily is constructed 
of sticks, with a lining of pieces of bark, chips, or pine 
needles. It is a rather bulky structure and the cavity for 
the eggs is usually shallow. The eggs are usually four to 
five, sometimes less, in color bluish or greenish white, 
occasionally lightly spotted with brown or buff. Incubation, 
in which both male and female take part, requires about 
three and one-half weeks; and the young remain in the 
nest for more than a month. </p>

<p>The Cooper Hawk is a rare permanent resident through¬ 
out the greater part of Louisiana, but is most frequently 
observed in the southern portion of the State, and in winter 
or during the migrations. It has been reported from the 
Mississippi River Delta and Cameron Parish north to Tallu¬ 
lah, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Bienville, and Gayle 
in Caddo Parish. It was reported by Edward Butler as 
breeding at Saint Francisville in 1915, and recently by 
Robert Butler near Bains in West Feliciana Parish. It was </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>162 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
found nesting at Bienville by J. S. Campbell on April 10, </p>

<p>1932, and March 28, 1933, and there were eggs in the 
nests on these dates. </p>

<p>There is a specimen in the museum of Tulane University, 
collected at Madisonville on August 22, 1890; and the spe¬ 
cies was seen at the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton 
in Cameron Parish, May 8, 1919, by E. R. Kalmbach. J. S. 
Campbell noted this species at Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, December 23, 1934; and at Tallulah, December 25, </p>

<p>1933. Two autumn specimens in the museum of Tulane 
University were collected at Mandeville on October 15,1876. 
The writer observed it at Chateau Canard, Joseph Leiter’s 
hunting lodge on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
January 23, 1932; at the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary on 
January 23, 1928; on Terrebonne Bayou near Lake Barre 
on December 23, 1932; and on the Rockefeller Wild Life 
Refuge near Grand Chenier on December 31, 1932. Several 
individuals were seen in Cameron Parish about January 
1, 1938, by George H. Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>EASTERN RED-TAILED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo jamaicensis borealis (Gmelin)” </p>

<p>This is the largest of the common hawks in Louisiana, 
and at the same time one of the most beneficial. It is a 
bird about two feet long or a little less, has broad wings, 
is dark brown above, with a decidedly reddish tail, and 
white below with dark streaks on the breast. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the forests, particularly those of the 
uplands, and although it hunts in the open country its 
real home is in the woods. It is not often seen in any con¬ 
siderable numbers, but usually is noted soaring or flying 
high in the air, singly or in pairs. Its ample wings and 
powerful muscles give it a buoyancy of flight that is re¬ 
markable. The individuals of this species that live in the 
northernmost parts of its range are largely migratory and 
spend their winters farther south, although some remain </p>

<p>' ,n Jii&gt;teo borealis borealis of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Red-tailed Hawk </p>

<p>
163 </p>

<p>
even in the north. Its note is a shrill scream or squeal. 
This bird sometimes performs very interesting maneuvers 
in the air, soaring in circles until almost out of sight, and 
then, with closed wings, diving almost to the earth, some¬ 
times rising again at a sharp angle and again decending. 
Similar behavior on the wing is probably a part of the 
courtship. It is rather shy and difficult to approach, al¬ 
though it spends a good deal of its time perched on some 
high point, where it can have an unobstructed view for 
a considerable distance; and its sight is exceedingly keen. </p>

<p>The Red-tailed Hawk lives on various kinds of animal 
food, chiefly injurious rodents, such as mice and rats, also 
squirrels, skunks, raccoons, gophers, spermophiles, prairie 
dogs, moles, shrews, muskrats, and weasels. The remain¬ 
ing small portion of its food is made up of such animals 
as crawfishes, salamanders, turtles, frogs, lizards, snakes, 
various kinds of insects, centipedes, earthworms, a few wild 
birds, and rarely domestic poultry. This food it hunts by 
flight over usually more or less open country, and when its 
prey is sighted it descends rapidly almost to the earth, al¬ 
though rarely ever alighting thereon, seizes its prey, and 
is off on the wing. </p>

<p>It breeds usually in the forest, placing its nest in de¬ 
ciduous or evergreen trees, sometimes as high as 90 feet 
from the ground. This is a bulky structure, composed of 
sticks, bark, moss, and ornamented with a few bunches of 
evergreen leaves. It is lined with finer twigs and bark. 
The nest is occupied ordinarily year after year, and is 
sometimes repaired in the autumn. The nest of the Crow, 
or other large bird, is in some instances taken as a founda¬ 
tion. The eggs are usually two or three, and are white or 
bluish white, sometimes unmarked, but ordinarily with a 
few spots of brown and drab. The male as well as the 
female incubates the eggs, and he also is in attendance on 
his mate and assists in taking care of the young, which 
remain more than a month in the nest. </p>

<p>The Eastern Red-tailed Hawk is a permanent resident, 
fairly common, over practically all of Louisiana, having </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>164 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
been recorded from Paradis, Grand Isle in Jefferson Parish, 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Black Bayou in Cam¬ 
eron Parish; north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West 
Carroll Parish, Tallulah, Monroe, Ruston, Bienville, and 
Lake Caddo. It is a very rare, perhaps only casual, breed¬ 
ing bird, from March to May, and therefore, much more 
numerous during the winter and the migrations, from Octo¬ 
ber to March. </p>

<p>This species was noted along Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish on May 1, 1919, by E. R. Kalmbach; ten miles south 
of Tallulah on June 16, 1924, by the same observer; near 
Bayou Sara on June 18, 1921, by S. C. Arthur; and at 
Caddo Lake on June 18, 1933, by the writer; and these may 
probably be regarded as breeding records. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies from the following locali¬ 
ties have been examined in the museum of Tulane Univer¬ 
sity: Lake Catherine, February 21, 1884; New Orleans, 
November 21, 1886; December 18, 1891; and March 6, 1895; 
Raceland, December 22, 1886, and January 3, 1889; Rayne, 
January 8, 1893; Bayou Des Allemands, December 18, 1887, 
and February 22, 1892; Barataria Bayou, December, 1876; 
Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, January 
4, 1889. Another specimen now in the collection of the 
United States Biological Survey was taken by George H. 
Lowery, Jr., at Monroe, December 20, 1932; also one ob¬ 
tained by Arnold Boon at Bienville, March 10, 1935. Two 
specimens collected by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Ruston, 
December 23,1931, and January 24, 1932, respectively, have 
also been recently identified. J. S. Campbell obtained a 
specimen at Bienville on March 24, 1932, and another at 
Lucky, April 22, 1933. </p>

<p>In addition the writer has seen the birds below listed, 
all of which were collected by G. L. Tiebout, Jr.; Tarbert, 
December 9, 1937; Baton Rouge, November 2, 3, 6, 15, 20, 
and 25, 1937; six miles south of Baton Rouge, November 
22, 1937; McCall, Ascension Parish, November 26, 1937; 
New Roads, November 4, 1937; Morganza, Pointe Coupee 
Parish, November 26, and December 6 and 25, 1937; Li- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Krider Hawk </p>

<p>
165 </p>

<p>
vonia, November 26 and December 6, 1937; Plaquemine, 
Iberville Parish, December 5, 1937; Bayou Goula, Iberville 
Parish, December 2, 1937; and White Castle, Iberville 
Parish, December 5, 1937. </p>

<p>The following field records by the writer refer also to 
this form, each of these of a single individual: Cognovich 
Pass, Mississippi River Delta, December 18, 1932; Myrtle 
Grove, January 24, 1932; Avery Island, December 28, 
1932; Erath, December 28, 1932; Kaplan, December 29, 
1932; Terrebonne Bayou, near Houma, December 24, 
1932; Bayou Boeuf, January 27, 1932; Little Wax Bayou, 
January 28, 1932; Intercoastal Canal between Intercoastal 
City and Vermilion Bay, January 30, 1932; and the lower 
Vermilion River, January 23, 1928. </p>

<p>KRIDER HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo jamaicensis kriderii Hoopes ' 7 </p>

<p>The Krider Hawk, a form of the Red-tailed Hawk, is a 
rare winter visitor, from November 3 to March 21, in 
southern Louisiana; but it may be more frequent than is 
now known. </p>

<p>The only definite records are specimens examined by 
the writer from Addis in West Baton Rouge Parish, De¬ 
cember 19, 1937; McCall, Ascension Parish, November 25, 
1937; Baton Rouge, January 24, 1938, November 3 and 15, 
1937, by G. L. Tiebout, Jr.; and January 26 and March 21, 
1937, by George H. Lowery, Jrl; single individuals in the 
museum of Tulane University from Raceland, December 10, 
1890; Bayou Le Barre, December, 1888, an immature; and 
Vinton, November 30, 1893; also a bird banded at Muscow, 
Saskatchewan, later killed at Iota, La., on February 1, 
1934. </p>

<p>FUERTES RED-TAILED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo jamaicensis fuertesi Sutton and Van Tyne. </p>

<p>This recently discovered race of the Red-tailed Hawk 
is a casual winter resident, reported from December 2 to 
February 23, in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>Hutto borealis brideri of the 19:11 A. O. C. Cheek-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>166 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The only records to date are a male taken by George 
H. Lowery, Jr., at Johnson Bayou, in Cameron Parish, on 
January 2, 1938; a female taken by G. L. Tiebout, Jr., at 
Grosse Tete, Iberville Parish, on December 2, 1937; and 
another individual by the same collector at La Barre on 
February 23, 1938; all these identified by the writer. </p>

<p>This hawk was described by Sutton and Van Tyne from 
specimens obtained in central western Texas, and the orig¬ 
inal notice was published in Occasional Papers of the Mus¬ 
eum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, No. 321, 
September 23, 193.5, page 1. The type locality is Calamity 
Creek Bridge, 22 miles south of Alpine, Brewster County, 
Texas, but the subspecies ranges at some season from 
southern Louisiana to southern California. </p>

<p>WESTERN RED-TAILED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo jamaicensis calurus Cassin </p>

<p>This red-tailed hawk is an uncommon winter resident, 
reported from November 25 to February 22, in southern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>Records for the State are specimens collected, which 
have been examined by the writer, as follows: a male in 
the light phase, taken at White Castle, Iberville Parish, on 
November 26, 1937; a female in the dark phase, at West- 
over, West Baton Rouge Parish, November 25, 1937; and 
a male in dark phase, at Bayou Goula, Iberville Parish, 
December 19, 1937. All these birds were obtained by 
G. L. Tiebout, Jr., and are in the museum of the Louisiana 
State University, at Baton Rouge. There are also the fol¬ 
lowing sight records of adult birds carefully identified by 
G. L. Tiebout, Jr.: two additional birds seen at Westover, 
November 25, 1937, and another there on December 25, 
1937; two at La Barre, December 23, 1937, and on Feb¬ 
ruary 22, 1938. </p>

<p>The two specimens from Ruston, Louisiana, recorded 
as the Western Red-tailed Hawk in The Auk, Vol. XLIX, 
No. 4, October 4, 1932, p. 463, prove now to be examples 
of the Eastern Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis borealis. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Harlan Hawk </p>

<p>
167 </p>

<p>
HARLAN HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo harlani (Audubon)” </p>

<p>The Harlan Hawk is a rare winter visitor, from Novem¬ 
ber 26 to March 16, in central and southern Louisiana, and 
is not yet recorded from the northern part of the State. 
Audubon’s original description of this bird was taken from 
a pair collected near Saint Francisville. 6 ® </p>

<p>Specimens of this species have been examined in the col¬ 
lection of the museum of Tulane University, from St. James, 
January 1, 1894, and New Orleans, January 16,1897. Two 
specimens in the collection of the State Department of Agri¬ 
culture in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge were collected 
respectively by Glenn Hopkins at Grand Isle on March 12, 
1933; and by Ambrose Daigre at Alexandria, December 3, 
1933. H. H. Kopman reports that he collected a specimen of 
this hawk at Oneida, near Convent, in St. James Parish, 
during the last week of December, 1893. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., obtained an immature female at Baton Rouge on Janu¬ 
ary 12, 1936. Andrew Allison also reports it on March 12 
and March 16,1903, between West Baton Rouge Parish and 
New Orleans. The writer has identified additional speci¬ 
mens taken by G. L. Tiebout, Jr., one at Hohen Solm, 
November 26, 1937, and another at Morganza in Pointe 
Coupee Parish, December 28, 1937. </p>

<p>NORTHERN RED-SHOULDERED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Red-shouldered Hawk is similar in appearance to 
the Red-tailed Hawk, but is somewhat smaller and has no 
reddish color on the tail, which is barred with light and 
dark brown, and the under parts are largely rufous. </p>

<p>This hawk is more of an inhabitant of the bottomland 
forests and the swamps than it is of the upland, usually in 
such forests taking the place of the Red-tailed Hawk. It 
is furthermore of rather more southern distribution than </p>

<p>**Buteo borealis harlani of the 1931 A. O. U. Chock List. </p>

<p>5 ®Audubon, Birds Amer, folio ed„ Vol. I. 1830, pi. LXXXVI; Ornith. Bioff., Vol. I, 
1*31. p. 441. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>168 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
the Red-tailed Hawk. It has a rather strong flight, although 
it does not soar so much as the Red-tailed Hawk and re¬ 
mains more in the forests under the protection of the trees. 
It is a more noisy bird than the Red-tailed Hawk and its 
note, which is very much like ‘heigh-ho’, or ‘keeaah’, is 
frequently heard from the bird on the wing. </p>

<p>In food habits this bird is one of the most omnivorous 
of all the hawks, living on almost all kinds of animal food, 
although rarely ever wild birds or poultry. A large part of 
its food is made up of mice, rats, frogs, snakes, and various 
large insects. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is built in a tree, often at a 
considerable height, and ordinarily in a crotch of the trunk. 
It is a rather bulky affair, though well built, of sticks, </p>

<p>moss, bark, and lined with inner bark, Spanish moss, and 
similar materials, together with sometimes a snake skin, 
and is ornamented by green leaves. The eggs are usually 
two or three, and either white or bluish white, marked 
with various shades of brown and drab. The parents 
usually leave the nest when an intruder approaches, but 
sometimes they will attack anyone who is climbing to the </p>

<p>nest. Altogether it is one of our most beneficial hawks 
and by all means deserves full protection. </p>

<p>The typical form of the Red-shouldered Hawk is a win¬ 
ter resident, from November, casually August, to January, 
probably also to February or March, in southern Louisiana. 
Since it is not easily or with certainty identifiable in life 
from the more common Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, it is 
probably of more frequent occurrence than the records 
would indicate. </p>

<p>The writer has been able to examine only four specimens 
from the State, all of them in the collection of the museum 
of Tulane University. They are as follows: Bedico River, 
Tangipahoa Parish, August 25, 1890; Raceland, November 
25, 1891; Baton Rouge, November 10, 1892; Sabine Station 
in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, January 22, 1889. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Red-shouldered Hawk </p>

<p>
169 </p>

<p>
FLORIDA RED-SHOULDERED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway </p>

<p>The Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, a smaller and paler 
edition of the typical bird, is a fairly common permanent 
resident in all of Louisiana, wherever suitable timber 
occurs, from Lake Catherine, Bayou Loutre in St. Ber¬ 
nard Parish, Paradis, New Iberia, the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, and Cameron Parish, to Lake Providence, Tal¬ 
lulah, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville, and Bossier Parish. It breeds from January 
to June, practically throughout its range in the State; and 
there is record of eggs on May 22. </p>

<p>The following specimens of this subspecies in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University have been examined: Bedico 
River, Tangipahoa Parish, June 17, 1889; Areola, Tangipa¬ 
hoa Parish, June 29, 1890; Madisonville, November 18, 
1888; Ponchatoula, December 12, 1891; New Orleans, Janu¬ 
ary 29,1875; Bayou Des Allemands, January 2,1887; Avery 
Island, January 18, 1894; Grand Isle, January 25, 1892; 
Vinton, December 30,1897; and Calcasieu Pass, January 20, 
1893; also one in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, from 
Chenier au Tigre, collected by A. M. Bailey on March 10, 
1931. The writer has observed this hawk at Lottie, June 15, 
1933, where it seemed to be the most numerous of its fam¬ 
ily; at Cross Lake near Shreveport on June 18, 1933; on the 
Singer Preserve along the Tensas River, 13 miles southwest 
of Tallulah, on June 16 and 17, 1933. According to J. S. 
Campbell it breeds at Bienville chiefly in March and April. </p>

<p>BROAD-WINGED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot) </p>

<p>This hawk is much less well known than either the Red¬ 
tailed Hawk or the Red-shouldered Hawk, and much resem¬ 
bles the latter, although it is rather smaller and lacks the 
rufous color on the under parts. Furthermore, its tail is 
banded with very dark brown or black, and white, by which 
characteristics it can be usually identified. Its name Broad¬ 
winged Hawk has arisen from its relatively ample wings </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>170 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and its excellent powers of flight. It is one of the species 
that are highly migratory, and it travels as far as South 
America in the winter. On its migration journeys it moves 
often in considerable companies with other species, such as 
the Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Sharp-shinned 
Hawk, Cooper Hawk, and other hawks, on such occasions 
flying often high in the air. </p>

<p>The Broad-winged Hawk is a bird of the forest and wil¬ 
derness, and lives in the swamps or on the uplands, and 
is not so frequently seen in cultivated areas as the smaller 
hawks. </p>

<p>The food of this hawk is wholly animal, and it hunts 
by perching on a tree or similar point of vantage, waiting 
until its victim is spied, then dashing out, seizing it, 
and bearing it away. Its prey consists of a great variety 
of mammals, such as mice, rats, shrews, weasels, and squir¬ 
rels; of some birds such as small song birds and wood¬ 
peckers, lizards, snakes, frogs, many kinds of large insects, 
thousand-legs, spiders, crawfishes, earthworms, and various 
other items. </p>

<p>This bird places its nest well up in trees, either decid¬ 
uous or evergreen, sometimes at a considerable height. 
The nest is either constructed by the birds themselves, or 
the nest of another hawk, a crow, or a squirrel is re¬ 
modeled for their use. Ordinarily the nest is a rather 
substantial structure of twigs, sticks, bark, and lichens, 
lined with finer materials of the same kind. It is regularly 
ornamented, as are the nests of many species of hawks, 
with green twigs of pine or some deciduous tree. The nest 
commonly is not used two years in succession, although this 
is sometimes done. The eggs are ordinarily two, dull white, 
blotched and spotted with various shades of brown and 
drab. The duties of incubation are shared by the male and 
female, and both parents aid in feeding the young. The 
young remain sometimes for six weeks in the nest, although 
sometimes less. If one of the parents is killed during the 
breeding season the other will sometimes care for the young 
alone. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Rough-legged, Hawk </p>

<p>
171 </p>

<p>
The Broad-winged Hawk is an uncommon summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 30 to November 8, over most of the up¬ 
land region of Louisiana, but is then practically absent from 
the coastal marshes. It is also a rare winter resident in the 
Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, at least from near 
Houma to Grand Chenier, and also north to Oak Grove in 
West Carroll Parish, and to Monroe. In summer it has been 
reported from the southeastern part of the State, north to 
Monroe, and probably occurs also in the other portions of 
the northern part of Louisiana. It is, everywhere most 
numerous during migration. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at Mandeville on November 8, 1874. Another, in the 
Chicago Academy of Sciences, was collected by A. M. Bailey 
at Chenier au Tigre, January 5, 1934. J. S. Campbell saw 
two at Oak Grove on December 23, 1934; and George H. 
Lowery, Jr., one at Monroe, December 27,1934. The writer 
has observed it during the winter at the following localities: 
Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish, near Houma, four seen, 
January 27, 1932; Bayou Boeuf, east of Morgan City, one 
seen on January 27, 1932; lower Vermilion River, one ob¬ 
served on January 30, 1932; and Grand Chenier, one seen 
on December 30, 1932. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that 
it is a fairly common winter hawk at Baton Rouge, arriving 
in September; and that he has witnessed several diurnal 
migration flights in that region. J. S. Campbell seems to 
think, however, that it is only a transient at Bienville. </p>

<p>AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo lagopus s. johannis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The American Rough-legged Hawk is a casual, at times 
perhaps not uncommon, winter visitor, from December 31 
to March 12, in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The records for the State are: One specimen, a female, 
collected by Glenn Hopkins at Grand Isle, March 12, 1933, 
and identified by the writer; a single bird seen by T. Gil¬ 
bert Pearson and Richard Gordon on the Rainey Wild Life </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>172 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Sanctuary south of Abbeville on January 4, 1928 ; 60 three 
seen, of which one was shot but not recovered, at Holly 
Beach in Cameron Parish by George H. Lowery, Jr., on 
December 31, 1938; two seen there on the following day 
by the same observer; one observed by George L. Tiebout, 
Jr., at Grand Isle, January 27, 1937, and another by him 
at Westover on February 11, 1938. </p>

<p>FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK </p>

<p>Buteo regalis (Gray) </p>

<p>The Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk is a casual or 
accidental winter visitor in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The sole record is a single bird observed by George L. 
Tiebout, Jr., at McCall on January 14, 1938. This bird was 
seen at close range and all its characteristic markings noted, 
so there can be no doubt of its correct identification. </p>

<p>SENNETT WHITE-TAILED HAWK </p>

<p>Tacky triorchis albicaudatus hypospodius (Gurney)" </p>

<p>This beautiful hawk is of only accidental occurrence in 
southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The single record is an immature bird in the blackish 
plumage, which was taken apparently by Gustave Kohn, or 
one of his collectors, at Sabine Station in southwestern Cal¬ 
casieu Parish on November 18, 1888. It is now in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University, where it had, until recently, been 
identified as Buteo harlani; and where it has been examined 
by the writer. This species is now for the first time record¬ 
ed from Louisiana. </p>

<p>HARRIS HAWK </p>

<p>Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Harris Hawk is of casual occurrence in southern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>60 Circ. Nat. Asso. Aud. Soc., No. 11, February 15, 1928, p. 7. </p>

<p>® 1 flat to albicaudatus hypospodius of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check List- </p>

<p>
Digitized! by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Golden Eagle </p>

<p>
173 </p>

<p>
The type of this hawk was originally taken near Bayou 
Sara, between Bayou Sara and Natchez, and given to John 
James Audubon, by whom it was described. 62 The species 
has since been reported as taken in October, 1889, at Calu¬ 
met Plantation, near Patterson, in Saint Mary Parish. 63 </p>

<p>GOLDEN EAGLE </p>

<p>Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Golden Eagle is one of the most powerful of our 
North American birds, and has a wide range, not only in 
North America, but in the Old World. It is called ‘golden’ 
from the dull yellowish brown feathers of the hind neck. </p>

<p>In its summer home it is a bird of the north and of the 
high mountains, or of the cliffs and buttes of the desert. 
Its large size, which is exceeded by few other birds, to¬ 
gether with its powers of flight and dark brown plumage, 
set it off from all the other birds, except perhaps the im¬ 
mature Bald Eagle. It is about three feet in length and 
something like seven feet in extent of wings. In adult 
plumage it is distinguishable from the Bald Eagle by its 
dark brown instead of white head and tail; and in any 
plumage by its legs which are feathered down to the toes. 
It is almost always seen singly soaring or flying about the 
country, either in the open areas or in the forests. </p>

<p>This bird lives on various kinds of mammals, some of 
them of considerable size, which, owing to its strength, it 
is able to capture. These include deer, antelope, lambs, 
goats, pigs, foxes, ducks, dogs, coyotes, rabbits, and various 
other mammals, such as woodchucks, weasels, pocket goph¬ 
ers, rats, mice, and moles. Sometimes it feeds to a con¬ 
siderable extent on ducks and geese, on grouse and other 
game birds, and even occasionally on a hawk or an owl; 
also on various other kinds of food, such as snakes, turtles, 
and sometimes even carrion. Most of the mammals are 
obtained by pursuit in the open on the ground. The birds 
are often taken on the wing. </p>

<p>eI Ornitli. Biog., Vol. V, 1839, p. 34. </p>

<p>6a Coombs, The Auk, Yol. IX, No. 2, April, 1892, p. 205. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>174 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
This eagle breeds commonly on cliffs or ledges, or in 
large trees. Its nest is a bulky structure, strongly made of 
sticks, weed-stems, roots, and other similar materials, and 
lined with bark, weeds, and grass. The eggs are usually 
two, white, or buff, and marked with spots of different 
shades of brown and drab. Incubation occupies about five 
weeks, and is performed mostly by the female, although 
the male is in attendance during this period, and also when 
the young have appeared. The young remain in the nest 
for two months or more, and are fed regularly during this 
period. </p>

<p>This eagle is a casual winter visitor, noted mostly in 
autumn, in southern Louisiana, from Bogalusa to Beaure¬ 
gard Parish; and also in the northern part of the State. The 
definite authenticated records of this species for Louisiana 
seem to be as follows: </p>

<p>A specimen taken at Jackson, prior to 1904, is recorded 
by Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, in their list of the birds of 
Louisiana.'* Another specimen, taken at Bogalusa in Wash¬ 
ington Parish, was killed there several years previous to 
1927, at which time it was seen by E. S. Hopkins. An im¬ 
mature individual now in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans was killed on the 
lower part of Bayou Maringouin, near Maringouin in Iber¬ 
ville Parish, November 24, 1924, by Edward Lee Green of 
Lottie. One was shot at Truxno Community, ten miles north 
of Farmerville, Union Parish, in early November, 1934, and 
was reported by F. W. Murphy. Two specimens from De 
Bidder in Beauregard Parish were taken several years pre¬ 
vious to 1928, when these were seen by E. S. Hopkins." One 
was caught in a trap by Jeff Kemp at Pioneer, West Carroll 
Parish, on January 12, 1934, and reported by J. S. Camp¬ 
bell." One was seen by F. R. Dickinson and State Game 
Warden J. J. Kuhn about 15 miles southwest of Tallulah on 
October 8, 1934." Another, now in the collection of birds </p>

<p>°*The Auk, Vol. XXV', No. 4, October, 1908, p. 4 4*2. </p>

<p>0B HoU, The Auk, Vol. L, No. 3, July, 1933, p. 355. </p>

<p>••The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 3. June 28, 1934, p. 371. </p>

<p>,,7 Prograni Activities Chicago Academy Sciences, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2 1935 </p>

<p>p. 11. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Bald Eagle </p>

<p>
175 </p>

<p>
prepared by Mrs. C. S. Vaughn at Natchez, Miss., was ob¬ 
tained near Bastrop, northern Louisiana, in the late winter 
or early spring of 1904, and was identified by George H. 
Lowery, Jr. There are two or three other reports of the 
occurrence of the Golden Eagle in Louisiana, but no definite 
data concerning these have been obtainable. The birds 
credited to A. M. Bailey as obtained in Louisiana were not 
collected by him in the State, so he has informed the writer. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN BALD EAGLE </p>

<p>Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Of about the same size as the Golden Eagle, this bird is 
easily distinguished when adult by its white head and tail, 
and is of rather more general distribution in the United 
States than is the Golden Eagle, although there are con¬ 
siderable areas where neither is common. As the national 
emblem of our country it is well known to almost everyone, 
and it is, furthermore, a strictly American bird, not being 
found in any part of the world except North America. The 
Southern Bald Eagle, which is the common bird in Loui¬ 
siana, differs from the Northern Bald Eagle only in smaller 
size. </p>

<p>This bird lives in almost all parts of the country, pref¬ 
erably, however, not far from streams, lakes, and other 
bodies of water, since its food is obtained largely from the 
water. Its flight is powerful and majestic, and it soars at 
times for long periods without motion of the wings. It is 
much swifter of flight than one would imagine for so large 
a bird, and it can easily overtake many of the ducks and 
other birds that are themselves fast fliers. </p>

<p>Its chief and preferred food, whenever obtainable, is 
fishes of all kinds, but it takes any kind that it is able to 
obtain. Frequently it robs the American Osprey of his 
finny prey, attacking the bird in the air, and finally caus¬ 
ing him to drop the fish, which it often catches before it 
reaches the water. Sometimes, however, the eagle fishes 
for itself. From its perch on the summit of a dead tree 
it launches downward, and, falling like a stone, it seizes its </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>176 </p>

<p>
Bird, Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
prey. At other times it hunts on the wing, pausing over 
the water by rapid wing-beats and finally diving, even from 
a great height, sometimes so swiftly that it is practically 
submerged when it strikes. Then again it varies this by 
flying leisurely along near the surface of the water. Audu¬ 
bon mentions that he saw it on several occasions, wading 
in the shallow and striking at the small fish with its bill, 
and other observers have also noted a similar habit. It has 
been seen scrambling over the ice of a pond trying to 
reach a fish below, and it has even been reported to have 
caught flying fish in the air, which is a remarkable per¬ 
formance. Its other food consists of various kinds of water- 
fowl, particularly those that have been injured or are ill. 
In catching wounded birds two eagles sometimes work 
together. Other items of food are various kinds of mam¬ 
mals, such as rabbits, rats, and mice, also turtles and var¬ 
ious kinds of birds, and occasionally it has been known to 
carry off a young lamb. It also preys to some extent on 
fawns, although it does not usually attack a full grown deer. 
Stories are frequently heard of the carrying off of small 
children, but these are practically all imagination. On 
occasion the Bald Eagle does not disdain carrion, and this 
is particularly the case in the west, where frequently cattle 
and similar domestic animals fall victims to drought or 
other catastrophe. Sometimes it drives away the gathered 
vultures or takes from them their repast, and keeps them 
at a respectful distance until its own hunger is satisfied. 
At times it even pursues vultures and compels them to dis¬ 
gorge their food. </p>

<p>The Bald Eagle nests usually on a tall tree, sometimes 
150 feet from the ground, but often the nest is on the ground 
or on a rock. In any case it is an immense structure, some¬ 
times eight to ten feet high, composed of sticks, corn¬ 
stalks, grasses, sedges, mosses, and rubbish, and lined with 
grass, moss, and feathers, although the top has relatively 
little depression. The eggs are usually two in number, dull 
white, without markings, though sometimes nest stained. 
It requires about five weeks for the hatching of the eggs. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Bald Eagle </p>

<p>
177 </p>

<p>
and both parents take part in the duty of incubation, as 
well as in the feeding of the young after they appear. They 
remain more than two months in the nest and do not leave 
until they are able to fly. </p>

<p>The Southern Bald Eagle is a permanent resident over 
most of Louisiana, fairly common locally in southern Lou¬ 
isiana, not common in other regions of the State. It is 
probably less numerous now than formerly. It has been 
noted from the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, New 
Iberia, Chenier au Tigre, and Black Bayou in Cameron Par¬ 
ish, north to Bear Lake eight miles northwest of Tallulah, 
Ouachita Parish and Saline Swamp near Bienville. It breeds 
from December to June, and there are records of eggs from 
December to February 15. </p>

<p>All the specimens of this species from Louisiana that 
have been examined in the present connection prove to be¬ 
long to the southern race of the species, but the Northern 
Bald Eagle probably occurs, at least as a casual winter 
visitor. E. S. Hopkins collected the Southern Bald Eagle 
near Covington and at Pointe a la Hache. There is a speci¬ 
men in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans, taken at Manchac in November, 
1932; four others in the museum of Tulane University, from 
Louisiana without further data, and another, taken at La¬ 
fayette, April 22, 1895. Robert Butler reported it in 1933 
as breeding in West Feliciana Parish; and George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., records a nest at Port Hudson in March, 1935. 
J. S. Campbell mentions a bird seen in Saline Swamp near 
Bienville on July 18, 1933. The writer observed this eagle 
along the Mississippi River between Pilot Town and Venice 
on December 20, 1932; on Bayou Black in Terrebonne Par¬ 
ish near Houma on January 27, 1932; on Little Barataria 
Bayou, January 26, 1932; Avoca Island on January 28, 
1932; Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928; and 
on the Lower Vermilion River, January 30, 1932. E. S. 
Hopkins found it along Black Bayou in Cameron Parish 
on January 27, 1928. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported it on 
October 10, 1936, near Port Hudson about 7 miles east of 
Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>178 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
MARSH HAWK </p>

<p>Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linnaeus) ** </p>

<p>The Marsh Hawk is one of the long, rather slender¬ 
bodied hawks, of light or dark gray color, and has a 
white rump, which is conspicuous even in flight. </p>

<p>It is seen commonly soaring or beating about over the 
marshes, damp meadows, prairies, or grassy plains, seeking 
its food as it flies. It is a bird mostly of the open country, 
and does not so frequently stay in the forests. It is a 
migratory species and while it does not breed in the far 
south it is very numerous there during the winter. </p>

<p>This hawk in many places must be regarded as very 
beneficial, because it destroys a great many rats, mice, 
rabbits, pocket gophers, spermophiles, squirrels, and other 
injurious mammals. However, in some places it eats also 
a great many birds, particularly song birds, some game 
birds, and poultry, and even on some occasions it preys on 
waterfowl. In addition it subsists on a great many frogs, 
some lizards and snakes, large numbers of grasshoppers, 
crickets, and other insects. An interesting domestic incident 
is the manner in which the male sometimes feeds its mate. 
He flies with a mouse high in the air until not more than 
20 feet above his mate, when he drops the mouse and his 
mate turns partly over and catches the mouse in her claws. </p>

<p>This bird breeds in secluded spots in bogs, swamps, 
thickets, or even on brushy hillsides, open grassy meadows, 
or margins of sloughs. The nest is built on the ground, is 
usually well concealed, a rather slight structure of sticks, 
straws, grasses, and weed-stalks, lined with finer materials 
of the same kind, and sometimes with the down of thistles. 
The eggs are commonly four or five, white, and ordinarily 
unmarked. Apparently the incubation, which requires ap¬ 
proximately four weeks, is begun when the first egg is 
laid, since the young do not all hatch at the same time. 
Both birds assist in the incubation, as well as in the care 
of the young. </p>

<p>"Circus hudsonius of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Osprey </p>

<p>
179 </p>

<p>
The Marsh Hawk is a common winter resident, from 
September 12 to April 26, casually to May 24, throughout 
Louisiana, having been reported from Lake Catherine, Oc¬ 
tave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, New 
Iberia, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Cameron Par¬ 
ish, north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, and Monroe. It is most numerous in the coastal 
marshes, but is of general distribution in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The following specimens are in the museum of Tulane 
University: Grand Lagoon near Rigolets, December 14, 
1874; Lake Catherine, November 13, 1887; New Orleans, 
October 16, 1892; Sabine Station, Calcasieu Parish, Febru¬ 
ary 27, 1889; Freshwater Bayou, Calcasieu Parish, January 
13,1894; Vinton, January 3, 1893; and Calcasieu Pass, No¬ 
vember 4, 1891. One in the Chicago Academy of Sciences was 
taken by Joseph Leiter, January 6,1930, at Chateau Canard 
on Main Pass, Mississippi River Delta; two others by E. R. 
Pike, at Pilot Town, December 6, 1930, and November —, 
1930. This hawk was found by the writer particularly 
numerous on the Delta Duck Club grounds along Octave 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on January 22, 1932; 
along Dennis Pass, in the Mississippi River Delta on Decem¬ 
ber 17, 1932; Lake Barre on December 23,1932; and Drum 
Lake (Lake Tambour) on December 23,1932. It was noted 
also at Grand Chenier on December 30, 1932; and at the 
club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish on January 27, 1928. It was seen 
by Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle April 11, 1936; and by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, March 15, and 
September 17, 1936. J. S. Campbell considers it a common 
winter visitor from about October 1 to March 2, at Bien¬ 
ville. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN OSPREY </p>

<p>Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>Almost as large as an eagle, and with a white head, 
the American Osprey superficially not a little resembles 
the Bald Eagle. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>180 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
It is found over much of North America, living 
particularly along the coasts but also on the larger bodies 
of water or streams in the interior. It is a migratory bird 
and leaves the north in the fall to spend the winter in the 
Gulf States, Central America, and South America. In flight 
it is powerful and capable of long journeys, though appar¬ 
ently not so swift as are the eagles. It rarely assembles 
into flocks, but it is well distributed over many portions of 
the regions in which it occurs. Its common note is a rather 
musical call, loud, but sometimes ending in a shrill whistle, 
on occasion prolonged and ending in a rather harsh squeal. 
Notwithstanding its frequent dips in the water after its 
prey, it sometimes enjoys taking a bath. This performance 
is carried on in something like six inches of water, and it 
is after the manner of other birds, by submerging itself 
and then rapidly moving its wings. Occasionally it descends 
from a flight into the water, and rising up to an almost 
vertical position vigorously flaps its wings two or three 
times to churn up the water, after which it rises and re¬ 
peats the performance. Other methods of bathing have 
been reported by observers. </p>

<p>The food of the ‘fish hawk’, as it is often called, is almost 
exclusively fishes, which it catches for itself, and its bill- 
of-fare includes a long list of different kinds. It is so 
entirely a fish-eating bird that only on rare occasions does 
it take any other food, such as frogs, snakes, and insects. 
Its fishing operations are carried on by soaring, hovering, 
or flying over the water at a considerable height, from 
which, when the prospective prey has been sighted, it dives 
into the water, catches the fish, rises and flies away, either 
to some perch where it eats the fish itself, or to its nest 
where it feeds the fish to its young. </p>

<p>The nest of the American Osprey is ordinarily built 
on a tree, sometimes at a considerable height from the 
ground, but at times on the ground, on rocks, clay pinnacles, 
telephone or telegraph poles, or even on the chimney of a 
house. Sometimes the bird has been attracted by a wheel or </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Osprey </p>

<p>
181 </p>

<p>
some other support, attached to the top of a pole on which 
the pair of birds place their nest. The nest is often a huge 
structure, composed of sticks, some of them of remarkably 
large size, and of twigs, bark, sod, and all kinds of rubbish, 
such as seaweed, corn stalks, barrel staves, pieces of net 
and rope, and in fact anything that the bird can gather. It 
is lined with finer materials, such as bark, weeds, sticks, 
and finer rubbish. The eggs are almost always three in 
number, and are exceedingly handsome, having a buff 
ground color, with large splotches of reddish brown of 
various shades and of drab. Apparently the female is the 
only one of the pair that takes part in the incubation, but 
both male and female assist in the care of the young, which 
remain in the nest for many weeks until they are able to </p>

<p>fly. </p>

<p>The American Osprey is a rare permanent resident in 
practically all of Louisiana. It has been reported from 
Grand Isle, Little B&amp;rataria Bayou, and Avery Island; north 
to Baton Rouge, Ouachita River and Black Bayou Lake in 
Ouachita Parish, and Frierson in De Soto Parish, though 
it is more frequently observed in southern Louisiana. It 
breeds in Louisiana from February to April. It is appar¬ 
ently now less numerous than formerly. </p>

<p>This species was noted by Andrew Allison at Lobdell on 
May 15, 1903; and by E. R. Kalmbach on Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish on May 1, 1919. Robert Butler reported in 
1933 that the species bred in West Feliciana Parish. The 
writer, moreover, noted it along Little Barataria Bayou, on 
June 10, 1933. Specimens in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity were taken at Lewisburg on October 8, 1874; and on 
Timbalier Island. George H. Lowery, Jr., has noted it at 
Black Bayou Lake near Monroe; and on May 8, 1936, 30 
miles west of Baton Rouge; and Ambrose Daigre at Grand 
Isle, April 26 and 30, 1936. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>182 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Family FALCONIDAE 
AUDUBON CARACARA </p>

<p>Polyborus cheriway audubonii Cassin </p>

<p>The Audubon Caracara, a tropical species, is only a 
casual visitor to the coast region of southern Louisiana from 
the Mississippi River to Cameron Parish. It is reported to 
occur at all seasons of the year, but there is no actual record 
of its breeding in the State; in fact, the definite records of 
its occurrence in Louisiana are few. </p>

<p>A specimen in the United States National Museum was 
taken in Cameron Parish on January 9, 1879, and another 
was sent to the Smithsonian Institution by G. Wurdemann 
from Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854. The writer 
observed a pair of these birds in a brushy pasture near 
Kenner on December 14, 1932; and a single bird at Oneida, 
near Convent, on March 8, 1938. </p>

<p>DUCK HAWK </p>

<p>Rhynchodon peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte) ** </p>

<p>The Duck Hawk, or, as it is often called, ‘peregrine 
falcon’, is one of the best known North American hawks, 
although it is not in any particular locality to be called 
common. It is of moderate size, with long, pointed, strong 
wings, dark brown or slaty blackish upper body surface, 
and white below with dark spots or streaks. Its broad, black 
mustache also is a good field character. </p>

<p>It is particularly fond of the marshes, the river valleys, 
the mountains, cliffs, and canyons. Probably no other bird 
in North America, with the possible exception of the swifts, 
is as rapid in flight as this well-known bird. This quality, 
of course, in all probability, was one of the reasons for its 
selection by the falconers of the Old World, who trained 
this bird to hunt for them. It is usually a solitary bird, 
although it sometimes migrates in company with the other 
hawks. Its note is a shrill cackle or wild scream, and is 
often repeated many times in succession. </p>

<p>av F(tlcn peregrin us anatum of the 10‘U A. O. U. Cheek-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Duck Hawk </p>

<p>
183 </p>

<p>
This bird lives largely on other birds, and attacks those 
of considerable size, like grouse, ptarmigan, and pigeons, 
as well as song birds. The power of the Duck Hawk as it 
strikes its prey is almost unbelievable, and it has been known 
to kill a Red-shouldered Hawk, even to knock down a bird 
as large as the Blue Goose. Sometimes it preys on small 
mammals, and occasionally on large insects. </p>

<p>The aerie of this falcon is usually on a cliff, either along 
a stream or in the mountains. Sometimes it nests in hollows 
in large trees. Wherever the nest is placed it is usually 
well concealed from observation, and sometimes is not very 
accessible. Occasionally it uses the nest of some other bird, 
such as an eagle or a hawk. The eggs are usually three 
to five, of a deep cream color with numerous markings of 
dark brown, these markings sometimes so close together 
that the whole egg appears of this color. Both male and 
female assist not only in the incubation duties, but in taking 
care of the young. </p>

<p>The Duck Hawk is a rare winter resident, from October 
24 to May 1, in most parts of Louisiana, from the mouth of 
the Mississippi River, Grand Isle, the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, and Cameron Parish, north to Lake Providence, 
Monroe, Black Lake in Natchitoches Parish, and Lake Bis- 
tineau, but is more frequently seen in the Gulf Coast region, 
where in winter its prey is more easily obtained. There is 
apparently no breeding record for the State. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach reported one seen on May 1,1925, south 
of Gueydan, where it was stirring up flocks of American 
Golden Plovers in the rice fields. A specimen was collected 
by Winston E. Nolan on the Vermilion River 10 miles south 
of Abbeville on December 22,1932. A. M. Bailey noted the 
species at Chenier au Tigre between December 8 and 18, 
1925. He collected three specimens on Timbalier Island, 
October 12, 1916; and, at Pilot Town in the Mississippi 
River Delta, two on October 24, and one on October 25,1928. 
A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was taken 
at Raceland on December 12,1888. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
saw this falcon at Grand Isle, October 27 and 28,1935; and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>184 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
J. S. Campbell reports it from Black Lake in Natchitoches 
Parish, and from Lake Bistineau, most commonly during 
October. The writer observed this species near the club 
house on the State Public Shooting Grounds in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta on January 23, 1932; on Octave Pass near 
the Delta Duck Club in the Mississippi River Delta on Janu¬ 
ary 22, 1932 ; and in Dead Woman Pass, Mississippi River 
Delta, on December 18, 1932. An immature specimen was 
obtained by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge on 
September 27, 1936; and one bird seen in Cameron Parish, 
about January 1, 1938, by the same ornithologist. </p>

<p>EASTERN PIGEON HAWK </p>

<p>Tinnunculus columbarius columbarius (Linnaeus) 70 </p>

<p>This hawk is a small edition of the Duck Hawk, although 
not quite so fierce or relatively so powerful, and it may be 
distinguished by its broadly light and dark barred tail and 
smaller size. </p>

<p>It lives not only in the woodlands, but also in all kinds 
of open country, frequenting the swamps, forests, and the 
mountains. In the winter it is frequently found in the 
timber along rivers. Its flight is swift and strong and it 
has little difficulty in overtaking most other birds, although 
it is apparently not so fast as the Duck Hawk. It rarely 
ever is seen in any considerable numbers, but is a more 
or less solitary bird even in winter. </p>

<p>Its food consists to a large extent of small birds, such 
as sparrows, but it takes also field mice, and other small 
mammals, scorpions, together with grasshoppers, crickets, 
dragonflies, beetles, and other insects. The damage that it 
does to small birds is one of the counts against it, although 
many of the birds that it takes are probably sick or crip¬ 
pled. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is placed in the forest or on a 
cliff, either in a tree, in which case it is often at a great 
distance from the ground, in the hollow of a tree, on a 
ledge, or in a cavity on the face of a cliff; sometimes it </p>

<p>n'Fnlro columbarius columbaria s of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Pigeon Hawk </p>

<p>
185 </p>

<p>
makes use of the deserted nest of a crow or other large 
bird. When the nest is constructed by the birds themselves 
it is composed of twigs, and lined with grass, bark, moss, 
and similar materials. The eggs are about five in number, 
white or light brown, marked with various shades of red¬ 
dish brown. It requires about three weeks for the eggs to 
hatch, in which operation both the male and female take 
part. Sometimes the adults are very solicitous for their 
nest and will attempt to intimidate an intruder by feigning 
attacks. </p>

<p>The Eastern Pigeon Hawk is a rare winter resident, 
from the middle of September to May 2, in the coast region 
of southern Louisiana, from Saint Tammany Parish and the 
Mississippi River Delta west to Grand Isle and Cameron 
Parish, and north to Madisonville and Lake Providence. It 
is most frequently observed in the immediate vicinity of the 
Gulf Coast and along the Mississippi River below New Or¬ 
leans. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies in the museum of Tulane 
University have been examined from the following locali¬ 
ties : Madisonville, October 18, 1926; Bayou St. John near 
New Orleans, September 26, 1888; Boutte, Saint Charles 
Parish, November 19,1888; and Bayou La Barre, November 
17, 1889. An adult female in the United States National 
Museum was collected at New Orleans, January 10, 1904, 
by Andrew Allison; and one in the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences, at Lake Pontchartrain, in 1889 by W. H. Ballou. 
Another specimen, in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans, was taken at Grand 
Isle on March 22, 1931. The writer has observed this spe¬ 
cies, in most cases a single individual, at the following locali¬ 
ties, these records apparently referring to the typical form 
(Tinnunculus columbarius columbarius ), which is probably 
the prevailing subspecies in Louisiana: Myrtle Grove in 
Plaquemines Parish on January 24, 1932; Johnson Pass, 
Mississippi River Delta, December 17, 1932; Pass a Loutre 
on December 17, 1932; Willow Pass, Mississippi River 
Delta, on December 20,1932; near Lake Barre on December 
23,1932; Boudreaux Lake, Terrebonne Parish, December 24, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>186 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1932; Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 24 and 27, 
1928. Ambrose Daigre records it from Grand Isle, April 
11, and May 2, 1936; also April 9, 10, 11, and 15, 1937; 
and L. E. Hicks from Lake Providence, December 22, 1931. </p>

<p>WESTERN PIGEON HAWK </p>

<p>Tinnunculus columbarius bendirei (Swann)’ 1 </p>

<p>The Western Pigeon Hawk is a rare winter resident, 
from September 30 to March 10, casually to June 1, in south¬ 
ern Louisiana, from the Mississippi River to Cameron Par¬ 
ish, but it has not been detected north of the vicinity of New 
Orleans. Since this subspecies is difficult to identify in the 
field, the only records made use of here are from specimens 
actually examined. </p>

<p>In the museum of Tulane University there are the fol¬ 
lowing examples: Plaquemines Parish, no date; New Or¬ 
leans, October 16, 1876; Kenner, west of New Orleans, 
October 4, 1888; Indian Bayou, Vermilion Parish, October 
16, 1889, collected by George E. Beyer; and Calcasieu, De¬ 
cember 5, 1895. In the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans there are specimens 
from Jefferson Parish, September 30, 1932, collected by 
Winston E. Nolan; Grand Isle, June 1, 1932; and from Lou¬ 
isiana, without further indication of locality, February 10, 
1933. A. M. Bailey obtained at Chenier au Tigre one bird 
on December 17, 1925, another on March 10, 1931; and 
George H. Lowery, Jr., one at Grand Isle on April 16, 1936; 
all examined by the present writer. Record of a single 
specimen taken by F. S. Hersey in Vermilion Parish, Feb¬ 
ruary 17, 1916, is furnished by J. L. Peters. </p>

<p>EASTERN SPARROW HAWK </p>

<p>Cerchneis sparveria sparveria (Linnaeus) 75 </p>

<p>This small hawk is readily distinguished by its reddish 
tail and whitish dark-spotted or streaked under parts. As 
a species this is the smallest of our Louisiana hawks. The </p>

<p>' 71 l : alcr) columbarium bendirei of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>T-Fnlco spar cerium spnrvcri-ua of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Sparrow Hawk </p>

<p>
187 </p>

<p>
two subspecies that are found in the state, the Eastern 
Sparrow Hawk and the Little Sparrow Hawk, differ only 
in size, the latter being smaller. </p>

<p>The Sparrow Hawk is a bird of the more open country 
and not so frequently haunts the woods/ It may regularly 
be seen sitting on the topmost branch or on some other 
exposed portion of a tree, on a telephone or telegraph pole, 
telegraph wire, or fence-post, in fact, in any place where 
it can obtain a good view of the surroundings. It is the 
one hawk that more or less readily adapts itself to the 
vicinity of man and frequently takes up its abode in towns 
and cities and about country dwellings. While it is strong 
on the wing and is capable of swift flight it is usually seen 
hovering or flying leisurely over the more open country, 
commonly in pursuit of its prey. Sometimes it gathers into 
flocks of considerable size, particularly during migration, 
at which periods it associates with the other migratory 
hawks, particularly the smaller kinds. It has a loud, rather 
pleasing note, something like the syllables ‘killy’, many times 
repeated, although it has also other notes. At times it is 
very noisy. </p>

<p>The chief food of this bird is mice and insects, partic¬ 
ularly the larger species such as grasshoppers, but it feeds 
also on other mammals, reptiles, spiders, or small birds. 
Except when other food is not readily obtainable does it 
seriously disturb song birds. </p>

<p>This hawk breeds not only along the edges of woodlands, 
in swamps, and similar places, but in the orchards, villages, 
or even in relatively large cities. It places its nest usually 
in a hollow of a tree, either a natural one or an abandoned 
woodpecker hole, in a small cave or hole in the bank, or 
even about the cornices and other crevices of buildings in 
the country, in towns or cities, occasionally even in a bird 
house put up for the purpose. The nest contains often prac¬ 
tically no material, but at other times the cavity is largely 
filled with leaves and grasses. The eggs are about five in 
number, white or buff, even cinnamon colored, blotched and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>188 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
spotted with different shades of brown, sometimes with 
lavender. The male and female both assist in the duty 
of incubation, which extends over about four weeks. The 
parent birds are very active in protecting their young, and 
drive away practically all other birds that approach. </p>

<p>This race of the Sparrow Hawk is a winter resident, 
from August 1 to February 26, accidentally to June 26, over 
probably all of Louisiana, although the writer has seen 
specimens from only the southern portion. It is probably 
more common than actual records indicate, since it is not 
distinguishable in the field with certainty from the Little 
Sparrow Hawk, which is the breeding subspecies in this 
State. </p>

<p>Specimens from the following localities have been ex¬ 
amined : Bedico River, Tangipahoa Parish, August 1,1890; 
Mandeville, December 16, 1890; Deer Range Plantation in 
Plaquemines Parish, January 12, 1866, and January —, 
1866; New Orleans, August 1, 1890, and September 9, 1886. 
All these are in the museum of Tulane University. In the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans there are the following specimens: Jefferson 
Parish, November 22, 1932; Marrero, near New Orleans, 
October 25, 1931, and December, 1932. A specimen in the 
State Department of Agriculture at Baton Rouge was taken 
in New Orleans on October 26, 1932; and another on Janu¬ 
ary 6, 1933, both by Glenn Hopkins. One in the United 
States National Museum was shot near Kenner on Febru¬ 
ary 26,1900, and another was collected by A. H. Howell near 
Hackley on February 23,1912. An adult female collected at 
Madisonville on June 26, 1888, is clearly this form, but it 
apparently is a bird that failed to migrate northward at the 
proper season. Further examples identified by the writer 
are from Baton Rouge, October 19, 1937, collected by L. S. 
Simon; from Lottie, November 23, 1937, and Grand Isle, 
October 5, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Little Sparroiv Hawk </p>

<p>
189 </p>

<p>
LITTLE SPARROW HAWK </p>

<p>Cerchneis sparveria paula Howe and King 71 </p>

<p>The Little Sparrow Hawk is a common permanent resi¬ 
dent throughout Louisiana, except in the immediate vicinity 
of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, reported from Bedico 
River, Houma, Gillis, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; 
and north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Lake. It is 
also a common winter resident, from late August to April 26, 
along the Gulf Coast south of its known breeding range, to 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and particularly the delta 
of the Mississippi River. It breeds from April to June. It 
is scarcely distinguishable in the field from the Eastern 
Sparrow Hawk, and some of the sight records in winter and 
the migrations may belong to that race. </p>

<p>A specimen in the Biological Survey collection in the 
United States National Museum was collected by A. H. How¬ 
ell at Slidell on October 28,1908. There are also specimens in 
the museum of Tulane University from the Bedico River in 
Tangipahoa Parish, taken, May 16, 1890, and May 31,1889; 
from Mandeville, November 11, 1891, October 13, 1876, De¬ 
cember 11, 1892, and February 7, 1893; from Madisonville, 
November, 1887, July 1, 11, and 18, 1888; New Orleans, 
October 18, 1891, and October 31, 1888; and Deer Range 
Plantation, Plaquemines Parish, January 12, 1866; and one 
in the museum of the Louisiana State University, obtained 
by George H. Lowery, Jr., six miles northwest of Grand 
Isle on January 28, 1938. </p>

<p>The writer noted this hawk at Westover in West Baton 
Rouge Parish on June 15, 1933, and also at Gillis in Calca¬ 
sieu Parish on June 19, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach reported it 
at Thibodaux on May 25, 1919, and near Tallulah on June 
30,1924. A specimen was taken by J. Fairie at Prairie Mer 
Rouge in 1853, and is in the United States National Mu¬ 
seum; and another, collected in June of the same year is 
now in the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Vernon Bailey, 
at Mer Rouge, saw four young just beginning to fly and also </p>

<p>73 Falco sparverius pauhw of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Cheek List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>190 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
an adult on June 7,1892. A specimen was obtained by R. J. 
Thompson at Provencal in Natchitoches Parish on May 31, 
1892; and the writer saw a single bird at Caddo Lake on 
June 18, 1933. Sparrow Hawks, presumably of this subspe¬ 
cies, have been observed by the writer in many localities in 
the southern part of the State in winter: from Little Bara- 
taria Bayou on January 26, 1932, to Johnson Pass and Den¬ 
nis Pass, in the Mississippi River Delta, on December 17, 
1932; Grand Chenier on December 30,1932; Calcasieu Lake, 
December 30 and 31, 1932; and at the Orange-Cameron 
Land Company’s club house in southwestern Cameron Par¬ 
ish on January 24 and 26,1928. At Bienville J. S. Campbell 
has found the Sparrow Hawk breeding during May and 
June. </p>

<p>
Order GALLIFORMES </p>

<p>Family TETRAONIDAE </p>

<p>GREATER PRAIRIE CHICKEN </p>

<p>Tympanuchus cupido americanus (Reichenbach) </p>

<p>The Greater Prairie Chicken is a casual winter visitor 
to northern Louisiana, of which there are but two certain 
records for the State, both of them in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans. One 
of these is a specimen with no other data than West Louisi¬ 
ana; and the other is a specimen with no further informa¬ 
tion than that it was taken in the State of Louisiana. A 
bird killed by R. F. Clark about December 20, 1925, in Lin¬ 
coln Parish, five miles northeast of Ruston, was also proba¬ 
bly of this race and was so recorded by George H. Lowery, 
Jr. T ‘ </p>

<p>
ATTWATER PRAIRIE CHICKEN </p>

<p>Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bendire </p>

<p>The Attwater Prairie Chicken was formerly a common 
permanent resident on the coast prairies of Louisiana, from 
Abbeville, Opelousas, and Bayou Teche, west to the Sabine </p>

<p>74 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Yol. XXIX, No. 4. November, 1931. p. 22. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Bobwhite </p>

<p>
191 </p>

<p>
River in Cameron and Calcasieu parishes. It is now rare 
and apparently restricted to a small area in the western 
parts of Cameron and Calcasieu parishes. </p>

<p>Two specimens in the United States National Museum 
were taken during the spring of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann at 
Calcasieu Pass; and a specimen in the museum of Tulane 
University was collected at Rayne on February 25, 1889. 
Another in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass., was obtained in Cameron Parish on Feb¬ 
ruary 18, 1907. A. M. Bailey reported it from Cameron 
Farm in Cameron Parish, 14 miles south of Vinton, Feb¬ 
ruary 26, 1919; and A. C. Bent recorded it from Iowa 
(La.). Eggs of this bird were sent by G. Wiirdemann to 
the Smithsonian Institution from Calcasieu Pass in 1854. </p>

<p>Family PERDICIDAE 
EASTERN BOBWHITE </p>

<p>Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>No upland game bird is so well or widely known in the 
eastern United States as is the Eastern Bobwhite. It is 
found in almost all parts of this region, though represented 
by different subspecies in Florida and Texas. It is one of 
the birds that has acquired its name from a striking pecu¬ 
liarity of its call, which, in this case, is the resemblance to 
the syllables ‘bob-white’. </p>

<p>The Bobwhite is fond of the more open upland areas, 
and is not often found in dense forests, although the margins 
of the woodlands are often resorted to for protection. 
Neither does it seem to be fond of the open short-grass 
areas, living chiefly in the thickets and about the edges of 
fields under the protection of the tall grass and bushes, 
sometimes even in more or less swampy areas, particularly 
where there are blackberries or other briars. It is partial 
also to weedy fields, cotton fields, and abandoned cultivated 
lands. Its brown upper parts, pure white throat, and white 
or buffy white lower parts, with various spots and other 
markings of black and dark brown, render the bird easily 
identified in any locality. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>192 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It has a strong and rapid flight, which starts often with 
a whirr; and it is an object of sport that well tests the skill 
of the hunter. It assembles sometimes into flocks of con¬ 
siderable size, which keep together for a considerable period 
unless disturbed, when the birds sometimes scatter, but 
usually come together again. At night they roost on the 
ground in a circle with heads outward so that they can be 
off on the wing at the slightest alarm. </p>

<p>This bird has an exceedingly varied diet. It lives on various 
kinds of wild fruits, seeds, leaves, and buds, and a little waste 
grain. The most interesting part of its food, however, con¬ 
sists of insects, and at certain times of the year the bird 
is exceptionally useful in cultivated fields, on account of 
its great destruction of such insect pests as the squash 
beetle, caterpillars, army worms, cutworms, potato beetle, 
cotton-boll and other weevils, grasshoppers, locusts, and 
the chinch bug. For this reason the Bobwhite should receive 
full protection from the farmer, since this bird on his land 
is worth much for its effect on the enemies of growing 
crops. </p>

<p>The nest is built almost always on the ground, and is 
rather cleverly concealed in the grass or other vegetation. 
This bird chooses the varied cover in old fields, in brush, 
margins of woodlands or swamps, in grassy or other cul¬ 
tivated fields. The materials consist of various kinds of 
grasses, weeds, or leaves, and the lining is finer materials 
of the same kind. The eggs are about 15 in number, white, 
unmarked, and decidedly pyriform in shape. It takes a 
little over three weeks to hatch the eggs, and both male 
and female take part in the incubation. The male often 
takes care of the young, and both parents are unusually 
solicitous for the welfare of their family. </p>

<p>The Eastern Bobwhite is a common permanent resident 
in all of Louisiana, excepting the marshes and water-cov¬ 
ered swamps, from Calcasieu Pass, Mermentau, the Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary, and Bayou La Fourche, north to West 
Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier Parish. It </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Turkey </p>

<p>
193 </p>

<p>
breeds chiefly from March to September, and there are 
records of eggs from the middle of April to October 2. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bobwhite were collected by E. G. 
Wright at Avery Island, May 13 and 19, 1930; and by 
Wharton Huber at Chenier au Tigre on January 13 and 
29, 1928. It was observed by the writer at Saint Joseph 
on June 16, 1933; at DuLac on Grand Caillou Bayou, 
Terrebonne Parish, on June 22, 1933; at the Florence Club 
16 miles south of Gueydan on December 29, 1932; Lake 
Charles, Vinton, and Toomey on June 20, 1933; and at 
Many and De Ridder on June 19, 1933. At Bienville J. S. 
Campbell found on September 15, 1933, a nest containing 
15 eggs which hatched on October 2. </p>

<p>Family MELEAGRIDIDAE 
EASTERN TURKEY </p>

<p>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot </p>

<p>This fine game bird was formerly not uncommon as a 
permanent resident over most of the State of Louisiana, 
from the southwestern corner along the Sabine and Calca¬ 
sieu rivers, and southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of 
the Pearl River, north to Tallulah and to East Carroll, Winn, 
Union, Bienville, and Bossier parishes. It is now, however, 
greatly reduced in numbers and confined chiefly to the cen¬ 
tral northern and northeastern parts of the State in Concor¬ 
dia, Richland, Jackson, Union, Tensas, Madison, and East 
Carroll parishes. It inhabits chiefly the hardwood and pine 
forests of the upland, but also in many places the bottom¬ 
lands as well. It begins to breed in early April, and eggs 
were taken at Hammond on April 17, 1897. Robert Butler 
reports it breeding, though rare, in West Feliciana Parish. </p>

<p>A specimen of this subspecies in the museum of the Lou¬ 
isiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans was 
taken at Tallulah in December of 1931; and another in the 
Colorado Museum of Natural History is from Saint Mary 
Parish May 1, 1922. J. S. Campbell states that it is present 
in small numbers in the more remote swamps of Bienville </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
194 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Parish, and that an adult and young were seen in Saline 
Swamp south of Bienville during the summer of 1932. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., says that this fine bird is still 
common around St. Francisville, but decreasing. He states 
also that it was observed at Chestnut, in northeastern Winn 
Parish in 1935; in southern Bossier Parish in December, 
1935; and along the Tensas River in Madison Parish in 
June, 1933, and December, 1934. </p>

<p>
Order GRUIFORMES 
Family GRUIDAE 
WHOOPING CRANE </p>

<p>Limnogeranus americanus (Linnaeus)” </p>

<p>The beautiful Whooping Crane was formerly a common, 
but is now a very rare winter resident, from November 23 
to March 11, in the Grand Chenier region of western Loui¬ 
siana, east to Chenier au Tigre and the Louisiana State 
Wild Life Refuge. </p>

<p>There are the following recent records: In 1899 the 
bird was reported to Vernon Bailey as common in winter at 
Iowa (La.); a specimen in the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology was collected in Cameron Parish, February 15, 
1909; seven were said to have been seen by Stanley C. 
Arthur on the Rockefeller Wild Life Refuge in February, 
1916;” also four birds in the winter of 1928 to 1929 in the 
same locality.” A. M. Bailey recorded three seen in Novem¬ 
ber, 1916, at Chenier au Tigre, and also several during the 
autumn of 1917. He also reported their wintering in the 
same locality in 1925, and as observed during the winters 
of 1929, 1930, and 1931/’ In the same area Lionel Le Blanc 
saw seven birds on December 16, 1933.” E. W. Nelson re¬ 
corded two at Pecan Island on March 11, 1928, and January 
7, 1929, and the species was reported to him as formerly 
common there in winter.' 0 F. L. Jaques saw two individuals </p>

<p>
76 Orus americana of the 1931 A. O. U. Cheek-List. </p>

<p>7&lt;l Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, 1918, p. 35. </p>

<p>77 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 231. 
78 Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XL1II, No. 3. September. 1931. p. 193. 
7w Bailey, The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 3, June 28, 1934, r&gt;. 399. 
s °Condor, Vol. XXXI, No. 4, July 15, 1929, p. 14b. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Sandhill Crane </p>

<p>
195 </p>

<p>
in the same region in the spring of 1930.“ R. B. Worthern, 
in a letter states that he saw 13 Whooping Cranes near 
White Lake in Vermilion Parish in January, 1933, and that 
they were reported to him as present there during the win¬ 
ter of 1933-1934. Ambrose Daigre reports that a flock of 
nine was seen near Gueydan on November 23, 1935; one of 
these was killed by a hunter, and the writer has seen this 
bird in the museum of the Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans. </p>

<p>
SANDHILL CRANE </p>

<p>Grus canadensis tabida (Peters) </p>

<p>This well-known western bird is one of the largest in¬ 
habiting North America. In fact it is so conspicuous by 
its size that it has been greatly reduced in numbers during 
the past 25 years, and now comparatively few are to be 
found in the United States. About four feet in length, and 
nearly seven feet in expanse of wings, and by reason of its 
long legs, standing three or four feet high, it is a bird 
easily picked out wherever it happens to be seen. Almost 
uniform slate color, with some reddish coloration on the 
top of the head, it can be confused with almost no other 
bird except perhaps the Great Blue Heron. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the open plains, prairies, and marshes, 
and sometimes appears, particularly in migration or in 
winter, in flocks of great size. It has a powerful, well sus¬ 
tained flight, and is one of the most impressive of our 
birds. Its loud call sounds something like the syllables 
‘kr-roo’ several times repeated and long drawn out, and 
has a rather musical far-carrying quality. </p>

<p>Ordinarily the bird feeds along the shore in the vicinity 
of ponds, lakes, streams, and marshes, but sometimes it 
frequents even the pine woods and the vicinity of thickets. 
It lives on the seeds, roots, and other parts of water plants, 
grain of various kinds, obtained from the fields after har¬ 
vest, and it is fond of even potatoes; various kinds of 
berries, tadpoles, small fishes, lizards, snakes, rats, mice, </p>

<p>^Roberts, Birds Minn., Vol. I, June 6, 1932, p. 429. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>196 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
worms, grasshoppers, beetles, and other large insects. The 
size of the bird and its power of vision aid it not only in its 
feeding but in all of its other activities. </p>

<p>The nest of this crane is placed usually on the prairies, 
about prairie ponds, the edges of marshes, or even in 
the open woodlands. Sometimes the bulky structure is built 
in the water, and at other times it is on dry land. It is a 
heap of vegetation, such as rushes, reeds, grasses, and other 
plants, and has a well-marked depression for the eggs in the 
middle of the top. The ordinarily two eggs are of an olive 
buff or buffy brown color, variously marked with drab and 
brown. When the young are hatched they soon leave the 
nest and follow their parents, which they seem to be able 
to do with ease, since they run rapidly when they are still 
very young. They are fed by regurgitation, at least for 
a considerable period, and are cared for by the parents until 
they are able to fly. </p>

<p>The Sandhill Crane was formerly a common, but is now 
a rare winter resident in the Gulf Coast region of south¬ 
western Louisiana, and there are records from January 3 to 
late February. It is a very rare transient in the central and 
northern parts of the State, from which localities there are 
no recent records. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey reports that several flocks wintered near 
Cameron Farm, 14 miles south of Vinton, in 1919, and that 
they were seen frequently during the latter part of Febru¬ 
ary. Four cranes, also presumably of this race, were ob¬ 
served by him at Chenier au Tigre on March 11, 1918. A 
flock of 34 birds seen on January 3, 1911, at Gum Cove in 
the southwestern part of Cameron Parish by W. L. McAtee, 
was probably of this subspecies, Grus canadensis tabid-a. </p>

<p>FLORIDA CRANE </p>

<p>Grus canadensis pratensis Meyer </p>

<p>The Florida Crane is a rare permanent resident, pos¬ 
sibly now of only casual occurrence, in southwestern Lou¬ 
isiana, but it was formerly more numerous. H. H. Kopman </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Limpkin </p>

<p>
197 </p>

<p>
reports that in May of 1907, it was common near Calcasieu 
Pass." J. D. Figgins reported it as breeding near Black 
Bayou in Cameron Parish in July, 1919. It apparently now 
nests if at all only in Cameron Parish, where two young 
were obtained in 1918." </p>

<p>Family ARAMIDAE </p>

<p>LIMPKIN </p>

<p>Aramus pictus pieties (Meyer) </p>

<p>The Limpkin is a rare, possibly permanent, resident of 
southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is, however, but a single record of this bird for 
the State, an individual taken in May, 1935, by Fred Weber 
at Moss Lake, 10 miles north of Lake Charles. This bird 
was perfectly described to George H. Lowery, Jr., and identi¬ 
fied from a colored picture, so that it was, without any 
reasonable doubt, an example of this species. It apparently 
is rare in that vicinity, as Mr. Weber does not remember 
having seen any other bird of this kind during his residence 
there. It may, however, have been a wanderer from farther 
west. There are many places in Louisiana that would form 
ideal haunts for this species, and it is not improbable that 
the bird will be found in future at other localities. </p>

<p>Family RALLIDAE </p>

<p>KING RAIL </p>

<p>Rallns elegans elegans Audubon </p>

<p>One of the largest rails in North America, the King Rail 
is well known to sportsmen as well as to naturalists. Its 
size, the rufescent, black-streaked upper parts, and cinna¬ 
mon anterior lower surface will distinguish this bird from 
all others, save its close relative, the Clapper Rail. </p>

<p>In general the King Rail inhabits the fresh water 
marshes, although, in places, it does occur also in the salt 
water areas occupied by the Clapper Rail. Fresh water </p>

<p>-Lore. Vol. IX, No. Or'.obor, 1907, |&gt;. -‘»S. </p>

<p>" Hull. Ln. l&gt;c*|»t. Cons., No. ‘JO, l)o&lt;oinb.*r, 19:11, |&gt;. J0:&gt;. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>198 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
swamps and marshes throughout most of the interior of 
eastern North America are frequented by this bird. It is 
not so abundant as some of the smaller rails, like the Sora, 
although it is probably more numerous than the individuals 
observed might indicate, this being very naturally the case 
on account of its habits. It lives in the swampy tangles of 
briers, weeds, and various water plants, about lakes and 
ponds, and in some of the areas is difficult of approach. 
It rarely ever is found on dry ground, and if its favorite 
haunts are destroyed it disappears from the region. </p>

<p>While this bird can fly considerable distances, if neces¬ 
sary, its flights are usually only so long as necessary to 
seek concealment. It has the faculty of keeping concealed 
by skulking rapidly through the grass whenever alarmed, 
instead of taking flight as many other birds do. It can 
swim and even dives well. It is not a gregarious bird and 
is found almost always singly or in very small flocks. </p>

<p>Its voice is rather harsh and not unlike some of the 
notes of a hen; in fact this is difficult to distinguish from 
that of the Clapper Rail. It has, however, a number of dif¬ 
ferent vocal performances. Perhaps its hen-like voice has 
earned for it the name of ‘fresh water marsh hen’ or 
‘meadow hen’, by which it is often known to those that are 
not ornithologists. </p>

<p>This bird lives on various kinds of animals, such as 
crustaceans, insects, worms, small fishes, tadpoles, and 
other similar kinds, and varies this with seeds of different 
plants from the swamps and marshes. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is found along the shores of ponds 
and marshes, and is placed on the ground in the grass. It 
is a rather bulky structure of grasses and weeds, often built 
to a height of six or eight inches, and sometimes partly over¬ 
arched. On occasion the bird repairs the nest while it is 
being occupied, and even makes use of it for several succes¬ 
sive seasons. The eggs are usually 6 to 12, and are of a dull 
creamy white, with scattered markings of brown and violet. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>King Rail </p>

<p>
199 </p>

<p>
The downy young are coal black, and are very well taken 
care of by the parents until they are able to shift for them¬ 
selves. </p>

<p>The King Rail is a fairly common permanent resident in 
southern Louisiana, from Cameron Parish, Chenier au 
Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, New Iberia, and Octave 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, north to Lake Cath¬ 
erine, Mandeville, Baton Rouge, and Scott in Lafayette Par¬ 
ish; also a fairly common permanent resident in northern 
Louisiana, north to the northwestern corner of the State, 
Bienville, and farther eastward at least to Monroe. It fre¬ 
quents the coastal marshes and the lakes and ponds of the 
interior. It breeds in most parts of the State from April 
to July, and there are records of eggs from May 1 to July 
22. Nestlings of this species were obtained by E. R. Kalm- 
bach near Gueydan on July 22, 1925, and other individuals 
on August 10,1925. </p>

<p>A specimen in the Biological Survey collection in the 
United States National Museum was taken by A. K. Fisher 
on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on January 
31, 1911; and another at Oberlin, May 23, 1936, by T. D. 
Burleigh. Specimens in the museum of Tulane University 
are from Diamond in Plaquemines Parish, May 6,1864; near 
New Orleans, October 24, 1891, December 3, 1892, Novem¬ 
ber 21, 1865, April 4, 1874, and September 7, 1890; Kenner 
in Jefferson Parish, December 1, 1889; Lake Catherine, 
March 24, 1890; Scott in Lafayette Parish, February 13, 
1893; and Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, 
April 12, 1890. A. M. Bailey collected several at Chenier 
au Tigre, January 1,3, and 5,1934; and E. G. Wright, others 
at Avery Island, May 7, 11, 13, and 15, 1930; all of which 
the writer has examined. One was taken by E. S. Hopkins 
near the club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company 
in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 26,1928. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., considers this rail a common permanent resi¬ 
dent in the Baton Rouge region about the City Park Lake 
in Baton Rouge itself. J. S. Campbell gives it as a common 
resident at Bienville, where he found five nests on a pond </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>200 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
in May, 1932. Near Lucky he found two nests in May, 1932, 
and collected there one bird on April 10, 1932. He has 
observed it also at Bienville throughout the winter. One 
female was obtained at Hack berry on June 20, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>LOUISIANA CLAPPER RAIL </p>

<p>Rallus longirostris saturatus Ridgway </p>

<p>‘Thin as a rail’ is a very common expression, and one 
very appropriate to any of the birds commonly called rails, 
since they are so built that they can easily slip through the 
dense vegetation of the marshes where they live. The 
Louisiana Clapper Rail, commonly known also as ‘marsh 
hen’ or ‘salt water marsh hen’, is one of the most abundant 
birds on the coastal marshes of the Gulf of Mexico. It is a 
bird somewhat over a foot long, with a rather long neck 
and slightly curved bill, olive brown above and at least 
partly cinnamon color below. </p>

<p>Its home is in the marshes of the coast region, since 
it is seldom found far from salt water. It spends most of its 
time in the grass, and when pressed usually prefers to run 
through the marsh rather than to fly. When flushed it has a 
rather labored flight, and soon drops into the grass again. 
Notwithstanding this, it is capable of sustained flight. The 
bird is also a good swimmer, although it apparently does 
not engage in this activity regularly. It is usually found 
singly or in pairs and is much more often heard than seen, 
since the density of the vegetation in the places where it 
lives effectively hides it from view, but its loud cackling 
voice, which has given it the name Clapper Rail, is heard 
at certain times of the year on every hand in the marshes. </p>

<p>This rail subsists on aquatic animals such as snails, 
fiddler crabs and other crustaceans, grasshoppers, aquatic 
insects, and fish fry, as well as the seeds and other parts 
of water plants. </p>

<p>It breeds in the same marshes in which it passes most 
of its time, placing its nest on the ground or in the low </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Clapper Rail </p>

<p>
201 </p>

<p>
grass. This is composed of reeds, grasses, rushes, and other 
marsh vegetation, and lined with finer grass. Sometimes 
the bird establishes a well defined runway leading to the 
nest to facilitate approach and departure. The bird does 
not nest in colonies, but its homes are scattered promiscu¬ 
ously over the marsh areas. The eggs are buff, with spots 
of reddish brown, gray, and lavender, and are usually from 
eight to ten in number. The coal black young are able to 
follow their parents soon after they are hatched. This bird, 
like many of the other inhabitants of the marsh is much 
at the mercy of floods and storms, and in certain years 
there is a large mortality, not only of eggs, nest, and young, 
but sometimes of the adults themselves. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Clapper Rail is a common permanent 
resident in the marshes bordering the Gulf Coast, and it is 
recorded from the North Islands, Freemason Island, and 
The Rigolets, west to Grand Isle and the Orange-Cameron 
Land Company’s ranch in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
and north to New Orleans. It breeds from March to July, 
and there are records of eggs from March 23 to June 23. </p>

<p>Specimens in the Biological Survey collection in the 
United States National Museum are from Main Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, January 31, 1910; and from Octave 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, January 31, 1911, Feb¬ 
ruary 2 X 3, and 4,1911. There are specimens in the museum 
of Tulane University from the mouth of the Mississippi 
River on January 16, 1884; from the Quarantine Station in 
Saint Bernard Parish, March 22 and 23, 1900; near The 
Rigolets, February 25, 1893; the shore of Lake Pontchar- 
train, November 11, 1887; New Orleans, October 31, 1892; 
and Grand Isle, July 8, 1900. A. M. Bailey obtained others 
at Chenier au Tigre, May 13, 1930, and near Pilot Town, 
October 24, 1928. Wharton Huber collected specimens of 
this rail at Chenier au Tigre on January 16, 18, 20, and 25, 
1928. E. S. Hopkins found eggs at Grand Isle on April 16 
and 22, 1926. The writer observed the species on the North 
Islands, June 4, 1933; in Ronquille Bay, June 8, 1933; on 
Shell Island, Plaquemines Parish, June 8, 1933; Lake Felic- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>202 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ity, December 23, 1932; the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
January 22, 1928; and the Orange-Cameron Land Com¬ 
pany’s club house in Cameron Parish on January 25 and 26, 
1928. </p>

<p>Additional specimens have been taken as follows: at 
Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish, June 16 and 17, 1919; 
Lake Borgne, January 24, 1918; Mussell Bayou, Lake 
Borgne, March 23, 1917, and November 18, 1916; Timba- 
lier Island, June 14, 1918, all by A. M. Bailey; and Bayou 
Fermen, November 18, 1916, by S. C. Arthur. Eggs were 
collected by G. Martin at Delta on April 30, 1902. </p>

<p>VIRGINIA RAIL </p>

<p>Rallus limicola Umicola Vieillot </p>

<p>The Virginia Rail is an uncommon winter resident, from 
September to June 3, in southern Louisiana, from the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, Grand Isle, the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, and Cameron Parish, north to Gueydan, Bayou Sara, 
and Slidell. It is apparently not recorded from northern 
Louisiana, but it doubtless is at least a rare transient in that 
part of the State. It is not known to breed in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are specimens of the Virginia Rail in the museum 
of Tulane University from New Orleans, March 6, 1889, 
December 28, 1901, and February 6, 1878; from Bayou St. 
John, near New Orleans, March 14, 1891, and January 20, 
1867; and from the Quarantine Station in Saint Bernard 
Parish, March 23, 1900. A specimen in the museum of the 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans was obtained 
near Slidell in January, 1932. There are examples in the 
Biological Survey collection in the United States National 
Museum from Octave Pass, Mississippi River Delta, col¬ 
lected, January 31, 1911, by A. K. Fisher; and from Morgan 
City, November 9, 1925, by R. D. Svihla. E. R. Kalmbach 
reported the species present south of Gueydan, May 9, 1925; 
Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, on April 7, 1936; and Whar¬ 
ton Huber collected it at Chenier au Tigre on January 31, 
1928. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Sora </p>

<p>
203 </p>

<p>
SORA </p>

<p>Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The well known Sora, or as it is sometimes called, ‘Caro¬ 
lina Rail’, or ‘meadow chicken’, is a rather small bird, easily 
distinguished from its relatives by its black throat, whitish 
and pale grayish under parts, and black-streaked olive 
brown upper surface. It lives in all kinds of marshes, 
mostly along fresh water, frequenting also damp meadows 
or even grass and grain fields. It is one of the most abun¬ 
dant of its family, and is a favorite object of sport, particu¬ 
larly along the coast of the middle Atlantic States. In the 
early days, when the inhabitants of these regions were un¬ 
able to account for the sudden appearance and disappearance 
of the great numbers of this bird, they supposed that the 
birds burrowed deep down into the mud, and there, in a 
sort of hibernation, passed the winter. The erratic move¬ 
ments of this rail, evidenced by its appearing suddenly in 
great numbers where, on the previous day, scarcely one 
was to be found, and disappearing just as suddenly, gave 
color to such a theory. There are few game birds of the 
marsh that are better known or more persistently hunted 
than the Sora. Fortunately it is an abundant bird, and in 
those tracts that are covered with reeds and grass, where 
the tide only at its ebb leaves the ground bare, it lives, be¬ 
cause here its agility and shyness give it the best chance 
of eluding its enemies. </p>

<p>During migration the Sora often moves in flocks of con¬ 
siderable size, and its flight is rather strong and well sus¬ 
tained. In fact, the bird has been found at sea at a distance 
of several hundred miles from land. However, in the marsh, 
whenever it is stirred, the bird flies a relatively short dis¬ 
tance and with apparent effort. In case the water in its 
haunts is very shallow the bird prefers to run rather than 
to fly, as it thus can much more easily escape its enemies. 
When not alarmed it walks or runs with tail erect, either 
on the ground, on floating vegetation, or on a log, frequently 
jerking its head or tail, but when wounded or hard pressed 
it takes to the water and even dives and clings for a time to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>204 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
the roots below the surface, until, when forced to breathe, 
it comes up quietly and hides beneath a mass of floating 
vegetation, with only its bill out of water. </p>

<p>The food of the Sora is sought in its regular haunts, and 
consists largely of small mollusks, crustaceans, grasshop¬ 
pers and other insects, together with marine worms and 
other aquatic animals; and the seeds of various marsh 
plants, such as wild oats, wild rice, reeds, and grasses, and, 
at times, some grain. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is placed in the grass, usually well 
above the water. It is a loose platform or mass of grasses, 
rushes, and weeds, though sometimes completely overarched 
by surrounding vegetation. The usually 6 to 14 eggs are 
drab or dull cream color, sometimes with an olivaceous 
tinge, and with rather large markings of reddish brown and 
lavender gray. The young hatch in about 14 days. The 
downy young are dull black and have a rather strange look¬ 
ing tuft of orange colored feathers on the throat. Like 
the young of similar birds they follow their mother soon 
after hatching. </p>

<p>The Sora is a fairly common winter resident, from Au¬ 
gust 1 to May 24, in southern Louisiana, chiefly in the 
marshes of the Gulf Coast region, from Port Eads in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, Marsh Island, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
New Iberia, and Cameron Parish, north to Carlisle, New 
Orleans, and Morgan City. It is a transient in central and 
northern Louisiana, apparently not common, frequenting 
there the streams and lakes. </p>

<p>There are specimens of this species in the museum of 
Tulane University from Bayou St. John near New Orleans, 
March 30, 1890; New Orleans, March 20, 1874, September 
11, 1871, and December 28, 1865; Scott, in Lafayette Par¬ 
ish, March 24, 1893; and Lake Catherine, March 21, 189—. 
E. S. Hopkins collected it at Grand Isle, April 17, 1926; and 
G. A. Hillery, at Carlisle, Plaquemines Parish, December 7, 
1919, and January 11, 1920. A specimen in the Biological 
Survey collection in the United States National Museum was 
taken at Morgan City, November 26,1925, by Arthur Svihla. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Yellow Rail </p>

<p>
205 </p>

<p>
J. S. Campbell reports a single bird collected at Friendship, 
November 18, 1932; and another found dead in Bienville, 
March 10, 1932. The species was reported also from the 
South Pass Lightship, off Port Eads, where one bird struck 
the light on February 11, 1904. H. W. Pring collected one 
at Oneida on April 2, 1900. </p>

<p>YELLOW RAIL </p>

<p>Coturnicops noveboracenste (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Yellow Rail is a rare winter resident, from Novem¬ 
ber 5 to May 1, in southern Louisiana, from the Gulf Coast 
north to Vinton, Diamond, and probably New Orleans, fre¬ 
quenting chiefly the marshes and rice fields. It is a tran¬ 
sient in the rest of the State, but is less frequently observed 
in the interior than near the coast. </p>

<p>The species was collected at Grand Isle by E. S. Hopkins 
on March 26, 1926, March 31, 1928, April 4, 1926, and April 
8, 1926; and at Isle Derniere by S. C. Arthur on February 
2, 1918. It was reported by H. L. Ballowe at Diamond in 
Plaquemines Parish on Decembe’r 15, 20, and 25, 1901, and 
February 25, 1902. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at Diamond, December 26, 1893; New Orleans, No¬ 
vember 5, 1892, and November 19, 1865; Bayou St. John 
near New Orleans, March 14, 1891, and April 4, 1874; at 
Vinton, January 25, 1893, and February 12, 1898; and at 
Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, December 
9,1892. A specimen in the United States National Museum 
was obtained at Belle Isle on March 3, 1910, by W. L. Mc- 
Atee; and another at Johnson’s Bayou in southwestern 
Cameron Parish on May 1, 1883, by an unknown collector. 
A single individual was flushed by A. M. Bailey at Chenier 
au Tigre on December 28, 1933. </p>

<p>BLACK RAIL </p>

<p>Laterallus jamaicensis stoddardi (Coale) </p>

<p>The Black Rail is a casual winter visitor in southern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>206 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Apparently the only published record is that of Audu¬ 
bon, who writes as follows: “I have received a letter from 
my friend J. Trudeau, M. D., in which he says that his 
father shot a considerable number of these Rails last win¬ 
ter [1836-37] in the vicinity of New Orleans.”* 4 Arthur 
Svihla collected a single female at Morgan City on Novem¬ 
ber 9, 1926; and F. Bradberry another individual at Grand 
Isle on April 1, 1937. </p>

<p>PURPLE GALL1NULE </p>

<p>Porphyrula martinica (Linnaeus) ** </p>

<p>This bird is one of the most brilliantly colored of all 
the water birds inhabiting the United States. It is, as its 
name indicates, chiefly of a rich purplish blue, except the 
upper parts of the body, which are olive green; it has a 
bright red bill, tipped with greenish yellow, and a forehead 
patch of light blue or bluish white; and is thus altogether 
a very conspicuously attired bird. </p>

<p>Its home is in the marches, along the streams, bayous, 
rivers, lakes, and lagoons of the southern United States, 
both in the interior and along the coast. Like the rails 
it lives much in the grass of the marshes, except that it 
comes out into the open rather more frequently than do 
the rails. It walks easily and lightly on the lily pads, owing 
to its long toes, and seems perfectly at home in all parts of 
the marshy vegetation. It swims readily, but its usual flight 
is rather labored. When flushed from the marsh it flies 
ordinarily only a short distance, with legs hanging down 
to facilitate its dropping into the marsh again. It seems 
to prefer running to escape an enemy, rather than resort¬ 
ing to its wings; and it dives readily as well. When walking 
about, which it often does with rapidity, it jerks its tail so 
frequently as to give the bird a curious appearance. At 
times it is a noisy bird and it has a variety of notes, one 
of which sounds like the syllable ‘kek’ several times re¬ 
peated. </p>

<p>
"‘Ornith. Biog., Vol. IV, 1838, p. 361. </p>

<p>• # Ionomis martinica of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Purple Gallinule </p>

<p>
207 </p>

<p>
The food of this bird consists of various kinds of vege¬ 
table matter, such as grains, including rice, and various 
kinds of seeds; of snails and other mollusks, and of worms. </p>

<p>One of the favorite sites for the nest of this bird is on 
the floating islands that have a rank growth of low vegeta¬ 
tion. It breeds also in various parts of the marshes, placing 
its nest in the vegetation, often over and but a short dis¬ 
tance above the water. The nest is composed of rushes, 
stems, and leaves of various water plants, and the surround¬ 
ing plants are often brought together and arched above the 
nest to afford further protection and concealment. Some¬ 
times by bending down the vegetation it constructs a sort 
of causeway leading to the nest to facilitate its movements 
back and forth. The usually six to eight eggs are of a buff 
color, with small spots of brown and drab. The downy 
young are glossy black. </p>

<p>The Purple Gallinule is a summer resident, from March 
26 to October 6, possibly later, and breeds, in most of Lou¬ 
isiana; locally common in the southern, uncommon in the 
northern, part of the State. It frequents the streams, lakes, 
and marshes wherever it occurs. It has been reported from 
Cameron, Chenier au Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
Avery Island, Grand Isle, and Savoie in Plaquemines Par¬ 
ish, north to Dubach in Lincoln Parish and to Tallulah. Also, 
it is of casual occurrence in winter in the extreme southern 
part of the State. It breeds from April to July, and there 
are records of eggs from April 16 to July 10. </p>

<p>Eggs of this species in the museum of Tulane University 
were obtained at Bayou Couba in Saint Charles Parish; at 
Diamond; also in Plaquemines Parish; and near New Or¬ 
leans on April 18, 1894, May, 1896, and May 8,1894. Eggs 
in the United States National Museum were collected on 
Black Bayou in Cameron Parish by R. E. Rachford on June 
2, 1886. Birds were obtained by E. G. Wright at Ged in 
southwestern Calcasieu Parish, June 1, 1930; and at Avery 
Island, May 13,16, and 31,1930, and May 15,1934; also by 
Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle on April 6, 1936. Examples 
in the museum of Tulane University were taken at Bayou </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>208 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
La Barre, September 3, 1890, and Bayou Des Allemands, 
May 2, 1875. Specimens in the United States National 
Museum were collected at Houma, May 17, 1892, by R. J. 
Thompson; at Gueydan by E. R. Kalmbach, May 17, 1925, 
July 22, 1925, August 3, 1925, and September 9, 1925. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., considered it common about Cam¬ 
eron in June, 1935. A single Purple Gallinule was seen east 
of Tallulah on July 28, 1924, by E. R. Kalmbach; and the 
writer saw one bird in a roadside pool at Iowa (La.), June 
20, 1933. George H. Lowery, Jr., found one at City Park 
Lake in Baton Rouge, July 17, 1934; and noted the species 
nesting at Baton Rouge, May 15 to June 8, 1936. </p>

<p>The only definite winter record that we have been able 
to discover is that of a male taken on January 11, 1920, by 
G. A. Hillery at Carlisle. </p>

<p>This gallinule is called lonornis martinica in the 1931 
A. 0. U. Check-List. The genus lonornis, however, is ap¬ 
parently not separable from the genus Porphyrula Blyth, 
the type of which is Porphyrula alleni (Reichenbach). Since 
the book in which Porphyrula appeared was published in 
1852” this generic name is entitled to priority over lonornis 
Reichenbach, and, therefore, should be used for our Purple 
Gallinule. </p>

<p>FLORIDA GALLINULE </p>

<p>Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs </p>

<p>Of much less brilliant plumage than the Purple Galli¬ 
nule, this bird, nevertheless, is rather easily distinguished 
by its slaty plumage, brownish olive back, and mostly red 
bill. It is much more widely distributed in the United 
States than the Purple Gallinule, as it occurs from the At¬ 
lantic to the Pacific oceans, and north to southeastern 
Canada. </p>

<p>The Florida Gallinule lives in the marshes and the edges 
of swamps, about lakes, ponds, rivers, and other bodies of 
water, or out in the open marsh. Here it may be found at 
home, though not regularly in large numbers in any one lo- </p>

<p>8fl Blyth, Cat. Birds Museum Asiatic Soc., “1849” (1852, after June 20), p. 2**5. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by glc </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>









<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Gallinule </p>

<p>
209 </p>

<p>
cality. It is not often seen in flocks, but lives in favorite 
locations scattered about in pairs and individuals. Like 
its relatives it has, when in the marshes, only a labored 
flight, which is made use of whenever the bird is suddenly 
alarmed, and it seems to desire to drop into the vegetation 
again at the earliest opportunity. At such times it rarely 
flies high, but skims over the top of the vegetation. How¬ 
ever, during migration it has a rather strong flight and 
travels long distances at a considerable height above the 
ground. Notwithstanding the fact that it has not webbed 
feet, it is a good swimmer, and it also is rather expert at 
diving, either to seek food or to elude an enemy, and at 
such times it frequently hides underneath the vegetation 
with its body under water and only its head and bill pro¬ 
jecting, which among the vegetation of a marsh are very 
difficult to detect. It has a number of notes, some of which 
sound like the syllable ‘klock’ several times repeated, while 
others are clucking cries of varying quality; and at times 
it is rather a noisy bird. </p>

<p>This bird seeks its food in its regular living places, 
where it walks easily over the lily pads, as do the other 
gallinules, and climbs about the stalks of the larger vege¬ 
tation. It lives on seeds and roots of grasses, weeds, and 
various other water plants, on worms, small mollusks, 
grasshoppers, and other insects. </p>

<p>Like the other gallinules this bird builds its nest in the 
marshes in which it lives, often about the ponds, marshes, 
and swamps, usually where the water is not deep. The nest 
is placed in the vegetation, either just above the water or 
floating on it, and is composed of leaves, stems, and other 
parts of water plants. The 10 to 12 eggs have a buffy 
ground color, with fine dots of dark brown and drab. Both 
the male and the female assist in the incubation, which 
covers a period of about three weeks. The young, like those 
of many water birds, leave the nest soon after they are 
hatched, and spend a good deal of their time climbing about 
the rushes and the lily pads of their home. They also swim </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>210 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
well and are able to take considerable care of themselves. 
Nevertheless the mother carefully looks after the welfare 
of her shiny black young. </p>

<p>The Florida Gallinule is a fairly common permanent res¬ 
ident in southern Louisiana, from the Mississippi River 
Delta, Grand Isle, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and 
Cameron, north to Lake Pontchartrain, New Orleans, and 
Avery Island; and an uncommon summer resident from 
March 15 in the remainder of the State, north to Lake Caddo 
and Madison Parish. It frequents both the coastal marshes 
and the lakes, streams, ponds, and bayous of the interior. 
It breeds from April to July, and there are records of eggs 
from the last of April to July 10. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Florida Gallinule in the museum of 
Tulane University were collected at Bayou Des Allemands, 
May 2, 1875; New Orleans, March 16, 1893, February 21, 
1894, and October 29, 1874; and on Lake Pontchartrain, 
November 5, 1875. Examples in the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences were taken at Avery Island by E. G. Wright, May 
12, 13, and 21, 1930; one in the museum of the Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans was obtained at Grand Isle, 
April 27, 1936, by Ambrose Daigre; and another in the 
Biological Survey collection of the United States National 
Museum was collected at New Orleans, July 6,1935, by T. D. 
Burleigh. The writer noted this species at Bayou Des Alle¬ 
mands and Raceland, June 23, 1933; at Avery Island, June 
21, 1933; and at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; and E. R. 
Kalmbach reported it as seen along Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish in early May of 1919. In this last locality, Vernon 
Bailey observed it on January 11, 1926; and the writer 
noted it on the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s ranch be¬ 
tween the club house and the Gulf beach in southwestern 
Cameron Parish on January 25 and 26, 1928. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., considered it common at Cameron in June, 
1935. The writer recorded it also at Avery Island, Decem¬ 
ber 28, 1932, where on that day it was unusually numerous. 
E. S. Hopkins found it on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary 
on January 23, 1928. A specimen in the museum of Tulane </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Coot </p>

<p>
211 </p>

<p>
University was taken at Bayou La Barre on December 1, 
1889; G. A. Hillery collected it at Carlisle, November 2, 
1919; and several were obtained by Winston E. Nolan at 
Johnson Pond on the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve in the 
Mississippi River Delta, December 20, 1982. </p>

<p>AMERICAN COOT </p>

<p>Fvlica americana americana Gmelin </p>

<p>The ‘poule d’eau’, as the American Coot is known in 
Louisiana, is one of the most widely distributed and numer¬ 
ous of our American water birds. It is also one of the best 
known, this probably on account of its conspicuous habits 
and its abundance. In many places it is commonly called 
‘mud hen’ or ‘blue peter’, the former from its habits and 
the latter from its general appearance, since its plumage is 
black and slate color, relieved by a white bill. In habits it 
is very much like a duck, and is, therefore, often mistaken 
for real waterfowl. In general habits it is one of the 
most interesting of our marsh birds. </p>

<p>It lives in almost all kinds of marshy areas, about ponds, 
streams, and, particularly in the winter and in early and 
late migration time, in the bays, lagoons, and lakes of the 
coast regions. It often gathers into enormous flocks, which 
mass densely on the water or fly in often close formation. 
The bird is strong on the wing, although it seems to have 
difficulty in rising from the water. It has a number of 
loud notes, one of which sounds very much like the syl¬ 
lable ‘kruk’ or ‘kuk’, several times repeated. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is of varied character, consisting 
of the seeds, leaves, roots, and other parts of water plants, 
such as pondweeds, wild celery, and fox-tail grass. It also 
eats grain, which it sometimes picks up as does an ordinary 
barnyard fowl. Other items of its diet are snails, tadpoles, 
small fishes, worms, insects and their larvae, together with 
crustaceans, and other small water animals. </p>

<p>The nest is placed amidst the vegetation of a marsh or 
pond, and is either floating and anchored to the vegetation, 
or built up from the bottom, and is normally a rather bulky </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>212 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
structure, coarsely, though firmly, constructed of grass, 
reeds, flags, rushes, and other aquatic plants, with a lining 
of finer materials of the same sort. The bird lays usually 
8 to 12 eggs, but sometimes as many as 22 have been 
found in a nest. They are buff in color, thickly spotted 
with dark brown. It requires about three weeks for the 
young to hatch, and the work is carried on by both male 
and female. The former is often very attentive to the fe¬ 
male. As soon as the young are hatched they are able to 
swim and dive, but are well taken care of by the parents 
until they are able fully to shift for themselves. They are 
mostly black, but varied with feathers of yellow, orange, and 
red, and their bills are scarlet with black tips, making alto¬ 
gether very brightly colored and conspicuous youngsters. </p>

<p>The Coot, although often disdained by hunters, probably 
on account of its name ‘mud hen’, is a legitimate object of 
sport, since its flesh, when properly cooked, and when the 
bird has been feeding on vegetable food, is very palatable. </p>

<p>The American Coot is a permanent resident in all of 
Louisiana, abundant during the winter, particularly in the 
southern part of the State; rare and local in the summer, 
and most numerous from October to March. It inhabits the 
coastal marshes, also the sloughs, lakes, and streams of the 
interior. It has been reported from Lake Catherine, the 
Mississippi River Delta, New Iberia, the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, and Cameron Parish, north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Prairie Mer Rouge, and 
Bienville Parish in the northwestern corner of the State. </p>

<p>This species was collected southwest of Gueydan by E. R. 
Kalmbach, June 26, 1925, and seen there on July 1, 1925. 
The same observer noted it at Chef Menteur on May 23, 
1919; and A. K. Fisher reported seeing it on the southeast¬ 
ern side of Lake Pontchartrain on June 19, 1914, when he 
noted about 20 individuals. J. S. Campbell noted it at Lib¬ 
erty Hill, June 10, 1932; and at Bryceland on July 18, 1933. 
The writer observed it at Shreveport on June 18, 1933. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Oystercatcher </p>

<p>
213 </p>

<p>
A specimen in the United States National Museum was 
taken in New Orleans, November 26,1882. Eugene M. Bor¬ 
ing reported the species common at Lake Catherine, Novem¬ 
ber 20 and December 16, 1932. The writer saw about 260 
of these birds near the Delta Duck Club, and a few on Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on January 19, 1928. 
There were about 1800 individuals of this species present at 
Avery Island, December 28, 1932; and small numbers were 
seen at Avoca Island on the same day, and at Grand Chenier, 
December 30, 1932. It was noted also at Mud Lake, near 
Bayou Des Allemands, December 24, 1932; and 700 indi¬ 
viduals were seen at Mud Lake on the Orange-Cameron 
Land Company’s property in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
January 26, 1928. Arthur Svihla observed many birds at 
Leedyburg, southwestern Cameron Parish, January 1,1926; 
and J. S. Campbell, 12 at Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish, 
December 23, 1934. It was collected in Avoyelles Parish by 
A. A. Rabalais on February 1 and October 14, 1912; ten 
miles north of Morgan City, October 18, 1926, by Arthur 
Svihla; at Grand Isle, April 13, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; 
and at Chenier au Tigre on January 13, 1928, by Wharton 
Huber. </p>

<p>
Order CHARADRIIFORMES </p>

<p>Family HAEMATOPODIDAE </p>

<p>AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER </p>

<p>Haematopus palliatus palliatus Temminck </p>

<p>This shorebird is one of the larger and shyest of all our 
waders. It is a conspicuous bird, dressed in black and 
white, with a long bright red bill. </p>

<p>It inhabits almost exclusively the coastal beaches, and 
is rarely ever found elsewhere, except at times in the ad¬ 
joining marshes. Its name is derived from its fondness 
for oysters, which it is able to open with its powerful bill. 
It apparently does not often gather into flocks of any size, 
but the birds are seen scattered along the shore. It is, how¬ 
ever, in most regions not a common bird, and is found chief- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>214 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ly in the southern states. It runs rapidly along the ground 
and is fond of wading in the shallow water. It has also 
a strong and rapid flight and seems to swim and dive with 
ease. Its notes are rather loud and sharp, but the bird is 
not especially noisy. </p>

<p>It lives on various kinds of mollusks, such as oysters 
and other bivalves, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, insects, 
other similar water animals, and occasionally small fishes. 
This food it obtains by wading in the water or ranging 
along the beach. </p>

<p>This bird places its nest on the sandy beaches, beyond 
reach of the tides. The nest itself is a depression in the 
sand, sometimes without lining, sometimes lined with pieces 
of shells or small pebbles. The usually two or three eggs 
are olive buff, spotted and blotched with brown, black, and 
drab. When the young are hatched they soon run about 
and follow their parents, who care for them very solicitously. 
Whenever they are menaced by an enemy the old birds at¬ 
tempt to distract attention from their family, though usu¬ 
ally remaining at a safe distance. </p>

<p>The American Oystercatcher is a rare permanent resi¬ 
dent on the beaches and islands of the Gulf Coast of Louisi¬ 
ana, from the Chandeleur Islands, Freemason Island, and 
Isle au Pitre, west to Isle Derniere, but is more frequently 
observed east of the Mississippi River Delta; and it was 
formerly apparently much more numerous than at the pres¬ 
ent time. It breeds from April to June, and there are 
records of eggs from April 28 to June 3. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of the State Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans was taken by E. S. Hopkins 
at Grassy Island in Lake Borgne, July 10, 1926. E. R. 
Kalmbach obtained specimens on the Shell Keys, Saint Ber¬ 
nard Parish, June 8, 1919; and E. G. Wright on the North 
Islands, June 11,1930. Nests with eggs were reported from 
Freemason Island on May 16,1913, by W. M. Sprinkle. The 
writer saw several birds and found one nest containing three 
eggs on Isle au Pitre, June 3, 1933. The species was ob- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Piping Plover </p>

<p>
215 </p>

<p>
served by him also on Errol Island, June 5, 1933, and on the 
southern part of Chandeleur Island on the same date. </p>

<p>Specimens were collected by A. M. Bailey at Grand 
Pass, on June 8, 1919, on Mississippi Sound, March 26, 
1917, and Chandeleur Island, June 6, 1918; and by J. J. 
Audubon at Isle Derniere in March, 1837. </p>

<p>Family CHARADRIIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN PIPING PLOVER </p>

<p>Charadrius melodus melodus Ord. </p>

<p>The Eastern Piping Plover is a rare, perhaps only casual 
visitor to the coast region of Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are but two records for the State, both of them 
females collected by Thomas D. Burleigh; one at New Or¬ 
leans, September 1, 1935, and the other at Grand Isle, Sep¬ 
tember 17, 1935. </p>

<p>
BELTED PIPING PLOVER </p>

<p>Charadrius melodus circumcinctus (Ridgway) </p>

<p>The Belted Piping Plover is a rare, sometimes locally 
common, spring and fall transient, from October to March 
12, casually until the middle of June, on the beaches and 
islands of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Lake Borgne 
to Cameron Parish; and at least a casual winter resident in 
the delta of the Mississippi River. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported a specimen taken on Lake 
Pontchartrain in October, 1893; and the species has also 
been recorded from Isle Derniere and East Timbalier Island 
in June.* 1 T. Gilbert Pearson considered it not uncommon 
on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary in 1928. A specimen 
collected at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854 by G. Wur- 
demann was sent by him to the Smithsonian Institution. 
Another in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans was taken by E. S. Hopkins at 
Grand Isle on March 12, 1926. </p>

<p>* 7 Bcyer, Allison, and Kopinan, The Auk, Vol. XXV, No. 2, April, 1908, p. 180. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>216 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Apparently the only winter record for the State is from 
the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta, where two individuals were observed by the writer 
on January 22, 1932. </p>

<p>The Belted Piping Plover was many years ago described 
by Robert Ridgway,” who took as his type a specimen ob¬ 
tained on the Loup Fork of the Platte River in Nebraska. 
It has in recent years been considered inseparable from the 
eastern bird. A comparison of available material seems 
now to indicate that it is, however, a rather easily recogniz¬ 
able race. The chief difficulty heretofore seems to have been 
the fact that both the forms occur on the Atlantic coast dur¬ 
ing migration, which obscured their geographic distribution. 
The Belted Piping Plover differs from the Atlantic coast 
bird in its broader, often continuously black jugular band, 
this in typical Charadrius melodus being narrower and usu¬ 
ally either interrupted in the middle of the jugulum, or 
mixed with white. There appears to be no difference in size 
between the two races. </p>

<p>The breeding range of Charadrius melodus circumcinctus 
extends north to southern Canada, west to Nebraska, south 
to Illinois, and east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The bird 
migrates along the Atlantic Coast, and winters along the 
coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Alabama to Texas. </p>

<p>CUBAN SNOWY PLOVER </p>

<p>Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence) M </p>

<p>The Cuban Snowy Plover is a rare transient in Louisi¬ 
ana, observed in August and from March to April, on the 
beaches of the coast and its inlets and on neighboring 
islands. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at New Orleans, August 5, 1886, by Gustave Kohn. 
Specimens in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans were taken at Grand Isle on </p>

<p>H *Aegialiti8 melodus var. circumcinctus, American Naturalist, Vol. VIII, No. 2 
February, 1874, p. 109. </p>

<p>8 *Thi8 is Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. 
Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Semipalmated Plover </p>

<p>
217 </p>

<p>
March 21, 1931, and April 8, 1928; and also in “Louisiana”, 
without more definite data. Ambrose Daigre observed two 
individuals at Grand Isle on April 2, 1937. </p>

<p>American specimens of the snowy plover clearly show 
intergradation with the Old World species, Charadrius ale- 
zandrinus; and the technical name of our bird, the Cuban 
Snowy Plover, should consequently be changed, as above in¬ 
dicated, to Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris. </p>

<p>SEMIPALMATED PLOVER </p>

<p>Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte </p>

<p>Among the shorebirds that throng the beaches and the 
mud flats along the coast and elsewhere, the small plovers 
are noted for their trimness of build and their rapidity and 
dignity of movement. Among these the Semipalmated 
Plover, a rather small bird with dark brown upper parts, 
and white under surface, with a broad black collar on the 
foreneck, is conspicuous. It may be found along the beaches 
and islands of the coasts and also the mud flats and the 
margins of marshes and streams. It flies swiftly and 
usually in small companies, sometimes in considerable 
flocks, and has a plaintive mellow whistle, something like 
‘cheep’ or ‘tsoo-eep’. This bird flies either high or often 
low over the water. On the beaches it runs rapidly and 
strikes a pose, with heads up, as if expecting admiration, 
but all the time it is keenly observant of everything that 
goes on about it, watching not only for danger, but also for 
its breakfast or dinner, as the case may be. </p>

<p>It frequently associates with various kinds of sandpip¬ 
ers, but when a flock alights on the shore the birds spread 
out and each individual seems to be searching food for it¬ 
self. This consists of various kinds of worms, small mol- 
lusks, crustaceans, and insects such as mosquito larvae and 
locusts. Sometimes it visits even plowed fields in search 
of insects and seeds. </p>

<p>This plover nests in the north at places along the shore 
on some gravelly or sandy beach. The nest is merely a de- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
218 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
pression without lining, or at most with a few straws or 
pieces of grass and moss, or seaweed. The usually four 
eggs are light brown or buff, spotted and blotched with 
various shades of brown and drab. Like the young of most 
shorebirds they leave the nest soon after they are hatched, 
and run about swiftly, following their parents until they 
are grown. </p>

<p>
The Semipalmated Plover is a fairly common transient, 
in spring from March 22 to June 10, possibly all summer, 
and in autumn from July 16 until November, on the 
beaches and also along the more inland waters of south¬ 
ern Louisiana; from Chandeleur Island and Lobdell in West 
Baton Rouge Parish, to Avery Island, Gueydan, and proba¬ 
bly throughout the coast region; also in the northern part 
of the State, from Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish 
to Monroe. There appears to be no authentic winter record, 
although the species has been several times said to pass this 
season in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Two specimens examined in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity were taken at New Orleans, April 25, 1864; others 
in the Chicago Academy of Sciences were collected by E. G. 
Wright at Chenier au Tigre, May 25, 1930; at Avery Is¬ 
land, May 10 and 12, 1930; by E. V. Komarek at Grand 
Gosier Island on June 10, 1930; and one in the Biological 
Survey collection by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, May 
31, 1935. At Caernovan near Poydras the species was noted 
by H. H. Kopman, April 16 to 18,1918; and Andrew Allison 
reported the species at Lobdell on May 15,1903. The writer 
observed a single individual on Isle au Pitre on June 3,1933, 
and two individuals on Chandeleur Island, June 4, 1933. 
One specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken at Grand Isle on September 7, 1900; and others in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans were collected at Grand Isle on March 22,1928, 
March 26, 1931, and April 26, 1929. S. Ward collected a 
single bird at Grand Isle, July 16, 1937. A. M. Bailey report¬ 
ed a few seen between May 10 and May 15, 1930, at Avery 
Island; and E. R. Kalmbach saw several in a rice field south </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wilson Plover </p>

<p>
219 </p>

<p>
of Gueydan on May 1, 1925. George H. Lowery, Jr., ob¬ 
served several at Lake Providence on April 23, 1932; and 
noted the species at Monroe, May 8,1932. </p>

<p>WILSON PLOVER </p>

<p>Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord) </p>

<p>The Wilson Plover, a bird somewhat larger and with a 
longer and heavier bill than the Semipalmated Plover, close¬ 
ly resembles it in color. </p>

<p>It is an inhabitant of the beaches of the coast, where it 
occurs, however, only as far north as the United States, 
even in summer. It has characteristic plover habits and 
attitudes, and is the common breeding plover of the United 
States coast of the Gulf of Mexico. </p>

<p>Its food, which is sought in its ordinary habitat, is made 
up chiefly of small mollusks, aquatic insects, worms, crabs, 
and shrimps. </p>

<p>It nests sometimes in scattered colonies, but more fre¬ 
quently singly along the beaches and islands of the coast, 
usually above the reach of the tides, on the sandy, gravelly, 
or shell-covered parts of the strand. The nest is on the 
ground and usually either hidden or protected by bits of 
stone or shells or by low vegetation. This home is merely a 
shallow hole in the sand without lining or at most with small 
pieces of broken shells. The usually three eggs are buff, 
irregularly marked with dark brown or black, and drab. 
Somewhat more than three weeks are required for the 
hatching of the young, and both parents aid in their care. 
Like so many other shorebirds they are very solicitous for 
the young on the approach of any intruder. So much like 
the strand on which they live are the young that they are 
easily hidden simply by crouching down, which they do 
whenever they hear the alarm note of their parents. </p>

<p>The Wilson Plover is a permanent resident on the coast 
beaches and islands of the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana, 
from Chandeleur Island to Cameron Parish; rare in winter, 
fairly common in summer, and somewhat more numerous </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>220 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
during the migrations in April and from July to August. 
It seems not to occur inland. It breeds throughout its range 
in Louisiana from March to June, and there is record of 
eggs on April 1. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach reported this plover of frequent occur¬ 
rence on Errol Island from June 4 to 6, 1919, and obtained 
a single individual on June 6, 1919. The writer noted this 
species on the Chandeleur Islands on June 4,1933; on Grand 
Gosier Island on the following day; on Timbalier Island on 
June 9, 1933; and E. R. Kalmbach found several pairs on 
June 17 and 18, 1925, at the mouth of the Mermentau River, 
at which locality it was doubtless breeding. </p>

<p>Specimens seen in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans were collected at 
Grand Isle on March 26,1931, March 28,1931, April 2,1928, 
April 4, 1931, and April 5, 1926. A specimen sent to the 
United States National Museum from Cameron Parish was 
taken on March 19, 1878; and one in the Biological Survey 
was collected by Arthur Svihla at Leedyburg in southwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish in April, 1926. Others were obtained 
by E. V. Komarek on Breton Island, June 10, 1930; by E. 
G. Wright at Chenier au Tigre, May 23, 1930; and by A. 
M. Bailey on May 11, 1918; by the last collector at Chan¬ 
deleur Island, June 6 and 7, 1918; and by S. Ward at Grand 
Terre, June 8 and July 16, 1937. </p>

<p>Although the species is commonly accredited as a winter 
resident in Louisiana, the only definite record for the State 
at this season is a single specimen taken by Winston E. 
Nolan at Grand Isle on December 12, 1931. </p>

<p>KILLDEER </p>

<p>Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Perhaps no shorebird is so well known and so widely 
distributed as is the familiar Killdeer. Its note is excel¬ 
lently represented by the syllables of its name, although it 
has also other interesting calls. It is a bird about the size and </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Killdeer </p>

<p>
221 </p>

<p>
color of the Wilson Plover, but with two black bands across 
the breast instead of one, and with an orange brown area 
at the base of its rather long tail. </p>

<p>It lives not only along the beaches and the edges of the 
marshes, but along shores of streams, lakes, ponds, and 
sloughs, and the like, even on the desert, as well as in other 
parts of the interior. It has a strong flight that somewhat 
resembles that of the Yellowlegs, and it moves sometimes 
in considerable flocks. It runs swiftly over the ground and 
has the plover-like attitude whenever it poses. It is not so 
shy as many of our shorebirds, and frequently visits dry 
fields, plowed lands, and even the grassy uplands, a long 
distance from water, although damp meadows are more to 
its liking. The nuptial evolutions are of considerable in¬ 
terest, and are performed mostly in the air by a succession of 
high flights, which are on occasion long sustained. Some¬ 
times the bird descends from a great height with almost 
incredible rapidity, only to repeat the former evolutions. </p>

<p>The Killdeer is one of our most beneficial birds, since </p>

<p>on account of its habit of visiting cultivated fields it is able </p>

<p>to pick up many injurious insects. In fact, a large part of </p>

<p>its food consists of bugs, caterpillars, grasshoppers, flies of </p>

<p>various kinds, together with spiders, centipedes, ticks, </p>

<p>snails, crawfishes, and various other crustaceans. The </p>

<p>small amount of vegetable matter that enters into its diet </p>

<p>consists of the seeds of various weeds. Some idea of the </p>

<p>value of this bird to the farmer may be gained from the fact </p>

<p>that it consumes such destructive insects as the alfalfa </p>

<p>weevil, the cotton-boll weevil, and other insects of this </p>

<p>kind that infest our crops. </p>

<p>% </p>

<p>The nest is placed often in a field or other cultivated 
land, either near the water, or even at a considerable dis¬ 
tance from any permanent lake, pond, or stream. It is usually 
in an open situation, such as a field, pasture, or gravelly 
strand, where the eggs, unprotected by vegetation, are al¬ 
most perfectly hidden by their coloration. The bird is wary 
at the nest, and the nest is often with difficulty discovered 
at all. It is merely a depression in the ground, in many in- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>222 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
stances unlined, but at most with bits of rubbish, small 
pieces of twigs, weeds, grasses, pebbles, or shells, as a lining. 
The eggs are nearly always four, buff or cream color, spot¬ 
ted and blotched with dark brown or black. Incubation 
requires about three and one-half weeks, and both birds 
not only assist in this, but help to take care of the young 
as soon as they are hatched. The young follow their par¬ 
ents as soon as they are dry, and quickly learn to hide 
themselves at the first sign of danger. </p>

<p>The Killdeer is a permanent resident, fairly common 
locally in summer, and abundant and generally distributed 
during the winter from October to March, over all of Lou¬ 
isiana from the Mississippi River Delta, Chenier au Tigre, 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Cameron Parish; re¬ 
ported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Parish. 
It breeds from March to June, and there are records of eggs 
from March 28 to June 6; and of young as early as April 10. </p>

<p>Eggs in the United States National Museum were col¬ 
lected at Grand Coteau in Saint Landry Parish on June 6, 
1887. J. S. Campbell discovered nests near Bienville in 
March, 1932, March 28, 1933, and others in March and 
April, 1933, from one of which came young by April 10. 
The writer has observed the species at the following locali¬ 
ties: Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, January 22, 1932; at Jennings, Crowley, and 
Vinton on June 20, 1933; and on the beach of the Gulf of 
Mexico near Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
where it was common on January 26, 1928; also at Natchi¬ 
toches on June 19, 1933; and at Rayville, June 17, 1933. 
Vernon Bailey found it common and breeding at Mer Rouge, 
June 7, 1892. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER </p>

<p>Pluvialis dominica dominica (MUller) </p>

<p>This beautiful plover, which is well named ‘golden’, on 
account of the numerous yellow spots on its back, is the 
American representative of its well known European name- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Golden Plover </p>

<p>
223 </p>

<p>
sake. It is a rather large plover, of about the size of the 
Black-bellied Plover, and has, like it, in breeding plumage, 
black under parts, but its conspicuous yellow spotting on 
the upper surface, and lack of the white patch at the base 
of the tail, will readily distinguish it from that bird. </p>

<p>It has even a more extensive migration route than the 
Black-bellied Plover, breeding in the far north of our con¬ 
tinent, and passing southward along the Atlantic Coast to 
Patagonia. Returning, most of the individuals pass in gen¬ 
eral up through the middle of the North American conti¬ 
nent. Its great migration flight across the western part of 
the Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia to the West Indies, 
on its way to South America, has long excited the interest 
and admiration of the students of bird migration. It rare¬ 
ly appears, in any considerable numbers, along the Atlantic 
Coast, except during periods of severe weather. It is, how¬ 
ever, unfortunately, one of the birds that has been much re¬ 
duced in numbers in recent years. It is swift of flight and 
often gathers into flocks of considerable size, which, unlike 
the Black-bellied Plover, seem rather to prefer the drier 
parts of the flats and sandy uplands, or almost any area 
not covered with tall vegetation. The flocks, particularly 
about their breeding grounds, execute many remarkable 
maneuvers, as do some other shorebirds, in perfect concert, 
as if thqy formed a winged army. On the migration flights 
they travel not unusually in long lines and in flocks of 
various other shapes. On the ground the bird runs much 
like the Black-bellied Plover, with head up and with a very 
distinguished bearing; and when it alights it often raises 
the wings high over the back before folding them into place. 
The bird is rather less wary than the Black-bellied Plover, 
and is easily decoyed by imitation of its note, which is a 
mellow whistle. This note, during the breeding season, 
by its successive repetition and variations, forms what al¬ 
most might be termed a real song. </p>

<p>The food of this bird, sought both along the shore and 
on the upland, consists of crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>224 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
cutworms, wireworms, and other similar insects, together 
with berries and other vegetable food. </p>

<p>The nest of the American Golden Plover, like that of 
most waders, is a rather slight affair, being merely a de¬ 
pression in the ground, lined with a few leaves and other 
vegetation. The four eggs are buffy olive or olive buff, 
spotted numerously, chiefly on the larger end, with black 
and dark brown. Only one brood is reared, and the incu¬ 
bation period is something like 27 days. Apparently both 
male and female take part in incubating the eggs. The 
downy young are beautiful creatures, like the young of 
most other shorebirds, and are dull buff above, much 
marked with black. </p>

<p>The American Golden Plover is a transient visitor in 
Louisiana, from March 16 to June 10, and from September 
to November 2, formerly very abundant, now rare, and more 
frequently observed in the spring. It occurs throughout the 
State, although it is most common in the Gulf Coast region, 
north to New Orleans and West Baton Rouge Parish. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
collected at Spanish Lookout on Grand Pass in Plaquemines 
Parish, March 29, 1894; and at New Orleans, November 1, 
1874, November 2, 1873, March 18 and 19, 1889, and March 
31, 1886. Andrew Allison reports its presence at New Or¬ 
leans on March 24 and 29, and April 7,1894. A specimen in 
the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation 
at New Orleans was collected at Grand Isle on April 12, 
1930. One was sent to the Smithsonian Institution by J. 
Fairie from Prairie Mer Rouge in 1863. E. R. Kalm- 
bach also obtained a single individual on May 1, 1925, at 
Gueydan. </p>

<p>
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER </p>

<p>Sqtiatarola squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)® 0 </p>

<p>The Black-bellied Plover, so called from the fact that 
most of its under parts are black, may readily be disting¬ 
uished by its mostly black and white upper surface, and the </p>

<p>l '"Stfuntamin .squatarola of the UKll edition of the A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Plate 23 </p>

<p>
Bntn Lire op Louisiana </p>

<p>
Original ff#r </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
'fSbl^AN </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bum Lm: op Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
' OrigiraF from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-bellied Plover </p>

<p>
225 </p>

<p>
white patch at the base of the tail. In the autumn, however, 
it loses this distinctive plumage and becomes gray and 
white, very much like the American Golden Plover. </p>

<p>This is one of the larger and best known shorebirds, 
and for a long time was a main object of sport, although 
now entirely protected by law. It is found not only in North 
America, but in the Old World as well, and is one of the 
birds that, breeding in the Arctic regions, migrate as far 
as South America for the winter; but many Black-bellied 
Plovers pass the winter in the southern United States. Al¬ 
though it is most abundant along the seacoasts it is found 
in considerable numbers also in the interior of North 
America. </p>

<p>Some of the other names by which this bird is known 
are ‘bullhead’, ‘beetle head’, and ‘whistling plover’. It is a 
more or less gregarious bird, and is found not only with 
its own kind, but often associated with other shorebirds, 
such as American Golden Plovers, Turnstones, and Knots. 
At times, however, it gathers into flocks of considerable 
size, which, on the wing, are either in loose companies, or 
in long lines, much like ducks. It resorts to the extensive 
sand or mud flats along the shores, but it also frequents 
the oozy margins of the marshes, as well as the grassy or 
sandy uplands. Its rather plaintive call is characteristic. 
On the ground it runs like all other plovers, and its size 
and other characteristics are ready means of identification. 
Some observers have reported that it turns over in the air 
like the tumbler pigeon, apparently in play, and it is one 
of the birds that is often active long after dark. Whether 
on the wing or patrolling the sand flats, this bird is ever 
on the alert. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists of insects, chiefly those 
that frequent the water, together with worms, various kinds 
of grubs, and crustaceans. Along the shore the bird runs 
about seeking its food either on the sand or in shallow 
water. When it feeds on the uplands it subsists sometimes 
to a considerable extent on berries. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>226 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The nest consists of a small quantity of grass and 
leaves, which are virtually a lining for the depression of 
the ground in which the nest is situated. The eggs are 
usually four, greenish or ochraceous drab, with markings 
of dark brown. The young like those of sandpipers are 
able to run about as soon as hatched, although for some 
time cared for by the parents. </p>

<p>The Black-bellied Plover is a fairly common permanent 
resident, rare in summer, and of most frequent occurrence 
from September to April, in the Gulf Coast region of south¬ 
ern Louisiana, chiefly on the beaches and islands, from 
Chandeleur Island to Grand Isle and Cameron Parish, but 
also inland to Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Par¬ 
ish, Crowley, and Mermentau. Although individuals of this 
species remain along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana through¬ 
out the summer, the bird does not breed in the State. It is 
apparently not recorded from northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer observed this species on Isle au Pitre, June 3, 
1933; on Brush Island, St. Bernard Parish, June 4, 1933; on 
Grand Gosier Island, June 5 and 6, 1933; and near the 
mouth of Grand Caillou Bayou, Terrebonne Parish, June 22, 
1933. W. M. Sprinkle reported it abundant on Old Harbor 
Key on January 14, 1911; and Arthur Svihla noted several 
individuals at Leedyburg in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
January 3, 1926. The writer found it fairly common in the 
Mississippi River Delta on Octave Pass and Main Pass, De¬ 
cember 19, 1932; on Codro Pass and Dead Woman Pass, 
December 18, 1932; and along Willow Pass on December 
20, 1932. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans were taken at Grand Isle 
on the following dates: March 22, 1931, April 8, 1929, 
April 17, 1933, May 7 and 8, 1933, May 10, 1933, and May 
26, 1931. A single specimen in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity was collected at the same locality on September 10, 
1900; and two others in the Louisiana State University were 
shot by George H. Lowery, Jr., on October 27, 1935. Still 
others were obtained by E. S. Hopkins in Cameron Parish, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ruddy Turnstone </p>

<p>
227 </p>

<p>
February 20, 1928; by E. V. Komarek at Grace Point, June 
9 and 10, 1930; at Grand Gosier Island, June 9, 1930; and 
by A. M. Bailey at Breton Island, June 10,1930. The writer 
observed 30 of these birds on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, near Abbeville, January 23, 1928; several near the 
Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house in southwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish, January 24, 1928; and near Mud Lake 
in the same region, January 26, 1928. A few birds were 
seen on the beach near Johnson Bayou in southern Cameron 
Parish, January 6 to 13, 1926, by Vernon Bailey. Specimens 
in the museum of Tulane University were taken at Rayne, 
December 2, 1890, and Sabine Station in Calcasieu Parish, 
January 30, 1888. Two were obtained by W. A. Douglas 
six miles north of Crowley, May 3, 1933; and the species 
was reported by Chas. A. Bibbins at Mermentau, March 18, 
April 1, and May 2, 1887. Individuals were collected by 
A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre on December 12, 1925; 
at Karoco Pass, March 26, 1917, and Fermen Bayou in Ver¬ 
milion Parish, November 18, 1916. </p>

<p>RUDDY TURNSTONE </p>

<p>Arenaria interpres morineUa (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The well known and widely distributed ‘calico back’, as 
this bird is frequently called, from the variegated colors of 
its plumage, is one of the most attractive inhabitants of 
the shores of the coast. It is a bird of about the size of 
the larger plovers, but with shorter legs, in full plumage 
with black, white, and tawny upper surface, largely white 
head and under parts, and with a broad black band or cres¬ 
cent across the breast. The bright orange red feet likewise 
are conspicuous at more or less close range. </p>

<p>The Ruddy Turnstone breeds in the far north and mi¬ 
grates southward for the winter as far as South America. 
While it is apparently most fond of the shores of the coast, 
it is found also at times in considerable numbers along the 
streams, ponds, lakes, and sloughs of the interior. While 
commonly observed singly or in small pairs, it often as¬ 
sembles into flocks of large size, which are either composed </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
228 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
wholly of this bird or are associated with other shorebirds, 
particularly the Black-bellied Plover. Its flight is strong 
and swift and often long sustained. On the shore it runs 
about over the sand or rocks with agility, at times uttering 
its weak alarm note, or its loud, rather melodious two- 
syllabled whistle. </p>

<p>Its food is gleaned mostly from the edge of the shore, and 
the beaches, and its name ‘turnstone’ is derived from its 
habit of turning over with its bill the stones, shells, and 
other objects, in search of its food. This consists of small 
mussels and other mollusks, crabs and other crustaceans, 
insects and their larvae, small fishes, and a limited amount 
of vegetable food such as berries and other parts of plants. </p>

<p>The nest is a shallow depression in the moss of the 
northern tundra, and is lined with a few stems of mosses, 
leaves, or grasses; situated occasionally on a bare, flat 
rock or similar place, often in an open place with scarcely 
any concealment. The four eggs are olive buff, boldly 
marked with dark brown and drab. The parents are very 
solicitous and are active in the defense of the home, since 
the jaegers and other marauders of the north are only too 
ready to pilfer an unprotected nest. As would be expected, 
both of the parent birds aid in taking care of the young, as 
well as in incubating the eggs. </p>

<p>The Ruddy Turnstone is a fairly common permanent 
resident on the many beaches and islands along the coast of 
the Gulf of Mexico in southern Louisiana, from the Chan- 
deleur Islands and Isle au Pitre to the Mississippi River 
Delta and the Sabine River; it is most frequent during the 
periods of migration, and least so during the winter. It 
regularly remains throughout the summer along the coast 
of Louisiana, but it does not breed there. </p>

<p>Several were seen on Isle au Pitre by the writer, June 3, 
1933; on Brush Island and the Chandeleur Islands on the 
following day; on Stake Island and Curlew Island, June 5, 
1933; and on Grand Gosier Island, and on Bird Island south¬ 
west of Breton Island, June 6, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach re- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Woodcock </p>

<p>
229 </p>

<p>
ported it on the Mud Lumps at the mouth of Pass a Loutre, 
June 2 and 3, 1919, and on the Gulf beach at the mouth of 
the Mermentau River, August 12, 1925. The writer found 
it on Shell Island, Plaquemines Parish, June 8, 1933. A 
specimen in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans was obtained at Grand Isle on 
June 1,1913; and another in the museum of Tulane Univer¬ 
sity was taken at the same locality on September 9, 1900. 
A specimen collected by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu Pass 
in the spring of 1854 was sent to the Smithsonian Institu¬ 
tion. Others, in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, were 
gathered at Chenier au Tigre, May 23 and 25,1930, by E. G. 
Wright; and at Grand Gosier Island, June 10,1930, by E. V. 
Eomarek. A. M. Bailey reported it at Chenier au Tigre, 
December 8 to 18, 1925; and the writer observed it on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, near Abbeville, January 23, 
1928; also at Chateau Canard on Joseph Leiter’s property 
on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, December 19, 
1932. A. M. Bailey collected this shorebird on Battledore Is¬ 
land, August 4, 1917; and G. K. Cherrie at Buras on Janu¬ 
ary 31, 1896. </p>

<p>
Family SCOLOPACIDAE </p>

<p>AMERICAN WOODCOCK </p>

<p>Rubicola minor (Gmelin)* 1 </p>

<p>This is a famous game bird, and one that is well known 
to most sportsmen of the eastern United States. It is one 
of the larger shorebirds, dark brown above with a broadly 
barred head, eyes set far back on the sides of the head, long 
bill, and light brown under parts. </p>

<p>It lives in dense thickets, particularly about the edges 
of marshes, lakes, and streams, and is one of the most re¬ 
tiring of our shorebirds. In fact it is often difficult to 
find even by careful search. Sometimes it frequents moist 
woodlands or even open grassy meadows. It rarely as¬ 
sembles into flocks, although sometimes during the migra- </p>

<p>9l PhUohela minor of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>230 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
tion season there are large flights of this bird which fill the 
woods and thickets for at least a few days. In its ordinary 
life it spends little of its time on the wing, but remains in 
the seclusion of the thickets that it loves. When flushed 
it flies swiftly and erratically upward, but soon pitches 
down into concealment again. That it is capable, however, 
of long, well-sustained flight is evident from its long migra¬ 
tion journeys, since it spends the winter mostly in the 
southern United States, even though it occurs in summer 
as far north as southern Canada. It has a number of pecu¬ 
liar notes, some of which are undoubtedly produced by the 
wings instead of the throat. </p>

<p>It seeks its food mostly at night in boggy places, by 
probing with its bill in the soft ground, and these bill holes 
are good evidence of its presence. It is fond of earthworms, 
grubs, and slugs, of which its food consists in considerable 
amount, but it eats also beetles and other insects such as 
ants and grasshoppers. </p>

<p>The courtship flight of the Woodcock is so spectacular 
a performance that it has long attracted the attention of 
naturalists and others. It is performed at twilight in some 
rather open space, such as a clearing near the edge of the 
woods, and is preceded by the strutting of the bird and the 
utterance of a loud, rather harsh note. Then the bird 
ascends in spirals, sometimes as high as 300 feet, continu¬ 
ally uttering his twittering notes, changing to a more mus¬ 
ical sound as the bird flutters down to earth again. </p>

<p>The nest of this famous bird is placed in the woods or 
in thickets, in pastures, or in tall weeds, and is an incon¬ 
sequential structure made of leaves. So completely pro¬ 
tected by its coloration is the bird that when sitting on the 
nest it is almost impossible to pick out among the foliage, 
dead leaves, and other vegetation on the ground. The usu¬ 
ally four eggs are buff, with small spots of brown and drab. 
When the young are hatched, which requires about three 
weeks, and is aided by both male and female, the young 
are taken care of for a short time at the nest, but as soon 
as they are able to walk they run about and are carefully </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Woodcock </p>

<p>
231 </p>

<p>
watched over by their parents. At times, when the birds 
feel that a certain place is not safe for their offspring, they 
will carry the young elsewhere. </p>

<p>The Woodcock in all its range west of the Allegheny 
Mountains seems to be decreasing in numbers, and if the 
bird is to be permanently preserved it should have careful 
protection, particularly on its wintering grounds. </p>

<p>The American Woodcock is a permanent resident in prac¬ 
tically all of Louisiana, excepting the coastal marshes and 
islands, wherever suitable thickets abound, from Grand Isle, 
Avery Island, and Cameron Parish, north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Mer Rouge, Monroe, and Bienville; rather local and 
rare in summer, abundant in winter in parts of southeast¬ 
ern Louisiana, but not so numerous elsewhere. It breeds 
very locally from January to April. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bird in the museum of Tulane Univer¬ 
sity were collected at Avery Island, January 7, 1894; at 
Mandeville, December 23, 1873; and Independence, January 
1, 1894; and one in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans was obtained at 
Grand Isle on April 17, 1929. J. S. Campbell took a female 
at Bienville, February 19, 1934, which contained a fully 
developed egg; and another bird on May 5, 1934. Robert 
Butler reported it as a winter resident at Bains from De¬ 
cember 4 to February 10, 1929. Vernon Bailey reported 
three killed on the marshes south of Iowa (La.), during the 
winter of 1898 to 1899, but apparently the species is not 
common in that vicinity. Ned Hollister found it at Mer 
Rouge between February 11 and 16, 1904; George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., noted it at Monroe, June 9 and 19, 1930, and as 
fairly common at Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish; 
and E. R. Kalmbach reported it on July 10, 1924, near Tallu¬ 
lah. Ambrose Daigre considers it rare but nesting at Alexan¬ 
dria; and George E. Beyer found a young bird but a few 
days old near Covington, January 29, 1890, showing that 
the species breeds very early in the year. This favorite 
game bird is almost unbelievably numerous in some of the 
country along the Mississippi River in the southeastern part </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>232 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
of Louisiana, particularly in the parishes of East Feliciana, 
West Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, Liv¬ 
ingston, Iberville, and Pointe Coupee. </p>

<p>The generic name Rubicola, which was proposed by 
Richardson’* for the American Woodcock, Scolopax minor 
Gmelin, should be reinstated as the generic designation for 
this species, since this name is clearly tenable because there 
is no clear evidence that it was proposed by a slip of the 
pen or by a typographical error, and there seems to be no 
other reason for its rejection. </p>

<p>WILSON SNIPE </p>

<p>Capella gaUinago delicata (Ord)" </p>

<p>The Wilson Snipe, or, as it is often called, ‘jacksnipe’ 
or ‘English snipe', is one of the most widely distributed 
of our North American shorebirds. Like the American 
Woodcock, it is a famous game bird, both on account of 
its abundance and the sport that it provides for those who 
enjoy shooting a bird that is more or less difficult to bag. 
Its long bill, black and brown variegated upper parts, and 
light colored lower surface distinguish it from most of our 
other shorebirds. </p>

<p>Though it lives in the north during the breeding season 
it winters mostly south of the middle United States, as far 
as northern South America. In habits it is different from 
many of the other shorebirds, and is more like the Wood¬ 
cock, inhabiting meadows, marshes, and even the higher 
and drier pastures or the thickets along streams. Its 
flight is rapid and erratic, for which reason it is often 
difficult to see, much less to shoot. While it does not or¬ 
dinarily move in large flocks, it sometimes assembles in 
certain areas in almost unbelievable numbers, though rare¬ 
ly in compact companies, and commonly it is seen singly or 
in small companies, called ‘wisps’. </p>

<p>This bird more or less resembles the Woodcock in food 
habits, but it feeds more in the daytime. It probes in the </p>

<p>83 Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith., Jameson Edition. Vol. Ill, 1831, p. 98. </p>

<p>9 *Capella delicata of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wilson Snipe </p>

<p>
233 </p>

<p>
mud or soft boggy ground for much of its food, which 
consists of earthworms, leeches, caterpillars, grasshoppers, 
locusts, mosquitoes, and other insects and larvae, and the 
seeds of some marsh plants. </p>

<p>One of the interesting features of this bird’s life history 
is the courtship performance. This is a towering flight of 
undulating character, accompanied by a peculiar note which 
is produced by the motion of the air through the feathers 
of the tail, and has been called the ‘bleating of the snipe’. 
Other parts of the courtship consist of strutting by the 
male, and spreading the wings and tail, followed by spiral 
flights into the air, these also producing the peculiar 
sound above mentioned. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is placed on the ground in marshy 
or damp places, often under a bunch of grass or a bush, 
or in thickets, not far from water. It is on the ground, 
and is often well-built of grass, lined with finer materials 
of the same kind, and occasionally it is partly arched over. 
Sometimes it is in a clump of vegetation over water, but 
usually not far above it, in such cases fastened securely to 
the stems of the surrounding vegetation. The four eggs 
are buff, much spotted with dark brown and drab. Both 
of the parents assist in the incubation, which requires 
somewhat less than three weeks. The young are able to 
move about soon after hatching, and readily conceal them¬ 
selves in the surrounding vegetation. The parents, how¬ 
ever, are exceedingly solicitous for their welfare, and look 
after them for a considerable period. </p>

<p>The Wilson Snipe is a winter resident, from August 19 
to April 30 or early May, casually to June, in all of Louisi¬ 
ana from the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, Chenier 
au Tigre, and Cameron Parish, reported north to Bienville 
and Monroe, and probably occurring also to the northern 
border of the State. It frequents the marshes and the 
meadows; is common in the winter in southern Louisiana, 
less numerous in the northern part of the State; and most 
frequent from October to November and from February to 
April. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>234 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
A specimen was taken by A. K. Fisher on Octave Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta, February 2, 1911. The species 
was observed by the writer between Algiers and Empire 
along the lower part of the Mississippi River in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, December 16, 1932; G. A. Hillery collected it 
at Carlisle in the same region on December 7, 1919; and 
E. S. Hopkins at Mandeville on February 23, 1925. There 
are specimens in the museum of Tulane University, obtained 
at Slidell, December 10, 1899; Madisonville, January 26, 
1898; and at New Orleans, November 25, 1865, December 
26, 1867, and March 12, 1874. The writer observed it at 
Lake Salvador on January 26, 1932, and at Lake Barre, 
December 23,1932. Specimens were collected at Grand Isle 
on March 19, 1931, by E. S. Hopkins; and at Morgan City 
on January 2, 1926, by Arthur Svihla. It was taken also at 
Belle Isle, March 2, 1910, by W. L. McAtee. There is a 
specimen in the museum of Tulane University collected at 
New Iberia on January 22, 1892, and another from Vinton 
on January 25, 1894. J. S. Campbell flushed a group of 15 
at Bienville on March 28, 1933, but the bird is not common 
in winter at that locality. The writer observed the Wilson 
Snipe near the Orange-Cameron Land Company's club house 
in southwestern Cameron Parish on January 27, 1928, and 
at Calcasieu Lake, on December 31, 1932. It was also re¬ 
ported to him as very abundant at Grand Chenier on De¬ 
cember 31, 1932. A single specimen was sent to the 
Smithsonian Institution by J. Fairie, from Prairie Mer 
Rouge, taken in June of 1853; and another was taken by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, on March 24, 1937. </p>

<p>Some idea of the abundance of this snipe may be gath¬ 
ered from the statement that L. J. Merovka saw about 700 
individuals on an area of some four square miles, distant 
seven miles west of Houma, December 30, 1933; and that 
J. J. Pringle was able to shoot 366 in six hours, on his hunt¬ 
ing grounds in Louisiana, December 11,1877. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Long-billed Curlew </p>

<p>
235 </p>

<p>
LONG-BILLED CURLEW </p>

<p>Numeniu8 americanus americanus Bechstein </p>

<p>Its large size, long, curved bill, together with its cinna¬ 
mon tinted plumage, and its loud whistling notes that 
sound very much like the word ‘curlew’, make this one of 
the most easily distinguished of our shorebirds. It was for¬ 
merly very much more abundant than it is today, but there 
is a possibility that its numbers may now be increased by 
careful protection. Its former breeding range extended 
over much of the western United States, but it is now con¬ 
fined to a relatively few areas. </p>

<p>It frequents the lakes, sloughs, ponds, prairies, and 
moist meadows of the interior, as well as the marshes, bays, 
and lagoons of the coast region. It is fond of assembling 
in sometimes great numbers on mud flats, where it wades 
in the shallow water; or of settling on the open grassy 
prairies. It is a shy bird, and is difficult to approach, par¬ 
ticularly when considerable numbers are together, since 
their sentinels are quick to warn the flock of the approach 
of danger. It has a strong flight when once it is well on the 
wing. At night this species roosts on sandy beaches of 
the mainland or on islands along the coast in sometimes 
large numbers and in more or less dense formation. </p>

<p>The food of the Long-billed Curlew consists mostly of 
various invertebrate animals such as snails, crabs, worms, 
grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects, and spiders; with 
at times some berries, obtained from bushes on the upland. </p>

<p>The nesting location of this bird is almost anywhere 
on the prairies or plains, in damp places or in dry areas. 
The nest is ordinarily but a depression in the ground, 
lined with a few weeds or grasses, but occasionally is more 
elaborate. The four eggs are buff or pale olive, spotted 
with dark brown and drab. Both parents assist in the in¬ 
cubation, and usually do not readily leave the nest on the 
approach of anyone. Both nest and young are carefully 
watched and protected by the adult birds, and the approach 
of danger is the signal for a great outcry. The young, of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>236 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
course, run about almost as soon as hatched and follow the 
parents, which take exceptionally good care of them, since, 
like all ground-nesting shorebirds, they are subject to the 
attacks of many enemies. </p>

<p>The Long-billed Curlew was formerly a common, now a 
rare, winter resident, from December 4 to April 22, in the 
Gulf Coast region of Louisiana, on the prairies, marshes, 
and islands, from the Chandeleur Islands to Cameron Par¬ 
ish, but apparently it has not been reported from northern 
Louisiana. It is casual in summer during June, July, and 
August, but only along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. </p>

<p>A specimen of this bird recently examined in the muse¬ 
um of Tulane University at New Orleans, was taken at 
Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish on Decem¬ 
ber 13, 1887, by Gustave Kohn. Other records of this sub¬ 
species, which is presumably the common form of the species 
in Louisiana, particularly during the summer, are given be¬ 
low and refer probably to this race. A. M. Bailey found it 
during the months of January, March, and April, at Chenier 
au Tigre; and E. S. Hopkins reported it common at Grand 
Isle, April 8, 1925, April 22, 1926, and April 7, 1928. At 
Cameron, W. L. McAtee saw one on December 4,1910. E. R. 
Kalmbach noted it along the Mermentau River, west of 
Grand Chenier, August 12, 1925. Beyer, Allison, and Kop- 
man reported the species at Cameron on July 1; and A. M. 
Bailey noted a single individual on the Chandeleur Islands, 
June 7, 1918. </p>

<p>NORTHERN CURLEW </p>

<p>Numenius americanus occidentalis Woodhouse </p>

<p>The Northern Curlew is a rare winter resident, from 
November 12 to March 26, on the coastal prairies and 
marshes of southern Louisiana, from Lake Borgne to the 
Sabine River. </p>

<p>It is not with certainty distinguishable in the field from 
the Long-billed Curlew, Numenius americanus americanus 
Bechstein, and, therefore, for definite records we are obliged 
to rely on the specimens examined. The writer has seen the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hudsonian Curlew </p>

<p>
237 </p>

<p>
following specimens of Numenius americanus occidentalis 
from the State. A single individual collected by G. Wiirde- 
mann at Calcasieu Pass during the spring of 1854 is now in 
the United States National Museum. Specimens in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University at New Orleans are from the 
subjoined localities: Sabine Station in southwestern Cal¬ 
casieu Parish, December 6, 1891; New Orleans, November 
12, 1885; Mandeville, December 17, 1876; and two speci¬ 
mens, male and female, from Lake Borgne, December 5,1886. </p>

<p>HUDSONIAN CURLEW </p>

<p>Phaeopus hudsonicus (Latham) </p>

<p>In general appearance this bird is very much like the 
Long-billed Curlew, except for smaller size and a much 
shorter bill. It is a northern species, breeding in the Arc¬ 
tic regions, but for the winter its migration journeys ex¬ 
tend across the United States and as far south as Chile. </p>

<p>It inhabits the plains, prairies, also open fields, par¬ 
ticularly where there are ponds, sloughs, and lakes, and 
likewise the beaches, lagoons, and flats of the coastal 
regions. It gathers into enormous numbers along the coasts 
at times during migration, although it moves much in rather 
small companies. The bird flies at times swiftly, but in ordi¬ 
nary migration with only moderate speed and often high 
above the ground. Along the shore it stands or walks, either 
in the water or on the sand or mud, and it does not appear 
as active as many of the other shorebirds. Notwithstand¬ 
ing this, the bird is shy and is easily alarmed, particularly 
when the posted sentinels of a flock give the alarm. The 
common note of this bird is a whistle of several syllables, 
which bears some resemblance to the call of the Yellowlegs. </p>

<p>This curlew feeds along the shore, on the beaches and 
flats in the marshes, in pastures, or on meadows and prai¬ 
ries. In these places it picks up the various small animals, 
such as crustaceans, mollusks, worms, spiders, and differ¬ 
ent kinds of insects, on which it chiefly subsists. At times 
it eats also quantities of berries,.such as crowberries, dew¬ 
berries, and blueberries. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>238 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The nest of this bird is to be found on the tundra of 
the north. It is situated on the ground, and for safety the 
bird depends on the protective coloration of the eggs. The 
nest itself is merely a depression in the grass or moss, or, 
if on the ground, it is composed of grasses and the lichens 
that are called moss in the Arctic regions. The eggs are 
usually four, pyriform, similar to those of most shorebirds, 
and pale green or buff in ground color, numerously marked 
with shades of brown and drab. The adults watch the 
nest carefully, and likewise take good care of the young 
birds. </p>

<p>The Hudsonian Curlew was formerly a fairly common, 
but is now a rather rare permanent resident on the islands, 
marshes, and prairies near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico 
in southern Louisiana, from Chandeleur Island to Sabine 
Pass. It is of most frequent occurrence from March to May 
and from September to November, and is only casual in 
both winter and summer. </p>

<p>During the winter it has been observed only in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, where the writer saw two individuals 
at Chateau Canard, Joseph Leiter’s property on Main Pass 
on December 19, 1932. </p>

<p>In summer it has been reported chiefly in June and July; 
and has been observed on the northern coasts of the Free¬ 
mason Islands on July 28.** A. M. Bailey noted several in¬ 
dividuals at Chenier au Tigre, between May 22 and May 27, 
1930, these, however, apparently belated migrants. He ob¬ 
tained specimens there on April 11, 1919, and May 10, 1918; 
and E. G. Wright, on May 27, 1930. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans were obtained at Grand Isle, 
April 28, 1933; and at the same locality by E. S. Hopkins on 
March 31, 1931, and April 26,1926; and by Ambrose Daigre 
on April 27, .1936. There is also a specimen in the State De¬ 
partment of Agriculture collection in the State Capitol at </p>

<p>•‘Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December 1931, pp. 270-271. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eskimo Curlew </p>

<p>
239 </p>

<p>
Baton Rouge, taken by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle, 
April 25, 1933. A. M. Bailey collected one at Elephant 
Pass on May 17, 1917. </p>

<p>ESKIMO CURLEW </p>

<p>Phaeopus borealis (Forster) </p>

<p>The Eskimo Curlew was formerly apparently a common 
spring transient in March and April, and was reported to 
occur also in the fall. It is now practically extinct every¬ 
where and there are no very recent records of its appear¬ 
ance in the State. It is recorded from only the southern 
part of Louisiana; and all the specimen records that 
we have been able to unearth are four birds in the 
Gustave Kohn collection now in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity at New Orleans. These are: adult male, taken March 
27, 1889, at Rayne; and three others collected at New Or¬ 
leans—an adult male, March 16, 1889, another of the same 
sex, March 30, 1881, and an adult female, April 4, 1881. J. 
J. Audubon reported seeing flocks of Eskimo Curlews on 
Barataria Bay from April 5 to 10, 1837. </p>

<p>UPLAND PLOVER </p>

<p>Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) </p>

<p>The Upland Plover is another bird, the name of which 
is a misnomer. It js, in fact, not a plover but a sandpiper, 
and its other common name ‘Bartramian Sandpiper’ is thus 
really more appropriate. It is called also ‘field plover’, and 
‘quailie’. Few of the shorebirds are better known as game 
than the Upland Plover, but so assiduously was it for 
many years hunted that its numbers have alarmingly de¬ 
creased to a point in fact where rigid protection is its only 
salvation. It is a bird of about the size of the Greater 
Yellowlegs, though usually rather smaller and with a short¬ 
er bill, more brownish coloration, and more thickly streaked 
lower parts. </p>

<p>It is fond of pastures, prairies, meadows, and the 
grassy margins of sloughs, ponds, and lakes, but it is also 
found in various kinds of cultivated areas and on uplands. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>240 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
At times it is easily approached; and on the wing, under 
some circumstances, it is rather slow and easy, although at 
other times, particularly during migration, it is capable of 
long flights, since it migrates southward to winter as far 
away as Argentina. On the ground it runs rapidly, and in 
general attitude and movements is very much like a plover. 
Its mellow note is a whistled trill, which is very character¬ 
istic. It has other notes and an alarm cry which resembles 
*quip-ip-ip-ip\ It is an early migrant, leaving its breeding 
grounds in July and assembling into flocks ready to start 
on the southward journey. At times the bird formerly 
gathered into great companies, although ordinarily in mi¬ 
gration it scattered over a considerable area, and did not 
move in dense masses. </p>

<p>This bird lives to a large extent on grasshoppers, lo¬ 
custs, and various kinds of injurious weevils, such as the 
cotton-boll weevil and clover-leaf weevil, and on many other 
injurious insects, such as leaf beetles, wireworms, cut¬ 
worms, army worms, horse flies, and similar pests. Other 
items of food are cattle ticks, moths, ants, bugs, spiders, 
and earthworms. The small amount of vegetable food con¬ 
sists of the seeds of various kinds of grasses. In its food 
habits this bird is thus a decidedly beneficial species, so 
far as man is concerned. </p>

<p>It breeds in pastures and grassy lands of various kinds, 
particularly on the prairies of the west, sometimes on moist 
ground. The nest is a depression in the earth, lined with 
bits of grass. The four eggs are pale buff or greenish, 
spotted with shades of brown and gray. Both parents not 
only divide the duty of incubation, but are active in the 
care and protection of the young birds, and in some cases 
become very bold in attempting to save their young from 
impending danger. </p>

<p>The Upland Plover was formerly an abundant, now only 
a fairly common transient, February 28 to May 20, and 
July 5 to the middle of October, on the prairies and fields 
throughout most of the State, from Covington, Diamond, 
Vermilion Parish, and Cameron Parish, to the northern </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitizes! b; </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICH •**W </p>





<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Spotted Sandpiper </p>

<p>
241 </p>

<p>
part of the State, although there are few recent records 
from northern Louisiana. It seems to be most frequent at 
the present time in the southwestern part. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University recently 
examined are from New Orleans, collected on the following 
dates: March 31, 1889, April 10, 1890, April 5, 1886, April 
26, 1864, and May 4,1890. Two examples obtained by Win¬ 
ston E. Nolan are from Marrero, near New Orleans, taken 
March 22, 1930; and another in the State Department of 
Agriculture Museum in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge 
was collected at Grand Isle on April 25,1933. Andrew Alli¬ 
son reported the Upland Plover at Lobdell on March 19 and 
May 15, 1903; H. H. Kopman, at Covington on March 24, 
1900; and H. L. Ballowe, March 23 and 25, 1902, and April 
1, 1902, at Diamond. E. R. Kalmbach took an example of 
the species at Gueydan on August 27,1925, and reported one 
seen at Cameron Farm, 14 miles south of Vinton, on April 
30,1919. There is also a specimen in the Biological Survey 
collection in the United States National Museum, taken at 
Iowa (La.) by Vernon Bailey, April 8, 1899. A single in¬ 
dividual was observed by Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle 
on April 6 and 18, 1937; one taken by George H. Lowery, 
Jr., at Baton Rouge, April 1, 1937, and another by S. Ward 
on March 31, 1937. </p>

<p>SPOTTED SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Actitis mactdaria (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Generally speaking, the Spotted Sandpiper is, owing to 
its wide distribution and familiar habits, one of our best 
known sandpipers. Its grayish olive brownish coloration 
above, and its white and dark spotted under parts, render 
it easily identified. </p>

<p>Its habit of running along the edges of streams, sloughs, 
marshes, lakes, and other bodies of water, and its swift, 
strong flight close to the surface of the water make it a 
conspicuous bird wherever it is found. It is usually not par¬ 
ticularly shy, and its note, which sounds very much like the 
syllables ‘peet-weet’, has given rise to one of its names. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIG. </p>



<p>242 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
In addition, the almost continual up and down motion of 
the hind part of its body gives it a peculiar appearance, 
and serves also as a ready means of identification among 
the shorebirds. It is not so gregarious as many of the 
sandpipers, and is found usually singly or in pairs wherever 
it lives. It has a long migration route, since it penetrates 
as far south as Brazil and Bolivia in winter. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is sought in its regular places of 
abode and also in the upland areas, even in meadows, 
fields, and gardens, since it frequents most cultivated areas. 
It lives to a large extent on caterpillars, grasshoppers, 
beetles, grubs, and various other kinds of insect life. In 
fact it eats ordinarily little else, although it occasionally 
takes small fishes. </p>

<p>The home of this bird is situated in grassy areas of var¬ 
ious kinds, mostly near water, sometimes also even under 
rocks or ledges, about lakes and lagoons, often in open pas¬ 
tures or on prairies; and the nest is usually well concealed. 
Ordinarily the bird nests singly, but occasionally a consider¬ 
able number of pairs will breed in close proximity. The 
nest itself is on the ground and is not a very elaborate af¬ 
fair, being composed chiefly of grasses, weeds, and other 
similar vegetation. The four eggs are buff, with spots or 
blotches of dark brown and drab. One of the interesting 
features of the young birds is that almost as soon as they 
are hatched they run about wagging the tail, much as do 
the adults. </p>

<p>The Spotted Sandpiper is a rare summer resident, com¬ 
mon during the spring and autumn migrations, from March 
16 to November 10, throughout most of Louisiana, from 
Grand Isle to Tallulah, Bienville, and Caddo Parish. It is 
also a rare winter resident in the southern part of the State, 
from the Mississippi River Delta, north to the Amite River, 
and False River in northern West Baton Rouge Parish. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer found it breeding on several of the 
drainage canals about New Orleans; Robert Butler reports 
it breeding in West Feliciana Parish; and the writer noted 
it at Grand Isle on June 9, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach saw it </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Solitary Sandpiper </p>

<p>
243 </p>

<p>
east of Tallulah in the northeastern part of the State on 
July 6, 1924. Specimens of the Spotted Sandpiper in the 
museum of Tulane University were taken at New Orleans 
on May 14, 1890; on the Orleans Canal near New Orleans, 
April 20,1888, and April 27,1890; at Grand Isle, September 
7,1900; and in Plaquemines Parish, May 5,1864. One in the 
Chicago Academy of Sciences was collected by E. G. Wright 
at Avery Island, May 16,1930; others in the Biological Sur¬ 
vey were taken by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, May 21, 
1935, and July 16, 1935. J. S. Campbell gives this Sand¬ 
piper as a rare transient at Bienville, chiefly in April, Octo¬ 
ber, and November. Ambrose Daigre collected one specimen 
at Grand Isle on April 22, 1937; and S. Ward three there 
on July 22, 1937, and one at Baton Rouge, April 21, 1937. </p>

<p>It has been seen by George H. Lowery, Jr., during De¬ 
cember and January on False River and the Amite River. 
The following winter records in the Mississippi River Delta 
are from observations by the writer, all of a single in¬ 
dividual: Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 22, 
1932; Dennis Pass, December 17, 1932; Main Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 19, 1932; and Dead Woman Pass, December 18,1932. </p>

<p>EASTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Tringa solitaria solitarin Wilson </p>

<p>This bird is a somewhat smaller edition of the Lesser 
Yellowlegs, without the white at the base of the tail above. 
On account of the fact that it seldom if ever assembles 
into flocks, but appears singly or in pairs, it has acquired 
the name that it bears. </p>

<p>It is found about ponds, sloughs, and lakes of the in¬ 
terior, and also along the bayous and in the marshes of the 
coast regions. Sometimes it is seen even along irrigation 
ditches or the canals of the ricefields. On rare occasions, 
especially during migration, it appears in considerable 
numbers. It is not particularly shy, and has a rather 
sharp note, not loud, which sounds a little like the syllables 
‘peep-weep’, or sometimes a rather weak ‘pit-pit-pit’. In 
its general movements on the ground it is much more de- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>244 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
liberate than the Spotted Sandpiper, but on the wing it is 
active and flies often swiftly and high, although at times 
when feeding it merely moves on the wing to another place 
not far away. </p>

<p>Along the margins of streams, pools, and other bodies 
of water, where it so frequently is seen, it finds its food 
of various kinds of aquatic insects, worms, mollusks, and 
similar animals; also spiders, crustaceans, and even small 
frogs. </p>

<p>The nesting habits of this sandpiper are distinctive. Like 
the European Green Sandpiper it occupies for breeding 
purposes the abandoned nests of other birds built in trees. 
The nests of such species as the Waxwing, Kingbird, Robin, 
and Bronzed Grackle, sometimes almost 40 feet from the 
ground, are occupied. So unusual a nesting site was little 
suspected in the early days of observation of this bird, and 
many probably erroneously identified nests were said to 
have been found on the ground. The eggs are four, and 
have a ground color of light green or buff, handsomely 
marked with blotches and spots of dark browns, gray, and 
drab. There is relatively little known regarding the home 
life of this bird. </p>

<p>The Eastern Solitary Sandpiper is a casual winter resi¬ 
dent in southern Louisiana, and a fairly common spring and 
autumn transient, from February 15 to May 12, casually to 
the first week in June, and from July 9 to the latter part of 
November, over practically all of Louisiana, but most fre¬ 
quently observed in the eastern part of the State; and re¬ 
corded from The Rigolets and from Phoenix in Plaquemines 
Parish to Cameron Parish, also north to Monroe and Bien¬ 
ville. It is by several authors reported to pass the winter 
in this State, but the writer has been able to find only a 
single definite winter record, that of three individuals ob¬ 
served by him, January 23, 1928, on the Lower Vermilion 
River in Vermilion Parish. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from several localities. 
A single individual was taken at New Orleans on April 6, 
1897, by Andrew Allison. The writer has seen also the fol- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Solitary Sandpiper 245 </p>

<p>lowing specimens in the museum of Tulane University at 
New Orleans: New Orleans, April 11, 1888, April 16, 1864, 
April 20,1890, and April 23,1864; Greenville, April 3,1888; 
Lewisburg, October 12, 1874; and a single bird in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans, from Grand Isle, April 11, 1931. A male in 
the Biological Survey was taken by T. D. Burleigh at New 
Orleans, August 5,1935. An individual, not examined in the 
present connection, was captured by H. W. Henshaw at The 
Rigolets, April 3, 1870; and another was taken by C. C. 
Sperry at Chenier au Tigre, July 21, 1925. Several were 
noted at Phoenix in Plaquemines Parish, April 9 to 10,1918, 
by H. H. Kopman; and at New Orleans, February 15, 1913, 
by the same observer. Andrew Allison saw it also at New 
Orleans on March 5, 1900. E. R. Kalmbach reports that 
two pairs were seen almost daily early in May, 1925, along 
the canal south of Gueydan, and that individuals were 
noticed several times between August 1 and 10, 1925, in the 
same locality. J. S. Campbell indicates that it is a transient, 
not common, at Bienville, observed on August 23 and Sep¬ 
tember 5, 1933. </p>

<p>WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Tring a solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster) </p>

<p>The Western Solitary Sandpiper is a casual spring tran¬ 
sient, recorded from only southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record for the State, that of an 
adult male now in the museum of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans, taken on April 12,1930, at 
Grand Isle by E. S. Hopkins. </p>

<p>EASTERN WILLET </p>

<p>Catoptrophorus semipalvnatus semipalmatus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>One of the larger shorebirds, mostly gray in color above, 
with white under parts and a conspicuous white patch on • 
the wing, this bird is readily recognizable among the in¬ 
habitants of the shores and marshes. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>246 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It is found almost everywhere in the coast regions, and 
sometimes for a considerable distance inland, although it 
is preeminently a bird of the coast. It frequents alike the 
ocean beaches, the marshes, inlets, and lagoons of the 
adjoining areas. Its loud, rather musical call, something 
like ‘pill-will-willet’, draws attention to the bird, and it is 
for this and other reasons a very well-known wader. Its 
ordinary flight is not particularly swift, but rather de¬ 
liberate. Sometimes the bird is shy, but sometimes it is 
easily approached within a reasonably short distance. While 
it is seen usually along the edges of the marshes, on the 
mud flats, or sandy beaches, it often ascends to fenceposts, 
rocks, trees, or even buildings. It is a fairly good swimmer, 
but apparently does not regularly engage in this activity. </p>

<p>Its food is gathered on the flats and beaches, or along 
creeks and ditches, and it is fond of various kinds of aquatic 
life, such as mollusks, crabs, worms, water insects, and 
small fishes. Such vegetable matter as the seeds and roots 
of grasses, and sometimes grain, such as rice, is also con¬ 
sumed. </p>

<p>The nest is commonly placed along the shore on the 
ground in the sand above the high-water mark, occasionally 
in pastures, or other upland situations. The nest itself is 
merely a hole in the sand or earth, lined with bits of 
sticks, pieces of sedge or grass, and similar materials. Often 
it is well concealed by a bush or clump of grass. Sometimes 
the nests are rather more elaborate, being built up from the 
ground in the grass of the marsh. Occasionally the eggs 
are laid on the sand without apparent attempt to construct 
a nest. The eggs are usually four in number, of various 
shades of buff, spotted with dark brown and gray. The 
parents are unusually demonstrative and noisy whenever 
the nest is approached, and they seem to have little or no 
regard for their own safety in their attempts to drive or 
lure away any intruder that approaches the nest. Like 
those of many of the shorebirds the nests are subject to 
considerable danger from high tides, floods, and storms. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Willet </p>

<p>
247 </p>

<p>
The Eastern Willet is a common permanent resident on 
the islands, beaches, and prairies of the Gulf Coast region 
of southern Louisiana, from the delta of the Mississippi 
River, Grand Isle, Chenier au Tigre, and near the mouth of 
Johnson Bayou in southern Cameron Parish, north to Chan- 
deleur Island, Isle au Pitre, Avery Island, Cameron Farm 14 
miles south of Vinton, and Calcasieu Parish. It breeds from 
March to August, and there are records of eggs from the 
first week in April to the last week in July. </p>

<p>Eggs of this bird, taken at Calcasieu Pass in 1854, 
were sent to the Smithsonian Institution by G. Wiirde- 
mann. E. R. Kalmbach reported it at Chenier au Tigre, 
May 7, 1925, and on the beach of the Gulf of Mexico at the 
mouth of the Mermentau River, August 11 to 12, 1925. The 
writer noted this species, presumably breeding, at the fol¬ 
lowing localities along the coast of Saint Bernard and Plaque¬ 
mines parishes in 1933; Isle au Pitre and Brush Island, June 
3; Martin Island, Mitchell Island, Freemason Island, and 
Chandeleur Island, June 4; Stake Island, Curlew Island, and 
Breton Island, June 5. It appears to be of general distri¬ 
bution all along this part of the coast, at least during the 
summer months. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Eastern Willet in the museum of Tu- 
lane University have been examined from the following 
localities: Isle Derniere, March 5, 1896; Grand Isle, Sep¬ 
tember 3 and 11, 1900; and Barataria, November 3,1892; in 
the museum of the Department of Conservation at New Or¬ 
leans, from Grand Isle April 9, 1936, taken by Ambrose 
Daigre; also in the Biological Survey, from Leedyburg in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, April, 1926, collected by 
Arthur Svihla; and in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, ob¬ 
tained by E. G. Wright, from Brush Island, June 11, 1930; 
Chenier au Tigre, May 24 and 27, 1930; Breton Island, May 
27, 1930; and Avery Island, May 13, 1930. Other examples 
identified by the writer are in the Colorado Museum of 
Natural History, all obtained by A. M. Bailey; from Karoco 
Pass in Mississippi Sound, March 20, 1917; Breton Sound, 
May 13, 1917; Mississippi Sound, March 26 and 27, 1917; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>248 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Chef Menteur, March 3, 1917; Grand Pass, June 8, 1919; 
and Chenier au Tigre, March 3 and 8,1918. </p>

<p>A few Willets seen along the shore of the Gulf of Mexico 
east of Johnson Bayou in Cameron Parish by Vernon Bailey 
between January 6 and 13, 1926, and the following records 
of the writer belong doubtless to the present race: Grand 
Chenier, December 31, 1932; and in the Mississippi River 
Delta on Octave Pass, Gasper Pass, and Main Pass, several 
seen, December 19, 1932; Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, 
January 22,1932; and 100 seen at Chateau Canard on Main 
Pass on the same day. </p>

<p>WESTERN WILLET </p>

<p>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inomatus (Brewster) </p>

<p>The Western Willet is'a winter resident, from July 2 to 
April 23, apparently uncommon, in southern Louisiana, 
probably along most of the Gulf Coast, at least from the Mis¬ 
sissippi River westward; and a rare transient in the interior 
of central and northern Louisiana. This is not the breeding 
form of Louisiana, though it has often been reported as 
such, probably because the two forms are practically indis¬ 
tinguishable in the field. As above stated, the breeding 
willet of Louisiana is the eastern race, Catoptrophorus semi- 
palmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). </p>

<p>Specimens of the Western Willet have been examined as 
follows: in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans, birds from Grand Isle, April 
23, 1928, April 4, 1928, and April 16, 1930; one in the 
museum of Tulane University from The Jump, near Venice, 
in the northern part of the delta of the Mississippi River, 
December 9, 1884; in other collections from Grand Isle, 
July 2, 1937, taken by George H. Lowery, Jr., Chenier au 
Tigre, January 21, 1919, Lake Borgne, March 23, 1917, and 
Isle au Pitre, March 27, 1917, by A. M. Bailey. </p>

<p>The bird reported by George H. Lowery, Jr., from Mon¬ 
roe in northern Louisiana, April 30, 1930,'* probably should </p>

<p>• 5 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 24. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Greater Yellowlegs </p>

<p>
249 </p>

<p>
be referred to the western form, as he states; as should like¬ 
wise the Willet observed by J. S. Campbell at Cross Lake, 
near Shreveport, July 24, 1932. </p>

<p>GREATER YELLOWLEGS </p>

<p>Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The gray, light spotted, upper parts, with a white patch 
at the base of the tail above, greenish yellow legs, and a 
long bill, distinguish this bird from most of its relatives. </p>

<p>Along many parts of the Atlantic Coast, which now are 
devoted largely to summer resorts and the so-called im¬ 
provements of civilization, this bird formerly found a con¬ 
genial home, and many years ago was very abundant. It 
is a bird that breeds only in the far north, but it has a long 
migration journey, since it winters in the pampas region 
of Argentina in southern South America. Its loquacious 
habits have earned for it the name that is often applied 
to people who talk too much, whether they say anything 
or not, the epithet ‘telltale’ or ‘tattler’. It is so loud and 
vociferous that it frequently warns other birds of the ap¬ 
proach of danger. It has only a few, rather liquid, whistled 
notes, which are easily distinguished from all except those 
of its smaller relative. </p>

<p>It lives both in the interior and along the coast, and is 
fond of the muddy shores of ponds, of lakes, and of streams. 
It is a rather less gregarious bird than the Lesser Yellow¬ 
legs, and is not so frequently seen in large flocks. It does, 
however, associate commonly with various other shorebirds 
on beaches and mud flats, as well as with ducks and other 
water birds. There it seeks its food of insects, worms, 
crustaceans, and occasionally small fishes. In feeding it 
has the habit of running rapidly through shallow water 
with its bill under the surface, which gives the impression 
of sport rather than of serious search for food. Occasionally 
several individuals engage in this behavior, even one be¬ 
hind the other, which is an interesting exhibition. One of 
its habits that scarcely fails to attract attention is that when 
it alights upon the ground it raises its wings almost </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>250 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
vertically for a moment or two, as though stretching, or as 
if its footing were insecure, and this performance engaged 
in by a flock of these birds simultaneously is decidedly 
pleasing to see. Its flight is strong and rapid, and may be 
performed singly or in small flocks. </p>

<p>The nest of the Greater Yellowlegs is a rather frail 
structure of grass and other plants, placed on the ground 
in a slight depression. The usually four eggs are grayish 
white, with spots of brown and lilac. </p>

<p>The Greater Yellowlegs is an uncommon winter resi¬ 
dent, from July 20 to May 30, in the Gulf Coast region 
of southern Louisiana, from the delta of the Mississippi 
River, Grand Isle, Marsh Island, the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, Chenier au Tigre, and the Gulf Coast of Cameron 
Parish, north to Sabine Station in Calcasieu Parish, Abbe¬ 
ville, and New Orleans; fairly common as a spring and fall 
transient in southern Louisiana and also elsewhere in the 
State, reported north to Monroe, Liberty Hill, Arcadia, and 
Gibsland. It frequents chiefly the various bodies of water 
along the Gulf Coast, and the lakes and larger streams of 
the interior. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University have 
been examined from Sabine Station in southwestern Calca¬ 
sieu Parish, collected, February 20, 1889, and April 8, 1892. 
The species was also noted in winter, January 6 to 13, 1926, 
along the shore of the Gulf of Mexico in Cameron Parish, 
by Vernon Bailey. It was seen by W. L. McAtee at Cameron 
between November 28 and December 6, 1910, and at Grand 
Chenier, December 1 to 2, of the same year; also by Am¬ 
brose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 6 and 11, 1936. The writer 
noted it near Deep Lake in Terrebonne Parish, December 
23,1932; and Stanley C. Arthur observed it at Marsh Island 
from February 6 to 8, 1915. It was reported by W. W. 
Edwards as common in winter near Abbeville; and by 
George E. Beyer, as wintering at New Orleans. The last- 
mentioned observer noted it near New Orleans, April 27, 
1895. H. H. Kopman sent two specimens to the United 
States National Museum from Diamond in Plaquemines 
Parish, taken, March 31, 1899. Other specimens now in the </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Lesser Yellowlegs </p>

<p>
251 </p>

<p>
museum of Tulane University were collected at Pointe a la 
Hache, April 3, 1890; New Orleans, March 14, 1882, March 
19, 1891, and November 3, 1873; and at Rayne, March 27, 
1893. E. R. Kalmbach obtained this species also at Guey- 
dan, May 30, 1925. J. S. Campbell observed it at Liberty 
Hill, April 24, 1933; Pool’s Pond near Bienville, August 
5,1932, and September 12, 1932; Gibsland, October 2, 1933; 
and Arcadia, October 10, 1933. S. C. Arthur collected it 
at Isle Derniere on February 2,1918; and S. Ward at Grand 
Isle on July 20, and 21, 1937. </p>

<p>LESSER YELLOWLEGS </p>

<p>Totanus flavipes (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Lesser Yellowlegs, or, as it is often called, ‘summer 
yellowlegs’, is but a small edition of the Greater Yellow¬ 
legs, being practically identical in color with that bird. If 
anything, it is even better known than the larger species, 
as in many places it is decidedly more numerous. It was 
formerly a very abundant bird, but much hunting has re¬ 
duced its numbers to the point where entire protection is 
necessary in order to bring it back. </p>

<p>It lives in the marshes, along the beaches and various 
bodies of water of the coast region, and about streams, 
lakes, ponds, and other bodies of water in the interior. 
William Brewster has so well described the behavior of this 
bird that it seems worth while to quote his description: </p>

<p>“The summer yellowlegs seems an exact counterpart of 
the winter [yellowlegs] in respect to general appearance 
and behavior. It has the same firm, measured step, when 
walking about in quest of food; the same perfection of form 
and outlines, and grace of position, when standing erect 
and watchful; the same habit of tilting its body and alter¬ 
nately lengthening and shortening its neck with a bobbing 
motion, when suspicious of danger and about to take wing. 
Its flight, also, is essentially similar to that of its big cousin, 
but somewhat slower and more buoyant, and hence not so 
suggestive of momentum as that of the larger, heavier- 
bodied bird”. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>252 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The notes of this bird likewise are almost identical with 
those of the Greater Yellowlegs, but usually fewer in 
number. </p>

<p>The food of the Lesser Yellowlegs is sought along the 
shores, along the edges of the marshes, or similar places, 
where mud or sand flats are to be found. This consists 
largely of crabs and other crustaceans; insects, such as 
grasshoppers, flies, and bugs; small fishes; worms; snails; 
and similar aquatic animals. </p>

<p>The nest is found ordinarily in more or less open wood¬ 
lands, usually near the water, sometimes in burnt-over 
areas. It is placed on the ground, among the grass, usually 
well concealed by trees, bushes, or fallen logs. It is a de¬ 
pression in the ground or moss, lined with leaves or grass, 
and is not an elaborate structure. The three or four eggs 
are buff, marked with dark brown and drab. Both of the 
adults take part in the incubation, and the ybung are well 
watched over by the parents, both of which exhibit much 
alarm when the young are approached by a potential enemy. </p>

<p>The Lesser Yellowlegs is a common winter resident, 
from August 2 to May 14, more numerous during migrations 
from March to April and from September to October, in the 
Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, Grand Isle, the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, and Grand Chenier, north to Lockport in La Fourche 
Parish, and the vicinity of New Orleans; a transient, appar¬ 
ently common locally, in central and northern Louisiana, in 
March, April, August, and September; reported north to 
Monroe and Bienville. It is of casual occurrence in summer 
in the Gulf Coast region. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach found this species in the rice belt near 
Gueydan, April 29, May, 1, 5, and 7, and July 10, 1925, 
and also southwest of Crowley on April 25 of the same year. 
Ambrose Daigre and George H. Lowery, Jr., noted it fre¬ 
quently at Grand Isle from April 3 to 26, 1936. Several 
were taken by W. L. McAtee at Camp Bayou on Octave Pass, 
January 29, 1910; and the writer observed the species com¬ 
mon at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, January 22, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Knot </p>

<p>
253 </p>

<p>
1932; on Codro Pass in the delta of the Mississippi River, 
December 18, 1932; on the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve 
in the Mississippi River Delta on January 23,1932; and saw 
70 individuals on Main Pass near Chateau Canard, January 
22, 1932. H. H. Kopman reported it at Bayou Bienvenue, 
east of New Orleans, on December 21, 1917. The writer 
noticed it on the Company Canal between Lockport and 
Bourg, January 26, 1932; and near Deep Lake in Terre¬ 
bonne Parish, December 23, 1932. W. L. McAtee reported 
it fairly common at Grand Chenier, December 1 and 2,1910; 
and E. S. Hopkins noted a single individual on the lower 
Vermilion River, January 23,1928. At Bienville J. S. Camp¬ 
bell says that it is a regular migrant, more numerous in 
autumn; and he collected it on March 27, 1933. </p>

<p>Specimens in the H. W. Henshaw collection were taken 
at The Rigolets, March 12, 1870, and April 9, 1870; and 
specimens in the museum of Tulane University are from 
Diamond, August 9, 1894, Pointe a la Hache, April 3, 1890; 
and New Orleans, March 19, 1891, April 8, 1861, April 26, 
1891, and May 14, 1882. W. L. McAtee collected six at 
Belle Isle on March 2,1910; and a specimen in the museum 
of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Or¬ 
leans was taken at Grand Isle, April 16, 1933; others 
by Ambrose Daigre, April 3, 1936, April 14 and 19, 1937; 
by Winston E. Nolan, April 13, 1937; and by S. Ward, 
August 2, 1937. Eight specimens examined by the writer 
were collected at Oberlin, May 6, 1933, by W. A. Douglas; 
and one at New Orleans, July 23, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh. </p>

<p>AMERICAN KNOT </p>

<p>Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson) </p>

<p>The American Knot is a rare spring and autumn tran¬ 
sient, from March 28 to May, and from September to Octo¬ 
ber 28, also an occasional summer visitor, along the Gulf 
Coast beaches and islands of southern Louisiana; reported 
only from Errol Island and Isle au Pitre west to the mouth 
of the Mermentau River. There is no specific winter record 
for the State, although reported by A. C. Bent and others </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>254 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
to occur at this season. The only definite occurrences of the 
species in Louisiana of which we have record are given 
below: </p>

<p>George E. Beyer, Andrew Allison, and H. H. Kopman re¬ 
port specimens in the museum of Tulane University, from 
Grand Isle, obtained on March 28 and April 2,** but the 
writer has been unable to find these. There has been exam¬ 
ined, however, a single individual in the museum of Tulane 
University, taken on September 3, 1900, at Grand Isle. 
There is also a specimen in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans from the same lo¬ 
cality, April 1,1931; and another in the State Department of 
Agriculture collection in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge, 
from Grand Isle, May 20, 1933, both of these collected by 
Winston E. Nolan. A specimen from Errol Island, taken 
June 6, 1919, and another on June 9, 1930, are recorded by 
A. M. Bailey and E. G. Wright." Another was collected by 
E. G. Wright at Breton Island, June 4, 1930. The writer 
noted four individuals at Isle au Pitre on June 3, 1933; and 
E. R. Kalmbach saw a flock of eight or ten on the Gulf of 
Mexico at the mouth of the Mermentau River, June 17 to 18, 
1925. A flock of eight was seen by Earl R. Smith and E. S. 
Hopkins along Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard Parish on May 
9, 1926. The species was observed and a specimen taken by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., at Grand Isle, October 27, 1935. </p>

<p>PECTORAL SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Pisobia melanota (Vieillot)" </p>

<p>Among the smaller sandpipers this is one of the birds 
that is better known. It has a number of other names given 
it by sportsmen and others, who distinguish it from the 
other sandpipers as ‘grassbird’, ‘jacksnipe’, and ‘creaker’. 
Its streaked dark and light brown upper parts, black rump, 
and white under parts, with a broad brownish breast band, 
identify it rather easily among the sandpipers of moderate </p>

<p>••The Auk, Vol. XXV, No. 2, April, 1908, p. 178. </p>

<p>® 7 Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, September, 1931, p. 196. </p>

<p>**Pi*obia melanoto* of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Pectoral Sandpiper </p>

<p>
255 </p>

<p>
size. Formerly it was much hunted as game, but at the 
present time it is properly included among the sandpipers 
that have complete protection. </p>

<p>It lives along the shores of the coastal waters, also 
about the streams and other bodies of water in the interior. 
It is found sometimes in considerable flocks, either by itself, 
or associated with other sandpipers. It is one of the sand¬ 
pipers that has a long migration route, from the Arctic 
regions of America south as far as Patagonia. </p>

<p>Its food, like that of many of the other sandpipers, con¬ 
sists largely of various kinds of beetles, bugs, flies, grass¬ 
hoppers and other insects, small crustaceans, worms, and 
some vegetable matter such as algae. </p>

<p>The courtship of this bird is so remarkable that it seems 
worth while to quote E. W. Nelson’s account: </p>

<p>“Standing in the thin grasses 10 or 15 yards from me, 
with its throat inflated until it was as large as the rest of 
the bird, was a male. The succeeding days afforded oppor¬ 
tunity to observe the bird as it uttered its singular notes 
under a variety of situations and at various hours of the 
day or during the light Arctic night. The note is deep, hollow, 
and resonant, but at the same time liquid and musical, and 
may be represented by a repetition of the syllables ‘too-u, 
too-u, too-u, too-u, too-u, too-u, too-u, too-u’. Before the bird 
utters these notes it fills its esophagus with air to such an 
extent that the breast and throat is inflated to twice or 
more its natural size, and the great air sac thus formed 
gives the peculiar resonant quality to the note. The skin 
of the throat and breast becomes very flabby and loose at 
this season, and its inner surface is covered with small 
globular masses of fat. When not inflated, the skin loaded 
with this extra weight and with a slightly serous suffusion 
which is present hangs down in a pendulous flap or fold 
exactly like a dewlap, about an inch and a half wide. The 
bird may frequently be seen running along the ground 
close to the female, its enormous sac inflated, and its head 
drawn back, and the bill pointing directly forward, or, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>256 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
filled with spring-time vigor, the bird flits with slow but 
energetic wing strokes close along the ground, its head 
raised high over the shoulders, and the tail hanging almost 
directly down. As it thus flies it utters a succession of the 
hollow, booming notes, which have a strange ventriloquial 
quality. At times the male rises 20 or 30 yards in the air 
and inflating its throat glides down to the ground with its 
sac hanging below. Again he crosses back and forth in front 
of the female, puffing his breast out and bowing from side 
to side, running here and there as if intoxicated with 
passion. Whenever he pursues his love-making, his rather 
low but pervading note swells and dies in musical cadences”. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in the grass, usually in a dry situa¬ 
tion, sometimes near water, or in the moss of the tundra; 
sometimes an inconsequential structure, sometimes more 
substantially made of leaves, moss, or grass. The four eggs 
are buff with markings of dark brown and gray. The fe¬ 
male seems to perform most of the duty of incubation, 
and of taking care of the young, the latter of which she 
does with great solicitude. </p>

<p>The Pectoral Sandpiper is a common transient visitor, 
from March 9 to May 20, and from July 17 to October, in 
the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, chiefly on the 
marshes and prairies, from Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard 
Parish, the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, and Cam¬ 
eron Parish, north to The Rigolets, Lake Borgne, New Or¬ 
leans, West Baton Rouge Parish, Crowley, and Oberlin; also 
a rare transient in central and northern Louisiana, reported 
north to Ruston and Monroe by George H. Lowery, Jr.; and 
an occasional winter resident in southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer saw 15 of these birds at Calcasieu Lake, De¬ 
cember 30,1932, and 30 on Little Wax Bayou in Saint Mary 
Parish, January 28, 1932. J. S. Campbell regards it as a 
rare transient in Bienville Parish; he came upon a small 
flock along Saline Creek, May 3,1932; and obtained a single 
specimen near Bienville on May 8, 1933. The species was 
taken at Quarantine (Cubit's Gap) in the Mississippi River 
Delta by C. C. Sperry, August 2, 1925, and at Grand Isle, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-rumped Sandpiper </p>

<p>
257 </p>

<p>
April, 1931, by Winston E. Nolan. Three other specimens 
from Grand Isle, taken, April 21, 1928, by E. S. Hopkins, 
are now in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans. Specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University examined in the present connection are 
from Pecan Grove, March 9, 1890; New Orleans, March 19, 
1889, March 19, 1891, March 23, 1886, March 30, 1873, and 
September 5,1864. Also specimens obtained by W. A. Doug¬ 
las at the following localities have been identified: Crowley, 
May 12 and 13, 1932; six miles north of Crowley, May 3, 
1933; Oberlin, May 6, 1933; a specimen in the Biological 
Survey collection in the United States National Museum 
was taken on August 26, 1925, by E. R. Kalmbach at Guey- 
dan; one from Leedyburg in southwestern Cameron Parish 
by Arthur Svihla in April, 1926; another at New Orleans 
by T. D. Burleigh on August 24, 1935; and two in the 
museum of the Louisiana State University, by S. Ward and 
George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge on March 24,1937. </p>

<p>WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The White-rumped Sandpiper, or as it is sometimes 
called, 'Bonaparte Sandpiper’, is another of our small shore- 
birds that make long migration journeys, since it winters 
as far south as southern South America. It may most 
readily be distinguished from the other small sandpipers by 
its rather conspicuous white rump, from which its common 
name is derived. </p>

<p>It lives not only in the coastal waters and marshes, but 
also about ponds, sloughs, lakes, and other bodies of water 
of the interior. It is found singly or in flocks or scattered 
companies, frequently associated with other shorebirds. </p>

<p>Its food consists chiefly of insects, such as grasshoppers 
and curculios, which are injurious to farm crops; worms; 
snails and other mollusks; and seeds of various plants. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in a hollow in the ground, or in the 
moss, sometimes in rather dry situations. It is composed 
of grass and small leaves. The four eggs are of the usual </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>258 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
sandpiper type, olive buff, with spots and blotches of dark 
brown and drab. The adults are very solicitous for the 
welfare of the nest and young, and when either is threat¬ 
ened by an intruder the female usually attempts to beguile 
the intruder away from the objects of her solicitude. </p>

<p>The White-rumped Sandpiper is a fairly common, though 
local, transient, from March to early June, and also reported 
in August, on the islands, beaches, marshes, prairies, and 
ricefields of the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, 
from the Chandeleur Islands to Cameron Parish, and north 
to Lobdell, Avery Island, and Gueydan. It is apparently not 
known from central or northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>Beyer, Allison, and Kopman reported it from Chandeleur 
Island, Breton Island, East Timbalier Island, and Isle Der- 
niere,*" and it has been noted also on the Gulf Coast beaches 
of Cameron and Vermilion parishes. 100 Andrew Allison ob¬ 
served it at Lobdell, May 14, 15, and 17, 1903, and collected 
a specimen on May 14, which he transmitted to the United 
States National Museum. It has been recorded also by 
A. M. Bailey and E. G. Wright from Avery Island as rather 
common in May, 1930 ; 101 in which locality E. G. Wright 
obtained a specimen on May 17, 1930. E. R. Kalmbach re¬ 
ported it in flocks near Gueydan, in May, 1925, and collected 
a specimen there on May 17, 1925. Two females taken by 
T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, May 31, 1935, have been 
examined in the present connection. </p>

<p>BAIRD SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Pisobia bairdii (Coues) </p>

<p>The Baird Sandpiper is a rare transient visitor, of which 
the only published record is apparently the statement of 
George E. Beyer 10 ” that it is not as common as some of the 
other species of sandpipers but is generally found with 
flocks of the Pectoral Sandpiper and others. A single speci- </p>

<p>'“'Tht' Auk, Vol. XXV, Xo. 2. April, 1908. p. 178. </p>

<p>100 Rull. La. Dept. Cons.. Xo. 20, December, 1931, p. 281. </p>

<p>10l \Vilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, Xo. 3, September, 1931, p. 197. </p>

<p>losproc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 95. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Least Sandpiper </p>

<p>
259 </p>

<p>
men taken by Arthur Svihla at Leedyburg in southwestern 
Cameron Parish in April, 1926, is the only definite record 
for the State. </p>

<p>
LEAST SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot) </p>

<p>This bird is well named, for it is the smallest of our 
sandpipers. Its rather weak note is probably responsible 
for one of the names, ‘peep’, by which it, in common with 
the Semipalmated Sandpiper, is frequently called by sports¬ 
men and others. Many persons, furthermore, do not dis¬ 
tinguish between these two birds, but the present one may 
be separated from the other by its darker, more blackish 
upper parts, and greenish instead of black legs and feet. </p>

<p>Almost any place where water is to be found is at¬ 
tractive to this little bird, and it sometimes occurs in large 
flocks along the shore of the ocean, on the mud flats of 
the marshes, or the flats bordering bodies of water of all 
kinds in the interior. It frequently associates with the Semi¬ 
palmated Sandpiper and others. At times it gathers into 
flocks of large size, and these flocks perform remarkable 
evolutions over the marshes or along the shore. </p>

<p>The marshes and beaches are its favorite feeding 
grounds, and here it pursues the insects, such as flies, mos¬ 
quitoes, beetles, and other insects that form a considerable 
part of its food. Worms, small crustaceans, small mollusks, 
seeds, and other parts of plants are also eaten. </p>

<p>The nest is placed either in damp grassy or mossy 
areas, and even in dry situations. It is built on the 
ground, usually in a depression, which is lined with moss, 
dry leaves, and grass. Four eggs are the ordinary number 
and they are usually pale buff with markings of dark brown 
and drab. The male is largely responsible for the incubation 
of the eggs, but both parents take good care of the young 
birds after they are hatched. </p>

<p>The Least Sandpiper is a common permanent resident, 
less numerous in summer, on the beaches, marshes, water- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>260 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ways, and prairies of the Gulf Coast region of southern 
Louisiana, from Breton Island, the Mississippi River Delta, 
Grand Isle, and Cameron, north to Isle au Pitre, Lake Cath¬ 
erine, and New Orleans; also a fairly common transient, 
from April 1 to May 25, and from August 26 to September 
19, in central and northern Louisiana, reported north to 
Monroe and Bienville. It does not breed in the State, but 
individuals remain all summer along the coast and on the 
islands. </p>

<p>
E. G. Wright collected it on Breton Island on June 9, 
1930; and the writer observed it on Grand Gosier Island, 
June 6, 1933; and on Curlew Island, June 5, 1933. A speci¬ 
men in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans was obtained at Grand Isle on 
June 7,1933. Others were taken by E. S. Hopkins at Grand 
Isle on March 25 and 28 and April 22, 1926. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., observed it at Cameron on June 20, 1935. 
George E. Beyer noted it about December 25,1905, at Lake 
Catherine. H. W. Henshaw collected a specimen at Lake 
Borgne, April 1,1870. Specimens in the museum of Tulane 
University were taken at New Orleans, May 6, 1890, and 
April 27, 1888; also at Greenville, September 19, 1888; and 
by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, July 27, 1935. It was 
reported at Lobdell by Andrew Allison on May 15,1903. It 
was seen by the writer at the Delta Duck Club on Octave 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, to the number of 233, 
on January 22, 1932. The writer found it also common at 
Cognovich Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, December 
18, 1932, and at other places on the Pass a Loutre Hunting 
Preserve, January 23, 1932. Stanley C. Arthur reported it 
at Marsh Island, February 6 to 8, 1915; W. A. Douglas ob¬ 
tained it at Crowley, May 13, 1932; and E. R. Kalmbach, at 
Lake Claire on the northern shore of White Lake in Ver¬ 
milion Parish, May 6, 1925. E. R. Kalmbach collected it 
also at Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, April 30 
and May 13,1919, and observed it south of Gueydan on May 
7, 1925; and the writer found it along the beach of the Gulf 
of Mexico, near Mud Lake in Cameron Parish, January 26, 
1928. J. S. Campbell regards this sandpiper as a common </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-backed Sandpiper </p>

<p>
261 </p>

<p>
transient in Bienville Parish; and at Bienville obtained 
specimens. May 6 and August 26, 1933. S. Ward collected 
it at Grand Terre on July 16, 1937. </p>

<p>RED-BACKED SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot) </p>

<p>This bird, frequently called ‘American Dunlin’, or simply 
‘red back’, is in spring plumage one of the most easily 
distinguished of the smaller shorebirds. It is, however, 
but little smaller than the Pectoral Sandpiper. Its reddish 
back, white under parts, with a large black area on the 
upper abdomen, make it easily identifiable in the field. In 
autumn, however, it is rather dull brownish gray above, 
and white below with only a relatively few dark streaks. </p>

<p>In certain parts of the coast region of North America 
it is often abundant. It breeds in the far north and visits 
the United States during migration and in winter. At times 
it appears in considerable flocks, often associated with 
others of the smaller shorebirds. While it is fond of the 
neighborhood of the ocean, it is found also along the streams 
and bodies of water in the interior. One of its favorite 
haunts is a broad, nearly level, beach, to which the waves 
bring up the small water animals on which the bird fre¬ 
quently feeds. Along the edge of the water this bird stands 
or runs rapidly, flying up at the approach of a person or 
an enemy, or of the water. </p>

<p>During the breeding season, and particularly during 
mating time, it has a rather pleasing series of notes which 
might be considered a song. This is often used at mating 
time, and the mating performance is rather an interesting 
one. The male rises in the air as he approaches the object 
of his affections, sometimes to a height of 50 or 60 feet, 
hovering and singing until finally he descends to the ground 
to repeat the performance after a short intermission. </p>

<p>The food of this bird, obtained largely from the mud or 
sand flats along the ocean or other bodies of water, is made 
up mostly of small crustaceans, mollusks, and such insects </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>262 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
as aquatic beetles and flies and their larvae, worms, and 
to a limited extent the seeds of water plants. In feeding 
it often probes in the sand or mud, even to the extent of 
thrusting its head under the water, and if it happens to go 
beyond its depth it swims easily into shallower water. </p>

<p>The nest of this species is ordinarily on the drier por¬ 
tions of its summer home, or on a hummock in a marshy 
area. This is usually fairly well hidden amidst the grass 
and moss, and composed chiefly of grasses, lined with small 
leaves and similar materials. The four eggs are rather 
variable, pale greenish or olive buff, conspicuously marked 
with blotches and spots of various shades of dark brown 
and gray. Like many of the shorebirds it does not breed 
in colonies, but scatters the nests about wherever suitable 
places are to be found. </p>

<p>The male assists the female in the duty of incubation 
and also in the care of the young after the 22 days of sitting 
have elapsed. As soon as the young are dry they are able 
to run about and follow their parents, by whom they are 
carefully protected. </p>

<p>The Red-backed Sandpiper is a rather common winter 
resident, from November to June 6, and a casual summer 
resident, on the islands, beaches, and along the bayous and 
other bodies of water in the Gulf Coast region of southern 
Louisiana, from the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, 
Chenier au Tigre, and Cameron Parish, north to Freshwater 
Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, New Iberia, and New Orleans. 
It is apparently not recorded from central or northern Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>The writer observed it at the Delta Duck Club on Octave 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on January 22, 1932, 
and also to the number of 76 individuals at Chateau Canard 
on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on the same 
date. It was abundant at Lake Felicity, December 23, 1932, 
where 700 were seen. A. M. Bailey reported it at Chenier 
au Tigre, December 8 to 18, 1926, where he collected a 
specimen on December 15 of the same year, and at Isle 
Derniere, December 8, 1918. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Dowitcher </p>

<p>
263 </p>

<p>
A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken, January 11, 1894, on Freshwater Bayou in Calcasieu 
Parish, and another at Sabine Station in the same parish, 
January 30, 1888. A specimen in the museum of the Lou¬ 
isiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans was col¬ 
lected by Winston E. Nolan on Grand Isle, March 23, 1931, 
and another at Saint Bernard by E. S. Hopkins, November 
30, 1924. Also, George H. Lowery, Jr., obtained one at 
Grand Isle on October 27, 1936, and another on April 15, 
1937. A. B. Blakemore reported it at New Orleans, Novem¬ 
ber 1, 1895. The writer saw two individuals on Isle au 
Pitre, June 3, 1933, and 12 on Grand Gosier Island, June 6 
of the same year. </p>

<p>
EASTERN DOWITCHER </p>

<p>Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The dowitcher, a bird about the size of the Wilson 
Snipe, is well known to both sportsmen and naturalists. 
Its black upper surface, mottled with cinnamon and whitish, 
and partly white rump, together with its long bill and 
mostly cinnamon under parts with blackish spots, will serve 
to separate it from the other related shorebirds, although 
in the winter it assumes a gray plumage that is very similar 
to some others. It is one of the best known of all the shore- 
birds along the eastern coast of the United States, and it 
is of regular occurrence in many parts of the interior. </p>

<p>Like many other well-known birds the dowitcher has a 
great many different common names, such as ‘robin snipe', 
‘quail snipe’, ‘German snipe’, and ‘gray snipe’, the latter 
from its winter plumage.* Its common name ‘dowitcher’ 
is a corruption of the German ‘deutscher’, by which name 
it was called to distinguish it from its relative the English 
snipe. </p>

<p>Its habits are those of a sandpiper rather than those 
of a snipe, and it often gathers into large flocks. It is 
fond of mud flats and sandy beaches, and prefers these to 
grassy areas, although it does frequent the meadow ponds 
and boggy margins of small lakes. When a flock approaches </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>264 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
a favorite feeding ground it usually alights in a compact 
mass, afterwards scattering in pursuit of the food, which 
is obtained in a manner similar to that of the Woodcock, 
that is, by probing vertically in the mud, and in this opera¬ 
tion the head and part of the neck are often under water. 
It is a bird of great power on the wing, and alone and in 
company performs many interesting flight maneuvers. The 
song is a rather unusually attractive one for a sandpiper, 
and is heard frequently on the wing. The birds are not 
particularly suspicious and can often be readily approached. </p>

<p>The food of this dowitcher comprises various kinds of 
insects, including grasshoppers, flies, water beetles, and 
water bugs, together with leeches, worms, and small mol- 
lusks. </p>

<p>While the nest and eggs of this form of the dowitcher 
are not known, they are doubtless similar to those of the 
Long-billed Dowitcher, which breeds in Alaska. Of that 
bird the nest is usually near the marshy margin of a small 
lake. It builds a rather simple home of a few dead leaves 
or similar materials, in which the usually four pyriform 
eggs are laid. These have a ground color of drab or 
olivaceous, with numerous markings of dark brown and 
blackish. Like those of most shorebirds they are large for 
the size of the bird. The downy young leave the nest soon 
after hatching, and, like the young of so many of the shore- 
birds, are rather dark colored above, beautifully speckled 
with white and buff. </p>

<p>The Eastern Dowitcher is a winter resident, probably 
not uncommon, and is of casual Occurrence in summer, on 
the islands and coast of the Gulf of Mexico in southern Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>It is not, in the field, certainly distinguishable subspe- 
cifically from the Western Dowitcher; our present knowl¬ 
edge of its occurrence in the State is therefore confined to 
the following records of specimens actually collected. Two 
were taken by C. C. Sperry at Quarantine (Cubit’s Gap) in 
the Mississippi River Delta, August 3, 1925; and three were </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Alberta Dowitcher </p>

<p>
265 </p>

<p>
obtained by E. G. Wright on June 11,1930, on North Island 
along the coast of the State east of the Mississippi River. 1 ” 
A single example was collected on Marsh Island between 
February 6 and 8,1916, by Stanley C. Arthur. There is also 
a bird without date, taken at Grand Isle, that is now in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans. Another specimen, from a Grand Isle reef 
off Grand Terre, was procured on April 15,1937, by George 
H. Lowery, Jr.; and still another at Creole, Cameron Par¬ 
ish, January 1, 1938, by the same collector. </p>

<p>ALBERTA DOWITCHER </p>

<p>Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan 
This recently described dowitcher 104 is possibly not un¬ 
common as a winter resident in Louisiana. At present, how¬ 
ever, the only records of its occurrence in the State are a 
single female, taken by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Monroe on 
September 7, 1933; two individuals collected on July 30 and 
two on July 31, 1937, at Grand Isle by S. Ward. </p>

<p>LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER </p>

<p>Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus (Say) </p>

<p>The Long-billed Dowitcher is a fairly common perman¬ 
ent resident, most frequently observed from August to June 
6, chiefly as a spring and fall transient, and least so in sum¬ 
mer, on the islands, beaches, bayous, and other bodies of 
water in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from 
the mouth of the Mississippi River, Grand Isle, Chenier au 
Tigre, and Gum Cove in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
north to Sabine Station in Calcasieu Parish, Morgan City, 
New Orleans, and Isle au Pitre. It is apparently not re¬ 
ported from either central or northern Louisiana. This 
seems to be the common form of the dowitcher in Louisiana, 
and probably most of the sight records belong under this 
race, although it is difficult in the field for the ordinary 
observer to distinguish it from the eastern bird. </p>

<p>103 Bailey and Wright, Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, September, 1931. p. </p>

<p>196. </p>

<p>10 *L[imnodromus). griseus hendersoni Rowan, The Auk, Vol. XLIX, No. 1 , Janu¬ 
ary 4, 1932, p. 22 (‘‘Beaverhills Lake, Alberta”). </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>266 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Specimens of the Long-billed Dowitcher have been ex¬ 
amined from Grand Isle, taken, April 3, 1931, and April 
17, 1929; from New Orleans, November 26, 1874, and April 
24, 1890; from Morgan City, April 24, 1890; and from 
Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, February 
11, 1889. A specimen was also collected by G. Wiirdemann 
in the spring of 1864 at Calcasieu Pass, and sent by him 
to the Smithsonian Institution. W. L. McAtee obtained 
this Dowitcher at Gum Cove, January 2, 1911; S. C. Arthur 
saw it at Marsh Island, February 6 to 8, 1915; A. M. 
Bailey on the State Wild Life Refuge, November 26, 1916, 
on Mississippi Sound, March 26, 1917 ; and on Chandeleur 
Island, June 6, 1918; and George H. Lowery, Jr., at Creole 
in Cameron Parish, January 1, 1938. In addition to these 
specimens the following sight records without much doubt 
belong to this subspecies: several observed by A. M. Bailey 
at Chenier au Tigre, between December 8 and 18, 1925; 
and 25 seen by the writer at the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass on January 22, 1932. The writer noted eight 
individuals on Isle au Pitre, June 3, 1933, five on Mitchell 
Island, June 4, 1933, and 16 on the North Islands on the 
same date. </p>

<p>
STILT SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The Stilt Sandpiper is a rare spring and fall transient, 
observed only in April and from July 27 to September, and 
in the southern part of Louisiana, although there is no rea¬ 
son for its entire absence in other parts of the State. </p>

<p>There are apparently only five definite records for Lou¬ 
isiana : J. J. Audubon saw a flock of 30 individuals “on the 
southern shore of the island of Barataria, forty miles from 
the southwest pass of the Mississippi” on April 4, 1837; m 
A. M. Bailey collected a specimen at Chenier au Tigre on 
April 6, 1919;'°* there is also a single specimen recently ex¬ 
amined in the museum of Tulane University, taken at New </p>

<p>,05 Ornith. Bio K ., Vol. IV, 1838. p. 332. </p>

<p>ln “ Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XL1II, No. 3, September, 1931, p. 196. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Semipalmated Sandpiper </p>

<p>
267 </p>

<p>
Orleans, September 26, 1888, by Gustave Kohn; one in the 
Biological Survey obtained by T. D. Burleigh at New 
Orleans on July 27, 1935; and another also by him at New 
Orleans, August 1, 1935. </p>

<p>SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This is one of the small sandpipers that, together with 
the Least Sandpiper and the Western Sandpiper, go under 
the common name of ‘peep’. It is considerably smaller than 
the Red-backed Sandpiper, grayish brown above, with 
markings of black, bay, and whitish, and white below with 
dark markings on the breast, and with black legs and feet. 
In winter it is paler, more grayish on the upper parts. </p>

<p>It is at home along the margins of all kinds of water 
areas, such as streams, bays, lakes, and the ocean shores, 
but it seems to be most fond of the broad beaches along 
the ocean and the coastal inlets. On mud or sand flats, 
and even on the drier portions of the marshes, this bird 
can be seen at almost any time during the period of its 
sojourn here. It is a bird of the Arctic regions in summer, 
but it migrates throughout Central and South America, 
even sometimes as far as Patagonia. </p>

<p>In flight it is rather swift, and it has the habit of gather¬ 
ing into flocks even of considerable size, which perform 
remarkable evolutions in the air. Often these flocks are 
composed entirely of this one species, but at times they 
are mixed with Least Sandpipers, Western Sandpipers, and 
even others of the somewhat larger shorebirds. On the 
beach the bird runs swiftly and is usually active, probing 
rapidly with the beak in picking up food. </p>

<p>The song is not so frequently heard during the migra¬ 
tion season, but is of considerable interest, particularly 
on the bird’s breeding grounds. It is a long trill ending 
with a few mellow notes. As with most of the shorebirds, 
the song and other notes are used much in the courtship 
performance, which is interesting even though resembling 
that of some of the other shorebirds. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHII </p>



<p>268 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The food of this bird is very similar to that of many 
other shorebirds. It includes numerous kinds of insects, 
such as beetles, flies, and bugs; crustaceans; marine worms; 
mollusks; and sometimes seaweed. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in a depression of the ground, usually 
in the open country, and often in a clump of vegetation 
where more or less concealment is thus afforded. It is a 
very inconsequential structure, composed usually of grass 
stems, dry moss, and small leaves. The eggs are normally 
four in number, buff, with markings of various shades of 
dark brown. Both parents assist in the duty of incubation 
and in the care of the young. </p>

<p>The Semipalmated Sandpiper is a common, locally 
abundant, winter resident, from late July to June 13, in 
southern Louisiana, chiefly in the Gulf Coast region, from 
the Mississippi River Delta and Cameron Parish north to 
New Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish; and a transient in 
spring and autumn throughout the remainder of the State, 
reported north to Mer Rouge. It probably remains occa¬ 
sionally all summer, frequenting the beaches, marshes, 
bayous, streams, and lakes, but it is apparently not common 
in the interior of Louisiana. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach collected a specimen of this bird near 
Gueydan, May 26, 1926, and the specimen is now in the 
collection of the Biological Survey in the United States 
National Museum; as is also one taken at New Orleans, June 
13, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh. George H. Lowery, Jr., ob¬ 
tained another at Grand Isle on October 28,1936. The same 
observer noted a few individuals on the Mud Lumps at the 
mouth of Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, June 
2 to 3, 1919; and Vernon Bailey collected one at Mer Rouge, 
June 3, 1892. The writer observed 25 individuals on Errol 
Island, June 6, 1933; 108 on Curlew Island in the Chande- 
leur chain on the same day; and three on Isle au Pitre, June 
3, 1933. One specimen was collected by S. Ward at Grand 
Isle on June 7, 1937. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were col¬ 
lected at New Orleans, April 27, 1888, and May 6, 1890; and </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Sandpiper </p>

<p>
269 </p>

<p>
C. C. Sperry obtained the species at Quarantine (Cubit’s 
Gap) in the Mississippi River Delta, August 2, 1925; also 
E. G. Wright, at Avery Island, May 9, 1930. H. H. Kop- 
man reported it at New Roads along the shore of False 
River, December 15, 1917, and he noted a few individuals 
along Hog Bayou at Cote Blanche between Baldwin and 
Cypremort, January 13 to 14, 1918. Stanley C. Arthur ob¬ 
served it at Marsh Island, February 6 to 8, 1916. The fol¬ 
lowing records are from the writer’s notes. About Lake- 
Felicity on December 23, 1932, this species was abundant, 
a total of more than 450 birds being noted. A few were 
seen on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary near Abbeville, 
January 23, 1928, and also 10 on Calcasieu Lake, December 
30, 1932. In the delta of the Mississippi River this sand¬ 
piper was abundant in January, 1932, and December, 1932. 
Some 300 individuals were seen on Main Pass, December 19, 
1932, many on Cognovich Pass, December 18, 1932, as well 
as a number on the State Public Shooting Grounds, January 
22, 1932. Over 1400 were noted near Chateau Canard on 
Main Pass, January 23, 1932; and 750 near the Delta Duck 
Club on Octave Pass, January 22, 1932. </p>

<p>WESTERN SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Ereunetes mauri Cabanis </p>

<p>The Western Sandpiper is a rare winter resident, from 
July 4 to June 4, along the Gulf Coast of Southern Louisi¬ 
ana, from Isle au Pitre to Vermilion Parish. It possibly re¬ 
mains occasionally throughout the year. </p>

<p>Apparently the only records are as follows. Many were 
noted during November, 1916, and the species was reported 
by A. M. Bailey and E. G. Wright to be fairly common dur¬ 
ing the migrations and in winter, in Vermilion Parish. 101 A 
few were also seen by A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre 
daily from December 8 to 18, 1925; and one specimen col¬ 
lected there on December 15. 108 Two specimens examined 
in the present connection were taken by Winston E. 
Nolan at Grand Isle, March 23 and March 24, 1931; two </p>

<p>107 Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, September, 1931, p. 197. </p>

<p>l08 The Auk. Vol. XLV, No. 3, July, 1928, p. 278. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>270 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
others on July 14, 1937, by S. Ward; and one on April 15, 
1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr., at the same locality; 
others at Grand Terre, on July 16, 1937, by S. Ward, 
and on April 15 and 16, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; 
and three others in the Biological Survey collection, taken at 
New Orleans May 31, 1935, June 4, 1935, and July 18, 1935, 
respectively, by T. D. Burleigh. George H. Lowery, Jr., ob¬ 
served six individuals feeding on the shore of Lake Beulah, 
near Monroe, on December 23, 1932. 1 ®’ The writer identi¬ 
fied a single individual of this species at Isle au Pitre on 
June 3, 1933. </p>

<p>
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER </p>

<p>Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is a rare spring and 
autumn transient and casual winter resident, from August 
4 to May 15, in southern Louisiana, chiefly on the beaches, 
islands, bayous, and marshes of the Gulf Coast region, from 
the coast and islands east of the Mississippi River and from 
Cameron Parish, north to Abbeville and New Orleans. It 
is not recorded from northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only winter record for the State is a specimen taken 
by A. M. Bailey at Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish 14 
miles south of Vinton on February 27, 1919. 110 Two others 
were obtained in the same region by Thomas Hoffman 
about August 12, 1919. George E. Beyer collected two 
specimens out of a flock of eight on the so-called ‘Racket- 
greens’ near New Orleans in October, 1887. 111 H. H. Kop- 
man reported a few seen by Stanley C. Arthur about May 
15, 1917, on the Bird Islands east of the Mississippi River. 
W. W. Edwards noted the species on August 4 and 13, 1884, 
near Abbeville; and it was taken in Cameron Parish by E. 
R. Kalmbach on May 1, 1919. There are also specimens of 
this bird in the museum of Tulane University, examined in 
the present connection, collected by Gustave Kohn at New 
Orleans on April 26, 1873, and May 4, 1866. </p>

<p>10l&gt; The Auk. Vol. LI, No. 1. January 8, 1934, p. 99. </p>

<p>110 Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 3, September, 1931, p. 199. </p>

<p>111 Proc. La. Soc\ Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 98. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Marbled Godivit </p>

<p>
271 </p>

<p>
MARBLED GODWIT </p>

<p>Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Marbled Godwit is a very rare winter resident 
along the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana. Although 
it is reported by several authors as occurring in Louisiana, 
the only definite records that the writer has been able to 
find are two specimens in the Gustave Kohn collection in 
the museum of Tulane University, both of which were taken 
at Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, Novem¬ 
ber 23, 1885, and December 20, 1888, respectively. </p>

<p>HUDSONIAN GODWIT </p>

<p>Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Hudsonian Godwit is a very rare spring and autumn 
transient in southern Louisiana, and it has been noted only 
in April and September. </p>

<p>There are but few definite records for the State, as fol¬ 
lows: George E. Beyer reports 112 a specimen collected at 
New Orleans on September 27, 1895, by Gustave Kohn, 
which a few years later was still in his collection, but which 
the writer has been unable to find. Two other specimens, 
however, have been examined in the Kohn collection in the 
museum of Tulane University, and these were taken at Vin¬ 
ton, April 22, 1893, and at New Orleans, September 6, 1875. </p>

<p>SANDERLING </p>

<p>Crocethia alba (Pallas) </p>

<p>Often called ‘beach bird' or ‘beach plover’, this is one 
of the most characteristic of the shorebirds on the sea coast. 
Scarcely any stretch of beach at the proper seasons is de¬ 
void of this bird. It is fond of running along the edges 
of the surf, back and forth, almost always active and con¬ 
spicuous. About the size of the Red-backed Sandpiper, it is, in 
winter plumage, by its light color, easily distinguished from 
all the shorebirds that frequent the beaches, appearing very 
whitish because the upper parts are very pale gray, and </p>

<p>lia Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 95. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>272 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
the lower parts, including the sides, pure white. In sum¬ 
mer plumage, which is often seen in the spring, the upper 
surface is variegated with black, brown, and rufous. </p>

<p>In flight it is rather strong and rapid, and it often 
gathers into small flocks, sometimes into larger ones, 
although much of the time it is seen singly, or at least the 
individuals along the shore have apparently little or no 
flocking intention. </p>

<p>The voice of the Sanderling is inconspicuous and con¬ 
sists of only a few soft, rather twittering notes. It is not 
nearly so noisy as many of the shorebirds. Only occasion¬ 
ally is its real song heard. . </p>

<p>It breeds in the far north, chiefly in rather open coun¬ 
try. The nest is placed on the ground and is merely a 
small depression lined with grass and leaves. The three or 
four eggs are buff or greenish, with markings of dark 
brown. It requires about 24 days for the young to hatch, 
and they are carefully looked after by the mother until 
they are able to look out for themselves. Sometimes the 
female will brood the young much as a domestic fowl. </p>

<p>The Sanderling is a common permanent resident, though 
rare in summer, along all the Gulf Coast beaches of Louisi¬ 
ana, from Breton Island to Grand Isle, Chenier au Tigre, 
and Cameron Parish. Though a few linger all summer, the 
species does not, of course, breed in the State. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman saw four of these birds on June 30, 1903, 
at Cameron, and A. M. Bailey observed several during the 
first week in June on Breton Island. The writer noted two 
individuals at Grand Isle, June 9, 1933; and there is a speci¬ 
men in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans, taken at the same locality on 
June 25, 1933. Other specimens from this locality, col¬ 
lected, March 19, 1931, and April 11, 1931, are in the same 
museum. Another, secured on September 3, 1900, is in the 
museum of Tulane University; Winston E. Nolan obtained 
still another at Grand Isle, May 25, 1933; E. G. Wright, 
specimens, May 24 and 26,1930; and George H. Lowery, Jr., </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bvut&gt; Life qf Louisiana Plate 26 </p>



<p>Black-necked Stilt {ffftnMthfpujr tfa&amp;jkonus). 
Merrftfc Dand.Fla^May 17,1234. </p>

<p>t by A M Unite!? . a#ii V h. I </p>





<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bird Lire of Louisiana Plate 27 </p>



<p>Digitized by Goo </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
Young Black-necked Stilt (Hhmntapus mexicunux). 
Cameron Parish, La., June 6, 1930. </p>

<p>(Photograph by A. M. Bailey and F» R. Dickinson.) </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Avocet </p>

<p>
273 </p>

<p>
one at Grand Isle on October 27,1935. The writer observed 
at least 75 of these birds on the beach of the Gulf of Mexico 
just east of Mud Lake, in southern Cameron Parish, Janu¬ 
ary 26, 1928. Vernon Bailey found the species common on 
the beaches of the Gulf of Mexico in Cameron Parish, Janu¬ 
ary 6 to 13, 1926. Specimens were collected at Leedyburg 
in southwestern Cameron Parish by Arthur Svihla on 
January 2 and 3, 1926; and by S. Ward at Grand Terre on 
July 16, 1937. </p>

<p>Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE </p>

<p>AMERICAN AVOCET </p>

<p>Recurvirostra americana Gmelin </p>

<p>This bird, with its upturned bill, is one of the most con¬ 
spicuous and easily distinguished of all the shorebirds. Its 
largely white plumage, with pale cinnamon head and neck, 
and largely black wings, long bill, and legs, make it stand 
out as one of the elite of its group. </p>

<p>It is found not only along the sea coast but also about 
the lakes, ponds, streams, and marshy flats of the interior 
of the United States. It is not a bird of the heavy grass- 
covered or reed-covered marsh, but frequents the open 
places and the level stretches wherever land and water con¬ 
ditions are favorable for either feeding or nesting. At 
times it gathers into flocks of large size, and then the black 
and white plumage, particularly in winter, imparts a spec¬ 
tacular appearance. </p>

<p>It is a noisy bird with a loud voice, unmusical, and 
rather monotonous, composed of a few short notes sharply 
uttered. The bird is not particularly wary and is thus with¬ 
out much difficulty studied. It has a rather strong flight, 
and when alighting raises its wings above the back and 
folds them down much like a Yellowlegs. </p>

<p>It feeds by wading in the shallows along the shore, 
moving forward and swinging the bill from side to side as 
it searches for food in the water. In water too deep for 
wading it easily swims. The food on which it lives con- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>274 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
sists of mollusks; insects such as dragon flies, grasshop¬ 
pers, beetles, weevils, flies, and their larvae; centipedes, 
crustaceans, and sometimes even small fishes, together with 
the seeds of marsh or other aquatic plants. </p>

<p>The American Avocet sometimes breeds in colonies, but 
often singly. The open flats or even the top of a dike or 
grassy flat is a suitable place for the nest. Sometimes this 
is concealed by proximity of a shrub, weed, or patch of 
grass. It is placed on the ground and composed of grasses, 
straws, small twigs, and weed-stalks, lined with finer 
materials and sometimes a few feathers. The usually 
four or five eggs are buff or olive buff, marked with con¬ 
spicuous blotches and spots of dark brown and drab. The 
young, like many other shorebirds, are able to run about by 
themselves almost as soon as they are hatched, and they 
are expert at swimming and even diving. The mother is 
usually solicitous for her young, and will make use of all 
expedients to draw an enemy away from her brood. </p>

<p>The American Avocet is a rare transient in November 
and April, from Bayou La Barre and Cameron Parish, north 
to Mandeville, but it is apparently not recorded in northern 
Louisiana. It occurs chiefly in November, and it has been 
said to winter in the State, but there are no definite records 
for this season. </p>

<p>John James Audubon was the first person to record the 
visit of this bird to Louisiana, and he reported that one was 
noted on November 7, 1819, at Bayou St. John, near New 
Orleans, and also three individuals on April 16, 1837, at 
Isle Derniere." 1 George E. Beyer reported having shot a 
single individual on November 12, 1889, on Bayou Saint 
John, near where Audubon obtained one of his birds. 114 A 
specimen in the United States National Museum was col¬ 
lected on Johnson Bayou in Cameron Parish, November 26. 
1882. Five others sent to the Smithsonian Institution were 
collected by G. Wiirdemann in the spring of 1854 at 
Calcasieu Pass. There are also at the present time spcci- </p>

<p>1,:, Ornilli. Bio*:., Vol. IV. 1838, pp. 171-172. </p>

<p>114 Proc. I-.il. Sor. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 94. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-necked, Stilt </p>

<p>
275 </p>

<p>
mens in the museum of Tulane University, collected at New 
Orleans, November 10,1875; Mandeville, November 3,1873; 
and Bayou La Barre, November 4, 1888, all by Gustave 
Kohn. </p>

<p>
BLACK-NECKED STILT </p>

<p>Himantopus mexicanus (Muller) </p>

<p>Conspicuous in its pure black upper parts, while lower 
surface, long bill and legs, the Black-necked Stilt is, like 
the Avocet, a distinguished personage. It frequents not 
only the flats and beaches of the coast, the more open 
marshes, meadows, and grain fields, particularly in irri¬ 
gated areas, but also similar suitable places throughout the 
interior, as far north as the bird is found. It is largely a 
tropical species and does not breed regularly north of the 
United States, although it is found as far in the opposite 
direction as South America. As would be expected from its 
long legs this bird has a conspicuous appearance on the 
wing, and its flight is relatively slow. The notes of the 
Black-necked Stilt are few, but rather harsh and guttural 
or shrill, a few notes several times repeated. </p>

<p>The long legs enable it to be a successful wader, and 
in this way it seeks its food on the flats and shallow places. 
It feeds on various kinds of animal food, including insects, 
such as beetles, bugs, caddis flies, dragonflies, mosquito 
larvae, flies, and grasshoppers; together with snails, craw¬ 
fishes, and the seeds of marsh and other aquatic plants. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is sometimes in colonies, some¬ 
times placed singly, usually in meadows or level stretches 
in the marshes, or in pastures, where the numerous cattle 
are apparently a menace to its safety. Sometimes the nest 
is situated along the edge of a pond, on a meadow hum¬ 
mock, along the shore, or on a dike. The material of the 
nest comprises various kinds of plants, sticks, and similar 
material, lined with grass, weed-stems, and even small 
twigs. The three to seven eggs are buff or dull light yel¬ 
low, numerously spotted with dark brown or black and 
drab. Both parents aid in incubating the eggs and are </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>276 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
solicitous in the care of the young. The young grow rapidly 
but receive much attention from their parents, with whom 
they remain a rather unusually long time, even after they 
are able to take care of themselves. </p>

<p>The Black-necked Stilt is a rare permanent resident in 
southern Louisiana, from Grand Isle, Chenier au Tigre, the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Calcasieu Pass in Cameron 
Parish, north to southwestern Calcasieu Parish and New 
Orleans; apparently most numerous from April to October, 
and also of very much less frequent occurrence now than in 
former years. It breeds in Louisiana chiefly from May to 
June, and there are records of eggs from May 5 to June. </p>

<p>J. D. Figgins reported this bird as not common at Cam¬ 
eron Farm in Cameron Parish 14 miles south of Vinton, 
where two broods of young were discovered in late June of 
1919. Eggs were sent to the Smithsonian Institution 
from Calcasieu Pass by G. Wtirdemann in 1864. A. M. 
Bailey found this bird common at Chenier au Tigre in the 
spring of 1917, 1918, and 1919; collected a specimen on 
April 12, 1919; and discovered nests and eggs on May 5, 
1917, and May 11, 1918. The same observer found on June 
3, 1930, in Cameron Parish three downy young which had 
just left the nest. George H. Lowery, Jr., found it common 
at Cameron on June 20, 1935. Andrew Allison reported the 
species at Diamond in Plaquemines Parish, March 29,1899; 
H. H. Kopman at Savoie, April 14, 1918; at Junior in 
Plaquemines Parish, August 4 and 6, 1917; and New Or¬ 
leans, March 19,1916. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at New Orleans in April, 1890, April 11, 1886, and 
May 18,1890. C. C. Sperry collected this species at Chenier 
au Tigre, July 21, 1925; and E. R. Kalmbach at Cameron 
Farm in Cameron Parish, April 20,1919. Specimens in the 
museum of Tulane University were obtained at Sabine Sta¬ 
tion in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, March 24 and 30, 
1892; and two specimens sent by G. Wiirdemann to the 
Smithsonian Institution were collected at Calcasieu 
Pass in the spring of 1854. E. R. Kalmbach saw the Stilt </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wilson Phalarope </p>

<p>
277 </p>

<p>
on the north shore of White Lake, May 6, 1925; and in the 
same year, he found it common in the rice fields near 
Gueydan on May 25, 28, and 80; June 3, 24, 25, 27, and 30; 
and July 2 and 11. W. L. McAtee reported one seen, Decem¬ 
ber 1, 1910, at Grand Chenier. Vernon Bailey saw a few 
along the shore of the Gulf of Mexico in Cameron Parish, 
January 6 to 13, 1926. </p>

<p>Family PHALAROPODIDAE </p>

<p>WILSON PHALAROPE </p>

<p>Steganopus tricolor Vieillot </p>

<p>The Wilson Phalarope is apparently only a casual spring 
transient on the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer gives it 11 * as rather an unusual migrant 
in spring; and Stanley C. Arthur 11 * states that it is observed 
every spring at Grand Chenier; but there seems to be no 
more definite record for the State. </p>

<p>Family LARIDAE </p>

<p>AMERICAN HERRING GULL </p>

<p>Larue argentatus smithsonianus Coues </p>

<p>Most of the gulls and terns are of similar coloration, 
with various arrangements of the gray, black, and white 
which mostly clothe these birds. The present species is 
one of our largest gulls, and the one that is commonest and 
best known throughout the United States. It is something 
like two feet in length, with a white head, neck, under 
parts, and tail, light gray back and wings, the longest 
feathers mostly black. It is the common ‘sea gull’ to most 
persons, and is called also ‘goeland du fleuve’. </p>

<p>While it is most abundant about the bays, inlets, and 
harbors of the coast, where it is found every winter, and 
sometimes in large numbers, as well as along the beaches 
and islands, it is also numerous in the interior about the </p>

<p>11B Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 94. </p>

<p>ll *Buli. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, 1918, p. 37. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>273 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
various lakes and larger streams. It is a gregarious species 
and often is found in company with not only large numbers 
of its own kind but with other gulls, particularly the Ring¬ 
billed Gull and the Laughing Gull. It is a bird of rather 
ample wing spread and in flight is strong but not par¬ 
ticularly swift, being, however, capable of long journeys. </p>

<p>Its breeding range is mostly in the northern part of 
the United States and Canada, but it moves southward 
over sometimes long distances to winter, going as far as 
southern Mexico. This bird is fond of the sea beaches and 
the beaches of the ocean inlets, and is frequently seen 
along the strand close to the edge of the surf, or resting 
anywhere on the beach. When alarmed it flies up, but 
usually returns after the cause of its disturbance has 
passed. Often the bird may be seen beating back and 
forth along the surf seeking food that may appear on the 
surface. Like other gulls it has the habit of following 
vessels, looking for any scrap of food that may be thrown 
overboard, and a flock can quickly be gathered by throw¬ 
ing over pieces of bread or anything else edible. </p>

<p>The notes of this bird are mostly loud, harsh, and 
varied, and in uttering them the bird sometimes, particu¬ 
larly when perching, goes through rather active contor¬ 
tions. </p>

<p>The food of the American Herring Gull consists of 
almost anything that the bird is able to find in its haunts. 
It lives on mussels, clams, and many other kinds of mol- 
lusks; crabs and other crustaceans; worms; and all sorts 
of fish refuse, dead fish of all kinds, small fishes; 
grubs, and various kinds of insects; occasionally small mam¬ 
mals; and even seeds and berries. Unfortunately this 
gull sometimes robs the nests of other birds and destroys 
both young and eggs. At times and in places this might 
result in considerable damage to other birds, particularly 
to such kinds as breed in colonies. Like many other birds 
this gull ejects through the mouth the indigestib’e portions 
of its food, such as fish bones, claws of crabs, and feathers. 
This gull has a habit not infrequently observed of obtain- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Herring Gull </p>

<p>
279 </p>

<p>
ing food from hard-shelled mollusks, like good-sized clams, 
which it is unable to crush or break with its beak. It 
carries the clams one at a time for a considerable distance 
into the air and drops them, either on the hard sand or 
rocks, sometimes on boards, to break them open. If not 
successful the first time, the operation is repeated. </p>

<p>This gull breeds usually in colonies, sometimes of large 
size, these situated usually not far from water. The nest 
is placed on the ground or on a rock, but occasionally in a 
tree. It is often not at all concealed, although sometimes 
hidden away under a bush or tree. It is a rather bulky 
structure, composed of weeds, sticks, grasses, and various 
kinds of vegetable matter, lined with moss, grass, or 
feathers. The eggs are usually three, occasionally two or 
four, and in color are exceedingly variable, from bluish, 
grayish, or buff, to drab, variously marked with dark 
browns and lilac. It requires about 26 days to hatch the 
eggs, and, sometimes at least, both parents take part in 
incubation. The young are soon able to run about for 
themselves, and are looked after by their parents for some 
time after hatching. The young for a time out of the nest 
are fed, at least in part, by regurgitation of food from the 
parents. The young, long before they are able to fly, can 
swim without difficulty. This bird, owing to the recent 
protection that has been given it, has in the United States 
greatly increased in numbers during the last 25 years. </p>

<p>The American Herring Gull is a common winter resi¬ 
dent, chiefly from October to April, in southern Louisiana, 
from Chandeleur Island, the Mississippi River Delta, Grand 
Isle, Atchafalaya Bay, Chenier au Tigre, the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, and the coast of Cameron Parish, north to 
New Iberia, Abbeville, New Orleans, and also along the 
Mississippi River Valley to Newellton, Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, and to Shreveport, 
though most numerous in the Gulf Coast region; of casual 
occurrence in summer, though not breeding, on the Gulf 
Coast; and a transient, apparently not common, elsewhere 
in the State. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>280 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
H. H. Kopman reported it on May 2, 1923, at Baton 
Rouge; George E. Beyer, on April 28,1894, at New Orleans; 
and there is a specimen in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans taken at Grand 
Isle about May 8, 1933. A banded bird was captured on 
Chandeleur Island on June 20, 1925. Specimens were col¬ 
lected by R. W. Shufeldt at New Orleans, January 27, 1883, 
and February 20, 1883; by Joseph Leiter at Chateau Can¬ 
ard, Main Pass, Mississippi River Delta, January 20, 1930; 
and a banded bird was captured at Newellton, December 25, 
1926. S. H. Campbell saw a single bird at Oak Grove, De¬ 
cember 23, 1934. On January 21, 1932, the writer found 
this species common on the Mississippi River from New Or¬ 
leans to Pointe a la Hache; at the Delta Duck Club on Oc¬ 
tave Pass in the delta of the Mississippi River, January 19, 
1928; and numerous at the same locality, January 2, 1932. 
Over 200 individuals were seen at Pass a Loutre, December 
17, 1932. It was seen also on Lake Barre, December 22, 
1932; at Calcasieu Lake, December 31, 1932; and on the 
beach of the Gulf of Mexico, near Mud Lake in southwestern 
Cameron Parish, January 26, 1928. A. M. Bailey collected 
it at Chenier au Tigre on March 7, 1918. A bird banded 
at Kent’s Island in the Bay of Fundy was killed at Shreve¬ 
port on January 19, 1936. </p>

<p>As of interest in showing the migratory trend in the 
American Herring Gull, there are records of birds banded 
at Kent’s Island, in the Bay of Fundy, and recovered at the 
following localities in Louisiana: Mississippi River, in St. 
James Parish, January 13, 1937; Vacherie, January 13, 
1937; Morgan City, January 30, 1936; English Lookout, 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 16, 1936; Pilot 
Town, January 3, 1936; Montegut, January 19, 1936; Olga, 
January 28,1936; Saint Francisville, March 15,1936; Onion 
Bayou, February 15, 1936; Orleans Parish, January 14 
and 19, 1936; Longstreet, January 13, 1936; Hackberry, 
January 15, 1936; Shreveport, January 19, 1936; Golden 
Meadow, December 26, 1935; St. Gabriel, December—, 
1935; and Grand Isle, December 26, 1935. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ring-biUed Gull </p>

<p>
281 </p>

<p>
RING-BILLED GULL </p>

<p>Larus delawarensis Ord. </p>

<p>This gull is rather smaller than the American Herring 
Gull, but of the same pattern of coloration, the chief dif¬ 
ference being that it has a black band across the middle of 
the bill, which, however, is not observable at any consider¬ 
able distance. </p>

<p>It frequents about the same kinds of country as does 
the American Herring Gull, and is frequently associated in 
the same flocks. It is just as much of a lover of the in¬ 
terior of the country as of the coast, and is found in all 
sorts of places wherever there is sufficient water. Many 
persons do not distinguish it from the American Herring 
Gull, and both species go under the common name of ‘sea 
gull’. Like the other species it is fond of gathering into 
large flocks, either alone or associated with the American 
Herring Gull. Its flight is rather lighter and more rapid 
than that of the bird just mentioned, and this with its 
small size will help in separating the two. Its voice is not 
as loud, or as harsh, as that of the large latter species, 
and the two birds may be identified also by this difference 
in their notes. </p>

<p>In its food habits it is probably one of our most bene¬ 
ficial gulls, since, particularly in the interior, it is fond 
of following the plow for the purpose of picking up the 
grubs and worms that are turned up, and the grasshoppers 
and other insects that are disturbed in the process. At 
times it eats considerable numbers of field mice and other 
destructive rodents. Like the American Herring Gull it is 
fond of garbage, and feeds to a considerable extent on 
refuse of this kind. Following the example of the other, un¬ 
fortunately, it also does damage at times to the eggs of 
other birds, particularly in their colonies, but altogether 
it is not nearly as much of a menace in this respect. Fishes 
and other water animals form also a part of its diet. </p>

<p>The Ring-billed Gull nests in considerable colonies in 
the northern part of the United States and in Canada. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. igle </p>

<p>
Original frn-m </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHK </p>



<p>282 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Sometimes such colonies consist entirely of nests of this 
species. At other times it breeds in company with other 
gulls, and even with cormorants and other water birds. 
The nests are placed on the ground, along the beach, or 
in crevices about rocks, under low bushes, or even in the 
open. The nest is made of all sorts of rubbish, weed-stalks, 
straws, grasses, and sticks, and lined with grass and some¬ 
times feathers. The usually two or three eggs are of a buff 
or greenish ground color, with numerous markings of dark 
brown and drab. The period of incubation is about three 
weeks, and the young are able soon to run about and hide 
in the grass and among the rocks. The parents protect 
them and look after them until they are sufficiently able 
to fly and to provide themselves with food. </p>

<p>The Ring-billed Gull is an abundant winter resident, 
chiefly from October to April 28, throughout nearly all of 
Louisiana; reported from the Mississippi River Delta, Grand 
Isle, Lake Barre, Atchafalaya Bay, Marsh Island, Chenier 
au Tigre, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Grand Chenier, 
and Mud Lake in Cameron Parish, north to Lake Catherine, 
Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, and 
Monroe. It occurs on practically all bodies of water, but is 
less numerous in the interior of central and northern Louisi¬ 
ana than in the southern part of the State. It is of casual 
occurrence in summer, though not breeding, along the Gulf 
Coast, at least in southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach noted several individuals of this species 
at the mouth of the Mermentau River, June 17 and 18, 1925, 
and August 11 and 12, 1925. A specimen was taken by 
R. W. Shufeldt at New Orleans, February 8, 1883. The 
writer found it abundant along the Mississippi River all the 
way from New Orleans to Pilot Town on January 21, 1932; 
and in the delta of the Mississippi River, along Johnson 
Pass, and Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932, and along Cog- 
novich Pass on the following day. He observed it also on 
Bayou Boeuf and Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish, near 
Houma, January 27, 1932; on Lake Salvador, January 26, 
1932; on Atchafalaya Bay and East Cote Blanche Bay, Jan- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Laughing Gull </p>

<p>
283 </p>

<p>
uary 29, 1932; Lake Barre, December 23, 1932; on Marsh 
Island, January 30, 1932; at Grand Chenier, December 31, 
1932; abundant on the Gulf beach near Mud Lake in south¬ 
western Cameron Parish, January 26, 1928; and at Calca¬ 
sieu Lake, December 30 and 31, 1932. A specimen taken at 
Freshwater Bayou in Calcasieu Parish, January 13, 1894, 
is in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans. 
George E. Beyer reported it at New Orleans on April 28, 
1894, and S. H. Campbell saw two individuals at Oak Grove 
in West Carroll Parish, December 23, 1934. Individuals 
procured by A. M. Bailey came from Lake Borgne, March 
22, 1917, Chenier au Tigre March 5, 1918, and Cameron 
Parish, February 6, 1916. Ambrose Daigre reported this 
gull common at Grand Isle from April 2 to 11, 1937. </p>

<p>LAUGHING GULL </p>

<p>Larus atricilla megalopterus Bruch 117 </p>

<p>This gull is readily distinguished from the two larger 
gulls, the Ring-billed Gull and the American Herring Gull, 
on account of its dark slaty head, in striking contrast to 
the white, gray, and black of the rest of its plumage. The 
only other Louisiana gull that is thus marked is the Bona¬ 
parte Gull in adult summer plumage. In winter, however, 
the Laughing Gull loses its slaty head and looks very 
much like the other large gulls. It is well named Laughing 
Gull, because its loud cry sounds very much like a hoarse 
laugh. </p>

<p>It is a bird almost exclusively of the coast region, being 
seldom at any time of the year found in the interior. In 
flight it is very much like the Ring-billed Gull, and like 
that gull often assembles into considerable flocks, either 
by itself or in company with other gulls. </p>

<p>Like the two other large gulls found commonly in Louis¬ 
iana it has a varied diet. Small fishes form a considerable 
part of the food of this bird, as do also the various other 
kinds of water animals. It lives as well on earthworms and </p>

<p>117 Larus atricilla of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>284 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
various kinds of garbage. Sometimes it catches its own 
fish, but at other times it robs the pelicans or other birds 
that fish for themselves. Like the other larger gulls it is 
fond of following boats to pick up any scraps of food that 
may be tossed into the water. Occasionally it is known to 
eat the eggs of terns, but it does not seem to be so des¬ 
tructive in this respect as do some of the other large gulls. </p>

<p>This gull nests in colonies, sometimes of large size, 
usually on the islands or in the marshes of the coast region. 
The nest is placed in the grass, amidst other vegetation, or 
even in small bushes on rather dry flats. Ordinarily it is 
fairly well concealed by the surrounding vegetation. At 
times on the salt meadows the highest tides submerge the 
nests, but they are placed mostly on ground high enough 
to be safe. The nest is a rather bulky structure, some¬ 
times, however, rather inconsequential, made of sedges, 
grasses, small pieces of sticks, rubbish of various kinds; 
and lined with grass and other finer vegetable materials. 
In some cases it is built up even above the tops of the low 
grass, and in others it is out in more or less exposed situ¬ 
ations. The eggs are usually three, sometimes tw r o or four, 
and are of the usual gull type, of a buff or pale buffy 
olive, with spots and blotches of various shades of dark 
brown and gray. It takes about three weeks for the young 
to hatch, and they stay in the nest for a short time, during 
which period they are fed by regurgitation by the parents. 
As soon as they are able to run around through the grass 
they secrete themselves, but are always carefully watched 
over by the parents. This parental care lasts until even 
after the birds are able to fly. </p>

<p>The Laughing Gull is an abundant permanent resident 
in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, chiefly in 
the marsh and sand beach areas, though apparently much 
less numerous in winter, from the Chandeleur Islands and 
the mouth of the Mississippi River, to Grand Isle. Timbalier 
Island, and Calcasieu Pass, and north to Calcasieu Lake, the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary near Abbeville, New Iberia, 
Lake Pontchartrain, and The Rigolets, as well as casually </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>U' IVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Laughing Gull </p>

<p>
285 </p>

<p>
north to Columbia in northern Louisiana. It breeds only on 
the islands along the Gulf Coast; its breeding season ex¬ 
tends from April to July, and there are records of eggs from 
April 8 to June 26. </p>

<p>A. C. Bent says that when he visited Battledore Island 
west of Breton Island on June 21,1910, he found a colony of 
5000 pairs of Laughing Gulls breeding there. On Isle au 
Pitre there were nearly 1000 birds of this species when the 
writer visited the island on June 3,1933; and he found many 
nests containing one to four eggs along the shore banks and 
in the grass on the island. On the Mud Lumps at the mouth 
of Pass a Loutre he discovered 13 nests containing from two 
to three eggs each on June 7, 1933. On Isle Derniere over 
700 birds were seen on June 22, 1933, and many nests 
containing one to three eggs were noticed on the muddy 
ground among the low black mangroves. Some of these 
nests were actually on the wet ground and others were on 
mounds in the middle of bushes. One dead nestling was 
noted. </p>

<p>The writer found this gull common along Main Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta on June 7, 1933. E. R. Kalm- 
bach obtained specimens on Hog Island, June 4, 1919, and 
on Freemason Island, June 7, 1919; A. M. Bailey at Chen¬ 
ier au Tigre, May 23, 1930, and May 10, 1918; E. G. 
Wright, at Breton Island on June 9 and 10, 1930; and E. 
V. Komarek, on Grand Gosier Island, June 9 and 10, 1930. 
The writer met with this species at The Rigolets, on Lake 
Pontchartrain, and along the Industrial Canal near New Or¬ 
leans, June 2, 1933. H. H. Kopman reported the bird 
from Lake Catherine, April 4 to 5, 1918; and the writer 
noted it abundant on Timbalier Island, June 9, 1933. Two 
specimens, collected by G. Wurdemann at Calcasieu Pass in 
the spring of 1854, were sent by him to the Smithsonian In¬ 
stitution. George E. Beyer reported the species near Colum¬ 
bia on the Ouachita River, August 22, 1896. At Grand Isle 
Ambrose Daigre and George H. Lowery, Jr., observed this 
gull frequently from April 5 to April 30, 1936. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>286 </p>

<p>
Bird, Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
In winter the writer observed this species, though it was 
not common, at several localities along the Gulf Coast of 
Louisiana. Three individuals were seen near Buras, Janu¬ 
ary 23, 1932, and the same number at Pass a Loutre, De¬ 
cember 17, 1932. Single individuals were noticed on Lake 
Barre and on Little Lake in Terrebonne Parish, December 
23, 1932. A few were noted on the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, January 23, 1928, and on Vermilion Bay, January 29, 
1932. A. M. Bailey reported a number at Chenier au Tigre 
between December 8 and 18, 1925; and the writer observed 
a single bird at Calcasieu Lake, December 30,1932. </p>

<p>The North American Laughing Gull is apparently sub- 
specifically different from the birds of this species occupy¬ 
ing the West Indies and southern Mexico, as has already 
been shown by G. K. Noble. 11 * The birds from the Bahamas, 
whence came the type of Larus atricilla Linnaeus, are like 
breeding birds from other parts of the West Indies and Yu¬ 
catan, and are smaller than North American birds, but there 
apparently is no consistent difference in color. The name 
Larus atricilla megalopterus Bruch 11 * was supposedly based 
on specimens from Peru and Mexico, and has been applied 
to the North American race, which occurs in Mexico during 
migration. The writer has seen no specimens of the small 
West Indies race in Mexico, north of Yucatan. </p>

<p>FRANKLIN GULL </p>

<p>Larus pipixcan Wagler </p>

<p>The Franklin Gull is a rare winter resident, from late 
September to early April, in the Gulf Coast region of Lou¬ 
isiana, from the mouth of the Mississippi River and Cam¬ 
eron Parish, north to Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish, 
Bayou Des Allemands, and Lake Pontchartrain. It is not 
recorded from either central or northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reports it as far east as the mouth of 
the Mississippi River, and E. S. Hopkins has noted it on 
Lake Pontchartrain in winter. </p>

<p>llM Bull. Mus. romp. Zool.. Vol. LX, No. 10, August, 1916, p. 367. </p>

<p>110 [L#inijr] metralopleru* Bruch, (Bonaparte MS.), Journ. f. Ornitli., Jahr?. Ill, 
No. 16, July, 18. p ,r», p. 287. </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bonaparte Gull </p>

<p>
287 </p>

<p>
A specimen was long ago sent to the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution by G. Wiirdemann, who took it at Calcasieu Pass in 
the spring of 1854. The writer has seen this species at the 
following localities: three individuals on Bayou Black in 
Terrebonne Parish, between Houma and the mouth of Bayou 
Chene on January 27, 1932; two at Larose, January 26, 
1932; one on Bayou Des Allemands near Mud Lake, Decem¬ 
ber 24, 1932; and two on Atchafalaya Bay, January 29, 
1932. One was identified by T. Gilbert Pearson on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary in December, 1925. </p>

<p>BONAPARTE GULL </p>

<p>Larue Philadelphia (Ord) </p>

<p>This, the smallest Louisiana gull, is readily distin¬ 
guished by its diminutive size and its dark slate-colored 
or blackish head, though in other respects it resembles the 
other common gulls. </p>

<p>It is a bird of both the interior and the coast, being 
found frequently along the rivers and about the ponds 
and lakes, as well as the lagoons and inlets of the coast 
region. In flight it is lighter, more airy, and more tern- 
like than the larger gulls, and sometimes is mistaken for a 
tern. From all the latter that live in Louisiana, however, 
it may be easily separated by its rounded instead of forked 
tail. It gathers at times into flocks, although it is often 
seen singly flying up and down the rivers, about the shores, 
or over the bays. Although it seems to be not strong of 
wing it is capable of flying long distances, and it really has 
considerable power of flight. On the water it swims appar¬ 
ently as well as a duck, and although it usually remains on 
the surface to feed it is also well able to dive. </p>

<p>For food this beautiful gull depends largely on insects, 
particularly at seasons other than winter, largely the im¬ 
mature stages of such as moths, ants, and flies, but the 
flying adult insects are also taken, many of which are 
caught on the wing, as well as picked from the vegetation 
thrown up along the shore or drifting on the surface of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>288 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
the water. Additional items of food consist of marine 
worms, crustaceans, and other small water animals. </p>

<p>This gull breeds in Canada, and is found in the United 
States chiefly in winter and during migration. Its nesting 
habits are somewhat unusual for a gull, since it breeds 
mostly in wooded areas and in trees, seldom, however, at a 
great height from the ground. The nest is composed of 
sticks, dry grass, weeds, moss, and pieces of turf, and lined 
with leaves and other smaller, finer materials than those 
of the outside. The eggs are normally three, of a buff or 
olive buff color with markings of brown and drab. The 
parents are very solicitous for their nest and young, 
and usually stage a demonstration when their home is 
approached. </p>

<p>The Bonaparte Gull is a rather local, though fairly com¬ 
mon, winter resident, from late September to the middle of 
April, in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from 
Lake Catherine and the delta of the Mississippi River, west 
to Atchafalaya Bay, Chenier au Tigre and Calcasieu Lake; 
and north to the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary near Abbe¬ 
ville, New Orleans, and Lake Pontchartrain. It is not re¬ 
corded from northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>L. Kumlien in 1877 reported this species from Atcha¬ 
falaya Bay in December.” 0 The writer noted three indi¬ 
viduals on Octave Pass and Gasper Pass in the delta of the 
Mississippi River, December 19, 1932; on the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, 27 individuals on January 23, 1928; and 32 
on Calcasieu Lake, December 31, 1932. George E. Beyer 
saw this gull at New Orleans on March 25, 1894; and there 
are specimens in the museum of Tulane University, taken on 
Lake Pontchartrain in 1888, and on Lake Catherine, De¬ 
cember 30, 1888. Ambrose Daigre noted this bird at Grand 
Isle on April 2, 1937, and 50 individuals there on April 2, 
1937. </p>

<p>
1 -'’Fn-kl and Forest, Yol. II, 1877, p. 132. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 28 </p>

<p>
Laughing Gull (Laras atricilla megalopterus ) ON Nest. </p>

<p>Freemason Keys, La., June, 1919. </p>

<p>(Photograph by A. M. Bailey.) </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>JfVERSiTY OF MICHIGAN </p>







<p>Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
Bird Life or Louisiana Plate 29 </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Gull-billed Tern </p>

<p>
289 </p>

<p>
GULL-BILLED TERN </p>

<p>Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Gull-billed Tern is a rare permanent resident along 
the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana, from Breton Island 
and the mouth of the Mississippi River to Chenier au Tigre. 
There seems to be no authentic breeding record for the 
State, although this has several times been reported. Its 
wintering in the State, however, is now well proved. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey collected specimens of this species at 
Chenier au Tigre, March 6, 1918, and January 21, 1919. A 
bird that had recently died was found at Chenier au Tigre 
by Wharton Huber on January 22, 1928. The writer ob¬ 
served 25 individuals at Southwest Pass on the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; nine on Lake Felicity, 
December 23, 1932; and 48 near Chateau Canard on Main 
Pass, December 19, 1932. E. S. Hopkins reported several 
seen at the west end of Marsh Island in February, 1930, and 
noted one on Grand Isle in March, 1931, although no speci¬ 
mens were collected at either locality. A specimen in the 
museum of Tulane University from Pelican Island, taken, 
July 4, 1875, has been recently examined. Fifty-two in¬ 
dividuals of this species were seen at Breton Island on June 
6,1933. </p>

<p>
WESTERN FORSTER TERN </p>

<p>Sterna forsteri forsteri Nuttall </p>

<p>This, the typical race of the Forster tern, is apparently 
of only casual occurrence in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only certain record for the State is the individual 
that John J. Audubon collected along the Mississippi River 
opposite New Orleans in 1820, and described as a new 
species, Sterna havelli . m This identification is obviously 
correct, from the large dimensions and dark color of the 
specimen as given by Audubon. The characters of the two 
races of this species are given below under the Eastern 
Forster Tern. </p>

<p>111 Birds Amer., folio edition, Vol. IV, 1838, pi. CCCCIX, fig. 1. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>290 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
EASTERN FORSTER TERN </p>

<p>Sterna forsteri litoricola Oberholser, new subspecies. </p>

<p>Subspecific characters. —Similar to Sterna forsteri for¬ 
steri, from Saskatchewan, Canada, but decidedly smaller, 
the gray of the upper parts, particularly that of the mantle, 
paler. </p>

<p>Measurements. —Average of ten males: wing, 250.8 mm.; 
tail, 168.6; exposed culmen, 40.1; tarsus, 24.0; middle toe 
without claw, 21.7. </p>

<p>Type. —Adult male, No. 212668, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Smith 
Island, Northampton County, Virginia, May 14, 1910; J. H. 
Riley, original number, 1575. </p>

<p>Geographic distribution. —Eastern United States, breed¬ 
ing along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia to 
southern Texas. In winter it ranges also south to south¬ 
ern Mexico. </p>

<p>The Forster Tern was originally described from the 
Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada, and the name 
Sterna forsteri forsteri thus applies to the interior race of 
the species. Audubon described a tern obtained by him on 
the Mississippi River opposite New Orleans as Sterna 
haveUi , l ” but this specimen turns out to be the same as the 
bird from Saskatchewan, that is, the typical race. This 
leaves the bird breeding on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts 
without a name. Its smaller size and paler coloration make 
it readily distinguishable from the interior bird. </p>

<p>Average measurements of males of Sterna forsteri for¬ 
steri are as follows: wing, 261.8 mm.; tail, 182.6; exposed 
culmen, 39.5; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 21.9. </p>

<p>The Forster Terns breeding on the Atlantic and Gulf of 
Mexico coasts of the United States from Virginia to Texas, 
are thus clearly not the same as those of the interior of the 
western United States and central southern Canada from 
southern Ontario and Illinois to Washington and California. </p>

<p>This tern is, in the wild, rather difficult to separate 
from the Common Tern, but in flight it may sometimes be </p>

<p>1,2 Birds of America, folio edition, Vol. JV, 1838. pi. CCCCIX fig. 1. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Forster Tern </p>

<p>
291 </p>

<p>
distinguished by its very white under surface, and its very 
harsh notes. It is, like most of the other terns, light gray 
above, white below, with a black cap, and strongly forked 
tail. </p>

<p>This form of the species is largely a coastal bird, 
although the western subspecies is found mostly in the in¬ 
terior of North America, about the ponds, lakes, and 
streams. Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts the present 
bird occurs chiefly about the islands and the inlets, partic¬ 
ularly during the breeding season. As have most of the 
other terns this one has a swift and airy flight. In fact 
it so closely, in this respect, resembles a gigantic swallow 
that it is commonly called 'sea swallow*, which in Louisiana 
the French have translated into ‘pigeon de mer\ At times 
it gathers into flocks of considerable size, and may be seen 
coursing about through the air over the marshes or beaches 
seeking its food. It is really much more of a marsh tern 
than many of the other species. </p>

<p>On the islands along the coast, where it chiefly breeds, 
it places its nest in the grass, usually on the drier parts 
of the marsh, but sometimes in the water. The nest itself 
is often a considerable heap, and at other times a very 
inconsequential structure. The materials used are grasses, 
sedges, reeds, rushes, and other marsh vegetation, and the 
hollow for the eggs, which is relatively small even when the 
bulk of the nest is considerable, is lined with finer grass 
and other available marsh vegetation. Occasionally, how¬ 
ever, the bird builds on the sand with relatively little nest¬ 
ing, material, this, small pieces of grass and bits of shell, 
or even lays the eggs on the bare sand or mud, with prac¬ 
tically no attempt at nest building. The eggs are usually 
three, although more are sometimes found. They are buff 
or olivaceous, numerously marked with rather small dark 
spots and crooked lines. It takes about 23 days for the 
eggs to hatch, and the young remain in the nest for a 
while; but when they are able to leave they swim or run 
about the marsh, and easily hide from their enemies. The 
parents are rather unusually devoted to their young, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>292 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>care for them until they are entirely able to shift for 
themselves. </p>

<p>The Eastern Forster Tern is a common permanent resi¬ 
dent on the islands, marshes, beaches, and coastal waters of 
southern Louisiana, from Chandeleur Island and Isle au 
Pitre, to the mouth of the Mississippi River, Grand Isle, and 
Cameron Parish; north to Mandeville, Bayou Des Alle- 
mands, Vermilion Bay, and Calcasieu Lake; a transient, not 
common, in the remainder of the State, noted north to Cad¬ 
do Parish and the Ouachita River. It breeds only on the 
islands and marshes close to the Gulf of Mexico, from April 
to July; and there are records of eggs from April 24 to June 
29. </p>

<p>E. S. Hopkins found eggs and young of this species on 
North Island in the Chandeleur group, June 29, 1931. The 
writer found 273 nests, most of them occupied, on Grassy 
Island in Lake Borgne, June 3, 1933; and 103 nests with 
from one to three eggs on the Mud Lumps at the mouth of 
Pass a Loutre, June 7,1933. Some of the nests at this latter 
locality were entirely without nesting material, the eggs 
resting simply on the bare dry mud of the ground. E. R. 
Kalmbach found several small breeding colonies of this tern 
on Hog Island, June 4, 1919. The writer observed it on 
Chandeleur Island, Stake Island, and Curlew Island, in the 
Chandeleur group, June 5, 1933; at Isle au Pitre, June 3, 
1933; on Brush Island in the Louisiana marsh in Saint Ber¬ 
nard Parish, June 4,1933; at Shell Island, Plaquemines Par¬ 
ish, June 8, 1933; Grand Isle and Timbalier Island, June 9, 
1933; and at Isle Derniere, June 22,1933. A specimen sent 
long ago to the Smithsonian Institution by G. Wurdemann 
was taken at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854. </p>

<p>This species seems to be almost as common during the 
winter as in the summer months. The writer saw it at the 
Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta, January 22, 1932; on the Pass a Loutre Hunting 
Preserve on the following day; and he noted it also on Mud 
Lake near Bayou Des Allemands, December 24, 1932; on 
Timbalier Bay, Deep Lake, Lake Barre, and Little Lake in </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Common Tern </p>

<p>
293 </p>

<p>
Terrebonne Parish, December 23, 1932; on West Cote 
Blanche Bay and Vermilion Bay, December 29, 1932. Four 
specimens collected by C. S. Galbraith at Mandeville and 
sent to the American Museum of Natural History, New York 
City, have been examined by the writer; as also a bird taken 
by E. S. Hopkins, at Lake Catherine May 21, 1896; and 
one by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, June 9, 1935. </p>

<p>COMMON TERN </p>

<p>Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus </p>

<p>Of elegant build and trim lines like the Eastern Forster 
Tern, the Common Tern well deserves the name ‘sea swal¬ 
low’, which it shares with many of the other terns. It is 
a bird of wide distribution, being found not only in North 
America but in Europe and Asia as well, and is well known 
in many parts of both the interior and the coast region. 
In size and color it is very much like the Eastern Forster 
Tern, and at times it is difficult to distinguish. In many 
places along the coast this bird was formerly astonish¬ 
ingly abundant, but for a long time the species was greatly 
reduced in numbers by the destruction that took place when 
its plumage was used for millinery purposes. </p>

<p>Though seen frequently in pairs and singly, it never¬ 
theless at times gathers into companies of considerable 
size, and its evolutions on the wing under such circum¬ 
stances present a beautiful sight. Particularly do these com¬ 
panies gather together at the breeding season at the colon¬ 
ies that these birds form for nesting purposes. The notes 
of this bird are sharp and harsh, and resemble at times 
a hoarse cackle. </p>

<p>Most of the food of the Common Tern consists of small 
fishes of various species, together with shrimps and other 
crustaceans, and insects, mostly aquatic. It is an interest¬ 
ing sight to watch a flock of these terns when hunting 
small fishes along the shore. Whenever a school of fishes 
comes along in the shallow water the terns congregate 
above them and sometimes a large number will be seen 
hovering and diving into the water, striking the fishes with </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHI </p>



<p>294 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
their bills and bearing them away into the air. Some¬ 
times the terns strike the water with such force as to dis¬ 
appear entirely beneath the surface, and the activity of 
the birds is remarkable. From such behavior this tern 
has received the name ‘striker’, which it shares with most 
of the other smaller terns. </p>

<p>It is interesting to watch the courtship of this species. 
When on the beach the males approach the females and 
start their strutting for the purpose of attracting attention, 
stretching and walking about. With tail and bill uplifted 
the male strives to gain favor with the other sex, varying 
this strutting with flying away and bringing back a present 
in the form of a small fish. This action is frequently the 
culmination of the ceremony, when finally the female ac¬ 
cepts the wedding present. </p>

<p>This tern breeds often on islands along the coast, on 
usually either dry rocky, grassy, or sandy areas, without 
much concealment except that furnished by the natural 
color of the eggs and the surroundings. The nest itself 
is usually a rather inconspicuous affair, being commonly 
a hole in the ground, lined with bits of rubbish, grass, 
straw, seaweed, shells, and similar materials. Sometimes 
these colonies are separate, but in other places the bird 
breeds in association with gulls, cormorants, and even peli¬ 
cans. The three or four eggs are buff or olive buff, and 
variously marked with shades of dark brown and drab. 
Ordinarily but a single brood is reared each season, and 
it takes about three weeks for the young to hatch. The 
young are fed on small fishes, even shortly after hatching, 
and while they remain for a few days in the nest they 
continue later to receive the same attention until they are 
able to take care of themselves. </p>

<p>The Common Tern is an uncommon permanent resident 
in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from the 
Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, and Mud Lake in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, north to Calcasieu Lake, Avoca Island, Mud 
Lake near Bayou Des Allemands, Lake Salvador, and Battle- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Roseate Tern </p>

<p>
295 </p>

<p>
dore Island, but it is not recorded from the central or north¬ 
ern parts of the State. There is no known instance of its 
nesting in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The statement of the breeding of the Common Tern in 
Louisiana made by A. C. Bent, 1 ” who found 25 pairs of birds 
present, June 21,1910, on Battledore Island in Plaquemines 
Parish, he now assures the writer was a mistake. A speci¬ 
men in the museum of the Department of Agriculture of 
Louisiana in the State Capitol Building at Baton Rouge was 
collected by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle, May 30, 1933. 
Another in the museum of the Louisiana State University 
was obtained also at Grand Isle by George H. Lowery, Jr., 
on April 8, 1937. </p>

<p>Apparently this species is of more frequent occurrence 
in Louisiana in the winter than at any other season, since 
most of the records that we have are for the colder months. 
The writer noted it in the Mississippi River Delta at Codro 
Pass and along Cognovich Pass, both on the Pass a Loutre 
Hunting Preserve, December 18, 1932; and on Octave Pass 
and Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932. He also saw it at 
Pilot Town in the Mississippi River Delta, December 16, 
1932; at Lake Felicity, December 23, 1932; Terrebonne 
Bayou, December 22, 1932; also on lower Vermilion Bay, 
January 29,1932; near Intercoastal City, January 30, 1932; 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; Marsh 
Island, January 30, 1932; Calcasieu Lake, December 30, 
1932; Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish, January 
26, 1928; Avoca Island, January 28, 1932; and Mud Lake 
near Des Allemands, December 24, 1932. </p>

<p>ROSEATE TERN </p>

<p>Sterna dougallvi dougallii Montagu </p>

<p>The Roseate Tern is an accidental winter visitor to 
the Gulf Coast region of Louisiana. There is but one 
record, a single specimen taken in February, 1915, at Grand 
Chenier. 1 * 4 </p>

<p>
***BuIl. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 113, August 27, 1921, p. 312. 
lt4 Arthur, Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, 1918, p. 15. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>296 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
EASTERN SOOTY TERN </p>

<p>Sterna fuscata fuscata Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Eastern Sooty Tern, a tropical species, is a rare 
summer resident on the islands along the coast of the Gulf 
of Mexieo in southern Louisiana, east of the Mississippi 
River. It has been found breeding only in June. It is said 
to occur in winter but there is no definite record for the 
species at this season. </p>

<p>Alden H. Hadley saw a single bird of this species on Cur¬ 
lew Island in the Chandeleur group on July 3, 1931, and E. 
S. Hopkins subsequently published a record of the same in¬ 
dividual. 1 * 5 </p>

<p>One of the most interesting results of the writer’s recent 
survey of the Louisiana coast islands and their bird life was 
the discovery on June 6, 1933, of two individuals of this 
species on Curlew Island. A nest with one egg was found 
on a ridge near the Gulf side of the island and on the edge 
of a colony of Black Skimmers and Caspian Terns. No nest 
material had been gathered and the egg was laid in a de¬ 
pression in the sand. One of the birds apparently attempted 
persistently to incubate the egg and, while sitting on the 
nest, was approached and to all appearances, made love to 
by the other bird. Both of the birds were very tame and 
allowed a near approach before they would leave the vicinity 
of the nest. Their actions, however, indicated that they 
strongly resented the human intrusion. Both birds were 
collected as they flew from the nest. Much to the writer’s 
astonishment, careful dissection showed that both birds 
were females! </p>

<p>
LEAST TERN </p>

<p>Stemula albifrons antillarum Lesson’* 5 </p>

<p>This bird is appropriately named, since it is decidedly 
the smallest of all the terns that inhabit North America. 
It is only about nine inches long, and in coloration is almost 
a miniature of the Common Tern, except for its white 
forehead. </p>

<p>1,B La. Cons. Review, Vol. II, No. 10, July, 1932, p. 19. </p>

<p>iMStema antillarum antillarum of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Least Tern </p>

<p>
297 </p>

<p>
It lives not only along the sea coast, where it inhabits 
largely the islands, but it is found commonly along the 
larger streams, particularly the Mississippi River, where 
sand bars furnish suitable places for its nests. At times 
other than the breeding season it may be seen coursing 
along good-sized lakes or bayous, as well as along the rivers 
and about the beaches and islands of the coast region. At 
times it assembles into flocks of considerable size, partic¬ 
ularly about its breeding grounds. Its flight is like the 
other terns, strong, swift, and bouyant, and a group of 
these birds coursing about over a body of water and utter¬ 
ing shrill cries every little while gives a delightful touch 
of life to the landscape. </p>

<p>Like many other terns it lives chiefly on fish, which it 
obtains by flying above the surface with bill pointed down¬ 
ward looking into the water for its prey. It darts down¬ 
ward and readily catches a fish if near the surface, from 
which habit it has acquired the name of ‘little striker’. 
Most of the food consists of various kinds of small fishes, 
shrimps and other crustaceans, and various kinds of insects. </p>

<p>The Least Tern breeds preferably in colonies. The 
nests are situated usually on the open sandy beaches, where 
there is little or no vegetation. Notwithstanding the fact 
that there is little to afford concealment in such a habitat, 
the eggs themselves are so similar in general appearance 
to the pebbles and other debris of the beach that they are 
practically invisible. The nest is merely a depression in 
the ground, sometimes without any effort at nest building, 
sometimes with a slight lining of bits of shell or small peb¬ 
bles. These nests occasionally are close together, partic¬ 
ularly when the colony is large; but otherwise they are 
scattered over a wide area. One or two eggs are usually 
laid, which vary from buff to white, with spots of dark 
brown and gray. The young are very light in color and 
admirably match the surroundings of the nest in which 
they lie. Since they remain in the nest for several days 
this protection is of considerable importance. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>298 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
This beautiful little tern is at the present time fortu¬ 
nately on the increase in the eastern United States, and is 
gradually reoccupying many of the areas from which it had 
been practically exterminated by the long and persistent 
prosecution of the birds because of the desirability of their 
plumage for the millinery trade, which destruction has, of 
course, now practically ceased. It is possible that the bird 
will continue to increase and to extend its present range. </p>

<p>The Least Tern is a permanent resident, common in sum¬ 
mer, rare in winter, and breeds, along the Gulf Coast and on 
the islands of southern Louisiana, from Chandeleur Island 
and the Mud Lumps at the mouth of the Mississippi River, 
west to Calcasieu Lake; and a fairly common summer resi¬ 
dent, breeding rarely, north probably to Bayou Sara. It 
breeds from May to July, and there are records of eggs from 
May 23 to June 26. The nesting places are often changed 
from year to year, as is the practice with some other species 
of terns and gulls on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. The only 
winter records are from near the Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>Specimens of this species were taken, and about 75 nests 
discovered on Freemason Island by E. R. Kalmbach, June 7, 
1919. A. M. Bailey reported the species breeding on the 
Mud Lumps at the mouth of the Mississippi River and on 
Tern Island; and E. G. Wright collected specimens at Bre¬ 
ton Island, June 9,1930. The writer saw some 240 birds on 
Timbalier Island on June 9, 1933, and found several nests. 
T. Gilbert Pearson reported about 100 nests on small islands 
in Calcasieu Lake, June 16, 1918; and J. J. Audubon re¬ 
corded eggs about the middle of June at Bayou Sara. 1 ” 
The writer observed this species on Brush Island, Mitchell 
Island, and Freemason Island, June 4, 1933; on Half Moon 
Island in Lake Borgne, June 3, 1933; on Grassy Island in 
Lake Borgne, June 2, 1933; on Stake Island and Grand 
Gosier Island, June 5, 1933. A male in the Biological Sur¬ 
vey was obtained by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, May 
12, 1935. Other specimens examined were collected at 
Grand Isle by Ambrose Daigre, June 7 and 12, 1933; and </p>

<p>l * T Ornith. Bio*., Vol. IV, 1888, p. 175. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Brown Tern </p>

<p>
299 </p>

<p>
the writer noted the species at the same locality on June 
9, 1933. It was observed by the writer also at Belle Pass 
Island east of Timbalier Island on June 9,1933; and at Isle 
Derniere, June 22,1933. E. R. Kalmbach noted the species 
on June 17,1925, and August 11 and 12,1925, at the mouth 
of the Mermentau River. He collected a single individual 
along the canal four miles south of Gueydan, August 26, 
1925. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it is common in 
spring and late summer near Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at New Orleans, August 8, 16, and 17, 1864; and 
others in the museum of the Louisiana State University 
were obtained at Grand Isle on June 13 and 28, 1937. </p>

<p>Stanley C. Arthur reports taking a single specimen of 
this species between February 6 and 8, 1915, on Marsh 
Island. The writer observed a flock of 60 individuals on 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928. Two 
individuals were seen by the writer on Little Barataria 
Bayou, January 26, 1932; and one at the Delta Duck Club 
on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, January 22, 
1932. </p>

<p>The American Least Tern is clearly but a subspecies of 
the European Little Tern, Sternula albifrons, which is the 
reason for the scientific name here used for the former. </p>

<p>BROWN TERN </p>

<p>Stemvla albifrons browni (Mearns) 128 </p>

<p>The Brown Tern is a fairly common summer resident in 
northern Louisiana; reported north to Tallulah, Monroe, 
Bienville Parish, and Caddo Lake; west to Caddo Lake, 
Taylortown, and Crichton; south to Natchitoches, Alexan¬ 
dria, and Frogmore; and east to Newellton and Thomas- 
town. It is also of accidental summer occurrence on the 
Gulf Coast of the southern part of the State. </p>

<p>A specimen of this supposedly altogether western sub¬ 
species of the Least Tern was taken by J. P. Parker at </p>

<p>l **St*rna antUlarum browni of the 1931 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>300 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Thomastown in Madison Parish on June 29, 1894, and has 
been examined in the present connection. It indicates, to¬ 
gether with other examples taken outside the State, that the 
breeding form of the species in central and northern Lou¬ 
isiana is the Brown Tern. H. H. Kopman found it fairly 
common from July 13 to 28, 1896, along a slough on a plan¬ 
tation at Thomastown. George E. Beyer reported it along 
a slough near Tallulah in July. Ambrose Daigre says that, 
though rare, it nests at Alexandria. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
states that it is common at Monroe during August. The 
writer observed a few individuals at Frogmore, and a single 
one at Newellton on June 16, 1933; one at Natchitoches, 
June 19, 1933; two at Taylortown and one at Crichton, both 
on June 18, 1933; and 27 on the Louisiana end of Caddo 
Lake also on June 18,1933. J. S. Campbell reports it from 
Bienville Parish as a summer and autumn visitor, not un¬ 
common. </p>

<p>A single female of the year was captured on Breton 
Island, June 9,1930, by E. G. Wright, and is now in the col¬ 
lection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Its presence 
at this locality at this time indicates that it was a bird that 
had prematurely wandered south from its northern breed¬ 
ing ground, or had delayed its northward migration. </p>

<p>ROYAL TERN </p>

<p>Thalasseus maximus maximus (Boddaert) </p>

<p>The two largest terns that occur in Louisiana are the 
Royal Tern and the Caspian Tern, both of which are chiefly 
inhabitants of the coast region. The Royal Tern is but 
slightly smaller than the other, and is of the same general 
coloration, light gray above, white below, with blackish ends 
of the wings, and a black crown which ends in a well- 
marked crest. By this it may be distinguished from the 
Caspian Tern, the black cap of which is not particularly 
crested; also the tail of the Royal Tern is deeply forked, 
whereas that of the Caspian Tern is only slightly so. </p>

<p>It is confined almost entirely to the coast region, where 
along the islands and bars it breeds, and where about the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Royal Tern </p>

<p>
301 </p>

<p>
inlets, lagoons, and other bodies of water, it seeks its food. 
Its flight is strong and swift, and capable of being long 
sustained. It is a southern bird and does not extend far 
northward along the Atlantic coast, at the present time 
mostly only as far north as Virginia. At its breeding 
grounds it often assembles into great flocks, but at other 
times it is more frequently seen singly or in small com¬ 
panies. The ordinary note of this tern is, while not so 
loud as that of the Caspian Tern, a sharp, rather harsh, 
cry, something like ‘quak’ or ‘cac’. The beaches and islands 
are greatly enlivened by the presence of this attractive 
bird. </p>

<p>Its food consists chiefly of small fishes, which it obtains 
by diving into the water as do the other terns, the char¬ 
acteristic procedure being to fly along leisurely at some 
distance above the surface of the water, then when a fish 
is spied near the surface the bird hovers to make good its 
aim and dives head foremost into the water, spearing the 
fish with its bill. Other food consists of crabs, shrimps, 
and other crustaceans. </p>

<p>In regions where this bird is numerous it breeds in 
colonies of at times several thousand pairs. The single 
egg is laid on the strand with no effort at construction of 
a nest. Sometimes these colonies are made up entirely of 
this species, and at other times it is in company with Cabot 
Terns, with which it seems to be particularly friendly, or 
with Caspian or other kinds; sometimes even a few Laugh¬ 
ing Gulls also associate with it in such colonies. While this 
tern is not extraordinarily shy, the incubating birds leave 
their nests at the approach of any intruder and fly up in 
clouds with vociferous protests against the disturbance. 
The birds will not, however, return until the occasion of 
the disturbance has disappeared. The egg is white or very 
pale buff, marked with dark brown or black and gray in 
well distributed spots. The young vary greatly in color, 
but notwithstanding this they are very well protected when 
on the beach, since their tints blend well into the sand and 
gravel-covered areas. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>302 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The Royal Tern is an abundant permanent resident, 
much less numerous, however, in winter, throughout the 
Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from Chandeleur 
Island and Isle au Pitre to the delta of the Mississippi River, 
Grand Isle, Shell Keys south of Marsh Island, and to Cam¬ 
eron Parish; north to Vermilion River, Lake Maurepas, and 
The Rigolets. It is not recorded from central or northern 
Louisiana. It is apparently much less numerous than for¬ 
merly. Although it wanders farther inland during the win¬ 
ter, it breeds only on the islands along the Gulf Coast, from 
May to July; and there are records of eggs from May 9 to 
July. It frequently changes the location of its breeding 
colonies, as do other terns. In these colonies it associates 
commonly with the Cabot Tern. </p>

<p>A. C. Bent reported- some 3500 nests of this species on 
Grand Gosier Island, June 18, 1910, but during the summer 
of 1933 the writer found not one breeding on this island. 
On North Island the writer observed 600 birds on June 4, 
1933, and all of these apparently represented nests with 
eggs. On Errol Island of the Chandeleur Group he found 13 
separate colonies ranging from 40 to 2100 nests containing 
eggs, the parents all sitting, June 5, 1933. Between 10,000 
and 11,000 birds were seen on this island, and these belonged 
to about 8400 nests. This island harbored the largest popu¬ 
lation of this species of any locality on the Louisiana coast 
in 1933. On the Mud Lumps at the mouth of Pass a Loutre 
550 nests were found on June 7, 1933. E. S. Hopkins re¬ 
ported the finding of eggs and young on North Island, June 
29, 1931; and Richard Gordon reported 700 nesting on the 
Shell Keys south of Marsh Island, May 27, 1930, seeing 
between 200 and 250 young there, June 25, 1931. Eggs in 
the museum of Tulane University were taken at Raccoon 
Pass in Timbalier Bay, May 19, 1894. The writer observed 
the species at many localities along the Gulf Coast during 
the summer of 1933, among which are the following: The 
Rigolets, June 2; Grassy Island and Half Moon Island in 
Lake Borgne, Isle au Pitre, and Sundown Island, June 3; 
Brush Island and Martin Island, June 4; Stake Island, Cur¬ 
lew Island, Grand Gosier Island, and Breton Island, June 5; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Cabot Tern </p>

<p>
303 </p>

<p>
Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, June 6; Shell Island 
in Plaquemines Parish, June 8; Grand Isle, East Timbalier 
Island, and Timbalier Island, June 9; and Isle Derniere, 
June 22. E. R. Kalmbach found the Royal Tern common at 
the mouth of the Mermentau River, July 17 and August 11, 
1925, and birds were taken at this locality. E. V. Komarek 
obtained examples on Breton Island, June 10, 1930; and on 
Brush Island, June 10 and 13, 1930. A specimen collected 
by G. Wtirdemann at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854 
was sent to the Smithsonian Institution. </p>

<p>Specimens were secured also at Buras, February 3, 
1896, by G. E. Cherrie; Errol Island, June 8, 1918; Saint 
Bernard Parish, August 11, 1918; Battledore Island, 
August 4 and 5, 1917; Grand Pass, June 8, 1919; all by 
A. M. Bailey; Freemason Island, June 7, 1918, by F. C. 
Lincoln; and Errol Island, June 6, 1919, by Peter Hudson. </p>

<p>The writer observed this tern at the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass, January 22, 1932; on Bayou La Fourche, Jan¬ 
uary 26, 1932; Little Lake, Lake Barre, Lake Felicity, and 
Deep Lake in Terrebonne Parish, December 23,1932; lower 
Vermilion River and Intercoastal City, January 30, 1932; 
five individuals on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Janu¬ 
ary 23, 1928; and a single bird on Little Barataria Bayou, 
January 26, 1932. A specimen collected by C. S. Galbraith 
during the winter of 1891 at Mandeville was sent to the 
American Museum of Natural History. </p>

<p>CABOT TERN </p>

<p>Thala38eu8 sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot) </p>

<p>This tern is almost as large as the Royal Tern, and in 
general appearance very much like that bird. It may be 
distinguished readily, however, by its black, yellow-tipped 
bill instead of the red color that is characteristic of both 
the Royal Tern and Caspian Tern. In general habits it is 
likewise similar to the Royal Tern, being, like that species, 
a bird of southern distribution. It is, however, not as com- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>304 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
mon in the United States as is the Royal Tern, and appar¬ 
ently is more easily disturbed, for which reason it is not so 
adaptable. </p>

<p>The Cabot Tern lives chiefly along the islands and bars 
of the coast region and is rarely ever seen in the interior. 
Its flight is much like that of the Royal Tern, swift and 
strong. It has a loud, harsh call, which has been described 
by the syllable *cree’ several times repeated. </p>

<p>It lives on various kinds of small fishes, which it ob¬ 
tains in the same manner as do most of the other terns; 
but its diet includes at times also shrimps and squids. </p>

<p>In nesting habits it is very much like the Royal Tern, 
and commonly places its nest on the islands along the coast, 
often in company with Royal Terns, Black Skimmers, Cas¬ 
pian Terns, and even Laughing Gulls. The eggs are usu¬ 
ally two, sometimes one or three, and vary in color from 
pink to buff, with various markings of dark brown and 
lavender gray. Apparently both parents assist in the in¬ 
cubation, which takes about 21 days. </p>

<p>The Cabot Tern is a common, locally abundant, perma¬ 
nent resident, not nearly so numerous during the winter, 
and strictly confined to the beaches and islands of the coast 
of the Gulf of Mexico in southern Louisiana, from Chande- 
leur Island and Isle au Pitre to the Mississippi River Delta, 
Grand Isle, and Raccoon Pass, apparently not recorded from 
farther west, and observed chiefly east of the Mississippi 
River. It breeds often in colonies with the Royal Tern, only 
on the islands of the Gulf Coast, from May to July; and 
there are records of eggs from May 10 to June 29. </p>

<p>A. C. Bent noted it breeding commonly on Grand Gosier 
Island on June 18, 1910, but the writer found not a single 
breeding pair on this island during his visit on June 5,1933, 
although nearly 1000 birds were there on the beach. The 
largest population of this Species that the writer found 
breeding in 1933 was on Errol Island, where the birds were 
nesting in colonies of the Royal Tern on June 5, 1933, at 
which time they were apparently incubating eggs. On this 
date about 1880 birds were seen, representing the same </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Sjm Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 30 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>



<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIChfCMN </p>









<p>Digitized by Gougle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
c I * </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
DJoiti. </p>

<p>
\VlN&lt;SS OVER THE CiiLf: El LACK SKIMMERS nigru rrigm) </p>

<p>Freemason Keys/La. </p>

<p>(Pbotojrt*»k Sy A. M., Bftile'M ?&gt;!. </p>







<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Caspian Tern </p>

<p>
305 </p>

<p>
number of nests with eggs. On the Mud Lumps at the mouth 
of Pass a Loutre, June 7, 1933, there were found 25 nests 
with one egg each in the colony of Royal Terns, but no 
birds were seen, as these nests had been evidently aban¬ 
doned, possibly on account of floods. Eggs in the collection 
of Donald R. Dickey were taken at Raccoon Pass, Timbalier 
Bay, May 28, 1895. Stanley C. Arthur saw many Cabot 
Terns at Isle au Pitre, June 7, 1918. The writer observed 
this tern on Chandeleur Island, June 4, 1933; on Curlew 
Island, June 5, 1933; and noted 445 birds on Breton Island, 
June 6, 1933, but apparently none breeding. </p>

<p>W. M. Sprinkle reported this species common on Mitchell 
Island, January 19, February 14 and 28,1911; on Battledore 
Island, February 16, 1911; and on Grand Gosier Island, 
January 16, 1911. E. V. Komarek collected specimens on 
Brush Island, June 10 and 11, 1930; A. M. Bailey on Battle¬ 
dore Island, June 7 and 9, 1918, also on Errol Island, 
June 8, 1918; and George H. Lowery, Jr., at Grand Isle, 
March 29, 1936. </p>

<p>
CASPIAN TERN </p>

<p>Hydroprogne caspia imperator (Coues) </p>

<p>This is the largest of our North American terns, and 
in general is very similar to the Royal Tern, from which it 
is distinguishable as indicated under that bird. </p>

<p>It is of wide distribution, being found throughout much 
of North America as far north as central Canada and also 
in Europe and Asia. In North America its breeding locali¬ 
ties are often far separated and many suitable localities 
are never used. It frequents not only the marshes, bays, 
islands, and beaches of the coast, but also the various 
bodies of water in the vast interior of North America. In 
flight it is strong and relatively swift, but it is more gull¬ 
like in appearance on the wing than most of the other terns. 
Ordinarily it does not gather into such large flocks as do 
some of the other terns, perhaps because its numbers are 
in general not so large as are those of birds like the Royal 
Tern and some of the others. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>306 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Its note is very different from that of the Royal Tern 
and has been represented by the syllable ‘kraa’ or ‘ca-arr’. 
It is a low pitched, harsh call, which once recognized is 
distinctive. </p>

<p>Like many of the other terns this bird lives chiefly on 
small fishes, which it obtains as do the other terns by 
diving from the air. It eats sometimes also mussels, 
shrimps, and other smaller aquatic animals. It has been 
accused of eating the eggs and young of other birds, but 
this does not seem to be a regular or common habit. </p>

<p>It breeds singly or in small colonies, often in company 
with other terns and gulls, even associated also with cor¬ 
morants and pelicans. Occasionally the Caspian Tern as¬ 
sembles into a large colony for breeding purposes, but such 
gatherings are not numerous in North America. Usually 
this bird breeds on low sandy islands, and the nests are 
placed on the ground with little or no concealment other 
than that afforded by driftwood and scattered rubbish. 
The nest varies from a hole scratched in the sand, with 
scarcely any lining, to a structure that is of considerable 
conspicuousness, made up of sticks, straws, various kinds 
of rubbish and vegetation, lined with finer materials, in¬ 
cluding bits of shells and small pebbles, and occasionally 
a few feathers. The eggs are usually two, occasionally 
more, and are of various buffy shades with markings of 
dark brown and tints of lilac gray. It takes about three 
weeks to hatch the young, and both parents assist in this. 
The young birds, like many of the terns, are so much like 
the strand, or the nest on which they rest, that they are 
thus very well hidden from enemies. </p>

<p>The Caspian Tern is a fairly common permanent resi¬ 
dent in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from 
Chandeleur Island, and Grassy Island in Lake Borgne, to 
the mouth of the Mississippi River, Grand Isle, and Calca¬ 
sieu Lake; north in the interior to Lockport, Houma, and 
Des Allemands; probably also a transient, at least rarely, 
though not recorded, in central and northern Louisiana. It 
breeds from May to July, chiefly east of the Mississippi </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Caspian Tern </p>

<p>
307 </p>

<p>
River, on the islands along the Gulf Coast: on North Island, 
Mitchell Island, Freemason Island, Grassy Island, Battle¬ 
dore Island, Errol, Grand Gosier, Breton, and Curlew is¬ 
lands, Mud Lumps, Raccoon Pass, Timbalier and other 
islands. There are records of eggs from May 5 to July 3. 
Like so many of the terns inhabiting the Louisiana coast, 
it frequently changes its breeding colonies from one island 
to another, and there is no certainty of finding a colony on 
the same island two years in succession. </p>

<p>Specimens collected are: Lake Borgne, March 22,1917; 
Errol Island, July 6, 1919; Mud Lumps, at the mouth of 
the Mississippi River, March 5 and June 12, 1918; Chenier 
au Tigre, March 5 and 7, 1918; Isle Derniere, December 7, 
1918, all by A. M. Bailey; Freemason Island, June 6 and 
7, 1919, by F. C. Lincoln; Buras, January 31, February 2 
and 3, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie. </p>

<p>A. C. Bent found 40 pairs breeding on June 18, 1910, on 
Grand Gosier Island; but in 1933 the writer noted not a 
single bird nesting on this island. E. R. Kalmbach dis¬ 
covered a colony of 36 nests on one of the Mud Lumps at 
the mouth of Pass a Loutre, June 3, 1919; and other nests 
on Errol Island and Freemason Island, June 5 to 7 of the 
same year. The writer saw only a single pair about the 
Mud Lumps on June 7, 1933, and apparently this pair was 
breeding in the colony of Royal Terns, although the nest 
was not actually found. A single nest containing two eggs 
was noticed on Breton Island, June 6, 1933, and seemingly 
this was the entire population of this species on that island; 
but on Curlew Island the writer discovered 25 nests contain¬ 
ing from one to three eggs on June 5, 1933, adjacent to a 
small colony of the Black Skimmer. Eggs in the collection 
of the museum of Tulane University were taken at Raccoon 
Pass, May 19, 1894; and A. M. Bailey found the species 
nesting at Timbalier Island on June 14, 1918. The writer 
saw the Caspian Tern at the following localities along the 
Gulf Coast of this State in the summer of 1933: Grassy 
Island in Lake Borgne, June 2; Chandeleur Island and Free¬ 
mason Island, June 4; Stake Island and Grand Gosier Island </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>308 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
in the Chandeleur group, June 5; Bird Island, southwest of 
Breton Island, June 6; Ronquille Bay, June 8; Barataria 
Bay, June 10; Grand Isle and Cheniere Caminada, June 9; 
and Isle Derniere, June 22. </p>

<p>He observed the species also at the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, January 19, 
1928; and during the winter of 1932 at the following local¬ 
ities in the Mississippi River Delta, where it was apparently 
common at that time: Octave Pass, Gasper Pass, and Main 
Pass, December 19; Johnson Pass and Dennis Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 17; Cognovich Pass, December 18; and Willow Pass, 
December 20. It was noted also at Lake Felicity, Lake 
Barre, and Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), December 23, 
1932; on West Cote Blanche Bay, January 29, 1932; on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; at Grand 
Chenier and Calcasieu Lake, December 31, 1932. </p>

<p>BLACK TERN </p>

<p>Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>With the exception of the Least Tern this bird is the 
smallest of all our North American terns. Its name is well 
chosen because the general plumage of the adult in spring 
is, except the back, wings, and tail, dull black; but in win¬ 
ter it is white below like the immature bird. </p>

<p>This bird breeds only in the northern United States 
and in Canada, but it migrates to southern South America. 
In the breeding season it is found about sloughs, ponds, 
lakes, and similar bodies of water in the interior; and 
in winter it frequents also the coast region. At times it 
is to be found a considerable distance out at sea, some¬ 
times in company there with other terns. Its flight is 
strong and graceful, and on the wing it very much resembles 
the Least Tern. Occasionally it is found in flocks of con¬ 
siderable size, but more often in scattered groups or single 
individuals. At times when it flies about over the marshes 
or the waters of the shallow lakes, it resembles very sur¬ 
prisingly a huge butterfly. Its ordinary note is a rather 
sharp metallic ‘krik\ rapidly and frequently uttered. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black Tern </p>

<p>
309 </p>

<p>
This bird lives largely on insects, such as moths, flies, 
grasshoppers, beetles, crickets, and dragonflies, which it 
catches on the wing, but its diet includes also mollusks, 
crawfishes, water scorpions, and small fishes. </p>

<p>The nest of the Black Tern is placed in the sloughs, 
marshes, wet meadows, and similar places in the interior. 
It is situated usually on the ground or on the low matted 
vegetation, among the grass and other growing plants, 
sometimes in a thick growth of canes or reeds, and some¬ 
times in more open places in the sloughs, occasionally on an 
old muskrat nest. The structure is ordinarily not very 
elaborate, being composed of pieces of marsh vegetation, 
such as reeds, grass, and other rubbish. Sometimes the 
nest has a more or less solid foundation, which probably 
the bird had not constructed itself, but had appropriated 
for the purpose. Sometimes also the nest is a rather 
bulky structure, a pile of floating or anchored rubbish, but 
usually it is well concealed. The eggs are usually three, 
and of a pale brown or buff color, heavily marked with 
various shades of dark brown. It requires about two and 
one-half weeks for the eggs to hatch; and the young remain 
for several days in the nest until they are able to swim 
about among the reeds. </p>

<p>This bird is one of the most demonstrative of all the 
inhabitants of the marsh whenever its nest or young are 
approached, screaming and flying down excitedly toward 
the intruder, keeping up this demonstration until he is 
well out of sight. As a matter of fact the extraordinary 
activity of the birds on such occasions does more to draw 
attention to the nest and young than it does good in 
frightening away anyone or any enemy that might ap¬ 
proach. </p>

<p>The Black Tern is a common summer resident, but not 
breeding, from May 9 to October 5, from East Lake in Saint 
Bernard Parish, the Mississippi River Delta, Grand Isle, the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Isle Derniere, and Calcasieu 
Pass in Cameron Parish, north to Gueydan, Bayou Des Alle- 
mands. Lake Catouatche, New Orleans, Chef Menteur, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>310 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Chandeleur Island; also a transient, but of less frequent oc¬ 
currence, in central and northern Louisiana, reported north 
to Monroe, Shreveport, and Gayle; and accidental in winter 
in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>W. M. Sprinkle reported it numerous on Errol Island, 
July 27, 1913; and on Chandeleur Island on July 28 of the 
same year. A C. Bent saw thousands roosting on the beach 
of Grand Gosier Island on June 18, 1910; and the writer 
found a small number on the same island, June 5, 1933. H. 
H. Kopman noted it fairly common at Phoenix in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, September 12 and 15, 1917; and at Carlisle 
in the same vicinity, October 4 and 5,1917. The writer saw 
seven of these birds at Shell Island in Plaquemines Parish, 
June 8, 1933; and he has seen specimens in the museum of 
the State Department of Agriculture in the State Capitol at 
Baton Rouge, from Grand Isle, taken, May 17, 1933, June 
10, 1933, and September 6, 1900. He noticed a single bird 
at Isle Derniere on June 22, 1933; and identified specimens 
taken at Crowley by W. A. Douglas on May 12 and 24,1933. 
This tern was also collected by G. Wurdemann at Calcasieu 
Pass in the spring of 1854; and by E. R. Kalmbach at Guey- 
dan, July 3, 1925, and Chef Menteur, May 22, 1919. The 
latter observer saw about 150 individuals around a fresh¬ 
water pond near the last mentioned locality, May 22 and 23, 
1919. He obtained examples at Lake Catherine, May 23, 
1919. Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at New Orleans, August 18,19, and 20,1888, and Sep¬ 
tember 2,1888; and at Greenville near New Orleans, August 
22, 1888. H. H. Kopman reported the species on Lake 
Catouatche, June 26, 1917; on Bayou Des Allemands, June 
19, 1917; and at New Orleans, July 19, 1911. </p>

<p>Although the Black Tern has several times been report¬ 
ed as occurring in Louisiana during the winter, the writer 
has been able to find but one definite record; that of a single 
bird seen by him on the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve in 
the Mississippi River Delta on January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Noddy Tern </p>

<p>
311 </p>

<p>
NODDY TERN </p>

<p>Anoiis 8tolidus stolidus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Noddy Tern is of only casual appearance in Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>It is reported by several authors to occur on the Louisi¬ 
ana Gulf Coast, but the only definite record so far as locality 
is concerned is that it has visited Chandeleur and Timbalier 
Islands. 1 ** It is said to breed in Louisiana, but this the 
writer has not been able to verify. </p>

<p>Family RYNCHOPIDAE </p>

<p>BLACK SKIMMER </p>

<p>Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus </p>

<p>The very long wings, long narrow bill, black upper 
parts, and white lower surface easily distinguish this bird 
from almost all the inhabitants of the shore. In addition 
to this, it has a rather deliberate winnowing flight, which 
together with its habit of flying slowly along near the sur¬ 
face of the water, and dipping its bill in as it flies, is added 
help in determining its identity. This habit of dipping its 
bill in the water as it flies has earned it the name ‘shear¬ 
water', by which it is known in many localities. It is 
called by the French in Louisiana ‘bee a ciseaux*. It is 
further interesting as the only North American bird in 
which the lower half of the bill is much longer than the 
upper. </p>

<p>The Black Skimmer is a bird of the coast, and is almost 
never found away from the beach and the inlets in the 
neighborhood of the sea or the Gulf of Mexico. It is 
another southern species which does not range far north 
on the Atlantic Coast, at the present day not regularly 
north of New Jersey. At times it assembles into flocks 
of large size, particularly after the breeding season, and 
when one of these flocks alights on the beach of an island 
or sand bar, and the birds arrange themselves together they 
resemble nothing so much as a miniature platoon of sol- </p>

<p>'••Boyer, Allison, and Kopxnmn, The Auk, Vol. XXIV, No. 8, July, 1907, p. 315. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>312 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
diers, their black upper parts strikingly contrasted with 
the white of the under surface. The bird is exceedingly 
graceful on the wing, and seems to have little difficulty 
in flying close to the surface of the water without touching 
the water with its wings. It is fully as graceful as the 
terns. </p>

<p>The note of this bird is a deep, hoarse ‘cac, cac, cac\ and 
is very distinctive. </p>

<p>This bird feeds largely on small fishes, shrimps and 
other crustaceans. These it obtains by flying along the 
surface of the water and picking up from the surface or 
just below it the available items of its bill of fare. </p>

<p>It breeds largely on the islands along the coast, usually 
on sandy stretches, high enough to escape the effects of the 
tide. Like many of the other shorebirds it depends for 
nesting concealment or protection on the color of the eggs 
and young, which are difficult to see on the ground among 
scattered pieces of shells, pebbles, driftwood, and scant 
vegetation. The nest is merely a hollow scratched out in 
the sand, apparently without any attempt at the placing 
of a lining. Sometimes colonies of many hundred birds 
may be found in a place, but at other times single nests. 
While the Black Skimmer breeds often by itself, it is not 
averse to associating with gulls, terns, and herons in close 
proximity. Four or five eggs are usually laid, and these 
are buff, marked with various shades of brown in the form 
of spots and blotches, usually rather heavily. Apparently 
only the female takes part in the incubation duty, and only 
one brood is reared. It is one of the latest of the beach 
birds to breed. </p>

<p>The Black Skimmer is an abundant permanent resident, 
although less numerous during the winter, along the Gulf 
Coast islands and beaches of southern Louisiana, from the 
Chandeleur Islands and Isle au Pitre, to the delta of the 
Mississippi River, Grand Isle, Timbalier Island, and the 
coast of Cameron Parish. It is rarely if ever seen inland, 
and is not recorded from central or northern Louisiana. It </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black Skimmer </p>

<p>
313 </p>

<p>
breeds on the islands and beaches of the coast from May to 
August; and there are records of eggs from May 26 to 
July 27. </p>

<p>The writer found this species to the number of 692 on 
Isle au Pitre east of Grand Pass, June 3,1933. It was breed¬ 
ing on the shell banks along the shores of the island and was 
apparently just beginning to lay, as he saw many new empty 
nests as well as some others containing from one to four 
eggs. The species was numerous also and nesting on Brush 
Island in Saint Bernard Parish, June 4,1933, and on Mitch¬ 
ell Island on the same day. W. M. Sprinkle reported the spe¬ 
cies abundant on Martin Island, July 26, 1910, and many 
nests with young there on the fifteenth of that month; also 
200 nests, containing from two to four eggs on June 10, 
1911, on the same island; and many nests with young, July 
4, 1916, on Freemason Island; on which last mentioned 
island the writer met with the species nesting in small num¬ 
bers, June 4, 1933. The writer noticed the species breeding 
on Stake Island, June 5, 1933, and found some 30 nests on 
Curlew Island on the same day, none of which contained 
more than two eggs. W. M. Sprinkle reported young begin¬ 
ning to fly on Chandeleur Island, August 8, 1913. On Bre¬ 
ton Island on June 6,1933, the writer found over 1600 birds 
and several hundred nests, most of them on the south end of 
the island, but only a few of them at that time containing 
eggs, although apparently the laying season was at its 
height. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Black Skimmer were obtained by E. R. 
Kalmbach on Breton Island, June 4,1919, and on Hog Island 
on the same day; by E. V. Komarek on Brush Island, June 
11, 1930, and Grand Gosier Island, June 10,1930; and by E. 
R. Pike, at Pilot Town, November 4,1930. The writer noted 
the species on Bird Island, southwest of Breton Island, June 
6, 1933; and on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
June 7, 1933. On the Mud Lumps at the mouth of Pass a 
Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, ten nests were seen, 
only one of which, however, contained an egg, the rest being 
empty, indicating that the birds at this point on June 7, 
1933, had apparently just begun to lay. On Belle Pass </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICfflGAN </p>



<p>314 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Island, east of Timbalier Island, the writer noted the species 
on June 9, 1933; and found it breeding abundantly on Tim¬ 
balier Island on the same day, where a great many nests 
containing eggs were observed. On Isle Derniere, June 22, 
1933, a few birds were seen and a single nest containing two 
eggs was discovered. E. R. Kalmbach reported the species 
common at the mouth of the Mermentau River, June 17 to 
18,1925, and noted a flock of six birds on August 12, 1925, 
on the Mermentau River near its mouth. Specimens were 
collected by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu Pass during the 
spring of 1854, and sent by him to the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution. Other birds were collected on Breton Sound, May 
13, 1917; Battledore Island, August 4, 1917; Chenier au 
Tigre, December 11, 1935; all by A. M. Bailey. Ambrose 
Daigre observed approximately 1,000 at Grand Isle, April 
6, 1937. </p>

<p>On Martin Island, December 4, 1910, and on Battledore 
Island, December 19, 1910, W. M. Sprinkle reported the 
species abundant. The writer found it also in good numbers 
on the Delta Duck Club property on Octave Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, January 19, 1928; on Willow Pass, De¬ 
cember 20, 1932; on Dead Woman Pass, December 18, 1932; 
at Chateau Canard on Main Pass, December 19, 1932; on 
Cognovich Pass in the Mississippi River Delta December 18, 
1932. A. M. Bailey found it numerous on Isle Derniere, De¬ 
cember 8, 1918; and the writer observed a number of in¬ 
dividuals on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 
1928. </p>

<p>Order COLUMBIFORMES </p>

<p>Family COLUMBIDAE </p>

<p>ROCK DOVE </p>

<p>Columba livia livia Gmelin </p>

<p>The domestic pigeon, derived as it has been from the 
Rock Dove, is, in some parts of Louisiana, as in many other 
states, virtually a wild bird, although it is not so extensively 
such in this State of the Union. It has, however, been found 
living in a wild condition from New Orleans and Lake 
Charles, north to Shreveport. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
.(rourtesy alike. National As&amp;x'iutian.pi Audubon Societies.) </p>

<p>THE EASTERN MOURN I NO IKlVJS 
Ztnciiittrj m^icft/uro coroiinenyis (.Linnaeus, </p>

<p>This lovely bird is held in high regard in Louisiana as a game species. The Passenger Pigeon, 
once so abundant in Louisiana and now completely extinct, was closely related to the -Mourn¬ 
ing Dove Mourning Doves have a wide range, breeding from the: Gulf Coast to Canada. </p>

<p>
Digitized </p>

<p>
* Google </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Mourning Dove </p>

<p>
315 </p>

<p>
In the city of New Orleans and vicinity the domestic 
pigeon has been thoroughly naturalized and lives entirely 
independent of man’s support in so far as dove cotes and 
direct feeding are concerned. It was observed there by the 
writer from July 10 to 13, 1936; and H. H. Kopman states 
that it has been living there in this manner for at least 40 
years to his personal knowledge. Mrs. H. H. Kopman says 
that the domestic pigeon, in former years, was and probably 
at the present time is supporting itself about Lake Charles. 
H. H. Kopman also reports it as nesting about the eaves of 
buildings and other suitable places in Shreveport, just as 
freely as if it had never been domesticated. On the other 
hand, Robert Butler at Bains, John S. Campbell at Gibsland, 
and George H. Lowery, Jr., at Monroe, state that according 
to their experience this pigeon lives in those localities only 
in dove cotes and thus not under feral conditions. William 
H. Gates reported under date of October 6, 1936, that it 
lives in an independent state also at Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>EASTERN MOURNING DOVE </p>

<p>Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The present bird, often called ‘turtle dove’, is the only 
member of the pigeon family, except, of course, the do¬ 
mestic pigeon, that is common in Louisiana. It is about 
a foot long, with a rather slender neck and long pointed 
tail. Its generally brownish gray, bluish gray, or purplish 
gray plumage is rather distinctive. </p>

<p>The Mourning Dove lives in more or less open country, 
and apparently is not fond of the deep woods, but almost 
everywhere else it is to be found, even in the more open 
woodland, in orchards, and in cultivated areas of all kinds. 
In flight it is swift and strong, with powerful wing-beats, 
and at times reminds one of a small hawk. It is commonly 
seen in trees or bushes, but it often comes down to the 
ground for feeding purposes. Its voice is a plaintive one, 
something like ‘coo-ah, coo, coo’. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is almost entirely vegetable, but 
notwithstanding this it does practically no damage to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>316 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
domestic crops. It feeds, it is true, to a considerable extent 
on waste grain in fields of buckwheat, rye, wheat, and corn, 
but consumes also large quantities of weed seeds; in fact, 
the number of small seeds that this bird consumes is almost 
incredible. In a single stomach as many as 9,200 seeds of 
weeds have been found. In addition to this it eats other 
seeds, berries, small acorns, and beechnuts. </p>

<p>Some of the mating performances of this dove are inter¬ 
esting. In seeking to win its mate a bird will sometimes 
fly high up into the air and return, gliding about until 
almost near the ground and then return to a point near 
the place of starting. At times the male strikes his feet, 
one after the other, on the perch, puffs out his feathers, 
and otherwise performs antics for the benefit of the female 
that he wishes to influence. Once mated, the birds remain 
so, usually at least for the season, even though more than 
one brood is reared, and the pair are very affectionate. 
The male not only assists in incubation and the care of the 
young, but he even brings material for the nest. </p>

<p>The nest is built in almost any suitable part of the 
countryside, usually in low trees or bushes, and in almost 
any conceivable place, even on the ground or in the cavity 
of a tree. Ordinarily the nest is not over 20 feet from the 
ground, but sometimes it is placed as high as 50 feet. Often 
nests of such birds as the Mockingbird or Robin are appro¬ 
priated as a foundation. Materials of which use is made 
include weed-stalks, straws, grasses, and sometimes leaves or 
mosses, scarcely lined with somewhat finer materials. The 
nest is often so frail that when built in a tree or bush the 
eggs can be seen from below. Nearly always the nests are 
single, and there does not seem to be much tendency toward 
colonization. The eggs are usually two in number, pure 
white, and elliptical in shape. Usually about 13 days are 
required for hatching, and the young are so helpless that 
they must be carefully nurtured until they are able to leave 
the nest. For the first part of the life of the young they 
are fed by the adults with food which is predigested in the 
crop of the parent. This is a milk-like substance, which </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Mourning Dove </p>

<p>
317 </p>

<p>
has given rise to the expression, ‘pigeon’s milk’. Two or 
more broods are usually reared, and in the south the breed¬ 
ing season continues until September or even October. 
When the adult incubating or brooding bird is frightened 
from the nest she is often exceedingly solicitous, dropping 
to the ground and imitating a bird with a broken wing 
in her attempt to lure the intruder away. </p>

<p>The Eastern Mourning Dove is a common permanent 
resident throughout Louisiana, more numerous, however, 
during the winter from October to February. It has been 
reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Lucky, Bienville, and Bos¬ 
sier Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Many, Pickering, Rosepine, Longville, Vinton, 
Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, and Calcasieu Lake; south 
to Calcasieu Pass, Chenier au Tigre, and the Mississippi 
River Delta; and east to Slidell, Pearl River, Jena, Trout, 
Waterproof, and Tallulah. It breeds chiefly from February 
to October; and there are records of eggs from March 30 to 
August 10. </p>

<p>The eastern subspecies of the Mourning Dove is ap¬ 
parently the breeding bird of most if not all of Louisiana, 
as specimens from the following localities examined in the 
present connection indicate: Alexandria, October 22, 1933, 
Ambrose Daigre; Sauve in Jefferson Parish, March 2,1890, 
George E. Beyer; Sauve, January 15, 1888, and December 
18, 1887; Minden, July 81, 1934, George H. Lowery, Jr.; 
and Bienville, July 18, 1933, J. S. Campbell. Eggs in the 
United States National Museum were taken at Grand 
Coteau, June 6, 1887. At Mer Rouge, Vernon Bailey re¬ 
ported a few individuals between June 2 and 7, 1892; and 
the writer noted the species at the following localities in 
1933, on the dates indicated: Caddo Lake, June 18; Cross 
Lake west of Shreveport on the same date; Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Many, Pickering, Rosepine, and Longville, June 
19; and Vinton, June 20. He observed it also on Calcasieu 
Lake, December 30,1932. A specimen was taken by G. Wiir- 
demann at Calcasieu Pass in 1854, and forwarded by him to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
318 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
the Smithsonian Institution. The writer noted a Mourning 
Dove near the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta on January 23, 1932; and A. H. Howell 
found it fairly common at Slidell in Saint Tammany Parish, 
October 28 to November 1,1908. The writer saw it at Pearl 
River, June 27, 1933; at Jena, Trout, and Waterproof, June 
16, 1933; and E. R. Kalmbach reported it common at Tallu¬ 
lah from June 13 to July 13,1924. J. S. Campbell discovered 
a nest near Lucky in Bienville Parish, April 16,1934. A pair 
of birds at Bienville was using an old nest of the Southern 
Robin, instead of constructing one of its own. </p>

<p>The Eastern Mourning Dove is apparently also the com¬ 
mon winter race of the species in Louisiana, as is shown not 
only by the specimens above mentioned but also by birds 
banded in Illinois and recovered in Louisiana. 110 Such birds 
provide the following records: Lake Charles, November 6, 
1926; Midland, November 27, 1924; Iberia Beach, Novem¬ 
ber 24,1927; Vermilion Parish, November 16,1926; Morgan 
City, November 16, 1926; Cataro, December 22, 1924; 
Mandeville, January 13, 1926; New Roads, November 8, 
1923; Ridge, November 8, 1927; and Bellerose, January 26, 
1928. </p>

<p>WESTERN MOURNING DOVE </p>

<p>Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse) </p>

<p>The Western Mourning Dove is a rare winter visitor to 
southeastern Louisiana. It may be of more frequent oc¬ 
currence than is indicated by the specimens examined, since 
in the field it is not distinguishable from the eastern race. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens from the following 
localities: Sauve, Jefferson Parish, one collected on Febru¬ 
ary 2, 1890, and two on March 2, 1890, by George E. Beyer, 
and now in the museum of Tulane University. Another 
specimen taken at Westwego by Winston E. Nolan, but with¬ 
out indication of date, is in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans. A bird banded 
at Fairdale, North Dakota, was killed at Crowley, Louisi¬ 
ana, on December 12, 1931. </p>

<p>180 Taber, Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLII, No. 1, March, 1930, pp. 26-27. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Passenger Pigeon </p>

<p>
319 </p>

<p>
PASSENGER PIGEON </p>

<p>Ectopistes canadensis (Linnaeus)” 1 </p>

<p>The story of the Passenger Pigeon is another example 
of the result of lack of protection for wild birds. Once so 
numerous that the birds darkened the sky for days, it was 
thought to be entirely safe from any danger of extinction; 
but continued hunting for market, and particularly the 
destruction of the birds on their breeding grounds, finally 
brought about the complete disappearance of the species. </p>

<p>In general appearance the Passenger Pigeon resembles 
very much the Mourning Dove, although it is larger, with 
a greater extent of wings, ruddier breast and somewhat 
more grayish general coloration, and lacks the black spot 
on the side of the head that is present in the male Mourning 
Dove. </p>

<p>This bird lived in both open country and in woodlands, 
and moved in vast flocks, either on migration or in search 
of feeding places. It was a bird of strong, powerful flight, 
much like the Mourning Dove, and could travel long dis¬ 
tances with little or no inconvenience. In enormous numbers 
it resorted to roosts at times other than the nesting season, 
and this very fact made it more vulnerable to hunters. Not 
only was the bird pursued for game, but the destruction of 
the forests that produced the mast on which it so largely 
lived was a factor in its ultimate destruction. Acorns, 
beechnuts, and similar food constituted the chief diet of 
this bird, although it consumed seeds and berries of various 
kinds as well. </p>

<p>It bred in forests, either on uplands or lowlands, and 
in almost any kind of tree, although apparently it preferred 
deciduous trees. The nests were almost always in large 
colonies, sometimes of almost unbelievable extent, and each 
tree usually harbored a considerable number of nests. The 
nest itself was a rather loose structure of twigs with little or 
no lining, and placed sometimes as high as 50 feet from the 
ground. There was normally only one egg, white, and simi- </p>

<p>l * l Ectopi*tes migrntonu* of the 1931 A. O. U. Chock-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>320 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>



<p>
lar to that of the Mourning Dove. Both parents assisted in 
incubation, and there were at least two broods reared dur¬ 
ing the season. </p>

<p>For many years the Passenger Pigeon has been extinct, 
the last known individual having died in the Cincinnati 
Zoological Park on September 1, 1914. Frequently, how¬ 
ever, there are reports of the discovery of living birds, but 
whenever these have been investigated they have been found 
to relate either to the Mourning Dove or to the Band-tailed 
Pigeon, a Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast species. There 
is now little hope that even a single individual of this beau¬ 
tiful and interesting species ever will be found alive. </p>

<p>The Passenger Pigeon was formerly an abundant winter 
visitor, at least from November to February, in most of 
Louisiana, even the southern portion, and recorded south to 
Rayne and Mandeville; but it is now, of course, extinct in 
the State, as elsewhere. </p>

<p>The earliest record of this interesting bird for Louisiana 
was by the historian Le Page du Pratz, who found it abun¬ 
dant along the Mississippi River about 1758. John J. Audu¬ 
bon 1 ** records that it was abundant in Louisiana in 1826. 
Ambrose Daigre states that this pigeon was reported to be 
numerous about 1850 near Pineville. There are. at the 
present time specimens in the museum of Tulane University, 
collected at Rayne, January 16, 1888, by George E. Beyer; 
and at Covington, November 23, 1874, and December 5, 
1874. The bird from Rayne is one of three obtained then 
by Prof. Beyer, who saw several large flocks there in 1888. 
Edward Butler states that he saw the species in the parish 
of West Feliciana in 1891. Robert Butler writes that Mrs. 
Eugene Ellis and a companion killed one bird near Bains 
sometime during the autumn of 1895; and this is probably 
the last individual actually taken in Louisiana. Two others 
were obtained at Mandeville by J. H. Lamb, from a flock of 
five birds on January 26, 1895, ,M which are seemingly the 
same individuals previously reported as having been cap- </p>

<p>“•Ornith. Biog., Vol. I, 1831, p. 325. </p>

<p>13S Forbush, Hist. Game Birds, Wild-Fowl, and Shore Birds Mass, 1912, p. 461. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Plate 33 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
by B. /. $au)c i C.«o) rhi N.uii.m*l As sol taring n't AuttyUu 'ml oicr &gt; </p>

<p>THf PASSIN'GFK PlofcON </p>

<p>A bird whose amazing numbers once provided the most spectacular sighem all American wild 
hte, the Passenger Pigeon is now extinct Tins di sappc .itjirice i&gt;6 ;i speyics whose vast flocks 
once darkened ihe sky remains still mysterious. hot uodoubredjy tnan - greedy and ruthless 
destruction of these lovely birds contributed heavily to then ournconn. The Passenger Pigeon 
thus neQ.cf)££it warning of the great need (of conset vat.ion. Origir i fr </p>

<p>' VA #/ ’ ''; " .. ’ '\:M UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAINL </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>321 </p>

<p>
Eastern White-winged Dove </p>

<p>tured at the same place, in p4bruary, 1895. 1 ’ 4 Apparently 
the latest report of the species in the State is by the well- 
known hunters, B. V. Lilly and I. H. Alford of Prairie Mer 
Rouge, who informed Ned Hollister in 1904 that up to the 
winter of 1903 to 1904 they had seen a few wild pigeons 
each winter. Mr. Lilly said that during the winter of 1902 
to 1903 he saw about 40 or 50 birds, although none was 
seen in the winter of 1903 to 1904. </p>

<p>The proper name for this species should be Ectopistes 
canadensis, since Linnaeus described the Passenger Pigeon 
as Columba canadensis 1,1 on a page prior to that on which 
his Columba migratoria appeared. Since the basis of this 
name is undoubtedly our Passenger Pigeon, and since the 
name has anteriority, there is no reason for not using it, 
as has been done in similar cases of the names of many other 
species. For further discussion of this name, see Science, N. 
S., Vol. XLVIII, No. 1244, November 1, 1918, p. 445. </p>

<p>
EASTERN WHITE-WINGED DOVE </p>

<p>Melopelia asiatica asiatica (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern White-winged Dove is a casual visitor in 
the Gulf Coast region in southwestern and central southern 
Louisiana, east to Grand Isle, and north to Schriever in 
Terrebonne Parish, Saint Martinville, and Crowley. </p>

<p>The earliest State occurrences of which the writer can 
find any record are given by George E. Beyer, 1 *' and were 
specimens taken at Grand Isle in May, 1894, and August, 
1895. The species was recently obtained at the same locality 
by George H. Lowery, Jr., and Ambrose Daigre on April 12, 
1936. It has been recorded from New Iberia, Saint Martin¬ 
ville, Crowley, and Schriever; 1 * 7 and by J. W. Trahan from 
Vermilion Bay, April 29, 1919. One of a pair was taken by 
Gus Smith at Venice in the Mississippi River Delta about 
November 20, 1910. 1 *’ </p>

<p>1#4 Beyer, Allison, and Kopman. The Auk, Vol XXV, No. 4, October, 1908, p. 440. </p>

<p>ia5 Syst. Nat., ed. 12, Vol. I, 1766 (after May 24), p. 284. </p>

<p>iaa Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 98. </p>

<p>ltT Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 382. </p>

<p>i*®McAtee, The Auk, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, March 29, 1911, p. 274. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>322 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
EASTERN GROUND DOVE </p>

<p>ColumbigaUina passerina passerina (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Ground Dove is a very rare permanent 
resident in southern Louisiana, from Grand Chenier and 
Grand Isle north to Bains, Saint Francisville, and Monroe. </p>

<p>A specimen taken at New Orleans during the winter of 
1889 is in the museum of Tulane University and has been 
examined in the present connection. Specimens were ob¬ 
tained by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Monroe, January 10, 
1937, and at Bains, January 30, 1937; by Winston E. 
Nolan at Attis, January 3, 1937, and at Bogalusa, a male 
and a female, January 3, 1937. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
reported it also from Thibodaux, January 31, 1937, and 
states that he considered it rather common during the 
winter of 1936 and 1937, about 12 to 15 miles south of 
Baton Rouge. Ambrose Daigre observed it on Grand Isle, 
April 12, 1937. George H. Lowery, Jr., collected one bird 
near Saint Francisville on November 11, 1934; and J. E. 
Younger one at Baton Rouge on March 15, 1937. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., saw one individual near Grand Chenier 
about January 1, 1938. Stanley C. Arthur reported its 
occurrence on the State Wild Life Refuge on the west side 
of Vermilion Bay during the winter of 1915, but gave no 
more definite date. So far as the writer has been able to 
discover there are no other specific records for the species 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
INCA DOVE </p>

<p>Scardafella inca inca (Lesson) </p>

<p>The Inca Dove is of entirely accidental occurrence in 
Louisiana. A single specimen was collected by Joseph 
Daigre, near Alexandria, on December 28, 1935 ; m and 
John P. Everett saw one at Farmerville on November 19, 
1936. </p>

<p>
1# ®Ambrose Daigre, La. Cons Review, Vol. V, No. 2, April, 1936, p. 27. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Parakeet </p>

<p>
323 </p>

<p>
Order PSITTACIFORMES 
Family PSITTACIDAE 
LOUISIANA PARAKEET </p>

<p>Conuropsis carolinensis ludovieiana (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Louisiana Parakeet, which is but a subspecies of the 
Carolina Parakeet, represents the only parrot to be found 
in the eastern United States. It has long since been ex¬ 
tinct, due probably to its destruction by man. It formerly 
occurred in the Mississippi Valley, as far north as Wiscon¬ 
sin, and as far west as Oklahoma and Nebraska. It was 
a bird of small size, about 12 or 13 inches long, bright 
green, with a yellow head and neck, set off by an orange- 
colored forehead. </p>

<p>It lived in the woods, particularly the heavily forested 
bottomlands of the streams, whence it sometimes wandered 
out into more open country. Its flight was strong and 
swift, but more or less undulating. It moved often in 
flocks of large size, but also in small companies, foraging 
for food or adventure. The note was a shrill, harsh cry, 
which it uttered frequently, and while flying the bird was 
particularly noisy. At night it roosted in hollow trees, in 
which it suspended itself by hooking its beak and claws 
into the side of the cavity. </p>

<p>Its favorite food was the seeds of the cocklebur, and 
when this food was not available it made use of nuts of 
various kinds, such as pecans and beechnuts, and also the 
seeds of the cypress, pawpaw, sycamore, pine, and thistle, 
and those of weeds like the sandbur. It was not averse 
to berries and wild fruits such as grapes and mulberries. 
It was also fond of cultivated fruits of various kinds, and 
grains like corn, which led to trouble with man, and caused 
a great deal of destruction, on account of the damage that 
the bird might do to fruit in the orchard. Unfortunately 
when one was wounded the rest of the flock would come 
back until practically all were destroyed. </p>

<p>Little is known regarding the breeding of this bird. 
The nest was probably placed in hollow trees, with little or </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>324 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
no lining. The eggs were white, with a bare yellowish 
tinge. It is unfortunate that this, a most interesting and 
in many respects a unique bird, was allowed to be entirely 
exterminated. Perhaps, however, some individuals of its 
close relative, the Carolina Parakeet still remain alive. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Parakeet was formerly a common per¬ 
manent resident in southern and northern Louisiana, from 
Saint Mary Parish and New Orleans to Claiborne and Web¬ 
ster parishes. It is now extinct in the State, as probably 
elsewhere, and there is no certain record for Louisiana since 
about 1900. </p>

<p>It was from the description by the early writer on Lou¬ 
isiana, Du Pratz, that Gmelin first described the Louisiana 
Parakeet, and named it after the country in which it had 
been found. 1 " </p>

<p>It is interesting to note that eggs taken in Saint Mary 
Parish in March, 1878, were recorded by Bendire. 141 F. W. 
Langdon recorded flocks of two or three dozen individuals 
in September, 1880, at Cinclare Plantation in West Baton 
Rouge Parish; 142 and R. Ridgway mentioned the bird’s oc¬ 
currence at New Orleans. 14 * The writer has been unable to 
obtain any further light on the specimen mentioned by 
George E. Beyer 144 as having been collected in Louisiana 
and preserved in the collection of the museum of Tulane 
University. The most recent report of the occurrence of 
the Louisiana Parakeet in Louisiana is by I. H. Alford, of 
Prairie Mer Rouge, who narrates that he remembers hear¬ 
ing his father talk of parakeets when he was a boy about the 
year 1870; and, though he has never seen one, he heard of 
them during the years about 1900, in Union, Claiborne, and 
Webster parishes. </p>

<p>John J. Audubon obtained a specimen of this bird about 
1821, at Bayou Sara, near Saint Francisville, and used is as </p>

<p>140 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., Yol. I, Part 1, 1788 (before July 25), p. 847. </p>

<p>141 Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, Yol. II, Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., VoL 
XXXII, 1895 [Oct. 1, 1890], p. 4. </p>

<p>l4 *Journ. Cincin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, No. 2, July, 1881, p. 152. </p>

<p>140 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Part VII, May 5, 1918, p. 148. </p>

<p>l44 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 101. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>YeUow-biUed Cuckoo </p>

<p>
325 </p>

<p>
the basis for one of his figures of the species in the “Birds 
of America”. 14 * C. W. Beckham reported one bird seen at 
Bayou Sara about 1880, 144 but seemingly none has appeared 
there since. </p>

<p>
Order CUCULIFORMES 
Family CUCULIDAE </p>

<p>YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO </p>

<p>Coccyzus americanu8 americanus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The ‘rain crow’, as this bird is often known, in common 
with the Black-billed Cuckoo (which bird is very similar 
in habits and appearance, except for a wholly black bill) 
is a bird about a foot long, relatively slender and with a 
long tail, brownish olive above, white below, and with the 
under part of the bill yellow. </p>

<p>It is a rather shy bird, inhabiting mostly the woodlands, 
thickets, and cultivated areas. It ordinarily does not make 
long flights, but slips through the trees unobtrusively, and 
is, therefore, less easy to observe than some more demon¬ 
strative bird. It is seen almost always singly or in pairs, 
but is much more frequently heard than seen. Its notes are 
a repetition of the syllables ‘ca’ and ‘cow’, long drawn out 
at the end of the call. </p>

<p>From the standpoint of agriculture and horticulture 
the Yellow-billed Cuckoo is one of our most valuable birds, 
for it is one of the relatively few that eat large numbers 
of the various kinds of hairy caterpillars. The extent to 
which this bird subsists on these caterpillars may be readily 
imagined from the fact that several hundred small ones 
have been found in the stomach of a single bird. Other 
caterpillars, some of them very destructive, are also in¬ 
cluded in its diet. It also eats locusts and other insects, 
some of them very injurious kinds, and wild fruits, such 
as wild grapes and blackberries. </p>

<p>“•Ornlth, Bio*., VoL I, 1831, p. 140. </p>

<p>“•Boll. Nutt. Ornlth. Club, Vol. VII, No. 3, July, 1882, p. 164. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>326 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Because the European Cuckoo lays its eggs in the nests 
of other birds and leaves them for the victims to hatch, 
the Yellow-billed Cuckoo is sometimes supposed to have the 
same habit; but, except under very unusual circumstances, 
the eggs of this bird are not deposited in the nests of other 
birds. The bird breeds along the edges of woodlands, in 
thickets, orchards, and similar places, building a very in¬ 
conspicuous and flimsy nest of twigs, bark, and roots, with 
more or less lining of pine needles, straws, pieces of grass, 
and blossoms of trees and bushes. Not infrequently the nest 
is so thin that the eggs can be seen from below. It is nor¬ 
mally not more than 16 feet from the ground in a low tree or 
bush. The eggs range from two to six, and are pale bluish 
green, unmarked. </p>

<p>The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is a common and generally dis¬ 
tributed summer resident, from March 31 to November 3, 
over all of Louisiana, except the marshes, in fact, wherever 
there are woodlands or sufficient trees for its habitat. It is 
recorded north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Parish, Bos¬ 
sier Parish, and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Cross 
Lake, Mansfield, Logansport, Sandel, Leesville, Longville, 
Vinton, and Toomey; south to Cameron Farm 14 miles south 
of Vinton, Lake Charles, Jennings, Mermentau, Chenier au 
Tigre, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, Grand Isle, and 
Diamond; and east to Diamond, Junior, Belair, New Or¬ 
leans, Pearl River, Mandeville, Bains, Lake Saint John, Jena, 
Newellton, Singer Preserve on the Tensas River 13 miles 
southwest of Tallulah, and Tallulah. This species breeds in 
Louisiana from May to July, and there are records of eggs 
from May 13 to July. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey reported the Yellow-billed Cuckoo as com¬ 
mon at Mer Rouge, between June 2 and June 7, 1892; and 
the writer found it at Caddo Lake and Cross Lake west of 
Shreveport, June 18, 1933. A. H. Howell obtained speci¬ 
mens at Mansfield, April 29, 1907, and at Logansport, 
August 25, 1906; E. G. Wright, at Chenier au Tigre, May 
24 and 26, 1930; also T. D. Burleigh, at New Orleans, May 
15, 1935. The writer found it at Sandel, Leesville, Long¬ 
ville, and Lake Charles, June 19. 1933. and at Vinton, Jen- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-billed, Cuckoo </p>

<p>
327 </p>

<p>
nings, Mermentau, and Toomey on the following day. E. R. 
Kalmbach noted it at Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton, May 8, 1919. It is reported as a common summer resi¬ 
dent, observed on April 25 and May 1, 1902, at Diamond by 
H. L. Ballowe; in Bienville Parish from April to October by 
J. S. Campbell; and was found at Junior in Plaquemines 
Parish, August 4 and 5, 1917, by H. H. Kopman. The writer 
noted it on Honey Island, Pearl River, June 27,1933. Robert 
Butler reports its arrival at Bains on April 18, 1931, and 
notes it as a summer resident in that vicinity. The writer 
observed the species at Lake St. John, Jena, and Newellton, 
June 16, 1933; and on the Singer Preserve and at Tallulah 
on June 17, 1933. A nest and egg from Belair were taken 
on June 9, 1904, by Andrew Allison, and they are now in 
the United States National Museum. Nests and eggs in the 
collection of the museum of Tulane University were col¬ 
lected at New Orleans in June, 1897. Several birds in the 
same collection were obtained at Spanish Fort, New Or¬ 
leans, and on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, May 17, 
1890; at Mandeville, April 23, 1876; and at Madisonville, 
June 28 and July 1, 1888; also in the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation, from Grand Isle, April 14, 1937, taken by 
Winston E. Nolan. At Grand Isle on April 21, 1937, this 
bird was unusually numerous, for 30 were seen on that day 
by Ambrose Daigre. </p>

<p>BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO </p>

<p>Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Black-billed Cuckoo is a rare transient, from April 
21 (in southwestern Mississippi, April 14) to May 16, and 
from September 20 (in southwestern Mississippi, August 
15) to October 11, in eastern Louisiana; reported west to 
Monroe and Grand Isle, and east to New Orleans, Baton 
Rouge, and to Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., reports it about Monroe from 
September 20 to September 23, but as rare in northern Lou¬ 
isiana. It was observed at New Orleans between October 8 
and October 11, 1899, but only a single individual was </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>328 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
seen. 1 " H. H. Kopman saw a number of individuals at New 
Orleans on May 4, 1924; and specimens were taken in Jef¬ 
ferson Parish by Winston E. Nolan, September 30, 1932, 
and May 16, 1933; also by Earl R. Smith on Grassy Island 
in Saint Bernard Parish on May 9,1926. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., found one dead at Baton Rouge on April 21,1933, killed 
by striking a tower. The writer has identified a specimen 
taken by Winston E. Nolan at Metairie on April 28, 1937. </p>

<p>SMOOTH-BILLED ANI </p>

<p>Crotophaga ani Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Smooth-billed Ani is a casual visitor in both summer 
and winter in Plaquemines Parish and Saint Bernard Par¬ 
ish in southeastern Louisiana. There is no positive evidence 
that the bird breeds in the State. </p>

<p>The first record for Louisiana is a specimen, now in the 
museum of Tulane University, taken by H. L. Ballowe, at 
Diamond, July 18, 1893 (not July 29, as previously re¬ 
corded) . The species has been seen a number of times since 
by Doctor Ballowe in the vicinity of Buras, as, for instance, 
January 29,1906, January 14 and January 27,1908; and on 
February 8 of the same year he noted four at one time. It 
has also been reported by George E. Beyer 14 * as of occasional 
occurrence in Saint Bernard Parish, but there are on rec¬ 
ord no definite dates. </p>

<p>GROOVE-BILLED ANI </p>

<p>Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson </p>

<p>The Groove-billed Ani, a tropical species, is a casual 
autumn and winter visitor to central and southern Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>The first record for the State is a specimen taken near 
New Orleans about 1890, and recorded by George E. 
Beyer. 14 * Another was collected at Ostrica in Plaquemines 
Parish during the early winter of 1919; and still another </p>

<p>14T Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, The Anlc, Vol. XXV, No. 4, October, 1908, p. 445. </p>

<p>148 Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, The Auk, Vol. XXV, No. 4, October, 1908, p. 443. </p>

<p>l48 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 102. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Barn Owl </p>

<p>
329 </p>

<p>
bird, without date, was obtained near Houma, and sent to 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Or¬ 
leans.” 0 There is also a male specimen now in the museum 
of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Or¬ 
leans, taken at Cottonport, December 11, 1932, by a Mr. 
Coco. The latest record is a male collected at Grand Isle by 
Ambrose Daigre on April 23, 1935. </p>

<p>Order STRIGIFORMES </p>

<p>Family TYTONIDAE </p>

<p>BARN OWL </p>

<p>Tyto alba pratincole (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The tawny brown upper surface, and white or very pale 
buff lower parts of this bird, readily distinguish it from 
all the other owls of this region. In addition, its heart- 
shaped instead of round face gives it a peculiar appearance, 
and has earned for it the name ‘monkey-faced owl\ The 
bird is about one and one-half feet long, and has ample 
wing extent in proportion. The soft plumage, as of all 
owls, gives it the power of almost noiseless flight. It is, 
like most owls, nocturnal, and hunts but little during the 
day, spending this time roosting in out of the way places, 
such as in dense shade or in holes of large trees. At times 
a number of them gather together in such roosting places. </p>

<p>This bird ranges over almost all kinds of country, but 
it is probably not so common in the dense forests, although 
it does occur in swamps and similar places. It is fond of 
taking up its abode in church steeples and towers of build¬ 
ings wherever it is able to find an out-of-the-way nook. 
Its ordinary voice is a low ‘click’ several times repeated, 
but it has other rather feeble notes, and sometimes a louder 
call note. </p>

<p>In its food habits this is one of the most beneficial of 
our owls, as it lives largely on rodents such as mice and 
rats, together with other small mammals, including shrews, 
pocket gophers, and ground squirrels. Very few birds are </p>

<p>-••Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 342. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>330 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
in its bill of fare, and it almost never touches poultry or 
game birds. Various kinds of insects, particularly grass¬ 
hoppers and locusts, are eaten. When it is realized that 
even when partially grown it can eat nine or ten mice at 
a single meal, the great amount of good that this bird does 
in the destruction of these injurious rodents may be seen. 
Unfortunately the bird is not so abundant in many places 
as it should be, although it is probably true that there are 
more of them than are ordinarily known, since the bird is 
so retiring in its habits and seldom is seen during the day. 
The undigestible portions of its food are ejected through the 
mouth in the form of good-sized oval, so-called pellets, and 
from an examination of these it is easy to determine what 
the bird has been eating. </p>

<p>It breeds in almost any available place, laying its eggs 
in hollow trees, nooks about all kinds of buildings, steeples 
and towers of churches and other structures in towns and 
cities, and even in holes in banks, and in underground 
burrows. Little nesting material is used, but sometimes 
a small amount of rubbish, chips, or the regurgitated pellets 
of the owl itself. The eggs are usually five to eight, but 
sometimes more, white, and slightly more pointed at one 
end than at the other. It takes these three weeks or more 
to hatch, and the male in part assists the female in the 
incubation duties. Since the bird begins to sit as soon as 
the first egg is laid, the young do not all hatch at the same 
time, and for this reason young of different ages may be 
seen in the same nest. Like most young birds they require 
a large amount of food, and they remain in the nest until 
they are able to fly. </p>

<p>The Barn Owl is an uncommon permanent resident in 
most of Louisiana, from Grand Isle, Marsh Island, the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, New Iberia, and Chenier au 
Tigre, north at least to Ruston and Monroe. It breeds early 
in the year, and there is record of young as early as March 7. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey records that several pairs have nested for 
many years at Chenier au Tigre; and the species was taken, 
July 20, 1925, at Marsh Island by C. C. Sperry. There is a </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Screech Owl </p>

<p>
331 </p>

<p>
specimen in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans, collected at Grand Isle in 
April, 1931. Specimens in the museum of Tulane University 
were obtained at New Orleans, December 2, 1896, and No¬ 
vember 24, 1873; also in Saint Charles Parish, without date. 
H. H. Kopman found several individuals at Oneida, near 
Convent, between December 23, 1893, and January 1, 1894; 
also observed the species at Caernovan, about 16 miles 
from New Orleans, on November 28, 1917. F. W. Langdon 
collected a single individual at the Cinclare Plantation in 
West Baton Rouge Parish, April 14, 1881; and H. E. Van 
Deman sent to the Biological Survey a specimen collected 
at Ferriday, Concordia Parish, April 20, 1912. Robert But¬ 
ler reports that it breeds in West Feliciana Parish; Ambrose 
Daigre notes it as nesting at Alexandria; and George H. 
Lowery, Jr., says that it is a common permanent resident 
about Baton Rouge; also that it occurred regularly at Rus- 
ton in 1928, 1929, and 1931, and that at Monroe one bird 
was captured on February 16, 1930. Wharton Huber col¬ 
lected one at Chenier au Tigre on January 14, 1928; and 
George H. Lowery, Jr., one at Baton Rouge on March 6, 
1937. </p>

<p>
Family BUBONIDAE 1 * 1 </p>

<p>FLORIDA SCREECH OWL </p>

<p>Otus asio floridanus (Ridgway) </p>

<p>This is one of our small owls, being about eight or nine 
inches in length, and is furnished with little tufts of 
feathers on the side of the head which look like ears when 
erected. Like other owls its eyes are set straight forward 
and surrounded by a rather large disk of feathers which 
form a rather well-marked face. The upper parts of the 
bird are normally dark gray mixed with blackish and pale 
gray, white or nearly so below, with streaks and bars of 
blackish. This is the normal coloration, but another so- 
called phase is bright reddish brown above, and the white </p>

<p>"‘Strigidae of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-LUt. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHtG </p>





<p>332 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
below is much tinged with this color. This so-called red 
phase has nothing whatever to do with either sex, age, 
or season. </p>

<p>The note of this owl is rather weird and tremulous, 
from which the name ‘shivering owl* has arisen. It is also 
in the south called ‘squinch owl’; and the French in Loui¬ 
siana call it ‘chouette’. </p>

<p>It lives almost everywhere from the deep forests to 
the more open country, but usually where there are trees, 
inhabiting at times even streets and parks of cities. It is 
abroad mostly during the night and spends the daylight 
hours quietly perched in some secluded place. For this 
reason it is much more often heard than seen. </p>

<p>Its food is varied, but it lives largely on mice, rats, 
and other mammals, various kinds of large insects, and a 
variety of other food, such as crawfishes, earthworms, scor¬ 
pions, lizards, frogs, fishes, and birds, though seldom does 
it disturb poultry. At certain times, when other food is less 
available, it has been known to be rather destructive to 
small birds. </p>

<p>Its nest is situated in woodlands or in various kinds of 
cultivated areas, particularly orchards and shade trees, 
and it not infrequently breeds in trees along city streets 
or in city parks. A hollow in a tree is a favorite nesting 
site, but crevices about buildings or even a nesting box is 
suitable, and an old woodpecker hole is sometimes adopted. 
The eggs are usually four or five, white, unmarked, and 
nearly round. Twenty-one to twenty-five days is the period 
of incubation, and sometimes both male and female col¬ 
laborate in the incubation. </p>

<p>The Florida Screech Owl is a fairly common permanent 
resident throughout Louisiana. It has been reported north 
to Monroe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Foster, Caddo 
Parish, and Vinton; south to Cameron Parish, Pecan Island, 
Chenier au Tigre, New Iberia, Baldwin, Morgan City, 
Houma, and the mouth of the Mississippi River; and east 
to Mandeville, Madisonville, and Hackley. It breeds from </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Screech Owl </p>

<p>
333 </p>

<p>
March to May, and there are records of eggs from April 3 
to April 14, and of young in the nest on March 28. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University were 
taken at Vinton, March 3,1892, and on an unrecorded date. 
There are specimens in the Biological Survey collection from 
Morgan City, taken by Vernon Bailey, June 14,1925, and by 
Mrs. R. D. Svihla, August 26,1925; at Houma, taken, May 7 
and May 10, 1892, by Vernon Bailey, and May 4 by R. J. 
Thompson; and at New Orleans by T. D. Burleigh, Septem¬ 
ber 6, 1935. Mrs. G. L. Baldwin reported its breeding 
at Baldwin, May 15, 1915; George E. Beyer noted its 
breeding at Madisonville; and Edward Butler, at Bains in 
1916. A. H. Howell observed the species at Hackley be¬ 
tween February 20 and February 24, 1912. Eggs of this 
bird, taken in Saint James Parish, April 14,1900, are in the 
museum of Tulane University. J. S. Campbell discovered at 
Bienville on March 28,1933, a nest containing young nearly 
ready to fly. E. R. Kalmbach noted the species at Crowley, 
June 19,1924. Specimens of the Florida Screech Owl in the 
museum of Tulane University have been examined from 
New Orleans, September 9, 1888; Plaquemines Parish, au¬ 
tumn (no further date); Areola, January 10,1893, collected 
by Gustave Kohn; and Avery Island, January 20 and April 
3, 1894, collected by George E. Beyer. Another specimen 
from Avery Island, obtained by George E. Beyer, April 3, 
1896, was sent to the United States National Museum. A. M. 
Bailey took several at Chenier au Tigre, January 2, 1934, 
March 10, 1931, May 23 and 25, 1930; Wharton Huber 
others at Chenier au Tigre on January 29 and 30, 1928; 
and F. C. Lincoln one at Avery Island on June 28,1919. </p>

<p>Study of a good series of Screech Owls from Louisiana 
seems to show conclusively that the race breeding in this 
State is the Florida Screech Owl, Otus asio floridanus, not 
the typical race, Otus asio asio, from South Carolina, to 
which it has been recently referred. The birds from Lou¬ 
isiana are small and dark, and practically indistinguishable 
from typical Florida birds. Apparently the Eastern Screech 
Owl, Otus asio naevius, does not occur in Louisiana except </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>334 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
perhaps as a rare winter straggler. The Florida race is, 
therefore, the only Screech Owl at present known from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>The family name of this group of owls should be Buboni- 
dae, instead of Strigidae as given in the 1931 edition of the 
American Ornithologists’ Union Check-List; since Bubo is 
the type genus of the family, that is, the genus from the 
name of which the first family name in the group was 
formed. </p>

<p>
GREAT HORNED OWL </p>

<p>Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This, our largest owl, is about two feet in length, with 
an extent of wings sometimes a little over four feet. It 
may be distinguished from the Barred Owl by the two 
very prominent so-called ear tufts, from which its name 
‘Great Horned Owl’ has arisen. It is dark above, mixed 
with brown, black, and grayish, and below it is buff, num¬ 
erously barred with brown and black, and has a conspicuous 
white throat. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the woodlands and of the deep forests, 
so that it is less frequently encountered than some of the 
smaller owls. Its call, by which its presence is usually 
ascertained, is a loud, low-toned ‘who’ several times re¬ 
peated. </p>

<p>This is one of the few destructive owls. Its powerful 
build enables it to kill almost all but the largest mammals 
and birds, and its ordinary food consists of various mam¬ 
mals such as rabbits, skunks, rats, and mice; snakes; 
ducks, and various kinds of small birds such as flickers and 
song birds. It frequently attacks game birds such as the 
Bobwhite, rails, and the Woodcock, and it occasionally 
takes fish and frequently insects. It is also at times des¬ 
tructive to poultry, and individuals of the species that 
acquire a taste for this, persist in it as long as such food 
is available. Like most other owls the indigestible portions 
of its prey are ejected from the mouth in the form of pellets. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Great Horned Owl </p>

<p>
335 </p>

<p>
The Great Horned Owl begins to breed very early in the 
year in most parts of its range, in the far south sometimes 
even in November or December, and its nest is to be found 
in either a hollow of a tree, usually in the deep forest, or 
in the nest of a hawk or crow that has been appropriated 
and repaired for the purpose. There are usually two eggs, 
white, and almost spherical. It takes about four weeks to 
hatch the eggs, and both the parent birds usually take 
part in this. The young remain for a considerable time 
in the nest and are fed lavishly by the parents. At times 
when enemies approach the nest the parent birds will 
viciously attack, and are capable of causing painful injury 
to a human being. This, however, is not always the case and 
the bird often leaves the nest at the approach of anyone, 
and does not return until the coast is clear. </p>

<p>The Great Horned Owl is an uncommon permanent resi¬ 
dent throughout the wooded portions of Louisiana; and has 
been reported north to the northeastern corner of the State, 
Richland Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier Parish; 
west to Caddo Parish and Vinton; south to Chenier au Tigre, 
Avery Island, Raceland, and New Orleans; east to Mande- 
ville, Madisonville, Clinton, Saint Francisville, and East 
Carroll Parish. It breeds from January to March; and 
there is record of young out of the nest on February 18. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister reported in 1904 the occurrence of this 
species in the parishes of Morehouse, West Carroll, East 
Carroll, and Madison; and E. L. Moseley noted it from Rich¬ 
land Parish, April 3, 1923. J. S. Campbell regards it as 
common about Bienville, where it breeds. Specimens are in 
the museum of Tulane University taken at Vinton, January 
20, 1894, and at Raceland, January 8,1890. A specimen in 
the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation 
at New Orleans was collected at New Orleans, but there is 
no indication of date. One obtained at Bienville is also with¬ 
out date. George E. Beyer reported it in 1891 as fairly 
common and breeding at both Clinton and Madisonville; 
and Edward Butler stated that it bred at Saint Francisville 
in 1915. William B. Ward records that on October 1, 1933, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>386 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
he found several Great Horned Owls that had been killed by 
automobiles on the highway between New Orleans and 
Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>
SNOWY OWL </p>

<p>Nyctea nyetea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Snowy Owl is a casual winter visitor in southern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>According to Gustave Kohn a specimen of this owl was 
obtained at Baton Rouge a number of years prior to 1900. 
Another was shot at Bayou Des Allemands during the win¬ 
ter of 1878 to 1879 ;"* and John J. Audubon records"* that 
the species was reported to him as having been shot at the 
mouth of the Red River in Louisiana. There are no other 
records of this bird for the State. </p>

<p>AMERICAN HAWK OWL </p>

<p>Sumia ulula caparoch (Muller) </p>

<p>The American Hawk Owl is an accidental winter visitor 
in southern Louisiana, and there is apparently but one rec¬ 
ord for the State. This is a single specimen taken by Ed¬ 
ward Butler near Bayou Sara, during the winter of 1886.“* </p>

<p>WESTERN BURROWING OWL </p>

<p>Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>A bird of moderate size, some ten inches in length, long- 
legged for an owl, brown above, with white or buff spots, 
and white below with spots and bars of dark brown, this 
owl is distinctive. It is well named 'ground owl’, since it 
remains almost all the time on, in, or near the ground. 
Its name 'Burrowing Owl’ has reference to its breeding 
habits. </p>

<p>It is an inhabitant chiefly of the open country, prairies 
and plains, and is often, for reasons of convenience, asso¬ 
ciated with the prairie dogs, in the deserted burrows of </p>

<p>1Ba Beyer, Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1807-1890 (1000), p. 101. </p>

<p>1Ba Ornith. Biog., Vol. II, 1835, p. 138. </p>

<p>164 Stanley C. Arthur, Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No, 5, January, 1018, p. 51. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Plate 34 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Fjiriiirjjr by R Bruce H an fall (Courtesy ui the National Association of Audubon Sucitncw </p>

<p>THU SHOKT-fARUn OWL 
.Asm ftammiu* fUmuieia (PoiHoppidan ) </p>

<p>B^rut on silent wings. the Short-eared Owl searches the marshes tor its piey. Both owls and 
iuwfcs have suffered persecution at the hands of ignorant hunters. They are. with the excep¬ 
tion of only a very few species, birds highly beneficial to man. </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>
* V’** ' 4 </p>



<p>
a *» v </p>



<p>w&amp;Mm </p>

<p>
*r K 11 </p>





<p>
p ‘ ;V </p>

<p>W-S V </p>

<p>
Digitized by Google </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by CiO </p>

<p>
JN1V </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>ERSIT7 OF MtC </p>









<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
b;sr- Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 36 </p>

<p>
Digitized by Go ale </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Burrowing Owl </p>

<p>
337 </p>

<p>
which it often builds its nest. This association has given 
rise to the ridiculous story that it occupies the same bur¬ 
rows with prairie dogs and rattlesnakes. It is often abroad 
in the daylight, although it spends a great deal of its time 
underground, and, so far as hunting its prey is concerned, 
is mostly a nocturnal bird. It has fairly good powers of 
flight, but it does not usually remain long on the wing, 
except perhaps during migration, and seldom is seen except 
singly or in very small groups. In the daytime it is observed 
commonly sitting quietly at the entrance to its burrow or 
poised on some little eminence, rock, or even fence-post. 
The bird is not shy, and when one approaches, unless too 
close, it watches intently and turns its head to follow a 
passing person, often bowing in a ridiculously perfunctory 
manner. It has a number of rather low notes, one of which 
is similar to that of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo. </p>

<p>It is probably a beneficial species because it lives to a 
considerable extent on such important insects as grass¬ 
hoppers, beetles, crickets, and similar large kinds. Other 
items of its food are mammals, such as small ground squir¬ 
rels, kangaroo and other rats, mice, centipedes, scorpions, 
and probably only occasionally, small birds. A few seeds 
and some fruit are also consumed at times. </p>

<p>The nesting of this bird is one of the most interesting 
features of its life history. It is fond of appropriating 
when available an abandoned burrow of a prairie dog, which 
it readily adapts to its use. Also the holes of ground squir¬ 
rels are made use of and enlarged for the purpose. In fact, 
almost any hole in the ground made by other mammals 
like badgers, foxes, skunks, and even armadillos, is at 
times appropriated. The bird seldom, if ever, digs an entire 
burrow for itself, preferring to enlarge any one that it 
can find unoccupied. This burrow is usually several feet 
in length, sometimes more than ten and rarely ever as 
short as two feet. At times it lines the cavity at the end 
of the burrow with grasses, weed-stalks, feathers, or pieces 
of manure. The eggs are usually seven to ten, white, un¬ 
marked, as are those of other owls. Both birds engage in 
incubation, which occupies about 21 days. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>338 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The Western Burrowing Owl is a rare winter resident, 
from November 24 to April 6, on the prairies of southern 
Louisiana, from Diamond, Grand Isle, and Chenier au Tigre, 
north to Baton Rouge, Jackson, Vinton, and Jacksonville 
(Toomey) in southwestern Calcasieu Parish; and breeds 
accidentally in the southeastern part of the State. </p>

<p>H. L. Ballowe reported this species from Diamond in 
Plaquemines Parish, January 15 and March 1, 1902; and 
A. M. Bailey collected specimens at Chenier au Tigre, March 
6, 1918, and December 9, 1925. The following specimens 
have been examined: Baton Rouge, March 11, 1933, and 
November 11, 1934, collected by George H. Lowery, Jr.; 
Grand Isle, March 29, 1926, E. S. Hopkins, and the latter 
part of March, 1933, by Ambrose Daigre; Jackson, Novem¬ 
ber 24, 1898; Vinton, December 30, 1897; and Jacksonville 
in Calcasieu Parish, January 20, 1899, and February 1, 
1898, collected by George E. Beyer. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., reported that eggs of this owl 
were found near Baton Rouge about April 10, 1935. This 
is the only known instance of the breeding of the species in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is, so far as the writer has been able to determine, 
no authentic record for the Florida Burrowing Owl, Speo- 
tyto cunicularia floridana, for the State of Louisiana. All 
the specimens of Burrowing Owls from Louisiana that he 
has examined in the present connection are clearly referable 
to the western form. </p>

<p>NORTHERN BARRED OWL </p>

<p>Strix varia varia Barton </p>

<p>Only two large owls occur commonly in Louisiana. One 
is the Great Horned Owl, with conspicuous so-called ears, 
which are tufts of feathers that can be raised at will; and 
the Barred Owl, which is of about the same size, but has 
no ear-tufts. Otherwise these two owls are similar, the 
present one almost two feet long, with very conspicuous 
broad, dark brown bars on the white ground of the anterior 
under parts, and posteriorly broadly striped with dark </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern Barred Owl </p>

<p>
339 </p>

<p>
brown; above it is dark brown with bars and spots of white. 
It is sometimes called ‘wood owl’, ‘hoot owl’, ‘rain owl’, 
‘round-headed owl’, or simply ‘owl’. As with many other 
birds, some of these names are of interest as showing the 
characteristics that attract the attention of the observer. </p>

<p>This owl has a rather wide distribution, being found in 
eastern North America as far north as southern Canada 
and Newfoundland, south to the Gulf Coast, and it is largely 
resident wherever found. Two subspecies occur in Loui¬ 
siana; the Northern Barred Owl, which inhabits the north¬ 
ern part of the range of the species, and the Florida Barred 
Owl, which occurs in the Gulf states west to Texas. The 
chief difference that separates these two forms is the lack 
of feathering on the toes in the southern race. </p>

<p>This big owl inhabits chiefly the deep woods and so- 
called swamps, particularly the timbered bottomlands. 
Like most of the owls it is a bird of the twilight and night, 
and is apparently rarely seen in broad daylight. Conse¬ 
quently its habits are much more difficult to study than 
are the habits of birds that are more active during the day. 
It spends most of its time during the daylight hours resting 
in some hollow tree or among the dense foliage. Like most 
of the owls its flight is rather slow and practically noise¬ 
less. It is, however, capable of flying considerable distances 
without rest. </p>

<p>One of the strangest ahd most astonishing character¬ 
istics of this owl is its remarkable vocal performances. Its 
ordinary call is not conspicuously different from that of 
the Great Horned Owl, but consists usually of a greater 
number of notes, and is more varied in character. It, how¬ 
ever, has other notes that are very startling, particularly 
to anyone who is not familiar with this bird. Sometimes 
these loud calls, coming from a swamp or deep woods, 
resemble nothing so much as the ravings or laughter of a 
maniac. </p>

<p>Like most owls this bird moves and hunts singly or at 
most in pairs. By a great many people it is supposed to do 
considerable damage to poultry and game birds, but the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>340 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
evidence derived from the examination of the stomach 
contents, and from observations of its habits, are all to 
the effect that the bird is much more beneficial than detri¬ 
mental. It lives chiefly on mice, rats, and various other 
small mammals, and to some extent on insects, fish, craw¬ 
fishes, and sometimes, apparently when other food is scarce, 
a little on birds and poultry. There are cases of its eating 
Screech Owls, which might be considered a case of “dog 
eat dog”, or, more strictly speaking, of “owl eat owl”. The 
Barred Owl thus is one of the allies of the farmer in keep¬ 
ing down rodent pests. </p>

<p>This owl makes its nest either in the branches of a tall 
tree like a hawk, under which circumstances it is composed 
of sticks, leaves, and grasses, and lined with similar finer 
materials; or in a natural hollow in a tree, where only a 
small amount of nesting material is placed; but in either 
case the nest is ordinarily at a considerable height from 
the ground. The eggs are white, like those of other owls, 
and usually not over three in number, sometimes only one. 
The bird nests early in the year, sometimes even in Feb¬ 
ruary, and the young remain for a considerable time in the 
nest. </p>

<p>The Northern Barred Owl is an accidental winter visitor 
to southern and northern Louisiana. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., reports this form of the Barred Owl as a winter visitor 
to northern Louisiana, but owing to its sedentary habits it 
probably is not more than a straggler to even that part of 
the State. It is not distinguishable in the field from the 
Florida Barred Owl. </p>

<p>The only certain record for the State is a single specimen 
in the museum of Tulane University collected at Lake Sal¬ 
vador, southwest of New Orleans, December 5, 1891, by 
Gustave Kohn. </p>

<p>FLORIDA BARRED OWL </p>

<p>Strix varia georgica Latham 1 *' </p>

<p>The Florida Barred Owl is a fairly common permanent 
resident throughout the wooded portions of Louisiana, re- </p>

<p>urstrij varia alleni of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-Lict. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Barred Owl </p>

<p>
341 </p>

<p>
ported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier 
Parish; west to Caddo Parish and Natchitoches; south to 
Calcasieu Pass, four miles south of Gueydan, 13 miles south 
of Kaplan, Vermilion Bay, Calumet Plantation near Patter¬ 
son, Morgan City, Houma, and Belair; and east to Lake 
Catherine, Mandeville, Madisonville, Clinton, Bains, Eldo¬ 
rado in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. It breeds in January 
and February; and there is record of young out of the nest 
on February 10. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this species common in the vicinity 
of Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 1892; and J. Fairie collected it 
at Prairie Mer Rouge, June 16, 1863. The writer observed 
it at Crichton, June 18, 1933. A specimen in the museum 
of Tulane University was taken at Calcasieu Pass, Decem¬ 
ber 15, 1891; E. R. Kalmbach collected it four miles south 
of Gueydan, July 14,1925; and he also observed the species 
13 miles southeast of Kaplan on September 2 of the same 
year. T. D. Burleigh collected a female at New Orleans, 
August 31,1935; Vernon Bailey discovered pellets from this 
species at a point about eight miles south of Morgan City, 
January 19,1926, and at Bayou Penchant near Morgan City, 
January 22, 1926; and he frequently observed the species 
about Houma from May 4 to May 16, 1892. J. S. Campbell 
regards it as a common resident of Bienville, where it breeds 
in January and February. Ned Hollister listed it from 
Belair between March 25 and April 8, 1904, and Arthur 
Svihla found pellets at Lake Catherine, February 20, 1926. 
George E. Beyer reported it breeding in 1891 at both Madi¬ 
sonville and Clinton; and Edward Butler, at Bains in 1916. 
E. R. Kalmbach noted it east of Tallulah on June 21, 1924; 
and Ned Hollister collected a specimen at Eldorado, Madison 
Parish, February 19,1904. On the Singer Preserve 13 miles 
southwest of Tallulah, the writer observed this species on 
June 16 and June 17,1933; also at Lutcher on June 14,1933. 
Specimens of the Florida Barred Owl in the museum of 
Tulane University from the following localities have been 
examined in the present connection: Lake Salvador, De¬ 
cember 4, 1891; Springfield, December, 1887; and Mande- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>342 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ville, April 12, 1875; and there are also specimens in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans, taken at Marrero, October 15, 1932; and at 
Morgan City, without date. E. S. Hopkins collected it at 
Harvey, September 9, 1924; E. R. Kalmbach at Thibo- 
daux, May 29, 1919; William Carrieo, Jr., at Belle Chasse 
on November 4, 1916; and J. T. Sepulvado at Egan, March 
25, 1937. </p>

<p>All except one of the barred owls from Louisiana exam¬ 
ined belong to the Florida race, Strix varia georgiea, com¬ 
monly known as Strix varia alleni. The name Strix georgiea 
was given by Latham to a bird the description of which 
agrees perfectly with that of the barred owl, and there 
seems to be no reason for not using this name for the south¬ 
ern form of the species, as the basis of Latham’s name was 
a bird from Georgia, where the Florida Barred Owl is the 
prevailing race. This has already been shown. 1 ** </p>

<p>LONG-EARED OWL </p>

<p>Asio otus wilsonianus (Lesson) 187 </p>

<p>The Long-eared Owl is a rare winter visitor in Louisi¬ 
ana, south to Avery Island. </p>

<p>There seem to be available only three definite records of 
this species for the State. A single individual was found 
near Abbeville, June 18, 1904, and recorded by Beyer, Alli¬ 
son, and Kopman. 1 * 8 Two were reported at Paradis, on De¬ 
cember 22, 1931, by J. B. Strabala and Paul A. Stewart.*** 
No other authors who mention its occurrence in Louisiana 
give any specific records. There is, however, a specimen in 
the museum of Tulane University, collected at Avery Island, 
January 26, 1894. </p>

<p>The American Long-eared Owl is undoubtedly but a sub¬ 
species of the European bird, Asio otus, and as such its 
name should be a trinomial, as given above, Asio otus wil- 
sonianus. </p>

<p>“•The Auk, Vol. L, No. 1, January 4, 1933, pp. 106 107. </p>

<p>157 /t*io wilsonianus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>1B8 The Auk, Vol. XXV, No. 4, October 1, 1908, p. 442. </p>

<p>18 *Bird Lore, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, February 2, 1932, p. 70. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Short-eared Owl </p>

<p>
343 </p>

<p>
SHORT&gt;EARED OWL </p>

<p>Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan) </p>

<p>This northern species is an uncommon winter visitor, 
from October to April 3, casually to May 21, in southern 
Louisiana, from Vinton, Rayne, Avery Island, and Buras, 
north to Mandeville, New Orleans, Kenner, Lobdell, and 
Monroe. </p>

<p>There are specimens of this species in the museum of 
Tulane University, collected at Vinton, January 7, 1898; at 
Rayne, January 4,1893; at Mandeville, November 19,1874; 
New Orleans, November 10 and November 23, 1891; and 
Kenner in January, 1888. Also a specimen was taken by 
E. S. Hopkins at Buras, March 4, 1931; and another by 
George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge on April 3, 1933. 
E. G. Wright observed this species at Avery Island, May 21, 
1930, which is a late date for its presence in Louisiana. 
George E. Beyer reported it from New Orleans, March 23, 
1894, November 6 and 11,1893; Andrew Allison saw one at 
Lobdell in West Baton Rouge Parish, March 26, 1903; 
George H. Lowery, Jr., one at Monroe, December 27, 1934; 
and G. L. Tiebout, Jr., one at Holly Beach in Cameron Par¬ 
ish about January 1, 1938. </p>

<p>SAW-WHET OWL </p>

<p>Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The SaW-whet Owl is an accidental winter visitor to 
southeastern Louisiana, of which there is but a single record 
for the State, a specimen shot in December, 1889, near Mad- 
isonville, and later seen by George E. Beyer. 1 " </p>

<p>Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES </p>

<p>Family CAPRIMULGIDAE </p>

<p>CHUCKWILLSWIDOW </p>

<p>Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This bird, the largest of the goatsuckers in the United 
States, is about a foot long, mottled brown above, and deep </p>

<p>1 *°Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 100. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Got 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>344 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
buff below, with streaks and bars of blackish, and a whitish 
band on the throat. It is a nocturnal bird, and spends the 
day mostly hidden in the recesses of thickets or forests. 
It is, therefore, rarely seen except when accidentally 
flushed, and its notes, which, from their resemblance, have 
passed into the name of the bird, are the means of betray¬ 
ing its presence in any locality. Like the Whippoorwill, it 
does not ordinarily ascend high in the trees, but perches 
lengthwise on the limb of a tree, fence-post, or other suit¬ 
able place. Like the owls it has a practically noiseless 
flight, and for these various reasons is a bird not partic¬ 
ularly easy to study. When seen it is almost always single 
or in pairs. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is almost entirely insects, most of 
which it catches on the wing, such as moths, ants, and 
beetles. Sometimes it captures and eats small song birds 
and even hummingbirds, the remains of which have been 
found in its stomach. </p>

<p>It breeds usually in the forests or on brushy slopes, 
building no nest but depositing its eggs on leaves or on the 
ground. There are two eggs, rather oblong, white or cream 
color, blotched and spotted with various shades of brown, 
lavender, and gray. The adults are greatly attached to the 
eggs and young, and protect them in every way possible by 
attempting to draw the attention of any intruder, even to 
the extent of exposing themselves to danger by feigning 
injury. </p>

<p>The Chuckwillswidow is a fairly common summer resi¬ 
dent, from April 1 to late September, throughout most of 
Louisiana, excepting the marsh region of the Gulf Coast 
It has been reported north to Choudrant in Lincoln Parish, 
Bienville, and Caddo Parish; west to Shreveport and Mans¬ 
field; south to Lafayette, Avery Island, Saint Martinville, 
and Grand Isle; and east to Mandeville, Madisonville, Bedi- 
co River, Covington, Clinton, Bains, and Cheneyville. It is 
also a casual winter resident in the coast region of the 
southern part of the State. It breeds chiefly during May 
and June. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Whippoorwill </p>

<p>
345 </p>

<p>
The writer observed this species at Choudrant in Lin¬ 
coln Parish, June 17, 1938; H. H. Kopman reported it from 
Shreveport, April 9,1929; and A. H. Howell saw it at Mans¬ 
field, May 2,1907. R. J. Thompson found it at Lafayette in 
1892, and H. H. Kopman at Saint Martinville along Bayou 
Teche, August 9 to 12, 1917. E. S. Hopkins collected it at 
Mandeville, August 31, 1924; George E. Beyer reported 
it in 1891, not uncommon and as breeding at both Madison- 
ville and Clinton; and Edward Butler, at Bains, in 1916. 
A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was col¬ 
lected on the Bedico River, June 2, 1889. The writer saw 
one at Cheneyville, June 15,1933. J. S. Campbell discovered 
nests at Bienville on May 10, 1932, and May 15, 1933. One 
specimen was obtained by L. Vigi in Evangeline Parish on 
April 10, 1937. </p>

<p>The only winter record is a single bird seen by A. M. 
Bailey at Chenier au Tigre on January 2, 1934. </p>

<p>EASTERN WHIPPOORWILL </p>

<p>Setochalcis vocifera vocifera 141 (Wilson) </p>

<p>This bird is another of the nocturnal inhabitants of the 
woods and thickets. Its name is derived from its call, which 
closely resembles the syllables ‘whippoorwill'. It is thus 
almost always recognized by its call rather than by its 
appearance. It is a brown bird of mottled plumage very 
much like the Chuckwillswidow, the outer tail-feathers with 
a long white spot on the ends, and the throat with a con¬ 
spicuous white band. It is rather smaller than the Chuck¬ 
willswidow, but difficult to distinguish in life on account 
of the usually poor light in which it is observed. In habits 
it is very much like the Chuckwillswidow. </p>

<p>Though it prefers the seclusion of the forests and 
thickets, where it breeds and pursues its prey, it ventures 
not infrequently out into the more open country and even 
into cultivated lands. Sometimes the nightly song is heard 
from a bird perched on a house-top, particularly in the </p>

<p>1§t ArUrc8tomu$ voeiferus voeiferus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>346 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
country, but it does not ordinarily frequent towns or vil¬ 
lages. While it lives in the United States and southern 
Canada in the summer, it is a migratory bird and in the 
winter is found not farther north than the southern United 
States. </p>

<p>It subsists very largely on insects, most of them night- 
flying kinds which are caught on the wing, such as moths 
of various kinds, potato beetles, grasshoppers, ants, June 
bugs, mosquitoes, and gnats. Its very large mouth, furn¬ 
ished with long bristles, makes an ideal insect trap. </p>

<p>This goatsucker breeds in woodlands and thickets, plac¬ 
ing its eggs, without construction of a nest, on dead leaves 
or pine needles, or even in a slight depression on the bare 
ground. The two eggs are rather elliptical in shape, white, 
marked with brown, lilac, and gray. It takes about two and 
one-half weeks to hatch the eggs, which duty is performed 
mostly by the female, but both birds are unusually solicitous 
for their young. </p>

<p>The Eastern Whippoorwill is a fairly common tran¬ 
sient, from March 19 to May 23, and from the middle of Sep¬ 
tember to early November, in most of Louisiana, east to 
New Orleans, Covington, (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.,) Madi- 
sonville, Bedico River, Bains, and Monroe; and west to Cad¬ 
do Parish; also a rare summer resident in the northern part 
of the State, south to near Monroe, and in Caddo and De 
Soto parishes. It is also of casual occurrence in winter in 
southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported it at Covington, April 14 to 16, 
1900; and Robert Butler, at Bains, March 19, 1931, and 
March 26, 1932. A specimen in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity at New Orleans was taken at Madisonville, May 23, 
1886. J. S. Campbell considers it a spring transient in 
Bienville Parish, where it arrives in April. George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., reports it in summer from the D’Arbonne Swamp, 
north of Monroe; and observed it at Baton Rouge on 
October 11, 1936. J. K. Strecker considered it rare in 
summer in Caddo, Bossier, and De Soto parishes. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Nighthawk </p>

<p>
347 </p>

<p>
The only winter records for Louisiana are a specimen in 
the museum of Tulane University, taken by Gustave Kohn 
on the Bedico River, January 6, 1889, and a bird observed 
by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge on February 17, 
1936. </p>

<p>
Family CHORDEILIDAE 1 ** </p>

<p>EASTERN NIGHTHAWK </p>

<p>Chordeiles minor minor (Forster) </p>

<p>The Nighthawk, or ‘bull bat’, as it is commonly called, 
seems to be the victim of ill-chosen and misleading names. 
The bird is neither a hawk nor is it strictly speaking a 
night-flying bird, since, while it is abroad on moonlight 
nights and in the twilight, it flies and hunts at also other 
times of the day. During migration it can be seen in some¬ 
times large loose flocks, particularly in the autumn when it 
moves southward. Its name ‘Nighthawk’ has probably been 
suggested by its powerful though erratic flight. It may 
readily be distinguished in the air by the large white patches 
on its wings and its white or buff throat crescent. Otherwise 
the bird is brown mottled with gray, white, and buff, and 
underneath barred with blackish. It is found in some form 
practically all over North America, but to spend the winter 
it migrates to southern South America, performing this 
long journey each year. </p>

<p>The Nighthawk is more of an open country bird than 
is the Whippoorwill or Chuckwillswidow, and it may be 
found resting on fence-posts, limbs of trees, rocks, or even 
on the ground during the daylight hours. Its characteristic 
note is a rather nasal ‘peenk’ uttered at intervals in the 
course of its flight. The bird also when coursing through 
the air often descends rapidly from a considerable height, 
and suddenly arresting its flight produces a loud, booming 
sound, caused by the concussion of the wings on the air. </p>

<p>Its food is largely or wholly of insects, mostly those 
that are to be taken on the wing. Grasshoppers, mosquitoes, </p>

<p>l ”Suhfamily ChordeUince of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>348 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
moths, gnats, cotton-boll weevils, potato beetles, ants, and 
even fireflies, are among the almost innumerable kinds of 
insects that this bird obtains. The stomach of one Night- 
hawk was found to contain some 500 mosquitoes; another 
1,800 winged ants. </p>

<p>This bird breeds along the edges of woodlands or thick¬ 
ets, but often in open country. The two eggs are laid on 
the bare earth, without any attempt at nest building, some¬ 
times on bare ground, sometimes on gravel, and sometimes 
on a rock or on leaves. The flat gravel roofs of houses in 
cities and towns apparently form a considerable attraction 
for this bird, since not infrequently the eggs are laid in 
such places. The eggs themselves are elliptical, and creamy 
white or grayish, spotted and blotched with various shades 
of brown, lilac, and drab. The female is so protectively 
colored that as she sits on the nest she is safe from most 
enemies. She sits closely and will often not leave until 
almost stepped upon. She is loath even then to leave the 
eggs and often stages a considerable demonstration, at¬ 
tempting by apparent boldness to frighten away any in¬ 
truder. At other times she attempts, by feigning injury, to 
lure away anyone who approaches. The young are helpless 
when they are hatched and are fed regurgitated food for 
a considerable time. </p>

<p>The Eastern Nighthawk has been recorded in Louisiana 
only as an occasional spring transient, although it may very 
well be of regular occurrence in both spring and autumn, 
since it is indistinguishable on the wing from the other 
forms of the nighthawk. </p>

<p>There is but a single record for the State, that of a 
female taken at Colfax in Grant Parish, May 15, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>FLORIDA NIGHTHAWK </p>

<p>Chordeiles minor chapmani Coues </p>

<p>The Florida Nighthawk is a common and generally dis¬ 
tributed summer resident, from March 18 to November 11, 
throughout Louisiana; and has been recorded north to Mer </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Nighthawk </p>

<p>
349 </p>

<p>
Rouge, Monroe, Choudrant, Ruston, Bienville, Bossier Par¬ 
ish, and Caddo Parish; west to Shreveport, Mansfield, Flo- 
rien, Vinton, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south to 
Calcasieu Pass, Vermilion Bay, Patterson, Isle Derniere, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Grand Isle, and Port Eads; 
and east to Diamond, Junior, Bird Island southwest of Bre¬ 
ton Island, Breton Island, Brush Island, Grassy Island, Lake 
Catherine, Pearl River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Coving¬ 
ton, Hammond, Bains, and Tallulah. It is, however, not 
common in summer in northern Louisiana, but is most nu¬ 
merous on the coast prairies. It breeds principally from 
May to June; and there are records of eggs from May 3 to 
June 9. </p>

<p>At Mer Rouge Vernon Bailey found it not uncommon, 
June 2 to June 7, 1892; and the writer saw several at Chou¬ 
drant, June 17, 1933. J. S. Campbell regards it as a com¬ 
mon transient but rare summer bird at Bienville, where he 
discovered young unable to fly on June 5, 1933. He found 
a nest with eggs near Lucky in Bienville Parish on May 25, 
1932. H. H. Kopman reported its arrival at Shreveport, 
April 28, 1929, and April 24,1935; and A. H. Howell saw it 
at Mansfield, May 2, 1907. The writer observed it at 
Florien, June 19, 1933; very common at Vinton, June 20, 
1933; on Isle Derniere, June 22, 1933; and particularly 
numerous on Grand Isle on June 8,1933. A single individual 
struck the light at the South Pass Lightship, off Port Eads, 
May 1, 1903, and the bird was forwarded to the United 
States Biological Survey. H. L. Ballowe reported it from 
Diamond, April 17, 1902; and H. H. Kopman noted it at 
Junior in Plaquemines Parish, August 4 to 5, 1917. The 
writer observed it on Bird Island, southwest of Breton 
Island, June 6, 1933; on Breton Island, June 5, 1933; on 
Grassy Island, June 2, 1933; and on Honey Island in Pearl 
River, June 27, 1933; J. Kittredge reported it at Lake 
Catherine, April 30, 1922; and H. H. Kopman saw it at 
Mandeville, August 18,1917; noted its arrival at Covington, 
April 11,1901, and April 12, 1900, and its departure, Octo¬ 
ber 27, 1899; and reported it from Hammond, April 18, 
1920. Robert Butler finds it breeding at Bains, and has </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>350 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
noted its arrival as early as March 20, 1929. E. R. Kalm- 
bach saw it several times at Tallulah between June 13 and 
July 13, 1924. C. A. Bibbins reported its arrival at Mer- 
mentau, March 18,1886; and W. W. Edwards, its departure 
at Abbeville, November 10,1888. Eggs in the United States 
National Museum were collected at Grand Coteau, June 9, 
1887. Additional records from the writer’s 1933 notebook 
are: New Orleans, June 23; Dulac on Grand Caillou 
Bayou, common, June 22; Estherwood, Midland, Lake 
Charles, and Crowley, June 20, and at the last men¬ 
tioned locality the species was unusually numerous. In¬ 
dividuals were collected by E. G. Wright at Chenier au 
Tigre, May 22 and 27, 1930; and in Cameron Parish, June 
4, 1930. The writer has examined specimens of this bird 
from Grand Isle, May, 1931, June 10 and 12, 1933, and June 
24, 1866; six miles north of Crowley, May 3, 1933; Madi- 
sonville, May 19, 1882; Bedico River in Tangipahoa Par¬ 
ish, May 30, 1889, and August 6 and 8, 1890; a female 
taken with eggs at New Orleans by T. D. Burleigh on May 
3, 1935; a bird from Colfax in Grant Parish, May 15, 1937, 
by George H. Lowery, Jr., and another at Lindsay in East 
Baton Rouge Parish by the same collector on June 5, 1937. </p>

<p>While it is very likely that the Sennett Nighthawk, 
Chordeiles minor sennetti, occasionally occurs as a transient 
in Louisiana, there is at the present time no certain record. </p>

<p>PACIFIC NIGHTHAWK </p>

<p>Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell </p>

<p>* </p>

<p>The Pacific Nighthawk is of casual spring occurrence, 
from May 15 to June 20, in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only definite records for the State are two males, 
taken by George H. Lowery, Jr.; one of these at Grand Isle, 
June 11, 1937, and the other four miles west of Holly Ridge, 
in Cameron Parish, June 20, 1937; and two individuals col¬ 
lected by T. D. Burleigh, at Colfax, in Grant Parish, on 
May 15, 1937. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Chimney Swift 351 </p>

<p>Order MICROPODIFORMES”’ </p>

<p>Family MICROPODIDAE </p>

<p>CHIMNEY SWIFT </p>

<p>Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Chimney Swift, or as it is often called, ‘chimney 
sweep’, or wrongly ‘chimney swallow’, is well-known 
throughout much of the eastern and middle United States. 
This dull brown bird, with long narrow pointed wings, 
looks very much like a cigar on wings, and is of very rapid 
and irregular flight. Its general appearance and movements 
in the air distinguish it easily from the swallows, which it 
otherwise closely resembles. </p>

<p>Although found in the summer as far north as south¬ 
ern Canada, it migrates in the winter chiefly to Mexico 
and Central America. In spring, late summer, and in aut¬ 
umn, in the United States, it gathers into sometimes great 
flocks which resort every night to some favorite resting 
place in a chimney, preferably a large one, either in the 
city or elsewhere, or occasionally in a large hollow tree. 
The bird is seen mostly on the wing and spends consider¬ 
able of its time in this way, but for resting purposes it 
resorts to its nesting chimney or to its roost. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists entirely of insects, most 
of them caught on the wing. They include flies, beetles 
such as the bark beetle, and many other injurious insects. </p>

<p>In former days, before the coming of white men to the 
United States, the Chimney Swift built its nests and roosted 
in hollow trees, but with the advent of civilization it read¬ 
ily adopted the chimneys of houses and other buildings 
for its purpose; so for nesting at the present time it rarely 
ever resorts to any other location. The nest is a peculiar 
structure made of dead twigs obtained by the bird by 
breaking them from trees while the bird is on the wing. 
These are fastened together into a half-basket shaped struc¬ 
ture with saliva secreted by the bird. This same substance 
is used to glue the nest to the side of the chimney. The eggs </p>

<p>11,3 Incorrectly spoiled Micropodiiformes in the 1931 A. O. T\ Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>352 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
are usually four or five, pure white, and very thin shelled. 
It takes about three weeks or less to hatch the eggs, and 
this duty is shared by both birds. Not infrequently mis¬ 
fortune overtakes the young in the nest, since when they 
become well grown, if the saliva that fastens the nest to the 
wall becomes softened, the nest falls to the bottom of the 
chimney, and in some cases the young perish as a conse¬ 
quence. </p>

<p>The Chimney Swift is a common summer resident, from 
March 15 to November 8, over practically all of Louisiana. 
It is reported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and 
Caddo Lake; west to Gayle, Frierson, Shreveport, Mans¬ 
field, Logansport, Natchitoches, Rosepine, and Vinton; 
south to Lake Charles, Iowa (La.), Midland, Gueydan, Kap¬ 
lan, New Iberia, Avery Island, Vermilion Bay, Patterson, 
Houma, Bayou La Fourche, and Grand Isle; and east to 
Savoie, Junior, Phoenix, Carlisle, near Chef Menteur, Pearl 
River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, Folsom in Saint 
Tammany Parish, Amite, Bains, Trout, Singer Preserve on 
the Tensas River 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, and Tallu¬ 
lah. It is also at least an occasional winter resident in the 
southern part of the state. It breeds from May to August. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey reported it common at Mer Rouge, June 
2 to 7,1892, and there are eggs in the United States National 
Museum collected by J. Fairie in 1853 on Prairie Mer Rouge 
J. S. Campbell considers it a very common summer resident 
at Bienville, where it breeds regularly. The writer observed 
it at Caddo Lake and Shreveport, June 18, 1933; while A. 
H. Howell found it common at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 
1907, and at Logansport, August 25 to 27,1906. The writer 
met with it at Natchitoches and Rosepine, June 19, 1933; at 
Vinton, Lake Charles, and Midland, June 20, 1933. E. R. 
Kalmbach observed it at Gueydan, May 3 and 17, 1925, and 
July 4, 1925, and at Kaplan, July 2, 1925. H. H. Kopman 
found it at Oaklawn (near Lacombe in Saint Tammany Par¬ 
ish) August 17, 1917; and on Bayou La Fourche, August 24 
of the same year. The writer noted it at Houma on June 22 
and 23, 1933; Winston E. Nolan took a specimen at Grand 
Isle, May 9, 1933; and E. G. Wright, one at Avery Island, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ruby-throated. Hummingbird </p>

<p>
353 </p>

<p>
May 21, 1930. H. H. Kopman reported it at Savoie, April 
14,1918; at Junior, August 4 and 6,1917; at Phoenix, April 
9 and 10, 1918; and at Carlisle, October 4 and 5,1917. The 
writer observed it near Chef Menteur and at Pearl River, 
June 27, 1933. H. H. Kopman reported it at Mandeville, 
August 18, 1917; at Covington, March 25, 1901; and at Fol¬ 
som, March 16, 1923. At Baton Rouge, George H. Lowery, 
Jr., noticed it first in 1934 on February 26, though it 
usually does not appear there until about March 19. In the 
autumn of 1933 he saw about 5000 individuals that were 
roosting in chimneys of the Louisiana State University, 
where they remained until November 8. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans were taken at Madisonville, July 18, 1888; Amite, 
May 31, 1888; Bedico River, August 17, 1890; and New Or¬ 
leans, July 12, 1900. Edward Butler reported its arrival at 
Bains, March 31, 1922; and the writer noted it at Trout, 
June 16, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach found it common at Tallu¬ 
lah from June 13 to July 13, 1924. </p>

<p>Of particular interest is that the keeper of the South¬ 
west Reef Lighthouse, at the mouth of Atchafalaya Bay, re¬ 
ported it on February 2 and 10, 1902, also on another occa¬ 
sion as early as February 1, and probably these dates, to¬ 
gether with the early Baton Rouge date of February 26, 
represent winter records, as this species is not known as 
an early migrant. Furthermore, George H. Lowery, Jr., 
says that two Chimney Swifts spent the winter of 1937 to 
1938 on the campus of the Louisiana State University, 
roosting regularly in one of the chimneys; and he saw 
them frequently during this period. The normal arrival 
dates for the southern United States are not earlier than 
the middle of March. </p>

<p>Family TROCHILIDAE </p>

<p>RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD </p>

<p>Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Hummingbirds are among the most remarkable and 
interesting birds in the entire world. The only one that </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>354 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
occurs commonly in Louisiana is the Ruby-throated Hum¬ 
mingbird. Besides being our smallest bird it has the remark¬ 
able rapid humming flight that has given the bird its name. 
The wings beat so fast that they appear as a blur, but 
this rapidity enables the bird to have remarkable con¬ 
trol over its movements. It is not only very fast on the 
wing in direct flight, but it can poise with the utmost ease, 
and even fly backwards. The bird itself is metallic green 
above, white below, with, in the male, a beautiful patch 
of metallic ruby red on the throat. Its wings are long and 
slender and its bill is long and pointed like a needle. </p>

<p>It lives in all kinds of woodlands, but it probably pre¬ 
fers more open, even cultivated lands, and it is frequently 
seen in the gardens of cities and towns. Sometimes it 
gathers in numbers about a favorite flowering tree, and 
the movements of the bird under such circumstances are a 
delight to watch. In fact the bird is always interesting. 
Its voice is a very faint twitter, sometimes in anger raised 
to greater volume, but nevertheless characteristic. </p>

<p>While the food of this bird is supposed to be chiefly 
the nectar of flowers, the flowers have an attraction be¬ 
cause of the fact that so many insects, which are the main 
food of this bird, are attracted thereto. Flying from flower 
to flower the bird picks from the interior of each the in¬ 
sects that it seeks, and at times takes accidentally or pur¬ 
posely some of the nectar. </p>

<p>The nest is a beautiful structure, resembling more than 
anything else a knot on a branch, and is usually placed on 
a sloping or level branch of a tree or tall shrub. It is com¬ 
posed of plant down, bits of other fine vegetable materials, 
such as bark and grass, lined with fine plant down, and 
covered on the outside with pieces of lichens, which make 
the nest look like practically a part of the branch on which 
it is built. Two pure white eggs about the size of small 
beans are laid. The period of incubation is about two weeks 
and is performed chiefly by the female, at least during the 
daytime. The young are helpless and remain for a long time 
in the nest, during most of which period they are fed by the </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ruby-throated Hummingbird </p>

<p>
355 </p>

<p>
adult bird by regurgitation. Attentive care is afforded by 
the parent bird during the nest life of the young. At 
times the adult is considerably exercised over the presence 
of an enemy near the nest, and will do its best to guard its 
offspring. </p>

<p>The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is a fairly common 
summer resident, from March 3 to November 12, in nearly 
all of Louisiana except the coastal marshes, though rare in 
summer in the southern part of the State. It has been re¬ 
ported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier 
Parish; west to Caddo Lake and Mansfield; south to Saint 
Martinville, Baldwin, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, 
Morgan City, and Houma; and east to New Orleans, Pearl 
River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hammond, Clinton, Bains, 
Thomastown, Singer Preserve on the Tensas River 13 miles 
southwest of Tallulah in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. It 
is also a transient in the coast region of Louisiana, south of 
its breeding range. It has long been reported as occurring 
in Louisiana during the winter, but we have been able to 
find only two definite records of its occurrence at this sea¬ 
son, and both of these are recent. It breeds chiefly in May; 
and there are records of eggs from May 5 to May 8. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey reported the species at Mer Rouge, June 
2,1892; H. H. Kopman noted it common at Monroe, May 12, 
1929; the writer observed it at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; 
and A. H. Howell noticed it at Mansfield between April 
26 and May 3, 1907. J. S. Campbell considers it a regular 
summer resident at Bienville, where he found nests on May 
5, 1932, and May 8, 1933, the incubation period in both 
cases being 14 days. At Saint Martinville H. H. Kopman re¬ 
ported it several times between August 9 and 12, 1917; and 
at Baldwin Mrs. G. L. Baldwin reported it breeding in 1915. 
Vernon Bailey found it at Houma, May 4 to 16, 1892; and 
George E. Beyer reported it as common and breeding about 
1891 at New Orleans, Madisonville, and Clinton. H. H. 
Kopman found it at Mandeville, August 18, 1917; at Ham¬ 
mond, April 25, 1920; and at Thomastown in Madison Par¬ 
ish, very common from July 13 to 28, 1896. Edward But- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>356 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ler reported it breeding at Bains in 1916 and 1919. E. R. 
Kalmbach noted it at a point near Tallulah, June 13 to July 
13, 1924; and the writer observed it on the Singer Preserve 
along the Tensas River, June 17, 1933; also at Pearl River, 
June 27,1933. George H. Lowery, Jr., chronicled its arrival 
at Baton Rouge, March 11, 1933, and March 17, 1934. </p>

<p>A nest taken at New Orleans, July 2, 1895, is in the 
museum of Tulane University; and the species was collected 
at New Orleans, March 28, 1896, by H. H. Kopman. A 
specimen sent to the United States National Museum was 
taken by Andrew Allison in Jefferson Parish, June 25,1897; 
there is a specimen in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans, taken by E. S. Hop¬ 
kins at Grand Isle, April 5, 1931; and another by Ambrose 
Daigre, April 23, 1936. One in the Biological Survey was 
obtained by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on June 28,1935. 
A single bird struck the South Pass Lightship near Port 
Eads, on April 10,1902; and the species was collected by H. 
W. Henshaw at The Rigolets, April 5, 1870. The writer 
observed the species at Lottie, June 15, 1933; and Ned 
Hollister noted it at Belair, April 7 and 8, 1904. Birds seen 
by E. R. Kalmbach at Crowley, April 25, 1925, at Gueydan, 
April 29, 1925, and a single bird at the Cameron Farm 14 
miles south of Vinton on May 14, 1919, may have been only 
transients; as also may have been the birds that were 
abundant at Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9,1899, where they were 
observed by Vernon Bailey. </p>

<p>The only definite winter records for the State are single 
birds seen by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Monroe, December 
10, 1934, and December 8, 1935. </p>

<p>RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD </p>

<p>Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This hummingbird is of only casual occurrence in the 
winter in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The first record for the State is a single immature male 
obtained by George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge on Feb- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Belted Kingfisher </p>

<p>
357 </p>

<p>
ruary 6, 1934. This bird had flown into the Louisiana State 
Capitol senate chamber, where it was caught by W. E. 
Anderson. The only other occurrence is a specimen col¬ 
lected by Mr. Lowery at Baton Rouge (University) on Janu¬ 
ary 19, 1938. These represent two of the five known oc¬ 
currences of this bird east of the Mississippi River, the 
others being in South Carolina and Florida. </p>

<p>Order CORACIIFORMES 
Family ALCEDINIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER </p>

<p>Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The present bird is well named, for it is preeminently 
a fisher. By the French it is called ‘martin pecheur', but by 
others usually just ‘kingfisher'. It is about a foot long, 
bluish gray above, with a conspicuous crest, a long bill, 
white under parts, and with one or two dark bands across 
the breast. </p>

<p>It haunts the streams, lakes, ponds, and the inlets of 
coast and interior, wherever it is able to find a suitable ex¬ 
panse of water, and wherever it is likely to find the food on 
which it lives. It flies rapidly and with intermittent beats 
of the wings, which make it easily identifiable. It is rarely, 
if ever, seen in flocks, but singly and in pairs it patrols 
the streams, where its rattling call is distinctive. </p>

<p>It hunts its food, either by perching on a tree or bush 
overlooking the water, or by beating back and forth above 
the surface, keeping a sharp lookout for fishes beneath, 
which form a large part of its food. When the fish is 
spied the bird poises on rapidly beating wings and sud¬ 
denly darts down to the surface of the water, plunges in, 
catches the fish in its bill and bears it away either to a 
suitable perch for a repast for itself or to its young. A 
fish which is small enough the bird can easily swallow by 
taking care always that the fish starts down the throat head 
first. As with a great many other birds the indigestible 
parts of the fishes are disgorged in the form of pellets. In </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>358 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
addition to fishes this bird eats various kinds of crusta¬ 
ceans, together with large insects such as grasshoppers, 
crickets, and beetles, as well as such other animals as 
lizards, and frogs, and even mice. </p>

<p>The breeding of this bird is one of the most interesting 
features of its life history. Seeking a bank, either nat¬ 
ural or artificial, where it is not likely to be disturbed, 
the bird digs a tunnel which ordinarily is three or four 
feet in length, but sometimes as long as 12 feet, nearly 
level, and at right angles with the face of the bank, but 
on a slight upward incline, so that in case the nest should 
be flooded it would drain out again. At the end there is 
a chamber some 12 to 15 inches wide and a little higher 
than the diameter of the burrow, which is usually large 
enough easily to admit the bird. In this chamber the 
eggs are laid and the young reared on a bed of a few fish 
bones and scales, which usually make up the nest, although 
sometimes leaves, grasses, and weed-stalks are used. The 
usually five to eight eggs are pure white and glossy. It 
takes about two and one-half weeks to hatch the eggs; the 
young are at first helpless and therefore remain in the nest 
for a considerable time. </p>

<p>The Eastern Belted Kingfisher is a fairly common 
permanent resident over practically all of Louisiana; but 
in the southern part of the State it is much more numerous 
in winter than in summer. It has been reported north to 
Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer 
Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier Parish; west to 
Caddo Parish, Mansfield, Natchitoches, and Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish; south to Calcasieu Lake, Grand Chenier, 
Chenier au Tigre, Little Wax Bayou, Avoca Island, Lake 
Barre, Lake Felicity, Grand Isle, the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Johnson Pass, 
Codro Pass, and Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
Junior, Belair, Lake Catherine, Mandeville, Amite, Clinton, 
Bains, Jena, and Tallulah. It breeds from March to May; 
and there is a record of eggs taken on April 16. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Belted Kingfisher </p>

<p>
359 </p>

<p>
Ned Hollister reported it common in Morehouse, West 
Carroll, East Carroll, and Madison parishes, February 11 
to March 20, 1904; and Vernon Bailey noted it at Mer 
Rouge, June 7, 1892. A specimen from Prairie Mer Rouge, 
taken in 1853, was sent thence to the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution by J. Fairie. J. S. Campbell regards it as a common 
permanent resident in Bienville Parish. A. H. Howell saw 
it at Mansfield between April 26 and May 3, 1907; and the 
writer found it at Natchitoches, June 19, 1933. S. H. Camp¬ 
bell noted it common at Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish 
on December 23, 1934. The writer observed it on Black 
Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 27, 1928; on Calcasieu 
Lake, December 30 and 31, 1932; at Grand Chenier, Decem¬ 
ber 30, 1932; on the lower Vermilion River, January 22, 
1928, and common in the same locality, January 30, 1932; 
on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 
1928; Little Wax Bayou, January 28, 1932; Avoca Island, 
January 28, 1932; Lake Barre and Lake Felicity, December 
23, 1932; in the Mississippi River Delta at the Delta Duck 
Club on Octave Pass, January 19, 1928, and January 21, 
1932; on Johnson Pass, December 17, 1932; Codro Pass, De¬ 
cember 18, 1932; Pass a Loutre, December 17, 1932; and at 
Chateau Canard on Main Pass, December 19, 1932. H. H. 
Kopman noted it at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; and Ned 
Hollister, at Belair, March 25 to April 8, 1904. George E. 
Beyer reported it as breeding at Clinton and Madisonville 
about 1891; and H. H. Kopman from Amite as observed on 
March 27, 1918. Robert Butler found it resident and breed¬ 
ing at Bains in 1930; the writer observed it at Jena, June 
16, 1933; and E. R. Kalmbach noted it at Tallulah several 
times between June 13 and July 13, 1924. Ambrose Daigre 
reported it from Grand Isle on April 30, 1936. Specimens 
in the museum of Tulane University were taken at New Or¬ 
leans, August 12, 1864; on Deer Range Plantation in 
Plaquemines Parish, in December, 1862, on October 10, 
1863, and February 1, 1863. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSSTY OF MICH! </p>



<p>360 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Order PICIFORMES </p>

<p>Family PICIDAE </p>

<p>SOUTHERN FLICKER </p>

<p>Colaptes auratus auratus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Among all the forest wild inhabitants the woodpeckers 
are among the most desirable from man’s point of view, 
since most of the species are decidedly beneficial by reason 
of their destruction of injurious forest insects. </p>

<p>There is perhaps no North American bird that has so 
many English names as the subject of the present sketch. 
The number known is now well over one hundred. Among 
the commonest of these are ‘flicker’, ‘yellow-shafted flick¬ 
er’, ‘highhole’, yellow hammer’, ‘golden-winged woodpeck¬ 
er’, ‘yarrup’, and ‘clape’. It is one of our largest wood¬ 
peckers, and readily distinguished by its somewhat curved 
bill, white rump, light colored lower parts with round 
black spots, and a large black breast patch, together with 
the yellow shafts of its wings and tail-feathers, which show 
well in flight. </p>

<p>It lives not only in the forests but also in the more 
open country and in cultivated areas. In fact, it is likely 
to be found almost anywhere, even in the streets of towns. 
While it is a tree-loving bird, it, more than almost any other 
woodpecker, regularly alights on the ground, usually for 
the purpose of feeding, and, unlike most woodpeckers, it 
frequently perches crosswise on a branch. At certain times 
during migration it may be found in flocks of loose com¬ 
panies of considerable size, sometimes alone, sometimes 
accompanied by other birds. Its flight is strong and pow¬ 
erful, and capable of being long sustained, and, like so 
many of the woodpeckers, it is distinctly undulating. It 
has a number of loud calls, which have been variously rep¬ 
resented by words. Perhaps one of those most frequently 
heard in the spring sounds something like ‘wickah, wickah’, 
or simply ‘wick, wick, wick, wick.’ </p>

<p>The food of the Flicker is rather varied. The bird eats 
a great many ants, which it obtains by perching on the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Flicker </p>

<p>
361 </p>

<p>
ground close to an ant hole and picking up the ants as they 
appear. As many as 5,000 ants have been found in the 
stomach of a single bird. In addition it consumes a great 
many grasshoppers, crickets, bugs, beetles, spiders, crus¬ 
taceans, and myriapods; at times considerable vegetable 
matter consisting of wild fruits, such as wild cherries, and 
poison ivy, but rarely ever any cultivated fruit; some weed 
seeds, corn, and a little inner bark of trees. One of its 
services to man is at times its destruction of the European 
corn borer. </p>

<p>This bird breeds in orchards, woodlands, or in various 
shade trees, digging a hole for itself in a tree or post, or 
using part of a building or any other suitable place, even 
once in a while a nest-box put up for the purpose, and occa¬ 
sionally a cavity in a bank or cliff. When the nest is hol¬ 
lowed out in a tree it is usually from several inches to some¬ 
times two feet deep. The eggs are laid in the bottom of the 
cavity, with little attempt at a nest except for a few fine 
chips of wood. The eggs are pure white, unmarked, and 
very glossy, and are usually five to nine in number, some¬ 
times many more, and if an egg each day be removed from 
the nest as the bird is laying she will sometimes continue 
until a large number of eggs have been produced. The 
parents incubate for about two weeks, and the young are 
fed by both the parents on regurgitated predigested food 
for a considerable time of their life in the nest, where the 
young remain until they are nearly able to fly. </p>

<p>The Southern Flicker is a permanent resident, rare in 
summer, fairly common at other seasons, throughout Lou¬ 
isiana. It has been reported north to Lake Providence, West 
Carroll Parish, Prairie Mer Rouge, Monroe, and Caddo 
Lake; west to Cross Lake near Shreveport, Gayle, Frier¬ 
son, Logansport, Natchitoches, Fort Jesup, Anacoco, Gillis, 
Lake Charles, Vinton, Black Bayou in western Cameron Par¬ 
ish, and Calcasieu Lake; south to Cameron, Grand Chenier, 
Avery Island, the lower Vermilion River, Chenier au Tigre, 
Pilot Town, and Dead Woman Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>362 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Junior, Belair, New Orleans, Bayou Loutre in Saint Ber¬ 
nard Parish, Slidell, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, 
Franklinton, Hackley, Clinton, Bains, Richland Parish, and 
the Singer Preserve southwest of Tallulah. It breeds chief¬ 
ly during May and June. </p>

<p>The southern race of the Flicker is evidently the breed¬ 
ing bird of all Louisiana, since specimens have been exam¬ 
ined in the present connection from Jefferson Parish, Feb¬ 
ruary 17, 1932; New Orleans, February 12, 1933; Hackley, 
February 24,1912; Mandeville, spring of 1878, and autumn, 
no date; Madisonville, February 16,1886; Franklinton, May 
28, 1888; Lewisburg, October 8, 1874; Abbeville, December 
12, 1932; New Orleans, August 10, 1936; and Logansport, 
August 27, 1906. Since the Northern Flicker is not dis¬ 
tinguishable in the field from the southern bird, it may be 
that those of the autumn and winter records of the Flicker 
below given as belonging to the southern race are wholly or 
in part referable to the Northern Flicker. From present 
data it is not now possible to determine which form of the 
Flicker is more common in winter in Louisiana, so this de¬ 
termination must rest on further collecting of specimens. </p>

<p>The writer observed the Southern Flicker at Caddo Lake 
and Cross Lake, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, Fort 
Jesup, Anacoco, Longville, Gillis, and Lake Charles, June 
19, 1933; and at Vinton, June 20, 1933. Flickers, probably 
of this form, were seen by the writer at Calcasieu Lake, 
December 30 and 31, 1932; by W. L. McAtee at Cameron, 
December 1, 1910; by the writer at Grand Chenier, Decem¬ 
ber 31, 1932; and at Avery Island, December 28, 1932. He 
also observed it at the last mentioned locality on June 21, 
1933. Eggs collected at Avery Island are in the museum of 
Tulane University. The writer found flickers on the lower 
Vermilion River, January 22,1928; on the Mississippi River 
near the Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve, January 23,1932; 
on Dead Woman Pass, Mississippi River Delta, December 
18, 1932; and at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, Janu¬ 
ary 19, 1928. He observed this species also at Pilot Town 
and on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, June 7, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern Flicker </p>

<p>
363 </p>

<p>
1933. H. H. Kopman noticed it at Junior, August 4 and 5, 
1917; and Ned Hollister, at Belair, March 25 to April 8, 
1904. A. H. Howell recorded it from Slidell, October 28 to 
November 1, 1908; from Covington, November 2 to 3, 1908; 
and H. H. Kopman, from Mandeville, August 18, 1917. 
George E. Beyer reported it breeding at Clinton about 1901; 
and Edward Butler as breeding at Bains in 1916 and 1919. 
E. L. Mosejey found it in Richland Parish, March 31, 1923; 
and the writer observed it on the Singer Preserve on the 
Tensas River 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, June 17, 1933. 
E. R. Kalmbach discovered one individual on the Cameron 
Farm 14 miles south of Vinton on May 30, 1919; Ver¬ 
non Bailey reported it fairly common, and noticed a pair 
digging a nest hole on April 8, 1899, at Iowa (La.). The 
writer also noted the Southern Flicker on Little Barataria 
Bayou, June 10, 1933; and at Welsh, June 20, 1933. </p>

<p>NORTHERN FLICKER </p>

<p>Colaptes auratus luteu$ Bangs </p>

<p>The Northern Flicker is a winter resident, from October 
14 to May 23, at least fairly common in probably all of Lou¬ 
isiana, but authentically reported only north to Monroe; 
west to Mansfield, Natchitoches, and Many; south to Lewis- 
burg and New Orleans; and east to Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, and Covington. </p>

<p>Since the well-known Northern Flicker is not identifiable 
in the field from the Southern Flicker, it is probably of more 
frequent occurrence than the records of specimens examined 
in the present connection would indicate. The first certain 
record of this subspecies from the State was a bird banded 
in the State of Iowa, and taken by J. E. Ross at Many, La., 
December 25, 1905."" The writer has seen specimens from 
Belcher, February 6, 1908, A. H. Howell; Mansfield, April 
27, 1907, A. H. Howell; Lecompte, January 14 and February 
10, 1908, A. H. Howell; also Lewisburg, October 14, 1874, 
Mandeville, October 16, 1876, Madisonville, February 16, 
1886, and Covington, May 23, 1888, in the museum of </p>

<p>l * 4 Taverner, Wilson Bulletin, V«l. XVTII, No. 1 March, 1000, p. 21 . </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
364 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Tulane University; New Orleans, January 1, 1933, in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans; and Chenier au Tigre, January 5, 1934, A. 
M. Bailey. There is also a specimen in the latter museum 
taken in Louisiana without further indication of locality or 
date. In addition to this, the three or four individuals seen 
at Natchitoches by A. H. Howell between January 16 and 
21, 1908, probably belong to this northern race. • George H. 
Lowery, Jr., reported on February 23, 1931, at Monroe, a 
flight of birds which doubtless were of this subspecies, al¬ 
though he took no specimens. </p>

<p>BOREAL FLICKER </p>

<p>Colaptes auratus borealis Ridgway </p>

<p>The Boreal Flicker is a rare, possibly only casual, winter 
resident in Louisiana, recorded only in December in the 
southern part of the State. </p>

<p>The only record for the State up to the present time is a 
single female collected by Thomas D. Burleigh at New Or¬ 
leans on December 21, 1935. This race, however, may be 
more common in the State than the few records indicate, 
since it can be identified only from specimens. </p>

<p>The Boreal Flicker was described by Robert Ridgway, 1 *' 
from Alaska. It differs from the Northern Flicker, Colaptes 
auratus luteus, in its larger size, which is most evident in 
the wing. Measurements of males of this form, taken by Mr. 
Ridgway, are as follows: wing, 156-170 (average, 162.9) 
mm.; tail, 102.5-115 (107); exposed culmen, 34.5-40 </p>

<p>(36.4) ; tarsus, 27-31.5 (29). The females are approximate¬ 
ly of the same size. Average measurements of Colaptes au¬ 
ratus luteus (males) are as follows: Wing, 156.3 mm.; tail, 
105.9; exposed culmen, 34.6; tarsus, 28.1. This northern 
race breeds in northern North America from northern Que¬ 
bec (Ungava), Mackenzie, and Alaska, south to Alberta, 
Saskatchewan, and Labrador, in winter occurring as far 
south as California, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. </p>

<p>jor.Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Yol. XXIV, February 24, 1911, p. 31. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Pileated Woodpecker </p>

<p>
365 </p>

<p>
SOUTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Phloeotomus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus) 1# * </p>

<p>Except for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, the Pileated 
Woodpecker is our largest bird of this family. In one of 
its forms it occurs throughout a considerable part of North 
America from Florida to Canada. It has a number of dif¬ 
ferent names, such as ‘woodcock’, ‘logcock’, ‘cock of the 
woods’, and even ‘woodchuck’. It is about 18 inches in 
length, mostly dark slate color, which looks black at a little 
distance, with a broad white stripe down the sides of the 
neck, a bright red crest, and white patches in the wings. </p>

<p>It is distinctly a bird of the heavy forests, and while 
occasionally it is found in the more open areas, it is then 
ordinarily but passing from one woodland to another. Its 
flight is less undulating than that of many woodpeckers, 
and not remotely resembles that of the Crow. It is, how¬ 
ever, rather strong on the wing, and is capable of sustained 
flight. It is ordinarily a shy bird with a voice very much 
resembling that of the Flicker but louder. </p>

<p>With its powerful build it is able to obtain without 
difficulty the burrowing larvae that infest the forest trees, 
and these insects, together with various beetles, ants, and 
other similar insects, form a substantial part of its food. 
In addition to these it lives to a considerable extent on wild 
fruits, such as that of the dogwood, pokeweed, service 
bush, and on wild grapes, acorns, chestnuts, and beechnuts. </p>

<p>This bird breeds ordinarily in various kinds of heavy 
forests, sometimes in smaller timber. The nest is excavated 
by the birds, usually in a trunk of a tree or stub, sometimes 
at a considerable height from the ground. The cavity is 
in some instances nearly three feet deep, and the en¬ 
trance is a hole some three or four inches wide. The only 
nesting material consists of fine pieces of wood that have 
resulted from the nest building operations of the bird. The 
eggs are white, usually about four or five in number, and 
are hatched in about two and one-half weeks. </p>

<p>™*Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>366 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
This large, though far from conspicuous, bird, because 
so retiring, is a very interesting inhabitant of the forest 
lands of Louisiana. Owing to the fact that by the destruc¬ 
tion of the forests the bird is likely to disappear, it is well 
worth while for the sake of the preservation of such an 
interesting inhabitant of the State that care be taken to 
save areas of forests that are suitable for its home. </p>

<p>The Southern Pileated Woodpecker is locally a fairly 
common permanent resident in the heavy forests of most of 
Louisiana, though rare over much of the State and not re¬ 
corded in the southwestern section. It has been reported 
north to Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Prairie Mer 
Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Bossier Parish; west 
to Caddo Parish, and the lower Vermilion River in Vermil¬ 
ion Parish; south to the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Ver¬ 
milion Bay, Avery Island, Saint Martinville, Houma, Bayou 
Des Allemands, and New Orleans; and east to the Pearl 
River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Clinton, Franklinton, Saint 
Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, and Tallulah. </p>

<p>All the specimens examined in the present connection 
from Louisiana belong to the southern race, and there is no 
certain record of the northern bird from the State. The 
writer has seen specimens from Lewisburg, October 14, 
1874; Marrero, near New Orleans, no date; New Orleans, 
February 10, 1894; Frellsen, February 2, 1890; Mandeville, 
February 26,1874, and January 25, 1894; Franklinton, May 
26, 1888; and Tallulah, February 20, 1904. In addition 
there were specimens sent to the Smithsonian Institution, 
collected in 1863 at Prairie Mer Rouge by J. Fairie, and in 
Jefferson Parish, January 12, 1899, by J. Smiley. A single 
bird was taken by A. M. Bailey at Melville on January 1, 
1918. The writer observed this species on the lower part of 
the Vermilion River in Vermilion Parish, January 22, 1928; 
and on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary on the same date. 
J. W. Trahan reported it from Vermilion Bay, April 26, 
1919; H. H. Kopman from Bayou Martin, near Saint Mar¬ 
tinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; from Bayou Des Allemands, 
between June 19 and 21,1917; also from Mandeville, August </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-bellied Woodpecker </p>

<p>
367 </p>

<p>
18, 1917. George E. Beyer noted it as breeding at Madison- 
ville and Clinton about 1891; and H. Wurzlow, from Houma 
about the same time. Robert Butler said that it bred at 
Bains in 1930; and H. H. Kopman observed it at Simmes- 
port, August 31 to September 2, 1917. J. S. Campbell con¬ 
siders it a fairly common resident of the heavily wooded 
areas of Bienville Parish. The writer found it unusually 
numerous, observing 14 in one forenoon, June 17, 1933, on 
the Singer Preserve along the Tensas River 13 miles south¬ 
west of Tallulah; and saw it also at Trout, June 16,1933, as 
well as at Lottie, June 15,1933. One individual was noted by 
the writer along the Pearl River near its mouth, but on the 
Mississippi side, June 27, 1933. Examples were collected 
by A. M. Bailey at Lydia on December 2 and 5, 1925; by 
J. T. Sepulvado at Egan on April 14, 1937; and by Ambrose 
Daigre at Lottie, November 23, 1937 (examined by the 
writer). </p>

<p>
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Centuru8 carolinus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The present unusually handsome member of the wood¬ 
pecker family is a more southern bird than many of our 
woodpeckers, ranging northward only to extreme southern 
Ontario, but occupying most of the eastern United States. 
It is a bird about the size of the Red-headed Woodpecker, 
grayish or buffy white below, with upper parts barred 
with black and white, and a wholly or partly red top of 
the head and back of the neck. </p>

<p>While it is a forest bird, it is found also in the more 
open country, even along highways and in cultivated areas, 
although its chosen resort in some localities is the timber 
along streams. It is rather noisy and its notes are similar 
to those of the Red-headed Woodpecker. </p>

<p>It lives chiefly on insects, such as caterpillars, bugs, 
beetles, ants, grasshoppers, flies, and their larvae, but par¬ 
ticularly in the colder season it feeds to a considerable 
extent on plant seeds, beechnuts, acorns, berries, and other 
kinds of wild fruit, including cherries and apples. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>368 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It makes a hole for its nest in a tree or stub or similar 
place, and the cavity is often about a foot deep. The eggs 
are usually about four, white, without markings. Incuba¬ 
tion lasts about two weeks, and apparently both of the birds 
assist in this. The parents are rather unusually solicitous 
for the nest, whether it contains eggs or young, notwith¬ 
standing the fact that the bird is shy and ordinarily rela¬ 
tively difficult to observe. </p>

<p>The Red-bellied Woodpecker is a fairly common perma¬ 
nent resident in the woodlands of most of Louisiana, re¬ 
ported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll 
Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Foster, and Belcher; west to 
Caddo Parish, Mansfield, Logansport, Natchitoches, and 
Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south to Bayou Queue de 
Tortue north of Gueydan, 12 miles southeast of Kaplan, 
the lower Vermilion River, Vermilion Bay, Avery Island, 
Houma, Bayou La Fourche, and Buras; and east to New 
Orleans, Pearl River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hackley, 
Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, Frog- 
more, Singer Preserve on the Tensas River in Madison Par¬ 
ish, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It breeds from April 
to June; and there is record of eggs on June 10. </p>

<p>At Mer Rouge Vernon Bailey found this species the most 
common woodpecker from June 2 to 7, 1892; and A. H. 
Howell saw it at Foster, January 27 to 31, 1906; at Belcher, 
February 3 to 8, 1908; at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 
1907; at Logansport, August 25 to 27, 1906; and at Natchi¬ 
toches, January 16 to 21, 1908; and J. S. Campbell regards 
it as a common permanent resident of Bienville Parish. 
E. R. Kalmbach reported it common along the Bayou Queue 
de Tortue, north of Gueydan, May 17 and 31, 1925; and at 
a point 12 miles southeast of Kaplan, September 4, 1925. 
The writer found the species on Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish, January 27, 1928; on the lower Vermilion River, 
January 22, 1928; and at Avery Island, December 28, 1932. 
J. W. Trahan saw it at Vermilion Bay, April 26, 1919; and 
Vernon Bailey noted it common at Houma, May 4 to 16, 
1892. H. H. Kopman reported it present on Bayou La </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Red-headed Woodpecker </p>

<p>
369 </p>

<p>
Fourche, August 24, 1917; and Ned Hollister, at Belair, 
March 26 to April 8, 1904. George E. Beyer in 1891 stated 
that it was common and breeding at both New Orleans and 
Clinton. A. H. Howell observed it at Hackley, February 20 
to 24, 1912; and H. H. Kopman, at Simmesport, August 31 
to September 2, 1917. Edward Butler reported its breeding 
at Saint Francisville in June, 1915; and at Bains in May, 
1916. E. R. Kalmbach found it common at Tallulah, June 13 
to July 13, 1924; and Ned Hollister reported it from East 
Carroll and West Carroll parishes, March 6 to 13,1904. The 
writer observed it on Honey Island, near the town of Pearl 
River, June 27, 1933; at Trout and Frogmore, June 16, 
1933; and unusually numerous on the Singer Preserve on 
the Tensas River 13 miles southwest of Tallulah in Madison 
Parish, June 17, 1933. E. G. Wright obtained examples of 
this woodpecker at Avery Island, May 11 and 21, 1930; and 
specimens have been examined in the Biological Survey col¬ 
lection and others in the collection of the museum of Tulane 
University at New Orleans, from Lecompte, January 14, 
1908, A. H. Howell; Rayne, January 22,1889, and December 
14, 1888; Bedico River, August 6 and 18, 1890, May 20 and 
July 16, 1888; Madisonville, April 18, 1886, July 1, 1888, 
and August, 1889. C. L. Hunt collected it at Mandeville 
on February 22, 1918; George K. Cherrie at Buras on 
February 4, 1896; George H. Lowery, Jr., at Carr’s Creek 
in Jackson Parish, April 25 and May 30, 1937; and J. T. 
Sepulvado at Egan on May 9, 1937. </p>

<p>
EASTERN RED-HEADED WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Linnaeus) 1 ®’ </p>

<p>This is one of the most beautiful species of woodpeckers 
in Louisiana. Its red, white, and bluish black plumage 
makes it a conspicuous object. Its head and neck all around 
are bright red, and the back, wings, and tail are metallic 
blackish blue, with large white patches in the wings, and 
the posterior lower parts are white. </p>

<p>Melanerjies erythrocephalus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
370 Bird Life of Louisia?ici </p>

<p>It is an inhabitant of all kinds of country, not only 
the deep forests but also the more open country, and cul¬ 
tivated areas as well. In fact it not infrequently takes up 
its home in the streets and parks of the towns. It is fre¬ 
quently seen along the highways, where it often flies down 
on to the road for purposes of obtaining food, and, owing 
to its rather slow flight, it often is the victim of highway 
accidents. Many of these birds are destroyed in this way. 
It has a number of different calls, among the best known 
of which is a note that has been represented by the syl¬ 
lables ‘ker-r-r-ruc’, often several times repeated. It is 
more of a migratory bird than most of our woodpeckers 
and in the autumn disappears largely from the northern 
part of its range in the United States, although a few indi¬ 
viduals usually remain to brave the winter. </p>

<p>The diet of this bird consists in part of various kinds of 
insects, such as beetles, ants, grasshoppers, and flies, some 
of which it catches on the wing, and others it digs out of the 
wood of the trees. A good part of its food is also made up of 
various kinds of fruits and berries, such as apples, cher¬ 
ries, grapes, mulberries, blackberries, and elderberries. It 
likewise takes some corn, beechnuts, acorns, and small 
grains. A rather unusual item of its food is made up of 
the eggs and young of other birds. It will frequently raid 
the nest of other woodpeckers, swallows, nuthatches, and 
other similar birds. </p>

<p>The nest is excavated in a dead trunk or branch of a 
tree, in a stump or post, or similar place. Its eggs are 
usually four to six, white, but not so glossy as those of the 
Flicker. Both of the parents assist in the incubation, which 
lasts about two weeks. Usually only one brood is reared. </p>

<p>The Red-headed Woodpecker is a common permanent 
resident throughout most of Louisiana, wherever there are 
trees; therefore, in the breeding season it is absent from the 
open marshes of the Gulf Coast district. It has been re¬ 
corded north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, Mer Rouge, Delhi, Holly Ridge, Rayville, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville Parish, and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Red-headed, Woodpecker </p>

<p>
371 </p>

<p>
Cross Lake, Shreveport, Taylortown, Mansfield, Logansport, 
Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Anacoco, Longville, Gil- 
lis, and Vinton; south to Calcasieu Pass, Lake Charles, 
Jennings, New Iberia, Avery Island, Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, Cypremort, Houma, Bayou La Fourche, and New 
Orleans; and east to Mandeville, Madisonville, Bedico River, 
Franklinton, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Simmesport, Frog- 
more, Lake St. John, Waterproof, Newellton, Quimby, 
Thomastown, and Tallulah. It breeds chiefly from May to 
July. </p>

<p>All the specimens of this species examined in the present 
connection belong to the eastern race of the Red-headed 
Woodpecker. It is entirely possible, however, that the west¬ 
ern bird may occur in the State as a rare winter visitor. 
The writer has seen specimens of the eastern bird in the 
museum of Tulane University, from Vinton, December 19, 
1896; Como, Franklin Parish, July 20, 1897; Cypremort, 
June 24, 1895; Mandeville, May, 1886, January 28, 1873, 
and April 11, 1875; Madisonville, May 16 and 17,1888, May 
29, 1886, and July 3, 1888; Bedico River, August 16, 1890; 
Clinton, June 6 and 10, 1888; and Franklinton, May 25, 
1888; and in the Biological Survey from New Orleans, col¬ 
lected by T. D. Burleigh, August 19, 1935. Two specimens, 
now not to be found, were collected by G. Wiirdemann in 
the spring of 1854 at Calcasieu Pass, and sent by him to 
the Smithsonian Institution. An individual of this species 
struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to 
Atchafalaya Bay. October 23, 1908. There are eggs in the 
United States National Museum collected at Grand Coteau, 
June 3, 1887. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this species common and breeding 
at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 1892; H. H. Kopman, very com¬ 
mon at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896; and E. R. Kalm- 
bach, also very common at Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 
1924. S. H. Campbell reported 11 individuals seen at Oak 
Grove on December 23, 1934. A. H. Howell observed it 
abundant at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 1907; and at 
Logansport, August 25 and 27, 1906, where he collected 
specimens on both these dates. A. M. Bailey obtained a </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
372 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
specimen at Chenier au Tigre on March 10, 1931. H. H. 
Kopman noted it at Jennings, January 30 to 31, 1918; at 
New Iberia, May 27 to June 9, 1918; at Bayou La Fourche, 
August 24, 1917; at New Orleans, January 15,1897; and at 
Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. George E. 
Beyer reported it breeding at Clinton in 1891; and Edward 
Butler, at Saint Francisville in 1915. The writer observed 
this species at Delhi, Holly Ridge, and Rayville, June 17, 
1933; at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Shreveport, and Taylor- 
town, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort Jesup, 
Anacoco, Longville, Gillis, and Lake Charles, June 19, 1933; 
at Vinton, June 20, 1933; New Iberia and Avery Island, 
June 21, 1933; the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 
22, 1928; Houma, June 23, 1933; Frogmore, Lake Saint 
John, Waterproof, Newellton, and Quimby, June 16, 1933. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER </p>

<p>Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Southern Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is a rare winter 
visitor in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only records for the State are a single male without 
date in the museum of Tulane University, collected at 
Mandeville; and a female, taken on February 26, 1891, in 
Jefferson Parish. </p>

<p>NORTHERN YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER </p>

<p>Sphyrapicus varius atrothorax (Lesson) </p>

<p>This is a forest bird, living in either deciduous or ever¬ 
green trees, in swamps, also in timber along the rivers, or 
even at times in cultivated areas. </p>

<p>In food habits this bird differs considerably from most 
of the other woodpeckers. It regularly punctures the 
branches and trunks of trees with rows of holes, which 
allow the sap of the tree to run out, sometimes to a con¬ 
siderable extent. On account of this the trees are some¬ 
times seriously damaged. The flowing sap attracts many 
insects, which form part of the food of this bird. It thus 
develops that the bird is a real sapsucker, living not only </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern YeUow-bellied Sapsucker </p>

<p>
373 </p>

<p>
on the inner bark of the trees but on the sap itself, as well 
as on various insects, such as beetles and ants, and their 
larvae, part of which they dig out of the wood, but usually 
they do not dig into the bark as deeply as do the other 
woodpeckers. At times the bird feeds on different kinds 
of berries, such as strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, 
grapes, sorghum, and dogwood, and at times even on acorns, 
nuts, and a little grain. The habit that the bird has of 
puncturing the bark and allowing the sap to escape becomes 
more serious when these operations are extended to or¬ 
chard trees. </p>

<p>It excavates its nest in the dead branch or trunk of a 
tree, occasionally even in living wood, a telegraph pole, or 
similar post. The cavity, enlarged at the bottom as most 
woodpeckers’ homes are, is sometimes as deep as a foot 
and one-half, with the entrance horizontal in the side of 
the trunk or branch, as the case may be, but the cavity 
is nearly always vertical. There are usually five to seven 
eggs, which are pure white, unmarked; and about two 
weeks are required for their incubation. </p>

<p>Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers from the northern United 
States and Canada are decidedly larger than the breeding 
birds of the middle eastern United States, and deserve sub¬ 
specific recognition. Males of the northern race measure: 
wing, 121-128.5 (average, 124.5) mm.; tail, 61.5-77 (69.2); 
exposed culmen, 20-25 (22.4); tarsus 18-21 (19.6); middle 
toe without claw, 15.5-17 (16). </p>

<p>This northern form breeds from southern Quebec and 
central Mackenzie south to central Missouri, New York, 
and New England; and winters from Wisconsin and Massa¬ 
chusetts south to Florida and Louisiana. </p>

<p>Breeding birds from northeastern Ohio and from Penn¬ 
sylvania are intermediate between the northern and south¬ 
ern forms, but apparently average somewhat nearer the 
southern. Measurements of males of the southern race 
average: wing, 120.8 mm.; tail, 70.8; exposed culmen, 21.8. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>374 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The earliest name for the species, Sphyrapicus varius 
(Linnaeus), applies to the southern race. For the northern 
bird there is available Sphyrapicus varius atrothorax. 
(Lesson). 168 The type of this in the Paris Museum has been 
kindly measured by Mr. Jacques Berlioz, and proves to be¬ 
long to the northern form. It came from Newfoundland. </p>

<p>This is the prevailing race in Louisiana, as would be ex¬ 
pected from its range, and all the field observations in this 
State are included under the present form. </p>

<p>The Northern Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is a fairly com¬ 
mon winter resident, from October 8 to April 11 (in south¬ 
ern Mississippi, April 16) , in the wooded portions of Louisi¬ 
ana, but is apparently absent from the marshes of the coast 
of the Gulf of Mexico. It has been reported north to Lake 
Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, 
Bienville • Parish, and Belcher; west to Shreveport, Mans¬ 
field, Natchitoches, and Grand Chenier; south to Grand 
Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
Avery Island, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, Morgan 
City, Grand Isle, and Belair; and east to Marrero near New 
Orleans, New Orleans, Mandeville, Covington, Bedico River, 
Richland Parish, and Tallulah. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies have been examined from 
Marrero, no date; New Orleans, November 24, 1891, De¬ 
cember 1, 1936; and February 12, 1894; Bedico River, Jan¬ 
uary 7, 1890; Covington, November 13, 1889; Ascension 
Parish, December 1, 1916; Grand Isle, April 1, 1931, April 
6 and 24, 1937; Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 1931, Decem¬ 
ber 10 and 15, 1925, January 28, 1928, and January 1, 
1934; and Lewisburg, October 8 and November 8, 1874. 
H. H. Kopman observed it at Belair, October 21, 1917; 
Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 6 and 11, 1936; and 
E. L. Moseley reported it, April 1, 1923, in Richland Par¬ 
ish. The writer saw a single individual at Grand Chenier, 
December 30, 1932. J. S. Campbell gives it as a winter 
.resident of Bienville Parish, from October to March. </p>

<p>I’iruti ntrothnvir Lesson, Traite rl'Ornith., 1X31, p. 229 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Hairy Woodpecker </p>

<p>
375 </p>

<p>
SOUTHERN HAIRY WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Dryobates villosus audubonii (Swainson) </p>

<p>This bird, sometimes called, though erroneously, ‘big 
sapsucker’, is somewhat larger than the Yellow-bellied Sap- 
sucker, being about nine or ten inches long. It occupies 
only the southern states, its place being taken in the more 
northern half of the United States by the Northern Hairy 
Woodpecker. There is no such distinction between the Hairy 
Woodpecker and the Downy Woodpecker as is indicated by 
their names, the term ‘hairy* having no real significance 
as applied to the present bird. It is white below, black 
above, with two white stripes on the side of the head, and 
a broad white stripe down the center of the back, and 
many white spots on the black wings. The small crescent 
of red on the back of the head in the male adds a touch of 
color to the otherwise plain appearance of this woodpecker. </p>

<p>The Southern Hairy Woodpecker is rather partial to 
woodland areas, but occurs also in more open country, such 
as scattered timber along streams, and even cultivated 
areas, but rarely in the streets or parks of towns. It is 
seen usually singly or in pairs, and is rather a retiring 
bird, much more so than either the Flicker or the Downy 
Woodpecker. Its flight is strong and swift and usually un¬ 
dulating. It has a harsh call that sounds a little like that 
of the Downy Woodpecker, but is louder and coarser. </p>

<p>By reason of the nature of its food it is a decidedly 
beneficial species, since it lives a great deal on boring 
beetles which destroy trees. In addition to this it consumes 
various other insects such as ants and flies; also spiders, 
nuts, acorns, various kinds of seeds and grains. </p>

<p>It builds its nest usually in a forest tree, often in the 
living wood in a cavity excavated by itself; sometimes it 
nests in orchards. The nest is in either a branch or the 
trunk of a tree, and is similar to that of other woodpeckers, 
a gourd-shaped excavation that is sometimes over a foot 
deep, with the entrance, of course, at the top. The usually 
four eggs are plain white, without markings. At the nest </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>376 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
the parents are very secretive, and at the approach of any¬ 
one they disappear quietly and do not return until they 
are pretty sure that the coast is clear. </p>

<p>The Southern Hairy Woodpecker is a fairly common 
permanent resident in the wooded regions of all Louisiana, 
but is absent from the open marsh country of the Gulf 
Coast. It has been reported north to Oak Grove in West 
Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Bossier 
Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Natchitoches, and Iowa (La.); 
south to Saint Martinville, Houma, Little Barataria Bayou, 
Bayou Des Allemands, and Buras; and east to Jefferson 
Parish, New Orleans, Oaklawn, Mandeville, Madisonville, 
Covington, Hammond, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, 
Simmesport, the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of Tal¬ 
lulah on the Tensas River in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. 
This bird breeds chiefly from March to May. </p>

<p>All the specimens of the Hairy Woodpecker from Louisi¬ 
ana examined in the present connection belong to the south¬ 
ern race. It is quite possible, however, that the northern bird 
occurs in northern Louisiana as a rare winter visitor. Speci¬ 
mens of the southern race examined are from Natchitoches, 
January 17, 20, and 21, 1908, A. H. Howell; Houma, May 
12,1892, Vernon Bailey; Belair, April 1,1904,Ned Hollister; 
New Orleans, November 9, 1936, and September 19, 1935; 
all these in the Biological Survey collection of the United 
States National Museum; Mandeville, no date, Gustave 
Kohn; Madisonville, May 15, 1886, and August 29, 1890; 
Covington, November 17, 1889; and Hammond, November 
21, 1875; all in the museum of Tulane University. Also in 
the Field Museum of Natural History there is a bird from 
Buras obtained on February 4, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this bird not uncommon at Mer 
Rouge, June 2 to 7,1892; Ned Hollister reported it from the 
same locality and in the same region eastward to the Mis¬ 
sissippi River, February 11 to 16, 1904; and J. S. Campbell 
has found it breeding near Bienville, Lucky, and Liberty 
Hill, in Bienville Parish. Vernon Bailey saw a pair in the 
pine timber a mile east of Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Downy Woodpecker 377 </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported it along Bayou Teche near St. Mar- 
tinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; at Oaklawn near Lacombe, 
August 17, 1917; and at Mandeville, August 18, 1917. The 
writer observed it at Little Barataria Bayou on June 10, 
1933; at Des Allemands, June 23, 1933; and at Caddo Lake, 
June 18, 1933. A bird collected in Jefferson Parish, May 3, 
1898, by Andrew Allison, was sent to the United States 
National Museum. George E. Beyer reported it in 1891 as 
breeding in the vicinity of New Orleans and at Clinton; Ned 
Hollister found it fairly common at Belair, March 25 to 
April 8, 1894; and Edward Butler noted it as breeding at 
Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916. H. H. Kop¬ 
man listed it, August 31 to September 2, 1917, at Simmes- 
port; and the writer found it on the Singer Preserve along 
the Tensas .River, June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN DOWNY WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Dryobates pubescens pubescens (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Downy Woodpecker is but a small edition of the 
Hairy Woodpecker, differing in color only in that the outer 
tail-feathers instead of being wholly white are barred with 
black. As in the case of the word ‘hairy’ in the name of the 
Hairy Woodpecker it might be explained that the word 
‘downy’, which is a part of this bird’s name, has no special 
significance, since the feathers of this bird are of the same 
structure as those of other woodpeckers. It is also some¬ 
times erroneously called ‘little sapsucker’, but it is in no 
sense a feeder on sap, all the holes that it makes in the 
trees being for the purpose of obtaining insects from the 
bark or outer wood. </p>

<p>It is less of a deep forest bird than is the Hairy Wood¬ 
pecker, living much of the time in orchards and about 
cultivated areas, as well as in woodlands. It is frequently 
seen on low bushes, although it does not apparently very 
frequently descend to the ground. Like other woodpeckers 
it is exceedingly active about the trunks and branches of 
the trees, and moves rapidly and surely in whichever direc¬ 
tion it wishes to go. It is one of the most common and best </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF M </p>



<p>378 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
known of all our woodpeckers and is likewise one of the 
most useful. Its ordinary call consists of several notes 
which have been represented by the syllable ‘tehee’ several 
times repeated on a somewhat descending scale. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists largely of various kinds 
of insects, their eggs and larvae, and it consumes a large 
number of injurious beetles, caterpillars, and similar in¬ 
sects, plant lice and bark lice, as well as spiders. In addi¬ 
tion, when insect food is scarce or difficult to obtain, it 
lives on seeds, wild berries, apples, acorns, beechnuts, and 
a very small amount of corn. </p>

<p>Its nest is built frequently in orchards or in shade 
trees, sometimes, though less commonly than the Hairy 
Woodpecker, in heavy forest lands. It is a bole dug by 
the birds in a branch or trunk of a tree, sometimes but a 
few feet from the ground, but ordinarily a considerable 
distance above. Little or no nest material is used, except 
a few fine chips from the operation of excavating. The 
usually four or five eggs are white, unmarked. In the win¬ 
ter this bird either excavates a home for itself in a branch 
or trunk of a tree, where it can be safe from storms, or it 
appropriates one already made. </p>

<p>The Southern Downy Woodpecker is a fairly common 
permanent resident throughout Louisiana, wherever there 
are trees. It has been reported north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
Bienville Parish, and Caddo Parish; west to Gayle, Frierson, 
Mansfield, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Toomey, and Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish; south to Black Bayou, Lafayette, Saint 
Martinville, New Iberia, Houma, and Buras; and east to 
Junior, Belair, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Covington, 
Hackley, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, Tallulah, and 
East Carroll Parish. It breeds from March to July. </p>

<p>Specimens of this woodpecker have been examined from 
Jefferson Parish, November 30, 1889; Belair, April 1 to 4, 
1904; Kenner, November 7, 1889; Mandeville, March 18 and 
19, —; Madisonville, May 21, 1888; Covington, November 
15, 1889; Mer Rouge, June 6, 1892; Lecompte, January 14, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-cockaded Woodpecker </p>

<p>
379 </p>

<p>
1908; and Alexandria, January 9, 1908. Ned Hollister found 
this bird common in Morehouse, West Carroll, East Carroll, 
and Madison parishes, from February 11 to March 20, 1904; 
and J. S. Thompson regards it as a common permanent resi¬ 
dent in Bienville Parish. R. J. Thompson observed it at 
Lafayette, May 18 to 26, 1892; H. H. Kopman noted it at 
Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; at Oaklawn near 
Lacombe, August 17,1917; at Junior, August 4 and 6, 1917; 
and fairly common at Mandeville, August 18, 1917. Ned 
Hollister reported it from Belair, March 26 to April 8,1904; 
and George E. Beyer recorded it as breeding at Madison- 
ville, Clinton, and New Orleans in 1891. Andrew Allison 
collected a specimen in Jefferson Parish, November 30, 
1899, which he forwarded to the United States National 
Museum. A. H. Howell noted it at Hackley, February 20 to 
24, 1912; and Edward Butler reported its breeding at Saint 
Francisville in 1916, and at Bains in 1916. The writer 
found it common on the Singer Preserve on the Tensas 
River 13 miles southwest of Tallulah in Madison Parish, 
June 16 and 17, 1933. He also noted it at Houma, June 23, 
1933; at Lottie, June 15, 1933; Robeline and Fort Jesup, 
June 19, 1933; and at Toomey, June 20, 1933. G. K. Cherrie 
obtained specimens at Buras on January 29 and 30, and 
February 4, 1896; and T. D. Burleigh one at New Orleans 
on September 8, 1937. </p>

<p>RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Phrenopicus borealis (Vieillot) 169 </p>

<p>The Red-cockaded Woodpecker is a rare permanent resi¬ 
dent in the pine and mixed woodlands of Louisiana; least 
common or absent entirely in the southwestern part of the 
State. It has been reported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
and Caddo Parish; west to Cross Lake, Frierson, Mansfield, 
and Iowa (La.); south to Iowa (La.), Mandeville, and Oak- 
lawn; and east to Madisonville, Covington, Bedico River, 
Hammond, Hackley, Franklinton, Clinton, Bayou Sara, and 
Clarks. It breeds chiefly during May and June. </p>

<p>DryobaUs boreuli* of the 1931 A. O. I r . Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF M </p>



<p>380 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Vernon Bailey found at Mer Rouge a nest of this species 
containing young, and saw an adult bird in the vicinity, 
June 6, 1892. Specimens of this species taken at Mansfield, 
April 26, 1907, by A. H. Howell; and at Iowa (La.), April 
8, 1899, by Vernon Bailey, have been examined; and also 
from the following localities in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity at New Orleans: Covington, October 24, 1889, No¬ 
vember 15, 1889, and November 14, 1889; Bedico River, 
June 28, 1888, July 30, 1890, and August 5, 1890; Poncha- 
toula, October 17, 1874; and Hammond, March 12, 1876. 
Vernon Bailey reported this bird as the most common of its 
family in the pine forests in the neighborhood of Iowa 
(La.), April 6 to 9, 1899. George H. Lowery, Jr., finds it 
one of the most characteristic species of the pine lands in 
the Baton Rouge region. H. H. Kopman observed it at Oak- 
lawn near Lacombe, August 17, 1917; A. H. Howell noted 
it at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912; and George E. Beyer 
reported it as a breeding bird at Clinton and Madisonville in 
1891. The writer observed it at Cross Lake, west of Shreve¬ 
port, on June 18, 1933; and Winston E. Nolan collected it 
at Alexandria on December 26, 1936. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell considers this woodpecker an uncommon 
and local resident of Bienville Parish. He has studied nests 
at Bienville, Brice, and Castor. His observations on several 
pairs indicate that two nests in a single tree are made by 
the birds, one of which is used to rear the young, the other 
for roosting. In the subsequent winter one of the holes is 
occupied as a roost by the male, the other by the female. </p>

<p>IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER </p>

<p>Campephilus principalis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Few birds in Louisiana have had so much attention dur¬ 
ing the past few years as has the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 
It is our largest woodpecker and in color very closely re¬ 
sembles the Southern Pileated Woodpecker. It may be dis¬ 
tinguished, however, by its creamy white bill and its large 
patches of white on the wings, which show both when the 
bird is flying, and particularly when it is perching with the 
wings folded. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ivory-billed Woodpecker </p>

<p>
381 </p>

<p>
It formerly occupied the bottomland forests of all the 
southern states, extending then as far north as southern 
Indiana and North Carolina, but at the present time its 
numbers have been so greatly reduced that it is confined 
to a few restricted areas in the wilder parts of a few of the 
southern states. It is a bird of the heavy bottomland for¬ 
est, and is not so frequently seen on the uplands. Owing 
to its retiring habits, and the fact that it is dependent on 
the deep forests for a home, it naturally disappears from 
areas when the forests are cleared or otherwise destroyed. 
This accounts for the great contraction of its range during 
the past 100 years. It has a powerful, sweeping flight, but 
ordinarily it does not travel long distances on the wing, 
most of its movements being from tree to tree through 
the forests. It is nearly always a solitary bird and is rarely 
seen except singly or in pairs. Its notes are nasal and weak 
for the size of the bird, resembling to some extent the notes 
of a gigantic nuthatch. </p>

<p>Its food consists of various kinds of insects, particularly 
those that inhabit the trees. The larvae of wood-boring 
species are dug by it from the trees in the forest. It also 
feeds on such wild fruit as persimmons, blackberries, and 
grapes. </p>

<p>Its nest is excavated by the bird in the dead or living 
wood of a forest tree, often high from the ground; the en¬ 
trance is usually oval in shape, and the inside cavity not 
deep for the size of the bird. The eggs are usually three 
to five, pure white, without markings. Relatively little is 
known regarding the actual life history of this bird, and 
there is therefore still much to be learned from a careful 
study of its habits. The rapid decrease in the numbers of 
this bird, together with the destruction of many of the deep 
forests has aroused much interest in the preservation of 
the species from extinction, and it is to be hoped that some 
arrangements can be made by which a tract or tracts of 
forests sufficiently large for its use can be preserved for 
the Ivory-billed Woodpeckers that now inhabit these. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>382 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The Ivory-billed Woodpecker was formerly probably fair¬ 
ly common, but is now a rare permanent resident of the 
heavy bottomland forests in eastern and middle Louisiana. 
It has been reported north to Bayou Mason in West Carroll 
Parish, Prairie Mer Rouge, and Monroe; west to Huston 
and the region about Morgan City; south to La Fourche 
Parish; and east to Iberville Parish, Baton Rouge, Tangipa¬ 
hoa Parish, Concordia Parish, Saint Joseph, Franklin Par¬ 
ish, and Madison Parish. It is now restricted to the deepest 
parts of the undisturbed bottomland forests. The breeding 
season extends from March to July. </p>

<p>A specimen sent to the Smithsonian Institution by 
J. Fairie was collected at Prairie Mer Rouge, many years 
ago (1853). Ned Hollister found it in the region about 
Bear Lake in Madison Parish, February 17 to March 6, 
1904; Mrs. Bruce Reid reported it in 1934 from Tangipahoa 
Parish; and E. L. Moseley detected it in 1926 on Bayou 
Mason in West Carroll Parish. B. V. Lilly collected two 
specimens on March 10, 1906, on Cow Bayou in Iberville 
Parish 32 miles west of Plaquemine, which are now in the 
collection of the United States National Museum. Speci¬ 
mens in the museum of Tulane University were collected 
at Roaring Bayou in Franklin Parish, July 12, 1899, and 
July 24, 1899. Three of these form a group at a nest in the 
museum of Tulane University, and are some of the speci¬ 
mens collected by George E. Beyer on his visit to this region 
in 1899, a report of which he published during the following 
year. 170 It is of interest to note that J. J. Audubon observ¬ 
ed it in June, 1821, near Bayou Sara. </p>

<p>Order PASSERIFORMES </p>

<p>Family TYRANNIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN KINGBIRD </p>

<p>Tyrannus tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) 171 </p>

<p>The Kingbird is so called because of its habit of attack¬ 
ing and driving away all other birds from the vicinity of </p>

<p>170 Tlie Auk, Vol. XVII, No. I, January, 1900. p. 97. </p>

<p>171 Ty ran nut tyrannus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Kingbird </p>

<p>
383 </p>

<p>
its nest, particularly the larger species like hawks and 
crows, which it considers likely to disturb its own home/ 
So vicious is it in its attacks on even large birds that they 
seldom stay to fight it out, but escape as rapidly as possible. 
This flycatcher is called also ‘bee bird’, or ‘bee martin’, be¬ 
cause of the fact that it at times catches bees as they fly 
to and from the hive. It is about nine inches long, black 
or blackish above, with white under parts, and a white tip 
on the tail. Its loud, rather harsh call is characteristic 
and is often heard when the bird is attacking an intruder. </p>

<p>The Kingbird lives in the more open country, and is 
not fond of the deep forests. Cultivated lands, such as or¬ 
chards and the borders of fields, highways, brushy pastures, 
or even open woodlands, are frequented also. It is not us¬ 
ually found in any considerable flocks, but during migra¬ 
tion sometimes many are found within a relatively small 
area. Its conspicuous habits and its numbers combine to 
make this a well-known bird. </p>

<p>Much of the food of this flycatcher is obtained on the 
wing, and the bird’s keenness of sight is remarkable. This 
bird often sits on top of a tree or tall weed, or other place 
which gives it a commanding view, watching for passing 
insects, which it dashes out to seize, and then often returns 
to the same perch. Its food consists largely of various 
kinds of animals, mostly insects such as grasshoppers, 
beetles, bees, wasps, caterpillars, and flies; together with 
spiders, millipeds, and even small fishes. At other times, 
particularly when the supply of insects is diminished or 
difficult to obtain, the bird subsists to a great extent on 
various kinds of wild fruit and berries, such as chokecher- 
ries, dogwood, mulberries, huckleberries, and grapes. Like 
some of the larger birds it has the habit of disgorging in 
pellets the indigestible parts of the insects that it consumes. </p>

<p>Its nest is placed usually on some sort of a tree, forest, 
shade, or orchard, although in all kinds of shrubs and 
bushes; and.even sometimes not more than two or three 
feet from the ground. Once in a while it makes use of the 
abandoned nest of some other bird, and it occasionally </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>384 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
builds in out of the way places, such as on fence-rails or 
the like. The nest is composed of various kinds of twigs 
and weed-stalks, mixed with bits of twine, vegetable down, 
hair, wool, and strips of bark, together with rootlets, 
and other similar materials. The lining is furnished by 
fine rootlets, grass, and sometimes horsehair. The eggs 
are usually three or four in number, cream color, spotted 
and blotched with various shades of dark brown and laven¬ 
der. It takes about 13 or 14 days to hatch the young, 
and these subsist on animal food, mostly insects, during 
their stay in the nest. The male is a very faithful partner 
and assists not only in incubating the eggs, but also in 
building the nest. </p>

<p>The Eastern Kingbird is a common summer resident, 
from March 19 to October 23, throughout Louisiana; re¬ 
corded north to Mer Rouge, Holly Ridge, Monroe, Chou- 
drant, Bienville, and the Red River in Caddo Parish; west 
to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Atkins, 
Crichton, Logansport, Natchitoches, Hagewood, Robeline, 
Fort Jesup, Florien, Anacoco, De Ridder, Longville, Gillis, 
Vinton, and Toomey; south to Calcasieu Pass, Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, Patterson, Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, 
Grand Isle, Burrwood on the Southwest Pass of the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, and Pass a Loutre; and east to Main Pass 
(Mississippi River Delta), Bird Island southwest of Breton 
Island, Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard Parish, The Rigo- 
lets, Abita Springs, Madisonville, Folsom, Saint Francis- 
ville, Bains, Simmesport, Ferriday, Lake Saint John, Wa¬ 
terproof, Saint Joseph, Newellton, Thomastown, and Tallu¬ 
lah. It breeds from mid-April to July, and there are 
records of eggs from May 11 to June 23. </p>

<p>Specimens examined in the Biological Survey were col¬ 
lected by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans August 30, 1935, 
and September 12, 1935, also two others at the same place 
on October 4, 1937; and at Pointe a la Hache, May 7, 
1935. E. G. Wright obtained examples at Chenier au Tigre 
on May 25,1930, and at Avery Island on May 12,1930. Eggs 
of this species are in the United States National Museum 
from Calcasieu Pass, collected by G. Wiirdemann in 1854; </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized t. ^jQ g]e </p>

<p>
Origin I from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Arkansas Kingbird </p>

<p>
385 </p>

<p>
and from Grand Coteau, taken, June 23, 1887. The writer 
noted this species at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, and Shreve¬ 
port on June 18, 1933; at Robeline, Fort Jesup, Florien, 
Anacoco, De Ridder, Longville, and Gillis on the following 
day; and at Vinton, Toomey, Sulphur, Lake Charles, and 
Jennings, June 20, 1933. This bird was numerous on Pass 
a Loutre and Main Pass in the Mississippi Delta when the 
writer visited these localities on June 7, 1933, and a single 
bird was observed in Southwest Pass near Burrwood on the 
same day. It was seen by him also at Ferriday, Lake Saint 
John, Waterproof, Saint Joseph, and Newellton, June 16, 
1933; and at Tallulah on the same date. H. H. Kopman found 
it very common at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., says that it is a common summer bird at 
Baton Rouge, and that in 1933 it arrived on March 30. J. S. 
Campbell considers it a common summer resident at Bien¬ 
ville. The writer noted a single individual on Bird Island 
southwest of Breton Island, June 6, 1933. Birds of this 
species struck the South Pass Lightship, May 1, 1903; and 
the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the mouth of Atchafalaya 
Bay, April 20 and 21, 1907. H. H. Kopman reported it at 
New Orleans on October 23, 1903, a very late date. The 
writer has identified specimens taken by Winston E. Nolan 
at Grand Isle on April 7, 13, and 19, 1937; while others 
not seen were taken there on June 23, 1937, by S. Ward, 
and at Baton Rouge, April 1, 1937, by W. Summers. </p>

<p>ARKANSAS KINGBIRD </p>

<p>Tyrannus verticalis Say </p>

<p>The Arkansas Kingbird is a casual visitor, from April 
4 to May 10, and from September to October 22, in eastern 
and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The first record for Louisiana is by J. J. Audubon, who 
observed it at Barataria Bay on April 4, 1837. </p>

<p>Apparently the first specimen for the State is one col¬ 
lected at Mandeville in September, 1914, by George Schnei¬ 
der. 172 H. H. Kopman reported it at New Orleans, Octo- </p>

<p>172 The Auk, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, January 1, 1915, p. 18. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>386 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ber 22, 1015; and it has been recorded also from West 
Feliciana Parish* 178 E. S. Hopkins took specimens of this 
species at Grand Isle, April 28,1925, and April 6,1928; and 
Winston E. Nolan obtained one bird at the same locality on 
May 10, 1933. One was seen by E. R. Kalmbach on April 
29, 1919, west of Lake Charles. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
records that the species has been seen at Shreveport. </p>

<p>
SCISSOR-TA1LED FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Muscivora forficata (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This remarkable bird is known in Texas frequently as 
‘Texas bird of paradise’, but more often simply by the ab¬ 
breviated title ‘scissor-taiP. It is one of the best known 
and most conspicuous of all the smaller birds in that State, 
and for many reasons is notable. Its slender body terminated 
by a long deeply forked tail at once attracts attention. One 
might think that its long tail would interfere much in its 
movements, but this seems on the contrary merely to add 
to the gracefulness of its flight. The upper parts are gray, 
the lower parts white, the tail mostly white, with a few 
black feathers, the sides of the body salmon pink. </p>

<p>This bird lives chiefly in the more open country, in 
cultivated areas as well as elsewhere. It is a bird of the 
trees and bushes, and is not often seen in dense forests. 
Like the Eastern Kingbird it does not disturb the small 
birds, but attacks crows, ravens, and hawks, with almost 
as much boldness as does that bird, and for apparently 
the same reason. Its note is a rather harsh twitter, again 
and again repeated, and is frequently heard when the bird 
is on the wing. Ordinarily it appears singly or in pairs, 
but at times it gathers into flocks of considerable size. Its 
flight is strong and sometimes rapid, and one of its particu¬ 
lar performances is to fly up and down in the air almost 
vertically, all the time screaming its loudest. </p>

<p>The food of this flycatcher consists largely of insects 
such as locusts, grasshoppers, cotton worms, butterflies, 
beetles, moths, and also numerous kinds of wild berries. </p>

<p>171 Bull. La. Dept. Cong., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 398. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Scissor-tailed Flycatcher </p>

<p>
387 </p>

<p>
Its nest is built in trees or bushes of various kinds, and 
usually not very high from the ground. At times the nest 
is to be found in very unusual locations, such as high posts 
or cross-bars of gates, telegraph poles, and even about 
buildings. The material of the nest is made up of small 
twigs, weed-stalks, rootlets, various weeds; even Spanish 
moss, cotton, bits of paper, hay, hair, rags, dry grass, 
and seaweed; the lining is fine plant materials, wool, 
and a few feathers or even twine. The eggs are usually 
five, cream white, beautifully marked with shades of dark 
brown and lavender. The young are hatched in about 12 
days, and remain in the nest about two weeks, being fed 
mostly on insects by the parents. </p>

<p>The Scissor-tailed Flycatcher is a rare spring and fall 
transient, from March 25 to April 10, and from October 4 
to October 6, in southern Louisiana, from New Orleans to 
Chenier au Tigre; and a casual summer visitor in the south¬ 
western part of the State. It is reported to breed, but we 
have been able to discover no definite record of its nesting. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported it at New Orleans, March 26, 
1894; and he has noted the occurrence of a flock of ten near 
Kenner, October 6,1889. One recorded by Stanley C. Arthur 
was taken on October 4,1917, at Gheens in La Fourche Par¬ 
ish ; one by Arthur Svihla on April 3,1926, at Cameron, and 
another by P. R. Thaxton on April 10, 1933, at Wisner in 
Franklin Parish.” 1 E. S. Hopkins collected individuals of 
this species at Grand Isle on the following dates: April 6 
and 10, 1926; April 2, 1927; and March 27, 1931. Winston 
E. Nolan also obtained it at Grand Isle on March 28, 1933. 
Another specimen was collected by E. S. Hopkins on Bayou 
La Fourche, April 1, 1930. A. M. Bailey records three seen 
at Chenier au Tigre; and the writer saw one at Toomey, 
June 20, 1933. An additional example examined by the 
writer was obtained on April 9, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre, 
at Grand Isle. </p>

<p>174 Lowery, The Auk, Yol. LI, No. 1, January 8, 1934, p. 99. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>388 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
DERBY FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus (Kaup) </p>

<p>The Derby Flycatcher is a tropical bird, and only an 
accidental visitor to southern Louisiana, of which there is 
but a single record for the State. This is a female collected 
at Chenier au Tigre, May 23, 1930, by Earl G. Wright."* </p>

<p>SOUTHERN CRESTED FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Myiarchus crinitus crinitus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Sometimes called ‘Great Crested Flycatcher’, this bird is 
fairly well known in places where it is common. It is some¬ 
what smaller than a robin, olive green above with a partly 
rufous tail, and yellow below, except for the throat and 
breast, which are rather light gray. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the woodlands, but inhabits also some of 
the more open country, even at times orchards and culti¬ 
vated areas. It is more retiring in habits than the Eastern 
Kingbird, and not so demonstrative, although its loud note, 
which sounds very much like ‘queep’ betrays its presence 
in the forest, when the bird is securely hidden in the upper 
branches of a tree. Besides this characteristic call it 
has a number of other notes. It is not particularly strong 
in flight, but nevertheless it moves long distances during 
migration. It is a more or less solitary bird, rarely ever 
being seen in companies of any size. </p>

<p>So far as its food is concerned it is a beneficial species. 
It subsists largely on insects such as grasshoppers, moths, 
butterflies, aphids, flies, and their larvae, and at times when 
such are not readily available it varies its diet with various 
kinds of wild fruits. </p>

<p>This bird breeds usually in the woodlands along streams, 
in other drier woodlands, in orchards, and similar places. 
The nest is placed in a natural cavity of the trunk or branch 
of a tree, occasionally in a fence-post or a deserted wood¬ 
pecker hole, or even in a nesting box, often at a consider¬ 
able height from the ground. The materials consist of hair </p>

<p>1,5 The Auk. Vol. XLVIII, No. 1. January 4, 1931, p. 123. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Crested Flycatcher </p>

<p>
389 </p>

<p>
of various kinds, small twigs, moss, grass, leaves, fur, and 
feathers, and the lining of finer materials of similar kinds. 
An addition to the material of the nest is almost always 
one or more cast-off snake skins. The eggs are usually about 
five in number, buff, with numerous lines and a few 
blotches of dark brown and lavender. There is normally but 
a single brood each year, and it takes about two weeks 
to hatch the eggs. Usually this duty is performed by the 
female, but the male assists in taking care of the young, 
which is continued until they are able to shift for 
themselves. </p>

<p>The Southern Crested Flycatcher is a fairly common 
summer resident, from March 12 to October 2, in south¬ 
eastern Louisiana, wherever woodlands or sufficient trees 
produce a suitable habitat. Its range extends at least north 
to Clinton, Bains, Saint Francisville, and Bayou Sara; west 
to West Baton Rouge Parish, Laplace, and Houma; south to 
Grand Isle, Plaquemines Parish, Waggaman, New Orleans, 
and Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard Parish; and east to 
Pearl River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Bedico River, and 
Covington. </p>

<p>The following specimens examined in the present con¬ 
nection are clearly referable to the Florida race, thus ex¬ 
tending the range of Myiarchus crinitus crinitus westward 
along the Gulf Coast to southeastern Louisiana. The range 
as outlined above is to some extent tentative, but the south¬ 
ern bird probably extends westward to the lower Mississippi 
River valley in Louisiana. The specimens examined, that 
are in the museum of Tulane University, are from 
Madisonville, May 10 and 16, 1888, June 27, 1888, and July 
1,1888; Bedico River, August 15 and 22, 1890, collected by 
George E. Beyer; and Plaquemines Parish, May 28, 1863, 
taken by Gustave Kohn. Another specimen was taken by 
T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on May 28, 1935. George 
E. Beyer is the authority for the statement that the Crested 
Flycatcher breeds at Clinton and Madisonville; Robert 
Butler reported it as occurring in June, 1919, at Bains; and 
Edward Butler as breeding at Saint Francisville in 1915. 
George E. Beyer noted its arrival at New Orleans, March </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>390 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
12, 1894; and H. H. Kopman found it at Mandeville, August 
18, 1917. George H. Lowery, Jr., states that it is a common 
summer resident at Baton Rouge, arriving in 1933 on April 
1. Vernon Bailey reported it as common and breeding at 
Houma, May 4 to 16, 1892, and the writer observed it on 
Honey Island, along Pearl River near its mouth, June 27, 
1933; at Laplace, June 14, 1933; and at Waggaman, June 
23, 1933. Ambrose Daigre observed it at Grand Isle, April 
25 and 30, 1936. </p>

<p>NORTHERN CRESTED FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs </p>

<p>The Northern Crested Flycatcher is a fairly common 
summer resident, from March 10 to October 2, in northern, 
central, and southwestern Louisiana, wherever there are 
woodlands or sufficient trees. It has been reported north 
to Tendal on the Tensas River, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bien¬ 
ville, and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Shreveport, 
Crichton, Mansfield, Logansport, Hagewood, Fort Jesup, 
Anacoco, Florien, De Ridder, and the Sabine River bottoms 
near Orange, Texas; south to Lake Charles, Gueydan, Mer- 
mentau, Chenier au Tigre, and Avery Island; and east to 
Saint Martinville, Grand Coteau, Port Barre, Simmesport 
(probably this subspecies), Jonesville, Frogmore, Newell- 
ton, Quimby, Thomastown, the Singer Preserve in Madison 
Parish, and Tallulah. It is also a transient in southeastern 
Louisiana, though no specimens have actually been exam¬ 
ined from that region. Furthermore, owing to the absence 
of specimens from intermediate localities, the exact south¬ 
eastern limits of the breeding range of the Northern Crested 
Flycatcher in Louisiana are not certain. It is without much 
doubt the breeding bird of southwestern Louisiana, since it 
is the breeding form of southeastern Texas. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this species common at Mer Rouge 
between June 2 and 7, 1892; and A. H. Howell collected 
specimens at Mansfield, May 1 and 2, 1907; also at Logans¬ 
port, August 25 and 27, 1906. Two specimens examined 
in the Chicago Academy of Sciences were obtained by </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>
391 </p>

<p>
E. G. Wright at Avery Island on May 11 and 20, 1930, 
respectively. H. H. Kopman saw it along Bayou Teche 
near Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12,1917; and at Simmes- 
port, between August 31 and September 2, 1917; and he 
found it common at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896. 
There are eggs of this species in the United States National 
Museum, collected at "Grand Coteau in 1887. J. S. Campbell 
found a nest at Bienville, May 28, 1934, and one at Liberty 
Hill on May 18, 1932; and regards the bird as a common 
summer resident in Bienville Parish. The writer found this 
flycatcher unusually numerous along the Tensas River 13 
miles southwest of Tallulah, in the bottomland forests of 
the Singer Preserve on June 16 and 17,1933. He also noted 
this bird in 1933 at the following localities: Quimby, 
Newellton, Frogmore, and Jonesville, June 16; Tendal on 
the Tensas River, June 17; Caddo Lake and Crichton, June 
18; Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Anacoco, Florien, and De Ridder, 
June 19; Lake Charles and Mermentau, June 20; Avery 
Island and Port Barre, June 21. </p>

<p>EASTERN PHOEBE </p>

<p>Sayomis phoebe (Latham) </p>

<p>In at least some parts of the country the Phoebe is 
one of the best known of our small flycatchers. It does not 
breed far south in the United States, but is common in the 
middle and northern states, and in parts of Canada. It has 
a number of other names, such as ‘pewee’, and ‘bridge 
pewee’. In some places it is known also as the ‘phoebe 
bird’. It is olive brown above and whitish below, rather 
obscure in appearance, but it usually may be distinguished 
by the fact that when perching it frequently moves its tail 
up and down. </p>

<p>It lives in almost any sort of place where it can find a 
suitable nesting site, even in forests, about cliffs, and in 
cultivated areas, likewise about buildings on farms. Rocky 
stream valleys and similar places are chosen haunts. In 
the winter and during migration it is to be found in almost 
all relatively open situations, even in the bushes and along </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>392 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ditches in open marsh land. Its flight is rather weak and 
fluttering and it usually is not given to moving long 
distances on the wing, except perhaps during migration. It 
derives its name from its common call, which sounds very 
much like the word ‘phoebe’, with the accent on the latter 
syllable. </p>

<p>• </p>

<p>It lives on various kinds of insects, such as beetles, 
butterflies, moths, and flies, many of which it catches on 
the wing, darting out from a favorable perch, and return¬ 
ing to the same place after securing its prey. It is, like 
many of our birds, capable of disposing of a great amount 
of food, and, therefore, the benefit that accrues to man 
from its destruction of insects is great. At times, when 
insect food is scarce, as for instance in the winter, it 
subsists on berries of various kinds, such as the cedar, 
palmetto, and smilax, and on wild fruits, such as grapes, 
pokeberries, mulberries, strawberries, and raspberries. </p>

<p>It places its nest in caves, on rocky shelves, or in nooks 
about similar places, where well hidden by similarity to 
the surroundings. It builds also about various kinds of 
outhouses, bridges, and other similar structures, on the 
farm and along the highways. The nest is a compact, 
rather bulky structure of moss, grass, and leaves, cemented 
together with pellets of mud, and has a lining of fine grasses, 
mosses, horsehair, and sometimes feathers. The usually 
five eggs are white, sometimes unmarked, in some cases 
with small dots of dark brown. The female, which does 
most of the incubating, remains on duty about 12 days, and 
is not easily frightened from the nest. Usually the young 
remain in the nest about two weeks; and sometimes a second 
brood is reared. </p>

<p>The Eastern Phoebe is a fairly common winter resident, 
from September 25 to May 5, throughout Louisiana, but is 
apparently more numerous in the southern part of the State; 
recorded north to Lake Providence, West Carroll Parish, 
Monroe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Belcher and Jen¬ 
nings ; south to Cameron Parish, the lower Vermilion River, 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Phoebe </p>

<p>
393 </p>

<p>
Island, Avoca Island, Terrebonne Bayou, Southwest Reef 
Lighthouse at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, Grand Isle, 
Buras, and Willow Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and 
east to Carlisle, Belair, New Orleans, Chef Menteur, Slidell, 
Hammond, Mandeville, Covington, Madisonville, Hackley, 
and Bear Lake near Tallulah. It is also a rare or casual 
summer resident in northern Louisiana, south to Logans- 
port and Tallulah, but there is no record of its actual nesting 
in the State. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell took this species at Belcher, February 5, 
1908; and E. R. Kalmbach obtained it a little south of 
Gueydan, March 19, 1926. H. H. Kopman reported the 
Eastern Phoebe at Jennings, January 30 to 31, 1918; at 
Carlisle, October 6, 1917; at Belair, October 21, 1917; at 
New Orleans, September 25 and October 7, 1897; at Chef 
Menteur, December 23, 1917; and at Covington, October 7 
and 12, 1899. J. S. Campbell says that it is a common win¬ 
ter resident at Bienville. A. H. Howell found it at Slidell, 
October 28 to November 1, 1908; and at Hackley, February 
20 to 24, 1912; Ned Hollister noted it at Bear Lake near 
Tallulah, February 19, 1904; Stanley C. Arthur observed 
it on Marsh Island, February 6 to 8, 1915; and Ambrose 
Daigre at Grand Isle on April 28 and May 5, 1936. </p>

<p>Individuals reported by S. Jones struck the Southwest 
Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, April 
21,1907, and October 27, 1908. The writer saw this species 
along the lower Vermilion River, January 22, 1928; on the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 1928; at 
Avoca Island, January 27, 1932; on Terrebonne Bayou near 
Houma, January 26, 1932; and on Willow Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, December 20, 1932. Specimens in the 
museum of Tulane University at New Orleans were taken 
at Hammond, November 21, 1875; Sauve, February, 1889; 
and in Jefferson Parish, March 9, 1895. Others collected 
by R. W. Shufeldt at New Orleans, November 9 and Decem¬ 
ber 1, 1882, were sent to the United States National Mu¬ 
seum. A. M. Bailey obtained specimens at Chenier au Tigre 
on March 10,1931, January 1 and 2,1934, December 12 and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>394 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
15, 1925; and G. K. Cherrie at Buras, January 29 and 30, 
February 1, 4, and 5, 1896, and at Chef Menteur, January 
24,1896. George H. Lowery, Jr., found the Phoebe common 
in Cameron Parish about January 1, 1938. </p>

<p>The only summer records for Louisiana are two birds 
seen northeast of Tallulah, between June 13 and July 13, 
1924, by E. R. Kalmbach; and one seen at Logansport, by 
A. H. Howell, between August 25 and 27, 1906. </p>

<p>YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird) </p>

<p>The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher is a rare transient, of 
which there are dates for only the spring from April 26 to 
May 12, and the autumn on October 9, but it occurs appar¬ 
ently all over Louisiana, from the northern and southeast¬ 
ern portions to Cameron Parish. There are, however, only 
a few specific records. </p>

<p>C. W. Beckham reported it on April 26, 1887, at Bayou 
Sara. 170 A specimen is said to have been taken in East 
Feliciana Parish, east of Clinton, but the record is without 
definite date. 177 George H. Lowery, Jr., records it as a 
regular transient, though very rare, in northern Louisiana, 
but he gives no dates. A single individual was shot at Cam¬ 
eron Farm, 14 miles south of Vinton, May 12,1919, by E. R. 
Kalmbach. Ambrose Daigre collected a male on October 9, 
1933, at Alexandria. </p>

<p>ACADIAN FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Empidonax virescens (Vieillot) </p>

<p>This is one of the smallest flycatchers, olive green above 
and whitish below. It is sometimes called ‘Green Crested 
Flycatcher’. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the woodlands, particularly the stream 
valleys, and lives in shaded thickets and forests. Its em¬ 
phatic call, which has been variously interpreted and is </p>

<p>Auk, Vol. IY, No. 4, October, 1887, p. 804. </p>

<p>it 7 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 402. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Acadian Flycatcher </p>

<p>
395 </p>

<p>
very much like ‘chier-queep’, is much more frequently 
heard than the bird is seen, since its coloration blends so 
perfectly with the foliage that it is difficult to see except 
when it moves. Its flight is not strong or long continued; 
and it is usually a more or less solitary bird. </p>

<p>It feeds largely on the various kinds of insects that 
it is able to obtain in its chosen haunts, such as ants, wasps, 
bees, moths, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets, 
together with some millipeds and spiders, and a small 
amount of wild fruit. </p>

<p>This bird breeds mostly along streams, in thickets, or 
at least not far away from such. Its nest is placed on 
branches of trees or bushes, usually not high from the 
ground, and is ordinarily such a clumsily built and flimsy 
structure that it might be easily mistaken for a bunch of 
grass caught on a branch as the result of a flood. This is 
composed of weed-stalks, mosses, grasses, and rootlets, 
decorated sometimes with blossoms and catkins. The nest 
is sometimes so thin that the eggs can be easily seen from 
below. The two to four eggs are creamy white, or buff, 
with not very numerous markings of dark brown. </p>

<p>The Acadian Flycatcher is a fairly common, locally com¬ 
mon, summer resident, from March 30 to October 27, 
throughout most of Louisiana, wherever there are wood¬ 
lands or wooded bayous. It has been reported north to 
Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Parish; west to Cross Lake, 
Logansport, Natchitoches, Sandel, and Toomey; south to 
near Gueydan, Avery Island, Bayou Chene, Bayou Des Alle- 
mands. Little Barataria Bayou, Jefferson Parish, and New 
Orleans; and east to Pearl River, Madisonville, Covington, 
Hammond, Amite, Clinton, Simmesport, Jena, Quimby, 
Thomastown, and Tallulah. It breeds in May and June; and 
there are records of eggs from June 6 to 9. </p>

<p>The writer has examined the following specimens: Mon¬ 
roe, June 21, 1931, collected by George H. Lowery, Jr.; New 
Orleans, September 5, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; Jefferson 
Parish, August 25, 1930, in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans; and also these </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>396 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
specimens in the museum of Tulane University: Lewis- 
burg, May 7, 1873; Amite, May 31, 1888; Madisonville, 
April 8, 1886, May 4, 10, 16, and 17, 1888. A. H. Howell 
collected a single individual at Logansport, August 27,1906; 
and E. R. Kalmbach, one at a point south of Gueydan, Sep¬ 
tember 18, 1926. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it is a 
common summer resident at Baton Rouge, arriving late in 
April; and he collected a specimen on May 3, 1936. H. H. 
Kopman observed the species at Bayou Chene, August 29 
and 30, 1917; Bayou Des Allemands, June 19 to 21, 1917; 
Hammond, April 26, 1918; Simmesport, August 31 to Sep¬ 
tember 2, 1917; and Thomastown in Madison Parish, com¬ 
mon from July 13 to 28, 1896. He saw it also at New Or¬ 
leans, October 10,1896; and at Covington, October 27,1899. 
George E. Beyer reported it about 1891 as breeding at both 
Madisonville and Clinton; and E. R. Kalmbach noted it at 
Tallulah, June 28, 1924. The writer found this bird un¬ 
usually numerous in the heavy bottomland forests along the 
Tensas River on the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah in Madison Parish, June 16 and 17, 1933; in fact, 
it seemed to be more numerous in this place than in any 
other similar area that he has ever seen. He noted it 
in 1933, also at the following localities: Cross Lake, June 
18; Natchitoches and Sandel, June 19; Toomey, June 20; 
Little Barataria Bayou, June 10; Jena, Quimby, and the 
Little River Valley near White Sulphur Springs in La Salle 
Parish, June 16; Lottie, June 16; Krotz Springs, Ervin- 
ville, and Oscar, June 21; and Honey Island on Pearl River, 
June 27. J. S. Campbell found nests with eggs at Bien¬ 
ville on June 6, 1932, and June 9, 1933. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., obtained a specimen at Grand Isle on April 10, 1937, 
which the writer has also examined. </p>

<p>ALDER FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Empidonax traillii traillii (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Alder Flycatcher is an uncommon spring and fall 
transient, from April 7 to May 2, and from September 1 to 
20 (in southern Mississippi, August 27 to October 18) chief- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Least Flycatcher </p>

<p>
397 </p>

<p>
ly in central and southern Louisiana, and recorded from 
New Orleans north to Monroe. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reports seeing this species at New Or¬ 
leans, May 2, 1897, and September 12, 1899. Andrew Alli¬ 
son also observed it at this same locality, April 7, 1900. E. 
S. Hopkins collected three of these birds on September 9, 
1924, at Harvey; and George H. Lowery, Jr., reports taking 
a specimen at Monroe, April 27, 1931. None of these have 
been examined in the present connection, but there are two 
in the Biological Survey collection obtained by T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh at New Orleans on September 16 and 20, 1935, re¬ 
spectively ; and it is probable that this is the prevailing Lou¬ 
isiana race, since the Little Flycatcher, Empidonax traillii 
brewsteri, is not known so far east. The Little Flycatcher 
may, however, occasionally occur, although, since it is im¬ 
possible to distinguish from the eastern bird in the field, 
its inclusion in the State list must depend on actual examina¬ 
tion of specimens. </p>

<p>
LEAST FLYCATCHER 
Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird) </p>

<p>The Least Flycatcher is an uncommon transient, 178 from 
March 30 to May 9, and from September 14 to October 23, 
in most of Louisiana; reported from the Southwest Reef 
Lighthouse at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, New Or¬ 
leans (Bay Saint Louis in Mississippi), West Baton Rouge 
Parish, Richland Parish, and Ouachita Parish, west to 
Shreveport and New Iberia. </p>

<p>Birds of this species were recorded by S. Jones as having 
struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse, April 21, 1907, and 
October 23, 1908. H. H. Kopman noted the species at New 
Orleans, April 6 and May 2, 1895, and September 14, 1911; 
and at New Iberia, March 30 and May 9, 1902. E. L. 
Moseley reported it from Richland Parish, April 1, 1923; 
and George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it occurs fairly com¬ 
monly at Monroe. H. H. Kopman observed it 20 miles south 
of Shreveport on May 3, 1929. </p>

<p>119 Probably more common than the records indicate. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>398 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
EASTERN WOOD PEWEE </p>

<p>Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This bird, by reason of its general distribution, and 
the fact that it is in most parts of its range rather common, 
is one of the better known of our small flycatchers. It is 
to be found over most of eastern North America, from 
southern Canada to the Gulf states, but in winter it travels 
as far as central South America. It is only about six and 
one-half inches in length, olive color above, and white with 
a slight tinge of greenish below. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the woodlands, and occurs not only in 
the deep forests, but also in groves and orchards, and some¬ 
times along the streets and in the parks of the towns, 
particularly in the suburban areas. It remains, however, 
rather closely in the protection of the-trees and thickets, 
except for its sallies after food. Its note, which sounds 
very much like the syllables ‘pee-a-wee’, is much more 
familiar to observers than is the bird itself, since by this 
the bird is readily distinguished, whereas in plumage it 
somewhat closely resembles a number of the other small 
birds of the flycatcher family. </p>

<p>Its food, like that of the other small flycatchers, is 
made up of a large percentage of insects, and these com¬ 
prise a number of very injurious kinds, such as flies, bugs, 
crickets, borers, curculios, weevils, caterpillars, and grass¬ 
hoppers. Once in a while, strange to say, it catches very 
small fishes in ponds. It takes also a few seeds and berries. </p>

<p>The nest of the Wood Pewee is one of the most remark¬ 
able and interesting features of its life history. This is 
placed usually on the upper side of a horizontal fork or 
other suitable place on a limb of a tree, and in a forest, 
orchard, or shade tree. It is a dainty, though compact and 
strong, shallow saucer, sometimes so thin at the bottom 
that the eggs are almost visible from below, and composed 
of various kinds of rootlets, strips of bark, and weed-stems, 
and lined with horsehair, plant down, wool, or similar 
materials. The outside of the nest is carefully covered </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Wood Pewee </p>

<p>
399 </p>

<p>
with bits of lichens, by which the nest becomes almost in¬ 
visible, as if it were a part of the branch on which it 
rests. The eggs are usually two or three, cream colored, 
with spots, usually arranged in a wreath around the larger 
end, of warm dark browns and shades of lavender. Com¬ 
monly but a single brood is reared. </p>

<p>The Eastern Wood Pewee is a fairly common summer 
resident, from March 27 to November 2, more numerous 
during the migrations, throughout most of Louisiana; re¬ 
corded north to Tendal on the Tensas River, Monroe, 
Choudrant, Bienville, and Bossier Parish; west to Caddo 
Lake, Cross Lake, Shreveport, Logansport, Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Fisher, Florien, Anacoco, Leesville, 
and Sulphur; south to Lake Charles, Lake Claire (17 miles 
south of Gueydan), Avery Island, Raceland, and New Or¬ 
leans ; and east to Rigolets, Bedico River, Hammond, Saint 
Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, Thomastown, 
Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. It is also 
a transient in the Gulf Coast region, south of its breeding 
range. It nests mostly in May and June. </p>

<p>Eggs of the Eastern Wood Pewee collected at Grand 
Coteau are in the United States National Museum. A 
single bird struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the 
entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, October 23, 1908. H. L. Bal- 
lowe reported this flycatcher at Diamond, April 16, 19, and 
26,1902; and H. H. Kopman, from Empire, April 13, 1917; 
but there seems to be no evidence that it breeds at either of 
these localities. A. H. Howell obtained specimens at Mans¬ 
field, April 27, 29, and 30,1907, and May 2,1907, and found 
it common there. He noted it also at Logansport, August 
25 to 27, 1906. J. S. Campbell gives it as a very common 
summer resident, from April 8 to late September, at Bien¬ 
ville. E. R. Kalmbach observed it about five miles east of 
Gueydan, and also on the shore of Lake Claire (17 miles 
south of Gueydan), April 29,1925. H. H. Kopman reported 
it from Oaklawn, near Lacombe, August 17, 1917; from 
Hammond, where it breeds, on April 21, 1916, and April 
26, 1920; at Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>400 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and at Thomastown in Madison Parish, July 13 to 28, 1896. 
He obtained a specimen at New Orleans, September 25, 
1895; H. W. Henshaw collected one at Rigolets, April 10, 
1870; also T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, August 26, 1935; 
and there is a specimen in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity from Bedico River, August 9, 1870. Edward Butler 
reported its breeding at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at 
Bains in 1916. E. R. Kalmbach noted it east of the town 
of Tallulah, June 28, 1924; and the writer found it com¬ 
mon in the heavy bottomland forests of the Singer Pre¬ 
serve along the Tensas River 13 miles southwest of Tal¬ 
lulah, June 17, 1933. He observed it also in 1933 at Tendal 
on the Tensas River; at Choudrant, June 17; at Trout, 
June 16; at Westwego, June 23; at Caddo Lake, Cross 
Lake, and Shreveport, June 18; at Natchitoches, Hagewood, 
Hornbeck, Fort Jesup, Fisher, Florien, Anacoco, Leesville, 
and Lake Charles, June 19; Sulphur, June 20; and at Race- 
land, June 23. Ambrose Daigre observed it commonly at 
Grand Isle from April 9 to 20,1937; and George H. Lowery, 
Jr., obtained a specimen there on April 11, 1937. </p>

<p>EASTERN OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Nuttallomis borealis cooperi (Nuttall) 17 * </p>

<p>The Eastern Olive-sided Flycatcher is a very rare spring 
and autumn transient in southeastern Louisiana, in May and 
from August 16 to August 31. It is not recorded from the 
northern part of the State. </p>

<p>Apparently there are only three records of this species 
for Louisiana. A single individual reported by George E. 
Beyer 180 was collected by H. L. Ballowe at Diamond on Au¬ 
gust 31, 1894. The only other records are those of a single 
bird seen by H. H. Kopman at Covington, August 16, 1903; 
and another seen by Andrew Allison at New Orleans on 
May 6, 1901. </p>

<p>179 Nuttallornis mesoltucus of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. For explanation of 
this change of name, see van Rossein, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VTI, No. 
30, May 31, 1934, pp. 350-352. </p>

<p>i s °Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 104. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Vermilion Flycatcher </p>

<p>
401 </p>

<p>
VERMILION FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Pyrocephalus ruhinus mexicanus Sclater </p>

<p>The Vermilion Flycatcher is an accidental or casual 
winter visitor to southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>A specimen of this bird was taken at the Louisiana 
State University, Baton Rouge, on February 7, 1938, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>
Family ALAUDIDAE </p>

<p>NORTHERN HORNED LARK </p>

<p>Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Northern Horned Lark is a rare winter visitor, 
observed from January 6 to February 22, in southeastern 
Louisiana, from Pearl River to New Orleans. </p>

<p>It was first reported from Louisiana by Jonathan 
Dwight, 181 who listed, without date, a specimen from New 
Orleans. George E. Beyer recorded a single individual of 
this subspecies taken on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain at 
Mandeville, January 6, 1879, and this specimen is at the 
present time in the Gustave Kohn collection in the museum 
of Tulane University, where its identification was verified 
in the present connection. For some reason, H. H. Kopman, 
in later mentioning this specimen, changed the identifica¬ 
tion given by Beyer to that of the Prairie Horned Lark. 182 
Another specimen of the Northern Horned Lark, a male, 
was collected by H. H. Pring at Pearl River, February 22, 
1895, and is now in the museum of Tulane University. </p>

<p>With reference to the Prairie Horned Lark, it is of inter¬ 
est to note here that there is, up to the present time, no 
definite record of its occurrence in the State, since all the 
Louisiana specimens of horned larks that we have ex¬ 
amined prove to belong to other races. </p>

<p>1,1 The Auk. Vol. VII. No. 2, April. 1890. p. 142. </p>

<p>*"* The Auk. Vol. XXXII, No. 1. January, 1915. p. 20. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>402 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
HOYT HORNED LARK </p>

<p>Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop </p>

<p>The Hoyt Horned Lark is a casual winter visitor in 
southeastern Louisiana, so far as known only in January. </p>

<p>In fact, there is but one record for the State, that of a 
single adult male in the Gustave Kohn collection in the 
museum of Tulane University, at New Orleans. This speci¬ 
men was collected, apparently by Gustave Kohn, at Mande- 
ville, on January 6, 1879. It was at the time in company 
with other horned larks, specimens of which were taken and 
prove to belong to the Northern Horned Lark, Otocoris 
alpestris alpestris. </p>

<p>
TEXAS HORNED LARK </p>

<p>Otocoris alpestris giraudi Henshaw </p>

<p>The Texas Horned Lark is an uncommon permanent 
resident on the Gulf Coast prairies of southwestern Louisi¬ 
ana, east certainly to the mouth of the Mermentau River, 
and probably Avery Island, and north to Kaplan. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach found Horned Larks in much worn plum¬ 
age on the sandy area away from the beach at the mouth of 
the Mermentau River, August 11 and 12, 1925, and he ob¬ 
tained here a single individual. Horned Larks seen by the 
writer at the Florence Club 16 miles south of Gueydan, 
December 29, 1932; and at Kaplan, on the same date; as 
well as five seen at Avery Island, December 28, 1932, 
belong also to this same form. </p>

<p>Family HIRUNDINJDAE </p>

<p>TREE SWALLOW </p>

<p>Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot) </p>

<p>Swallows are among our most graceful, interesting, 
and valuable birds. The present one, sometimes called 
'White-bellied Swallow’ is one of the most beautiful, being 
metallic green or blue above, and pure white below. It is 
only about six inches in length, but it has a proportionately 
great extent of wing, as have most swallows, and the nar- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate M </p>

<p>
't Courtesy oi the National A^xioUon of Audui^ Si'/tiunw.) </p>

<p>THE TREE SWALLOW 
Iridoprociic bwdor (VidJiot) </p>

<p>Characteristic of Louisiana marshes, such as those bordering the Chef Menteur Highway, are 
the SpC&amp;S of thousands of Tree Swallows arriving in the autumn to spend their winter in our 
State. 'Typically Swallow-like in flight, this species has the unswallow dike habit of including 
considerable seeds and berries in its food. Tree Swallows form also a typical winter picture as 
with speed and grace they course above the waters of the Mississippi River. </p>

<p>
Wm * M . J ^t: </p>

<p>aw tn .A . 4. ; </p>

<p>
A </p>

<p>
lS» ..»' </p>

<p>
,*• »•:.*i’&lt;• iM-. ^ </p>

<p>
sMl </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>







<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Tree Swallow </p>

<p>
403 </p>

<p>
row pointed wings that are characteristic of birds of this 
group. As a consequence its flight is light and airy, and 
capable of being long sustained. It has the habit of sailing 
more than do many other kinds of swallows. It alights on 
the ground much more than do most other swallows. This 
bird in the breeding season is found over most of North 
America, though locally. It winters in the southern part 
of North America, does not migrate beyond Central 
Americk, and is thus one of the less widely ranging of our 
North American swallows. </p>

<p>This bird lives in almost any kind of country, although 
it is not often found in deep forests. It is frequently seen 
coursing about high in the air, or skimming over the sur¬ 
face of the water, barely enough above it to avoid touch¬ 
ing the surface. At times during migration it asssembles 
into enormous flocks, sometimes amounting to tens of 
thousands, and at such times large groups of these birds 
execute marvelous evolutions in the air. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists largely of various kinds 
of animal food, chiefly insects, including a large number 
of various injurious species, such as moths, chinch bugs, 
plant lice, leaf hoppers, ants, flies, beetles, and cotton-boll 
weevils. Berries, particularly the bayberry, form a con¬ 
siderable part of the food of this bird at certain times of 
the year. Other berries, such as those of the Virginia 
creeper, dogwood, and red cedar, are sometimes taken. </p>

<p>This bird builds its nest either in woodlands, near 
water, or sometimes about houses, or in almost any culti¬ 
vated areas. The nest is placed in a hollow tree, a crevice 
about a building, or bridge, or even in a bird house. It 
is usually composed of straw, weed-stalks, grass, and simi¬ 
lar materials, and abundantly lined with feathers. The 
usually four to six eggs are white, unmarked. Both male 
and female aid in the incubation of the eggs, and ordinarily 
but a single brood is reared. </p>

<p>The Tree Swallow is a common, locally abundant, winter 
resident, from July 20 (casually July 8) to June 2, in the 
Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana, from Saint Tam- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>404 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
many Parish and the Mississippi River Delta, west to Cam¬ 
eron Parish; and from the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, 
Grand Isle, Chenier au Tigre, Grand Chenier, Cameron, and 
the Gulf of Mexico south of the club house of the Orange- 
Cameron Land Company in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
north to Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Lake, 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, the Intercoastal Canal near. 
Intercoastal City, the lower Vermilion River, Avery Island, 
Cote Blanche, Avoca Island, Bayou Black near Houma in 
Terrebonne Parish, Little Barataria Bayou, Lake Salvador, 
New Orleans, Chef Menteur, Mandeville, Slidell, and Lake 
Catherine. This species is also a spring and autumn tran¬ 
sient throughout the rest of Louisiana, east to Baton Rouge, 
and west at least to Alexandria, Bienville, and Arcadia, 
probably also throughout the remainder of the State. There 
is no authentic record of its breeding in Louisiana. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Tree Swallow were taken at New 
Orleans, April 12, 1889, and April 10, 1897; and at Grand 
Isle, March 27,1931. At the latter locality Ambrose Daigre 
observed it frequently from April 11 to May 2, 1936. Along 
the lower Mississippi River, between Pilot Town and Os- 
trica, the writer observed a large scattered flight of this 
species on January 23, 1932. The birds seemed to be mov¬ 
ing down the river, for he encountered them for many miles 
on the upstream river trip; and a count of the individuals 
seen totaled 2805. The species seems to be very common 
along the lower Mississippi River during the winter, since 
the writer has observed a considerable number on other 
occasions, such as December 20, 1932, between Magnolia 
and Myrtle Grove; and on December 16, 1932, between Al¬ 
giers and Empire. Ned Hollister reported it abundant at 
Belair, March 25 to April 8, 1904; and H. H. Kopman, at 
Phoenix, April 10, 1918, observed a flock of about 200 of 
these birds in a newly-broken cornfield, apparently feeding 
on insects in the flowers of low plants near the ground. At 
Baton Rouge, according to George H. Lowery, Jr., it is a 
common transient; in 1934 it arrived on March 17; in 1936 
on March 10. At New Orleans, H. H. Kopman has noted it 
on many dates during the winter, and as early as July 20, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Bank SwaUow </p>

<p>
405 </p>

<p>
1903; and George E. Beyer reported it there on July 8,1893. 
H. H. Kopman found it fairly common at Chef Menteur, De¬ 
cember 23,1917; and A. H. Howell saw it at Slidell, Novem¬ 
ber 1, 1908. J. S. Campbell considers it a very rare tran¬ 
sient in Bienville Parish, as he has but two records: one at 
Bienville, June 2, 1932, and the other at Arcadia, August 
28, 1933. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported a continuous westward flight of 
this species on January 13 and 14, 1918, at Cote Blanche 
between Baldwin and Cypremort. W. L. McAtee noticed it 
common at Cameron in Cameron Parish, November 28 to 
December 6, 1910. The writer noted this species as fairly 
common on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 24, 
1928; along the Gulf of Mexico south of the Orange-Cam- 
eron Land Company’s club house, January 24, 1928; at Cal¬ 
casieu Lake, December 31, 1932; along the Intercoastal 
Canal between Intercoastal City and Vermilion Bay, Janu¬ 
ary 30, 1932; on Vermilion Bay, January 29, 1932; and on 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23, 1928. 
It was numerous on the Rockefeller Wild Life Refuge at 
Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932. The writer found it 
abundant on Lake Salvador, January 26, 1932; and at 
Avoca Island, January 27, 1932, he observed a flight 
shortly after sunset, moving apparently toward the roost¬ 
ing grounds, which lasted for a considerable period, and by 
count contained 4850 birds. The writer observed this bird 
also on Little Barataria Bayou, January 26,1932; on Bayou 
Black near Houma in Terrebonne Parish, January 27,1932; 
at Avery Island, December 28, 1932; on the lower Ver¬ 
milion River, January 30, 1932, and January 22, 1928; and 
found it abundant at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 22,1932, and Janu¬ 
ary 19, 1928. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN BANK SWALLOW </p>

<p>Riparia riparia maximiliani (Stejneger) 188 </p>

<p>Somewhat smaller than the Tree Swallow, and of very 
different habits, this species is rather outstanding. It is </p>

<p>,sa Riparia riparia ripatia of Ihe 1931 A. O. V. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF Ml </p>



<p>406 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
sometimes called ‘sand swallow’, or ‘sand martin’, because 
of its nesting habits. In color it is dark brown above, 
white below, with a dark brown band across the lower 
throat. It is well distributed over North America, but is 
very local in its summer occurrence. In winter it migrates 
to South America, as far as Bolivia. </p>

<p>It lives along streams of various kinds, or in stream 
valleys, and is seen usually coursing about in the air over 
the water, often in company with other species of swallows. 
In general build and flight it is similar to the other swal¬ 
lows, but is one of the swifter species. At times it gathers 
into great flocks for either purposes of roosting or of 
migration. At night it roosts in holes in banks or in the 
tall grass, reeds, or other similar vegetation of a marsh. </p>

<p>The food habits of this bird are almost entirely insecti¬ 
vorous. It lives largely on flies, including the horse fly 
and similar kinds, beetles which include such destructive 
insects as the rice weevil, alfalfa weevil, and cotton-boll 
weevil; and other insects, such as caterpillars, ants, plant 
lice, leaf hoppers, and dragonflies. It is thus one of our 
most beneficial birds. </p>

<p>In its nesting habits it differs much from many of the 
other swallows. It excavates a burrow in the side of a 
bank, either along a stream, a dry wash, in a sand pit 
or in a railroad or highway cut. Sometimes several hun¬ 
dreds or even thousands of these birds breed together in 
colonies in such places. At the end of the burrow, which is 
usually only a few feet in length, sometimes, however, at 
least eight or nine feet, they place a small amount of grass, 
weed-stalks, and feathers, as a lining for the chamber, 
which is an enlargement at the end of the burrow. The 
usually four to five eggs are white, unmarked. It takes 
ordinarily about 12 days to hatch the young, and they re¬ 
main in the nest for a considerable time, as they are help¬ 
less until they are able to fly. </p>

<p>The American Bank Swallow is a rare and very local 
summer resident, from March 23 to late October, through¬ 
out most of Louisiana, from New Orleans, Hester, Bains, </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Bank Swallow </p>

<p>
407 </p>

<p>
and Gueydan, north to De Soto Parish. While there is no 
definite nesting record for Louisiana, the species probably 
breeds within the State borders. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University, taken on July 6, 1886, at New 
Orleans, and on the Orleans Canal near New Orleans on the 
same day; also in the Biological Survey, obtained at New 
Orleans, August 7,1936, by T. D. Burleigh. E. B. Kalmbach 
collected it near Gueydan, September 16, 1925; Andrew 
Allison reported it at New Orleans, April 20, 1896; and 
George E. Beyer at the same locality, March 23, 1894. At 
Hester in Saint James Parish, H. W. Pring reported its oc¬ 
currence on March 23 and April 15,1902; and Robert Butler 
found it at Bains, April 3 and 15, 1931. J. K. Strecker 
recorded it as a rather common summer resident in De Soto 
Parish, where he saw it along the Red River, Bayou Pierre, 
and Wallace Bayou, between August, 1925, and June, 1928. </p>

<p>The American Bank Swallow differs from the European 
Bank Swallow, Riparia riparia riparia, in shorter wing, rel¬ 
atively larger feet and bill, darker and more sooty (less 
rufescent) brown upper parts. </p>

<p>Average measurements of male specimens from eastern 
North America are: wing, 100 mm.; tail, 48.8; exposed oil¬ 
men, 6.1; and tarsus, 10.9. Average measurements of the 
male European bird are: wing, 104.3; tail, 49.7; exposed 
culmen, 5.9; and tarsus, 10.8. </p>

<p>It ranges in summer over nearly all North America, and 
winters south to southern South America. </p>

<p>It was long ago distinguished from the European bird by 
Leonhard Stejneger, but his diagnosis has subsequently 
been overlooked or ignored, although the American bird is, 
however, readily separable as above indicated. Stejneger 
named the “American variety” of Bank Swallow Clivicola 
riparia maximiliani; 1 ** and his type, subsequently desig¬ 
nated, is an adult male, No. 8326 of the United States Na¬ 
tional Museum collection, taken at Ipswich, Mass., May 20, 
1870, by C. J. Maynard. </p>

<p>18i Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 29, December 16, 1885, p. 378, footnote. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>408 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW </p>

<p>Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis (Audubon) </p>

<p>Very much like the Bank Swallow in appearance, except 
for the lack of a definite dark brown band on the breast, 
but a little greater in size, the present bird is scarcely to 
be confused with any other swallow that inhabits Louisiana. </p>

<p>It is to be found in very much the same kinds of coun¬ 
try as the Bank Swallow, and in general habits is very 
similar, except that it does not breed in large colonies, and 
it does not assemble into such large flocks as the Bank 
Swallow and most of the others. </p>

<p>Its food is very much like that of the Bank Swallow, 
and consists largely of insects, including aquatic kinds. </p>

<p>The nest of this species is seldom in colonies, and never 
more than a few are near together. It builds in any sort of 
a hole that is convenient in a clay bank, the abutments of a 
bridge, or crevice in a building, hole in a tree, or similar 
cavity, and even in a drain pipe in a stone wall along a 
city street. The nest is composed of grasses, roots, pine 
needles, dead leaves, and similar materials, and occasion¬ 
ally feathers. The eggs are usually about five, pure white, 
without markings. </p>

<p>The Rough-winged Swallow is a fairly common summer 
resident, from March 10 to November 5, throughout most 
of Louisiana; recorded north to Monroe, Bienville Parish, 
and Shreveport; west to Crichton, Natchitoches, Anacoco, 
Leesville, and the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton; 
south to Sulphur, Lake Charles, New Iberia, Avery Island, 
Bayou Chene, Bayou La Fourche, and Plaquemines Parish; 
east to Junior, Phoenix, New Orleans, Amite, Bains, 
Simmesport, Lake Saint John, Newellton, and Thomastown. 
It is also a casual winter resident in central eastern Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies in the museum of Tulane 
University at New Orleans, recently examined, were col¬ 
lected in Plaquemines Parish, May 28,1863; at New Orleans 
by George E. Beyer, July 18, 1886; also at New Orleans, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Rough-winged Swallow </p>

<p>
409 </p>

<p>
April 14, 1936, September 6, 1935, September 12, and No¬ 
vember 5, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; and at Amite, May 31, 
1858, probably by Gustave Kohn. It is of interest to note 
that John James Audubon, who originally described this 
bird, collected it first at Bayou Sara, Louisiana, October 20, 
1819. H. H. Kopman reported this species a common sum¬ 
mer resident at New Iberia and noted its arrival there, 
March 28, 1902. He found it common at Bayou Chene, 
August 29 to 30,1917; Bayou La Fourche, August 24,1917; 
and at Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. He 
observed it also at Phoenix, September 12 to 15, 1917, and 
April 9 to 10, 1918; at Junior in Plaquemines Parish, Au¬ 
gust 4 to 5, 1917; and abundant at Thomastown in Madison 
Parish, July 13 to 28, 1896. J. S. Campbell gives this spe¬ 
cies as a common summer resident in Bienville Parish. Ed¬ 
ward Butler reported its arrival at Bains, March 17, 1922; 
and George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, March 25,1933, 
March 24, 1934, and March 10, 1936. E. R. Kalmbach saw 
it at Cameron Farm, April 30, 1919, and found it generally 
distributed throughout the rice and Gulf Coast areas of 
Vermilion and Cameron parishes during the summer of 
1925. The writer observed it at Newellton and Lake Saint 
John, June 16, 1933; Livonia, June 15, 1933; Shreveport 
and Crichton, June 18, 1933; Natchitoches, Anacoco, Lees- 
ville, and Lake Charles, June 19,1933; and at Sulphur, June 
20, 1933. </p>

<p>The only winter records for this species consist of an 
observation made by H. H. Kopman at New Roads in Pointe 
Coupee Parish on December 15, 1917, when he saw a con¬ 
siderable number of these birds in flight over and about a 
lake, where they were present in the same general locality 
and under his observation for several hours; and the state¬ 
ment of George H. Lowery, Jr., that the species remains 
throughout the winter at Baton Rouge where he collected a 
specimen on January 26, 1938. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>410 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
BARN SWALLOW </p>

<p>Hirundo rustica erythrogastris Boddaert 1 ** </p>

<p>The Barn Swallow is one of the most easily distin¬ 
guished, commonest, and best known of our North Ameri¬ 
can swallows. Its dark metallic blue upper parts, chest¬ 
nut forehead, chin, and throat, with a dark metallic blue 
band across the breast, and the rest of the lower surface 
light rufous, together with a long forked tail, make it easily 
identified anywhere. </p>

<p>It is very fond of the haunts of man, and inhabits 
usually the more open country on farms, and at times 
even the towns. Except when breeding it may be found 
almost anywhere, and sometimes in great flocks it resorts 
to the various bodies of water for the purpose of seeking 
food and for roosting. It gathers together at night and 
often roosts in the marshes when preparing for its autumn 
migration. It is much of the time on the wing, and may 
be seen skimming along the surface of the water or cours¬ 
ing about, sometimes often high in the air, the main object 
being, of course, the pursuit of food. In flight the Barn 
Swallow is swift and strong, and it is one of the most 
graceful of all our birds. </p>

<p>Practically all the food of this bird consists of insects, 
such as ants, flies, mosquitoes, bugs, many beetles includ¬ 
ing weevils, wasps, and bees except honey bees, and also 
moths, some of them injurious species. About the only 
other food that it takes consists of a few spiders and small 
snails. </p>

<p>The nest is placed either on some rafter or in some 
nook on the inside of a farm building, under a bridge or 
similar structure, in crevices in bluffs or banks, and simi¬ 
lar places, sometimes in small colonies. The nest is com¬ 
posed of a large portion of mud mixed with weed-stalks, 
straws, and grasses, and lined with feathers and other soft 
materials. It is made so largely of mud that it is easily 
fastened to the side of some projection, or as is usual </p>

<p>* 9S Hirundo erythrogaster of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bam Swallow </p>

<p>
411 </p>

<p>
rests also on the same support, and the structure is thus 
made secure. The eggs are usually four or five, white, 
with dark brown and purplish spots. It takes about 12 
days to hatch the eggs; and since the young are helpless 
they are fed for a long time in the nest, at first at least 
with regurgitated food from the crop of the adult. </p>

<p>The Barn Swallow is one of the most beneficial of our 
swallows, and is of much help on the farm, where it de¬ 
stroys a great many injurious insects, such as mosquitoes 
and flies that annoy livestock. </p>

<p>The Barn Swallow is a fairly common spring and au¬ 
tumn transient, from March 15 to May 27, and from August 
1 to November 5, throughout Louisiana; west to Caddo 
Lake, Mansfield, Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, 
and the mouth of the Mermentau River; and east to South 
Pass Lightship off Port Eads in the Mississippi River 
Delta, the mouth of Main Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta, Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish, Jun¬ 
ior, Phoenix, Belair, Caernovan, New Orleans, East Lake in 
Saint Bernard Parish, Mandeville, Hammond, Bains, Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, and Lake Providence. It is 
also a casual summer resident in northern Louisiana, south 
to Caddo Lake and Jena; and a casual winter resident in the 
central southern part of the State. </p>

<p>The only summer records of this species available are 
single birds seen by the writer at Caddo Lake, June 18, 
1933; and at Jena, June 16, 1933. </p>

<p>The only winter record for the State consists of a single 
Barn Swallow seen by T. Gilbert Pearson and Charles W. 
Townsend on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, December 4, 
1925. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell saw this bird at Lake Providence and 
Oak Grove, May 3, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach reported this 
species common at Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish 14 
miles south of Vinton, in early May of 1919; also common 
during the spring migration throughout the Gulf Coast 
region of Vermilion and Cameron parishes from April 25 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF Ml' </p>



<p>412 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
to May 18, 1925; and he saw it on August 11 and 12 of the 
same year at the mouth of the Mermentau River. H. H. 
Kopman noted it at Junior, August 4 to 5,1917; at Phoenix, 
October 23, 1917; at Belair, October 21, 1917; at Caerno- 
van, April 16 to 18, 1918; at Deer Range Plantation in 
Plaquemines Parish, August 5, 1917; at Mandeville, August 
18, 1917; also at Hammond, August 21, 1920, and April 
26, 1918. Edward Butler noted its arrival at Bains, March 
26, 1922; and W. W. Edwards, at Abbeville, March 15, 
1885. George E. Beyer observed it at New Orleans, August 
4, 1893; A. B. Blakemore, at the same locality, November 
1, 1895; and A. H. Howell found this swallow at Mans¬ 
field, April 30, 1907. Three specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University at New Orleans were taken at New 
Orleans, May 4, 1890; R. A. Fitzgerald reported individ¬ 
uals that struck the South Pass Lightship at Port Eads, 
April 30, 1902; E. G. Wright collected one at Avery Island, 
May 8, 1930; and E. R. Kalmbach obtained specimens at 
Gueydan, August 7 and 25, 1925. Ambrose Daigre took 
one specimen at Grand Isle on April 28, 1936; and T. D. 
Burleigh, others at New Orleans, August 7, 1935, October 
31, 1935, and September 12, 1936. </p>

<p>The Barn Swallow of the United States is without any 
doubt but a subspecies of the European Chimney Swallow, 
Hirundo rustica, and its scientific name therefore should be 
Hirundo rustica erythrogastris. </p>

<p>NORTHERN CLIFF SWALLOW </p>

<p>Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons (Rafinesque) </p>

<p>The Northern Cliff Swallow is a rare transient, from 
April 9 to June 12, and from August 2 to November 1, in 
most parts of Louisiana; recorded east to Plaquemines Par¬ 
ish, Saint James Parish, New Orleans, Madisonville, Bayou 
Sara, and near Marksville; west to Mansfield, Gueydan, and 
Baldwin. It is reported to breed in the State, and there is a 
specimen in the museum of Tulane University taken by 
George E. Beyer at Madisonville, June 12, 1886, but there is 
no definite nesting record for Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>
413 </p>

<p>
A specimen in the Biological Survey was obtained by 
T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on August 2, 1935; A. B. 
Blakemore reported this species at New Orleans, November 
1,1895; and George E. Beyer, at the same place on Septem¬ 
ber 12, 1893. W. L. McAtee saw it near Marksville, Sep¬ 
tember 11 to 15, 1912; and A. H. Howell reported five, of 
which one was collected, on May 2,1907, at Mansfield. E. R. 
Kalmbach observed a flock south of Gueydan, May 26,1925; 
and Mrs. G. L. Baldwin saw individuals at Baldwin, April 
23 and 26,1909. George H. Lowery, Jr., noted it at Monroe, 
April 15, 1933; and saw a large flock at Baton Rouge on 
April 25, 1934. </p>

<p>
PURPLE MARTIN </p>

<p>Progne subis subis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Purple Martin is well named, for the male is wholly 
metallic purplish black, the female duller above and dull 
grayish below, sometimes partly dull white. It is the 
largest of our swallows, being almost eight inches long. 
In summer it is found over a large part of North America 
from central Canada, south to the Gulf of Mexico. The 
winter it spends in South America as far south as Brazil. </p>

<p>It has a strong, powerful, swift flight, but is fond of 
sailing intermittently rather than flying continuously as do 
some of the species like the Barn Swallow. It is found in 
almost all kinds of country, although it is not so fond of 
the deep forests. Its preferred home is the more open 
country in the vicinity of human dwellings, whether in the 
country or in the city. At certain times of the year, par¬ 
ticularly in the late summer and early autumn, the Purple 
Martin gathers into great companies which roost for the 
night in trees in the cities or towns, or in the marshes 
along streams or other bodies of water. Sometimes these 
gatherings contain tens of thousands of birds. On occasion 
it so heavily populates the trees that the branches are 
broken down by the weight of the birds. These roosts are 
sometimes occupied for several weeks just before the south¬ 
ward migration. The ordinary note of the Martin is a </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
414 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
rather mellow deep-toned note, several times repeated, 
that has been represented by the syllables ‘perro’. </p>

<p>This is one of the most valuable of our North Ameri¬ 
can swallows, particularly in so far as its food habits are 
concerned. The bird eats practically nothing but insects, 
with the exception of a few spiders. Its diet is made up of 
flies of various kinds, bugs like the squash bug, ants, 
beetles including the clover weevil and cotton-boll weevil, 
moths, butterflies and their caterpillars, grasshoppers, 
dragonflies, and similar insects. </p>

<p>The nest is placed either in some nook about a building, 
in a tree, or on a cliff, and at the present time particularly 
in bird houses. Sometimes the nests are in colonies of con¬ 
siderable size, especially when they happen to occupy a large 
bird house. The materials of the nest consist of grasses, 
small twigs, leaves, and feathers, together with sometimes 
a small quantity of mud. The eggs are usually four or five, 
pure white, without markings, and require from 12 to 20 
days for hatching. Usually only a single brood is reared, 
and since the birds have to be cared for solicitously until 
they are able to fly the parents are active and attentive for 
a considerable period. </p>

<p>The Purple Martin is a common summer resident, from 
January 29 to October 22. It is generally distributed all 
over Louisiana, and reported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
Choudrant, Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west to Shreveport, 
Cross Lake, Taylortown, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Many, Florien, Hornbeck, Leesville, 
Pickering, Rosepine, Longville, Vinton, and Toomey; south 
to Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, Sulphur, Lock- 
port, Lake Charles, Jennings, Gueydan, Abbeville, Avery 
Island, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, Houma, Dulac 
in Terrebonne Parish, Bayou Penelle in Terrebonne Parish, 
Manila on Barataria Bay, Grand Isle, and Pilot Town; and 
east to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Diamond, 
Junior, Phoenix, New Orleans, Grassy Island in Lake 
Borgne, The Rigolets, Slidell, Mandeville, Madisonville, 
Hammond, Amite, Clinton, Bains, Frogmore, Ferriday, Wa- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Purple Martin </p>

<p>
415 </p>

<p>
terproof, Newellton, Thom as town, and Tallulah. It breeds 
chiefly from April to June; and there is record of eggs in 
the United States National Museum collected at Grand 
Coteau, June 6, 1887. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister saw this species at Mer Rouge, March 17, 
1904, and during the following two days. Specimens were 
taken by A. H. Howell at Mansfield, May 2 and 3, 1907; by 
Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 7 and 8, 1936; and by 
T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on September 11,1935. The 
writer observed the species at Ferriday, Waterproof, New¬ 
ellton, and Tallulah, June 16, 1933; and H. H. Kopman 
found it abundant at Thomastown, July 13 to 28,1896. The 
writer noted it at Choudrant, June 17, 1933; at Caddo Lake, 
Shreveport, Cross Lake, Taylortown, and Crichton, June 18, 
1933; Natchitoches, Hagewood, Many, Florien, Hornbeck, 
Leesville, Pickering, Rosepine, and Longville, on June 19, 
1933; at Vinton, Toomey, Cameron Farm 14 miles south of 
Vinton, Sulphur, Lake Charles, and Jennings, June 20, 
1933; Avery Island, June 21, 1933; Houma, Dulac, and 
Bayou Penelle in Terrebonne Parish, June 22,1933; Manila 
on Barataria Bay, June 10, 1933; Grand Isle, June 9, 1933; 
Pilot Town and Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, 
June 7, 1933. H. L. Ballowe reported it at Diamond as a 
common summer resident, and noted its arrival in 1902 on 
April 1. H. H. Kopman saw it at Junior, August 4 to 5, 
1917; Phoenix, September 12, 1917; Hammond, March 4, 
1920; and Amite, March 27,1918. George E. Beyer reported 
its arrival at New Orleans, January 31,1894; and as breed¬ 
ing at Clinton and Madisonville in 1891. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., finds it a common summer resident at Baton Rouge, 
where in 1935 it arrived on February 16. Edward Butler 
recorded its arrival at Bains, where it breeds, on February 
18,1922. The writer observed it on Grassy Island in Lake 
Borgne, June 2, 1933; at The Rigolets on the same day; and 
at Slidell, June 27,1933. E. R. Kalmbach found this species 
common throughout the rice belt in the vicinity of Gueydan, 
from May to September 9, 1925. J. S. Campbell considers 
it a common summer resident at Bienville, from February 
to September. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF M«:HfGAN </p>



<p>416 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana 
Family CORVIDAE </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
FLORIDA BLUE JAY </p>

<p>Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus) 1 ** </p>

<p>The Blue Jay is one of the best known of the birds in most 
parts of the eastern United States. It is often called ‘jay 
bird’, or simply ‘jay’, and is easily distinguished anywhere. 
Its bright blue upper parts with blackish markings, and 
white lower surface, together with its crest, make it con¬ 
spicuous. </p>

<p>It lives everywhere, not only in the forests, the open 
country, cultivated lands, but also even in the towns and 
cities. In, one or the other of these areas it is found over 
practically all the eastern United States and southeast¬ 
ern Canada. It is migratory in the more northern parts of 
its range. The Florida Blue Jay, which is one of the 
southern representatives of the species, does not differ in 
general habits from the more northern bird. It has a 
rather strong though not particularly rapid flight, and 
sometimes assembles into small flocks, although it is not 
so gregarious as a great many of our other birds. Its ordi¬ 
nary note is a harsh cry very much like the syllable ‘jay’ 
several times repeated. It also has other notes much less 
harsh, and on occasion it imitates the calls of other birds, 
such as the Red-shouldered Hawk and even some song 
birds. It is a noisy bird and the commotion that it some¬ 
times creates does not seem to be due to any particular 
cause. It is fond of worrying hawks, crows, and particu¬ 
larly owls, although like a great many bullies it is quick 
to retreat when its victims show fight. </p>

<p>The food of the Blue Jay is much varied. It consists 
of various kinds of insects, such as May beetles, grass¬ 
hoppers, caterpillars (some of them hairy kinds, such as 
the caterpillars of gypsy and brown-tailed moths), and the 
eggs of various kinds of insects. Other items of food con¬ 
sist of salamanders, frogs, small fishes, snails, spiders, 
mice, and sometimes small birds. It also destroys eggs </p>

<p>inn Cyanocitta cristata florincolu of the 10” 1 A. O. l\ Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Blue Jay </p>

<p>
417 </p>

<p>
and young of song birds, and in places where this bird is 
numerous the small birds suffer considerably from its at¬ 
tacks. It eats also some wild fruits and nuts, but not much 
cultivated fruit. </p>

<p>This bird breeds in woodlands or on the edges of such 
places, in trees in cultivated areas, and even in the parks 
or streets of towns and cities. The nest is a bulky struc¬ 
ture, usually in a tree or tall bush, and once in a great 
while in a hollow tree. It is composed of twigs, rootlets, 
bark, weed-stalks, grasses, and leaves, and occasionally mud; 
and lined with strips of bark, grass, leaves, or feathers. 
The eggs are usually four or five, buff or greenish, blotched 
and spotted with various shades of brown and drab. Some¬ 
what more than two weeks are required for the hatching 
of the young, and only one brood is ordinarily reared. </p>

<p>The Florida Blue Jay is a permanent resident, fairly 
common in summer, common during the winter and the 
migrations, over all of Louisiana, wherever there are suita¬ 
ble trees, except possibly in parts of the Gulf Coast region. 
It has been reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove 
in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Par¬ 
ish, and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Shreve¬ 
port, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort 
Jesup, Florien, Sandel, Gillis, and the Cameron Farm 14 
miles south of Vinton; south to Lake Charles, Iowa (La.), 
Lake Arthur, Crowley, lower Vermilion River, Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, Baldwin, 
Houma, and Junior; and east to New Orleans, Lake Cath¬ 
erine, Slidell, Pearl River, Hackley, Simmesport, Frogmore, 
Waterproof, Saint Joseph, Newellton, Somerset, Singer Pre¬ 
serve on the Tensas River in Madison Parish 13 miles south¬ 
west of Tallulah, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It 
breeds from April to June. </p>

<p>This is doubtless the resident form of the Blue Jay 
throughout Louisiana, as specimens examined from the fol¬ 
lowing localities in both the northern and southern parts of 
the State indicate: Marrero, no date; Plaquemines Parish, 
December, 1862; New Orleans, June 1, July 6,1937, and May </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>418 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
21, 1935; Jefferson Parish, March 9,1895; Madisonville, no 
date; Micheaud, January 3, 1894; Bayou Tunica, March 16, 
1884; Vermilion Parish, December 13, 1932; Iowa (La.), 
April 8, 1899; Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 1931, January 
1 and 2, 1934; Belcher, February 3, 4, and 5, 1908; and 
by T. D. Burleigh at Golden Meadow on October 6, 1937. 
Vernon Bailey noted this bird at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 
1892; E. R. Kalmbach at Crowley, April 26 to September 28, 
1925; Mrs. G. L. Baldwin reported it resident at Baldwin; 
and H. H. Kopman observed it at Junior, August 4 to 5, 
1917; and at Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. 
A. H. Howell found it at Slidell, October 28 to November 1, 
1908; and at Hackley, February 20 to 24,1912. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell regards it an abundant permanent resident in Bienville 
Parish. E. R. Kalmbach noted it common at Tallulah, June 
13 to July 13, 1924; and Ned Hollister reported it common 
in the woods of Morehouse, West Carroll, and East Carroll 
parishes, February 11 to March 20,1904. The writer, how¬ 
ever, found it rather uncommon on the Singer Preserve, 
June 16 and 17, 1933. He observed it also at Caddo Lake, 
Cross Lake, Shreveport, and Crichton, June 18, 1933; San- 
del, Natchitoches, Fort Jesup, Florien, and Gillis, June 19, 
1933; at Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, and Lake 
Charles, June 20, 1933; Lake Arthur, December 30, 1932; 
lower Vermilion River and the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
January 22, 1928; Avery Island, June 21, 1933; Pearl 
River, June 27, 1933; Frogmore, Waterproof, Saint Joseph, 
Newellton, and Somerset, June 16, 1933; and Waverly, 
June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>As is explained in the account of the Northern Blue Jay 
given below, the scientific name of the Florida Blue Jay 
should be Cyanocitta cristata cristata, since from both local¬ 
ity and the identity of the plate on which the name rests 
this name refers to the southern bird. 1 ” </p>

<p>SS7 Ob&lt;?rholser, The Auk, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, January 18, 1921, p. 84. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern Blue Jay </p>

<p>
419 </p>

<p>
NORTHERN BLUE JAY </p>

<p>Cyanocitta cristata bromia Oberholser”* </p>

<p>The Northern Blue Jay is a winter resident, probably 
not uncommon, at least in northern and central Louisiana. </p>

<p>Since it is undistinguishable in the field from the Florida 
form it may be more numerous than the specimens available 
indicate. The writer has been able to examine, however, 
only four specimens from the State: a single male from 
Lobdell in West Baton Rouge Parish, collected by F. H. 
Carruth, January 9, 1903, now in the United States Na¬ 
tional Museum; two specimens obtained by Winston E. 
Nolan at New Orleans, February 15, 1933, and December 
11, 1932, respectively; and one other male taken by T. D. 
Burleigh at Golden Meadow on October 6, 1937. </p>

<p>The original description of the Blue Jay by Linnaeus”* 
was based on the bird from South Carolina as described by 
Catesby. The figure given by Catesby refers undoubtedly 
to the Southern instead of the Northern Blue Jay, and, 
therefore, the name given by Linnaeus should apply to the 
southern race, as has already been shown.” 0 This makes 
necessary the use of the name Cyanocitta cristata bromia 
for the Northern Blue Jay. </p>

<p>EASTERN CROW </p>

<p>Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm </p>

<p>Few birds anywhere are better known than is the Crow, 
often called ‘Common Crow’. The wholly black plumage 
and rather large size, for this bird is a foot and one-half 
long, will readily identify it anywhere. </p>

<p>The Crow lives not only in the heavy forests, but in 
all kinds of country, even along the seashore, although it 
is not so much a coast bird as is the Fish Crow. Its flight 
is slow and steady, but capable of being long sustained. At 
times other than the breeding season this bird assembles 
into large flocks, which gather at night in groves or other </p>

<p>M OyanociUa cristata cristata of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>1Bf Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January 1, 1758, p. 106. </p>

<p>'••Oberholser, The Auk, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, January 18, 1921, p. 84. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>420 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
woodlands for the purpose of roosting. These roosts are 
occupied often not only night after night, but in some cases 
year after year, and are interesting gatherings. </p>

<p>The well-known call of the Crow is often a signal for the 
attacks of smaller birds, for they usually recognize in him 
an enemy to their home life. While the common note of 
the Crow is familiar, the bird has also other less well 
known calls. It also is possessed of no mean imitative 
ability; often birds, particularly those that are kept in 
captivity, can learn to repeat various words and short 
phrases. The Crow makes an interesting pet, although it is 
always full of mischief and is likely to pick up and make 
off with all kinds of small articles that it can carry, par¬ 
ticularly if these happen to be bright and easily attract 
the attention of the bird. </p>

<p>This bird in its food habits is almost omnivorous. It 
will eat almost anything that it happens to find: insects 
of various kinds, reptiles, mammals, young birds, birds' 
eggs, crustaceans, worms, and various other animal food, 
even carrion, are acceptable. Much damage is done by the 
Crow to poultry and their eggs, but one of the greatest in¬ 
juries that the Crow does is the destruction of the eggs and 
young of small birds. Various kinds of vegetable food, 
such as corn, and all sorts of grain, seeds, acorns, and nuts, 
are commonly eaten. The damage to cultivated fruit and 
vegetables, is also at times considerable. Much controversy 
has raged regarding the economic position of the Crow, and 
even now the question may not be considered finally set¬ 
tled. In some places the Crow undoubtedly does a great 
deal of damage, and in others it is of considerable benefit 
through its destruction of noxious insects. </p>

<p>This bird breeds in all kinds of woodlands, sometimes 
in trees in more open country, usually at a considerable 
distance from the ground. The nest is a large bulky struc¬ 
ture, of sticks, bark, leaves, grasses, weed-stalks, and similar 
materials, lined with hair, wool, fine grass, roots, and bark 
strips. The eggs are usually three to five, rather light 
green or olive buff, and marked with various shades of </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Crow </p>

<p>
421 </p>

<p>
brown and gray. The period of incubation is about two 
and one-half weeks; and the adult birds are very active in 
the care of their young, which remain in the nest until 
they are able to fly. Ordinarily when the nest is ap¬ 
proached the adult birds disappear, but on other occasions 
they become very solicitous. </p>

<p>The Eastern Crow is a winter visitor to Louisiana, 
probably of more frequent occurrence than our present 
knowledge would indicate. There is but one definite record 
of this subspecies from Louisiana, that of a single specimen 
now in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans, collected at Marrero, November 
20, 1931. </p>

<p>
SOUTHERN CROW </p>

<p>Corvus brochyrhynchos paulus Howell </p>

<p>The Southern Crow, which differs from the Eastern 
Crow in smaller size, is a permanent resident, fairly com¬ 
mon in summer, common at other seasons, throughout prac¬ 
tically all Louisiana, except possibly the Mississippi River 
Delta, where it is at least a winter resident. It has been 
reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, Dunn, Monroe, Bienville Parish, Foster, and 
Belcher; west to Cross Lake, Shreveport, Mansfield, Logans- 
port, Natchitoches, Vinton, and Cameron Farm 14 miles 
south of Vinton; south to Sulphur, Iowa (La.), Lake Ar¬ 
thur, Gueydan, Kaplan, Abbeville, New Iberia, Avery Island, 
Chenier au Tigre, Little Wax Bayou, Avoca Island, Houma, 
Bayou Chene, Little Barataria Bayou, Bayou Dupont, Grand 
Isle, and Pilot Town; and east to Pass a Loutre in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, Junior, Belair, Westwego, New Or¬ 
leans, Lake Catherine, Slidell, Pearl River, Mandeville, 
Madisonville, Hackley, Simmesport, Jena, Waterproof, New- 
ellton, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It breeds from 
February to May; and there is record of eggs as early as 
February 21. </p>

<p>The Southern Crow is without much doubt the breeding 
form of all Louisiana, since the writer has examined speci- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>412 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
to May 18, 1925; and he saw it on August 11 and 12 of the 
same year at the mouth of the Mermentau River. H. H. 
Kopman noted it at Junior, August 4 to 5,1917; at Phoenix, 
October 23, 1917; at Belair, October 21, 1917; at Caerno- 
van, April 16 to 18, 1918; at Deer Range Plantation in 
Plaquemines Parish, August 5, 1917; at Mandeville, August 
18, 1917; also at Hammond, August 21, 1920, and April 
26, 1918. Edward Butler noted its arrival at Bains, March 
26, 1922; and W. W. Edwards, at Abbeville, March 15, 
1885. George E. Beyer observed it at New Orleans, August 
4, 1893; A. B. Blakemore, at the same locality, November 
1, 1895; and A. H. Howell found this swallow at Mans¬ 
field, April 30, 1907. Three specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University at New Orleans were taken at New 
Orleans, May 4, 1890; R. A. Fitzgerald reported individ¬ 
uals that struck the South Pass Lightship at Port Eads, 
April 30, 1902; E. G. Wright collected one at Avery Island, 
May 8, 1930; and E. R. Kalmbach obtained specimens at 
Gueydan, August 7 and 25, 1925. Ambrose Daigre took 
one specimen at Grand Isle on April 28, 1936; and T. D. 
Burleigh, others at New Orleans, August 7, 1935, October 
31, 1935, and September 12, 1936. </p>

<p>The Barn Swallow of the United States is without any 
doubt but a subspecies of the European Chimney Swallow, 
Hirundo rustica, and its scientific name therefore should be 
Hirundo rustica erythrogastris. </p>

<p>NORTHERN CLIFF SWALLOW </p>

<p>Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons (Rafinesque) </p>

<p>The Northern Cliff Swallow is a rare transient, from 
April 9 to June 12, and from August 2 to November 1, in 
most parts of Louisiana; recorded east to Plaquemines Par¬ 
ish, Saint James Parish, New Orleans, Madisonville, Bayou 
Sara, and near Marksville; west to Mansfield, Gueydan, and 
Baldwin. It is reported to breed in the State, and there is a 
specimen in the museum of Tulane University taken by 
George E. Beyer at Madisonville, June 12, 1886, but there is 
no definite nesting record for Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Fish Crow </p>

<p>
423 </p>

<p>
FISH CROW </p>

<p>Corvus os8ifragus Wilson </p>

<p>The Fish Crow is a small edition of the Southern Crow, 
and, in appearance, is scarcely distinguishable in the field. 
Its note, however, is a hoarse, guttural call, and is the best 
means of distinguishing this bird from the Southern Crow. 
Its general habits are very similar to that of the Common 
Crow, although it is much more of a coast bird, and except 
in a few places is not found at any considerable distance 
from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is a bird of much 
more limited distribution than the Common Crow, being 
found but rarely as far north as New England and not 
farther west than Texas. Sometimes it associates with 
the Common Crow, and occupies country that is very simi¬ 
lar in general character. It does not, however, appear to 
assemble into such large flocks as does that bird. </p>

<p>Its food is similar to that of the other crows, but it 
apparently eats a larger proportion of animal food. Its 
regular habitat being more along rivers and inlets, one 
would suppose that naturally its food should consist more 
of fishes, crustaceans, and similar animals. Its diet com¬ 
prises mollusks, crawfishes, shrimps, crabs, in addition to 
various kinds of fishes; and it destroys a great many eggs 
and young of various species of birds, such as herons, rails, 
terns, plovers, and similar kinds. At times its feeding 
stations show heaps of the shells of such birds’ eggs as those 
of herons, the contents of which have been eaten by this 
crow. In addition to its animal food it takes also various 
kinds of wild fruit, such as grapes, mulberries, pokeberries, 
and seeds of the dogwood, magnolia, and sorghum. The bird 
also disturbs cultivated fruits and vegetables. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is situated in a tree, often in an 
evergreen tree, and rather high from the ground. It is 
composed of various kinds of sticks, sometimes Spanish 
moss, pine needles, and bark; and is lined with such ma¬ 
terials as animal hair, eelgrass, animal droppings, grass, 
and pine needles. The four or five eggs are similar in color </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
424 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>to those of the Common Crow, but are somewhat smaller in 
size. </p>

<p>The Fish Crow is a permanent resident over most of 
Louisiana, common in the Gulf Coast region, from Black 
Bayou in Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Pass, Calcasieu Lake, 
Chenier au Tigre, Chacahoula, Raceland, Kenner, New Or¬ 
leans, Lake Catherine, and The Rigolets, north to Slidell, 
Pearl River, Mandeville, Madisonville, Bedico River, West 
Baton Rouge Parish, Paradis, Avery Island, New Iberia, 
Mallett Bay 15 miles southwest of Gueydan, Lake Charles, 
Sulphur, Vinton, and Toomey; and it is of tare and very 
local distribution throughout the rest of the State, north to 
Natchitoches, Cross Lake, Vivian, Caddo Lake, Lake Bistin- 
eau, and near Monroe. The absence of available records from 
southern Terrebonne Parish, southern La Fourche Parish, 
and most of Plaquemines Parish, including the Mississippi 
River Delta, is perhaps not significant. It breeds from late 
March to June, and there is record of eggs as late as May 12. </p>

<p>The most interesting feature of the distribution of this 
species in the State is its occurrence in the northwestern 
part of the State, so far from the coast region, to which this 
species is in most parts of its range rather closely confined. 
There is, however, no question regarding the presence of 
this species in northern Louisiana. H. H. Kopman has 
found it at Cross Lake, near Shreveport; J. S. Campbell at 
Lake Bistineau in summer; and George H. Lowery, Jr., has 
recorded it on the Ouachita River, south of Monroe.” 1 The 
writer observed it at Natchitoches, June 19, 1933, and at 
Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; and there is a specimen in the 
museum of Tulane University taken at Vivian in Caddo Par¬ 
ish, February 23, 1894. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach found the Fish Crow common at Black 
Bayou in early May, 1919; and the writer noted it also com¬ 
mon in the same region, January 27, 1928. G. Wiirdemann 
collected eggs of this species at Calcasieu Pass in 1854, 
which were sent by him to the Smithsonian Institution; 
and a bird in the United States National Museum from </p>

<p>i«BuU. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 34. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Got 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Chickadee </p>

<p>
425 </p>

<p>
Cameron Parish was collected on January 18, 1879. There 
are also eggs in the collection of the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity, taken at New Orleans in 1895. </p>

<p>Specimens in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans were taken on Bedico River, July 20 to August 4, 
1890; at New Orleans, April 4, 1881, and April 18, 1894. 
George E. Beyer reported it common and breeding at Madi- 
sonville in 1891. E. R. Kalmbach observed the species on 
the east side of Mallett Bay, 15 miles southwest of Gueydan, 
July 8,1925; and W. L. McAtee found it common at Vinton, 
December 31, 1910. The writer noted this crow at Calca¬ 
sieu Lake, December 30,1932; at Toomey and Sulphur, June 
20,1933; at Lake Charles, June 19,1933; Avery Island, De¬ 
cember 28, 1932, and June 21, 1933; on Honey Island in 
Pearl River, at The Rigolets, and Slidell on June 27, 1933. 
Additional specimens were obtained by A. M. Bailey at 
Chenier au Tigre on December 12 and 13, 1925; and by 
J. T. Sepulvado at Egan on March 26, 1937. </p>

<p>Family PARIDAE 
LOUISIANA CHICKADEE </p>

<p>Penthestes carolinensis guilloti Oberholser, new subspecies 1 ** </p>

<p>Subspecific characters. —Similar to Penthestes carolin¬ 
ensis impiger from Florida, but upper parts paler and more 
grayish. Like Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis but de¬ 
cidedly smaller. </p>

<p>Measurements. —Adult male: wing, 67-61 (average, 
58.9) mm.; tail, 48-54.3 (50.5); exposed culmen, 6.8-7.5 
(7.1); tarsus, 16; middle toe without claw, 9.5-11 (9.9). 
Adult female: wing, 63-59 (56.6); tail, 46.5-52 (48.5); ex¬ 
posed culmen, 6.S-7.5 (7.2) ; tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.6); middle 
toe without claw, 9-10 (9.7). </p>

<p>Type. —Adult male, No. 193567, United States National 
Museum, Biological Survey Collection; Belair, Louisiana, 
April 1, 1904; W. E. Forbes and N. Hollister, original num¬ 
ber, 24. </p>

<p>
lf, Nam©d for Mr. James P. Guillot, the Secretary of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>426 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Geographic distribution .—Lower Mississippi valley re¬ 
gion in the central southern United States; north to central 
Alabama, southwestern Kentucky (Hickman), southeastern 
Missouri (Puxico), southern Arkansas (Wilmot and Cam¬ 
den) ; west to central eastern Oklahoma (Stillwell) and 
eastern Texas; south to southeastern Texas, southern Lou¬ 
isiana, and southern Mississippi; and east to southeastern 
Mississippi (Biloxi) and central western Alabama (Squaw 
Shoals and Jackson). </p>

<p>This chickadee has some resemblance to the Texas Pen- 
thestes carolinensis agilis, but is darker above and is decid¬ 
edly smaller, particularly in length of wing and tail. One 
specimen from Stillwell, Oklahoma, verges towards this 
Texas race. Birds from southeastern Mississippi are more 
or less intermediate between Penthestes carolinensis guiUoti 
and Penthestes carolinensis impiger; and those from Ala¬ 
bama show intergradation with Penthestes carolinensis car¬ 
olinensis. </p>

<p>It is interesting to note that John James Audubon col¬ 
lected near New Orleans the specimen of this species that 
he drew for his “Birds of America”, late in the year 1820. 
His type of Parus carolinensis, however, came from Charles¬ 
ton, South Carolina, and this name therefore applies to the 
form from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. </p>

<p>The writer takes a great deal of pleasure in dedicating 
this new chickadee to Mr. James P. Guillot, the genial Sec¬ 
retary of the Louisiana Department of Conservation, to 
whom he is deeply indebted for many courtesies. </p>

<p>This chickadee is found in the woodlands, thickets, and 
even the more open country, as well as in the parks and 
streets of the towns and cities. It is partial to the borders 
of forests and to thickets, although it frequently comes into 
the towns. It is fond also of the vicinity of dwellings, 
particularly in winter, and it is one of the species that is 
readily attracted to a feeding shelf. It is frequently also 
associated with other birds, like kinglets, titmice, and nut¬ 
hatches, and sometimes in company with these birds it for¬ 
ages in parties through the woodlands and thickets. Usually </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Chickadee </p>

<p>
427 </p>

<p>
it is found singly or in small companies and is ordinarily 
an active bird, clinging upside down and in all sorts of 
positions to the branches of the trees and shrubs, in its 
search for food. Its cheery note, which closely resembles 
the syllables ‘chickadee’, is very characteristic, and cannot 
easily be mistaken for that of any other bird. In addition 
to its note it has a pleasing melodious whistle of from four 
to six notes, which is somewhat like the song of the northern 
Black-capped Chickadee, which latter bird, however, does 
not occur in Louisiana. </p>

<p>The food of this chickadee consists largely of insects, 
such as moths and their caterpillars, plant lice, tree hoppers, 
various kinds of bugs, ants, beetles, wasps, and others. Some 
of its food is made up of berries, such as blueberries, black¬ 
berries, poison ivy, and various small seeds. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in more or less natural cavities or 
old woodpecker holes in rather decayed stubs, or stumps, 
usually not far above the ground. Into these places the bird 
brings grass, shreds of bark, and similar materials, and 
completes the nest with a lining of fur, hair, and feathers. 
The five to eight eggs are white, speckled with reddish 
brown. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Chickadee is a fairly common permanent 
resident in the woods and thickets of most of Louisiana, ex¬ 
cepting the marshes of the Gulf Coast region; reported 
north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Par¬ 
ish, Monroe, Ruston, Bienville, Foster, and Belcher; west 
to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Robe¬ 
line, and Fort Jesup; south to Sulphur, Avery Island, Bald¬ 
win, Bayou Chene, Houma, Bayou Des Allemands, Bayou 
La Fourche, and Buras; and east to Belair, New Orleans, 
Mandeville, Madisonville, Bedico River, Clinton, Bains, 
Simmesport, Trout, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It 
breeds from March to May; and there is record of eggs 
on April 1. </p>

<p>Specimens examined from various parts of Louisiana 
indicate that this is the only form of the species that occurs </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>428 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
in the State, and, therefore, the records of the Plumbeous 
Chickadee, Penthestes carolinensis agttis, should really refer 
to the Louisiana Chickadee. The identification of Louisiana 
birds as the Plumbeous Chickadee was made before the ac¬ 
quisition of the considerable amount of additional material 
that is now available. The writer has seen specimens of 
Penthestes carolinensis guilloti from New Orleans, taken, 
March 10, 1889, March 31, 1890, December 13, 1882, No¬ 
vember 10, 1882, April 18, 1935, June 17, 1936, October 30, 
1935, November 9 and 16, 1935; Jefferson Parish, March 
12, 1904, March 23, 1895; Bedico River, July 21, 1888; 
Sauve, December 18, 1888; Lecompte, January 11, 1908; 
Clarks, January 6,1908; Belair, April 1 and 6,1904; Mans¬ 
field, January 24, 1908; Foster, five miles from Shreveport, 
January 28, 1908; Belcher, February 3, 1908; Ruston, 
March 27, 1909, and Baton Rouge, April 23, 1937. Others, 
obtained by G. K. Cherrie, not seen in the present connec¬ 
tion, came from Chef Menteur, January 24, 1896; Buras, 
January 30, February 1 and 4, 1896; and New Orleans, 
February 15, 1896. </p>

<p>This bird was unusually numerous in the heavy bottom¬ 
land forests of the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah on the Tensas River in Madison Parish, when the 
writer was there on June 17, 1933; and Ned Hollister re¬ 
ported it common in West Carroll and East Carroll parishes, 
March 6 to 13,1904. The writer observed it at Trout, June 
16, 1933; at Cross Lake and Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; at 
Natchitoches, Robeline, and Fort Jesup, June 19, 1933; at 
Sulphur, June 20,1933; and at Avery Island, December 28, 
1932. H. H. Eopman found it at Bayou Des Allemands, 
June 19 to 21, 1917; Bayou La Fourche, August 24, 1917; 
at Mandeville, August 18,1917; and at Simmesport, August 
31 to September 2,1917. George E. Beyer reported it breed¬ 
ing commonly at Clinton and Madisonville in 1891; and 
Edward Butler, at Bains in 1916. Specimens were taken at 
Madisonville by A. K. Fisher on May 30,1886. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell records a nest found at Bienville on April 1, 1934. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Tufted Titmouse </p>

<p>
429 </p>

<p>
TUFTED TITMOUSE </p>

<p>Baeolophus bicolor (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Tufted Titmouse is a gray bird, somewhat larger 
than the Louisiana Chickadee, rather lighter below, with a 
short crest, a blackish forehead, and rufous tinted sides. </p>

<p>It lives in the woodlands, thickets, and timber along 
streams, but is often found in more open areas, such as 
cultivated lands, open brushy, or sparsely wooded pastures. 
At times it comes familiarly to houses, particularly in the 
country, and even in towns. It is not hard to find, because 
rather noisy. Its ordinary scolding note is harsh and mod¬ 
erately loud. Its ordinary call is a clear whistled ‘peto* 
several times repeated. It is an active bird and is frequently 
seen climbing about the branches and twigs of the trees 
and bushes, much after the habit of the Louisiana Chickadee. </p>

<p>It lives on various kinds of insects, such as wasps, bees, 
beetles including the cotton-boll weevil, scale insects, bugs, 
and tree hoppers; a few snails and spiders are also an 
element of its diet. It subsists largely on acorns, various 
kinds of wild fruit, such as mulberries, huckleberries, and 
elderberries, with the seeds of such plants as the wax- 
myrtle, poison ivy, and sumac. </p>

<p>It builds its nest usually in woodlands, sometimes on 
their margins, and in swamps. The nest is placed either 
in a natural cavity in a tree or in an old woodpecker hole, 
and sometimes in a cavity made by the bird itself in a 
fence post or dead stump, not infrequently in a bird house, 
ordinarily not high above the ground. The materials of the 
nest are hair, bark, grass, leaves, moss, feathers, and sim¬ 
ilar substances. The eggs are usually five or six, white or 
pale buff, speckled with reddish brown and lavender. Only 
a single brood is reared, and the female apparently does 
most of the housekeeping. </p>

<p>The Tufted Titmouse is a fairly common permanent resi¬ 
dent in the woodlands of most of Louisiana, reported north 
to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, 
Holly Ridge, Start, Crew Lake, Monroe, Bienville, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>430 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Crichton, Mans¬ 
field, Hagewood, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Many, Fisher, Ana- 
coco, De Ridder, Longville, and the Sabine River bottoms 
at Orange, Texas; south to Bayou Queue de Tortue north of 
Gueydan, Avery Island, Baldwin, Dulac, Bayou Dupont, 
Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Belair, Westwego, New Orleans, Pearl 
River, Mandeville, Madisonville, West Feliciana Parish, 
Frogmore, Ferriday, Newellton, the Singer Preserve 13 
miles southwest of Tallulah, and Tallulah. It breeds chiefly 
in April. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species from 
Belair, March 31,1904; Lecompte, January 13 and 14,1908; 
February 11 and 12, 1908; Clarks, January 6, 1908; Mans¬ 
field, January 24, 1908; Belcher, February 7, 1908; Madi¬ 
sonville, May, 1888; and New Orleans, April 4,1896. E. R. 
Kalmbach saw it at Bayou Queue de Tortue, north of Guey¬ 
dan, May 17 and 31,1925. H. H. Kopman found it at Oaklawn 
near Lacombe, August 17, 1917; at New Orleans, July 10 to 
24,1917; and at Mandeville, August 18,1917. E. R. Kalm¬ 
bach reported it common at Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 
1924; and the writer found it numerous on the Singer Pre¬ 
serve in the heavy bottomland forests of the Tensas River 
in Madison Parish, June 16 and 17,1933. He observed this 
titmouse also at Frogmore, Ferriday, and Newellton, June 
16, 1933; at Holly Ridge, Start, and Crew Lake, June 17, 
1933; at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, and Crichton, June 18, 
1933; at Natchitoches, Hagewood, Robeline, Fort Jesup, 
Many, Fisher, Anacoco, De Ridder, and Longville, June 19, 
1933; at Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou in Terrebonne Par¬ 
ish, June 22, 1933; on Bayou Dupont in Jefferson Parish, 
June 10, 1933; at Westwego, June 23,1933; at Pearl River, 
June 27, 1933; and at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, January 19,1928. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell discovered at Bienville on April 7, 1934, 
a nest of this titmouse which was situated at the unusual 
height of 110 feet from the ground. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Nuthatch </p>

<p>
431 </p>

<p>
Family SITTIDAE </p>

<p>FLORIDA NUTHATCH </p>

<p>Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham 1 ** </p>

<p>This bird is easily distinguished from the other nut¬ 
hatches of this region by its bluish gray upper parts, black 
top of the head and neck, and white lower parts. Its 
general behavior, too, is of considerable help in identifi¬ 
cation. </p>

<p>It is an inhabitant of woodlands, orchards, and other cul¬ 
tivated areas, shade trees about houses, and in fact even 
the parks and streets of the towns and cities. It is primarily 
a bird of the trees and is usually found in them, although 
at times it does frequent other places, such as fences, and 
it even descends to the ground. It is an active bird and 
runs readily up and down the trunks and branches of the 
trees, either upside down or in almost every other con¬ 
ceivable position, and unlike the woodpeckers it descends 
head first and always without the use of its tail as a prop. 
By this alone it is readily distinguished from the wood¬ 
peckers that frequent similar places. It does not usually 
gather into companies of any considerable size, but one or 
a few frequently accompany small gatherings of various 
other birds, such as chickadees, titmice, kinglets, and others, 
in their foraging through the woods and thickets. Its 
ordinary voice is a nasal ‘quank’, ‘quank’, which is rather 
distinctive. </p>

<p>It lives on both vegetable and animal food, the latter 
consisting of various kinds of insects, such as moths, flies, 
ants, weevils, other beetles, bugs, and caterpillars. It eats 
also some spiders. The vegetable part of its food consists of 
acorns, beechnuts, hickory nuts, together with seeds, 
such as those of the sunflower, berries like those of the 
Virginia creeper, likewise corn, and seeds of the pine. The 
nuts of various kinds that the bird eats are made available 
by placing them in a suitable crack or other opening and 
then breaking them with the bill. </p>

<p>19 *Sitta carolinensis atkinsi of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>432 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The nest is ordinarily in a natural cavity of a tree, a 
deserted woodpecker hole, a hole in a post, or similar 
site. Occasionally the bird excavates its own home, and 
it is also fond of using nesting boxes or bird houses, even 
close to a dwelling. The eggs are usually five or six, white, 
spotted with reddish brown and lilac. Only a single brood 
is ordinarily reared. </p>

<p>The Florida Nuthatch is an uncommon permanent resi¬ 
dent, somewhat more frequently observed during the win¬ 
ter, in northern and southeastern Louisiana; reported north 
to West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Par¬ 
ish, and Belcher; west to Frierson, Gayle, Mansfield, Log- 
ansport, Little River valley near White Sulphur Springs in 
La Salle Parish, and Jena; south to Bedico River and Madi- 
sonville; and east to Covington, Hackley, Clinton, and Bear 
Lake three miles northwest of Tallulah. It is apparently 
not recorded from southwestern Louisiana. It breeds prin¬ 
cipally in April. </p>

<p>Specimens examined from Belcher, in northwestern 
Louisiana, from Bedico River, August 21, 1890, Madison- 
ville, July 10 and 23, 1888, and one taken by George H. 
Lowery, Jr., at Monroe, December 26,1937, are all referable 
to the Florida Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis carolinensis, and 
indicate that this is the breeding form in Louisiana. An 
individual of this species struck the Southwest Reef Light¬ 
house at the mouth of Atchafalaya Bay, October 23, 1908, 
as reported by S. Jones. Vernon Bailey saw it at Mer Rouge, 
June 6,1892; the writer found this nuthatch fairly common 
on the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of Tallulah on 
the Tensas River in Madison Parish, June 16 and 17, 1933; 
and Ned Hollister noted it about Bear Lake, northwest of 
Tallulah, between February 17 apd March 6, 1904. A. H. 
Howell met with it at Logansport, August 26 to 27, 1906; 
Mansfield, April 30,1907; and also at Hackley in southeast¬ 
ern Louisiana on February 24, 1912. George E. Beyer re¬ 
ported it breeding at Clinton and Madisonville in 1891; 
H. H. Kopman saw it at Covington, October 18, 1903; 
the writer found it at Jena, and in the Little River valley </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-breasted Nuthatch </p>

<p>
433 </p>

<p>
near White Sulphur Springs in La Salle Parish, June 16, 
1933. J. S. Campbell regards it as a common permanent 
resident in Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>The original description of the White-breasted Nuthatch, 
Sitta carolinensis ,” 4 was based on the bird from South Caro¬ 
lina, which has been shown to be the same as the bird from 
Florida. Therefore, this name should apply to the Florida 
bird, instead of to the bird from the northeastern United 
States; and the name of the Florida Nuthatch should thus 
be Sitta carolinensis carolinensis, instead of Sitta carolinen¬ 
sis atkinsi, as the writer has elsewhere explained. 1 ** </p>

<p>RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH </p>

<p>Sitta canadensis Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Red-breasted Nuthatch is a very rare winter visitor, 
from November 18 to February 26, at least in northern Lou¬ 
isiana, and probably also in the southern part of the State, 
since it has been found in southern Mississippi. The only 
definite records for Louisiana are: a bird seen at Monroe, 
by George H. Lowery, Jr., November 16, 1930; and indi¬ 
viduals observed by J. S. Campbell at Bienville, December 3, 
1932, and February 10, 1933; at Friendship, February 26, 
1932; and at Lucky, on November 18, 1933. 1 ** </p>

<p>BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH </p>

<p>Sitta pusiUa pusilla Latham </p>

<p>Similar in form and appearance to the Florida Nut¬ 
hatch, the present bird differs and is easily identified by 
its brown instead of black head, and somewhat smaller size. 
In habits it is also very similar to its larger relative. </p>

<p>It lives preferably in the pine forests, and is more of 
a woodland bird, not so often being found in cultivated 
areas. The notes are rather less nasal, and not so loud as 
those of the Florida Nuthatch. </p>

<p>‘•‘Latham, Index Ornith., Vol. I, 1790, p. 362. </p>

<p>‘••The Auk, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, March 31, 1917, pp. 182-183. </p>

<p>lt6 Lowery, Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 34. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>434 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The food of this bird consists chiefly of insects, which 
include moths, grasshoppers, beetles, many of these in¬ 
jurious kinds; ants, caterpillars, and scale insects; also pine 
seeds and spiders. </p>

<p>The nest is excavated by the bird in dead stubs or posts, 
usually not high above the ground, although sometimes as 
much as 50 feet. Both male and female take part in the 
nest construction. The cavity that is finally produced is 
sometimes a foot deep, and in it is placed a considerable 
quantity of grass, cotton, feathers, wool, and other similar 
substances. The eggs are usually five or six, creamy white, 
marked with reddish brown and lavender gray. </p>

<p>The Brown-headed Nuthatch is a rare permanent resi¬ 
dent in the pine and mixed woodlands of western, central, 
and southern Louisiana; recorded north to Lake Providence, 
Monroe, Liberty Hill, and Caddo Parish; west to Mansfield 
and Iowa (La.); south to Iowa (La.), Mandeville, and Oak- 
lawn; and east to Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, 
Hackley, Saint Helena Parish, Clinton, and Lake Providence. 
It is apparently absent from the Mississippi River Valley 
and the marshes of the Gulf Coast region in southern 
Louisiana. It breeds in March and April. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this nuthatch in 
the museum of Tulane University from Madisonville, April, 
1886, and July 2 and 15, 1888; Covington, October 25, 1889, 
Gustave Kohn; and Clinton, June 11,1888. He has also seen 
specimens collected by Winston E. Nolan at Mandeville, 
February 14, 1933; and from Mansfield, collected by A. H. 
Howell, April 27, 1907. A. H. Howell obtained other indi¬ 
viduals at Mansfield, April 29 and 30, 1907; and noted the 
species at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. George E. 
Beyer reported it in 1891 as breeding at Clinton; and H. H. 
Kopman, as fairly common at Oaklawn near Lacombe in Saint 
Tammany Parish on August 17, 1917. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., considers it common in the pine woodlands of the Baton 
Rouge region. L. E. Hicks saw a single bird at Lake Provi¬ 
dence, December 22, 1931. J. S. Campbell says that it is a 
common resident of the pine areas of Bienville Parish; and 
reports a nest from Liberty Hill. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Brown Creeper </p>

<p>
435 </p>

<p>
Family CERTHIIDAE 
BROWN CREEPER </p>

<p>Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte </p>

<p>A long, slender, curved bill, together with a soft, spiny, 
rather long tail, give this small bird, which is something 
like five and one-half inches in length, an appearance that 
makes it readily identifiable. It is rather yellowish brown 
above and white below, and like the woodpeckers climbs 
up the sides of the tree trunks in quick movements around 
the trunk of the tree until it is high enough for its purpose. 
Then it flies down to another tree to begin another ascent. 
It is not shy and can easily be observed, and for this reason 
its habits and general behavior aid in its identification. </p>

<p>It is seldom found except singly or in pairs, although 
it frequently accompanies other small birds, such as chick¬ 
adees, kinglets, and similar kinds, in their sorties through 
the forest. It is mostly a woodland bird, although it at 
times appears in cultivated areas and even close to dwellings 
in the country and in towns. It has a very thin, wiry, 
voice, that is even less conspicuous than that of the kinglets. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is made up of various kinds of 
insects and their eggs, such as caterpillars, ants, bugs, 
wasps, weevils and other beetles, leaf hoppers, and plant 
lice; together with a few spiders and small seeds. </p>

<p>The nest is situated in swamps or woodlands, not high 
from the ground, and under a loose piece of bark, or 
sometimes in a hole or deserted woodpecker’s nest. The 
materials used are fine strips of bark and moss, with a 
lining of feathers, hair, and sometimes insect or spider 
cocoons. The eggs are usually five or six, white, with 
small dots of reddish brown or purplish. </p>

<p>The Brown Creeper is an uncommon winter resident, 
from October 14 to April 1, in most of Louisiana, although 
apparently absent or excessively rare in the immediate vi¬ 
cinity of the Gulf Coast. It has been reported from New 
Orleans and New Iberia, north to the Tensas River valley 
west of Tallulah, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Shreveport. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>436 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Edward Butler notes it as occurring in West Feliciana 
Parish; and Ned Hollister saw it frequently in the wood¬ 
lands east of the Tensas River in Madison Parish, west of 
Tallulah, from February 17 to March 6, 1904. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., recorded it near Monroe, December 21, 1930, 
March 25,1931, and December 25,1931. At this locality he 
states that it arrives about the middle of November, and 
departs between March 25 and April 1. He also gives it as 
a common winter visitor at Baton Rouge. H. H. Kopman 
reported a single bird at Shreveport, March 31,1931. J. S. 
Campbell considers it a common winter resident from No¬ 
vember 18 to March 31 in Bienville Parish. T. D. Burleigh 
collected a single example at New Orleans on November 
30, 1936; and another there on October 28, 1937. </p>

<p>
Family TROGLODYTIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN HOUSE WREN </p>

<p>Troglodytes domesticus domesticus (Wilson) 1,T </p>

<p>The Eastern House Wren is a rare winter visitor in 
southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only records are the following specimens: two col¬ 
lected by R. W. Shufeldt at New Orleans, November 2,1882, 
and now in the United States National Museum; a single 
bird taken at Hammond, November 21, 1875, and another 
at Pecan Grove, March 9,1890, by George E. Beyer, both of 
which are in the museum of Tulane University at New Or¬ 
leans; one at Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 1930, by A. M. 
Bailey; and another at the same place by the same collector, 
March 10,1931. </p>

<p>The earliest scientific name of this species now proves 
to be Sylvia domestica Wilson, since this antedates Troglo¬ 
dytes aedon Vieillot. For further details see Oberholser, 
Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, March 25, 
1934, pp. 87-88. </p>

<p>197 Troglodytes aedon aedon of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ohio House Wren </p>

<p>
437 </p>

<p>
OHIO HOUSE WREN </p>

<p>Troglodytes domesticus baldwini Oberholser </p>

<p>The Ohio House Wren is a rare winter visitor in central 
and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer has the following records of its occurrence in 
the State, all specimens examined by him. One bird was 
taken by Andrew Allison at New Orleans, February 24, 
1898; a single individual was collected by Winston E. Nolan 
at Marrero near New Orleans on November 15,1932; a male 
by Ambrose Daigre at Alexandria, October 5, 1933; two 
examples by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, April 14 
and 23, 1936; one from Chenier au Tigre, December 12, 
1925, by A. M. Bailey; one from Buras, February 1, 1896, 
by G. K. Cherrie; another from Chef Menteur, January 22, 
1896, by the same collector; one each from Baton Rouge, 
November 12, 1937, and January 20, 1938, by George H. 
Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>For the original description of this recently discovered 
subspecies, see Oberholser, Ohio. Journal of Science, Vol. 
XXXIII, No. 2, March 25, 1934, p. 90. </p>

<p>WESTERN HOUSE WREN </p>

<p>Troglodytes domesticus parkmanvi Audubon 1 ** </p>

<p>The Western House Wren is a small bird about five 
inches in length, grayish brown above, and lighter below, 
with slender, rather short bill and moderately short tail. </p>

<p>In areas where it breeds it is found not only in the 
woodlands and thickets, but also in all cultivated areas and 
about dwellings, both in the country and in towns. It is 
fond of the society of man and is perfectly at home in one’s 
dooryard or on one’s porch. At times other than the breed¬ 
ing season it frequents much more commonly the forests, 
thickets, and swamps, where it skulks about among the 
undergrowth, and is sometimes difficult to observe. It 
seldom flies for any great distance, but slips about under 
cover of the foliage. During the breeding season it does, </p>

<p>199 Troglodytes aidon parkmani of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>438 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
however, make longer flights in its foraging expeditions, 
although probably individuals do not travel for long dis¬ 
tances away from the nest. It is seldom found in flocks, 
but most of the birds move singly or in pairs. Its voice 
is a rather unmusical chatter, but at times the bird is 
vocally active. </p>

<p>A large part of the food of this bird consists of insects, 
such as beetles, grasshoppers, bugs, caterpillars, crickets, 
and locusts; also spiders, snails, and millipeds form a part of 
its diet. Very little vegetable food is taken by this bird. </p>

<p>The Western House Wren makes use of almost any kind 
of a cavity as a nesting place. Any out of the way nook in 
a building or elsewhere may be appropriated, such as a 
bucket hanging up in a shed, an old hat, or a cavity in a 
pump. It is also fond of building in nest boxes put up for 
its use (or that of other birds), and wherever these are 
available it seems to prefer them to anything else. Into 
the place chosen for the nest this little bird brings a con¬ 
siderable quantity of sticks, pieces of wire netting, grass, 
weed-stalks, and various similar materials, and lines this 
cup for the eggs with hair, feathers, cocoons, and similar 
materials. The ordinarily five or six eggs are pale pinkish 
with numerous spots of reddish brown and lavender. About 
two weeks are consumed in the process of incubation, and 
both birds collaborate in this duty. From one to three 
broods are reared in a season, and it has been discovered 
that the birds often change partners for the second or 
third brood. </p>

<p>The Western House Wren is a fairly common winter 
resident, from the last week in September (September 21 
in southern Mississippi), to May 5, throughout most of Lou¬ 
isiana ; reported north to Tallulah, Mer Rouge, Monroe, and 
Bienville; west to Bienville and Jennings; south to Guey- 
dan, Avery Island, Chenier au Tigre, Little Caillou Bayou 
near Bush Canal, Grand Isle, Pecan Grove, and Pilot Town; 
and east to Phoenix, New Orleans, Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, and Bear Lake near Tallulah. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Winter Wren </p>

<p>
439 </p>

<p>
The writer has seen specimens of this bird from New 
Orleans, taken in January, 1933, and one female by Thomas 
D. Burleigh on April 12, 1937; Pecan Grove, March 9, 
1890; and Alexandria, February —, 1933, and January —, 
1933; also from five miles southwest of Bienville, collected 
by J. S. Campbell on April 15,1933. Two House Wrens noted 
at Port Allen, December 14, 1917, by H. H. Kopman, were 
probably of this form, which is without much doubt the pre¬ 
vailing House Wren in Louisiana. The same is probably true 
of one individual seen at Lobdell by Andrew Allison, April 
18, 1903, and one noted by C. W. Beckham at Bayou Sara, 
April 20,1887. George E. Beyer reported it from Madison- 
ville in 1891; and H. H. Kopman saw it at New Orleans, 
April 23, 1923; Pilot Town in the Mississippi River Delta, 
October 12 to 13, 1917; at Phoenix in Plaquemines Parish, 
October 28, 1917; and at Jennings, January 30 to 31, 1918. 
Ned Hollister saw a few at Mer Rouge, February 11 to 16, 
1904; and a few days later noted the species near Bear Lake 
eight miles northwest of Tallulah. J. S. Campbell noticed it 
at Bienville on May 5, 1933. The writer observed a single 
individual on Little Caillou Bayou near Bush Canal in Terre¬ 
bonne Parish, December 24, 1932; and E. R. Kalmbach col¬ 
lected one of these birds at a point south of Gueydan, April 
11, 1926. Ambrose Daigre observed this wren on several 
dates between April 8 and 16, 1937, at Grand Isle. </p>

<p>
EASTERN WINTER WREN </p>

<p>Nannu8 troglodytes hiemalis (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The Eastern Winter Wren is an uncommon winter resi¬ 
dent, from October 8 to April 23, throughout most of Louis¬ 
iana, excepting perhaps the Gulf Coast region; recorded 
north to East Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Mans¬ 
field; west to Mansfield and New Iberia; south to New 
Iberia, Hester in Saint James Parish, Oneida near Convent, 
New Orleans, and Mandeville; and east to Mandeville, 
Bains, and Tallulah. </p>

<p>109 Nannus hiemalis hiemalis of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>440 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The writer has seen specimens of the Eastern Winter 
Wren in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans, 
from Mandeville, October 19, 1875; and from Lewisburg, 
October 8, 1874; also specimens collected by A. H. Howell 
at Clarks, January 6, 1908; and at Lecompte, January 14, 
1908. A. H. Howell found the species at Mansfield, Janu¬ 
ary 23 to 25, 1908; and Ned Hollister noted it common in 
the swamps and woods of East Carroll Parish and Madison 
Parish, between February 17 and March 13, 1904. Robert 
Butler reported it at Bains, December 4 and 20, 1929, and 
on April 6, 1929. H. H. Kopman observed the species at 
Oneida near Convent, December 23, 1893, to January 1, 
1894; and at Port Allen he saw two, December 14, 1917. 
George E. Beyer found it at New Orleans, April 7, 1894; 
and H. W. Pring observed it at Hester in Saint James Parish, 
April 23, 1902. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a com¬ 
mon winter visitor in the Baton Rouge region. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell says that it is common in winter from October to April 
at Bienville. </p>

<p>The Eastern Winter Wren of the eastern United States 
is clearly but a subspecies of the European Wren, Nannus 
troglodytes, with which it intergrades through individual 
variation; and its name therefore should be Nannus troglo¬ 
dytes hiemalis. </p>

<p>
BEWICK WREN </p>

<p>Thryomanes bewickii bewicJdi (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Bewick Wren is an uncommon and very local winter 
resident, from August 9 to March 9, throughout much of 
the State, of Louisiana, excepting the Gulf Coast marsh 
areas; and it has been reported north to Oak Grove in West 
Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Fos¬ 
ter, Natchitoches, and Saint Martinville; south to Saint 
Martinville, Saint James Parish, Oneida near Convent, New 
Orleans, Chef Menteur, and Oaklawn near Lacombe; and 
east to Slidell, Mandeville, Hackley, and Saint Francisville. 
It probably breeds, though rarely, in the northwestern cor¬ 
ner of the State, but there seem to be no definite records. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Carolina Wren </p>

<p>
441 </p>

<p>
John James Audubon, who first described the Bewick 
Wren, discovered this species near Saint Francisville, and 
there shot on October 19, 1821, the specimen that he used 
as his type, and from which his life-size painting was 
made. 200 </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species from 
Belcher, February 4,1908; Foster, five miles east of Shreve¬ 
port, January 31,1908; and Natchitoches, January 21,1908, 
all collected by A. H. Howell; and from Pride, East Baton 
Rouge Parish, December 18,1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr. 
Howell obtained it also at Mansfield, January 23 to 25, 
1903, and at Natchitoches, January 21, 1908. There is also 
a specimen in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans, collected in Saint James Parish, February 6, 1894. 
A. H. Howell observed several at Slidell, October 28 to 
November 1, 1908; and two singing in the town of Hackley, 
February 20 to 24, 1912. H. H. Kopman saw two near 
Bayou Teche at Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; a 
single one at Oaklawn, near Lacombe, February 24, 1918; 
several individuals at Oneida near Convent, December 23, 
1893, to January 1, 1894; and noted the species at New 
Orleans, August 28, 1894, and January 6 and 8, 1894; also 
at Chef Menteur, December 23, 1917. J. S. Campbell re¬ 
gards it as a winter resident at Bienville; and he has seen 
it as late as March 5, 1934. </p>

<p>CAROLINA WREN </p>

<p>Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham) </p>

<p>This bird is one of our larger wrens, being about six 
inches in length, bright reddish brown above, dull white 
below, with a conspicuous white streak over the eye. It 
has a very short tail, which is often held almost vertical. </p>

<p>It lives in almost all kinds of places, in woodlands, 
swamps, thickets, orchards, and about country or town 
dwellings. It is not shy, and is active not only during the 
summer but in the winter as well. It is one of the few </p>

<p>*°°BlrcU of America, folio edition, Vol. I, 1827, pi. XVIII; Ornith. Biog., Vol. I, 
1831, p. 90. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>442 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
birds that sing all winter, and its song is a loud, ringing 
whistle that is very much in character like that of the 
Cardinal. In fact it is so loud and strong that one always 
has the impression that it must come from a bird almost 
twice the size of the Carolina Wren. </p>

<p>This is one of our most valuable birds from an economic 
standpoint. Most of its food consists of insects, such as 
caterpillars, moths, beetles of various kinds including the 
injurious cotton-boll weevil and cucumber beetle, crickets, 
grasshoppers, flies, and ants. A few spiders, lizards, tree 
frogs, and small snakes are also sometimes eaten. It sub¬ 
sists at some times of the year, particularly when other 
food is not so abundant, on vegetable matter, such as seeds 
of various weeds, sumac, pine, poison ivy, bayberry, and 
also acorns. </p>

<p>It places its nest in all kinds of nooks, such as cavities 
in trees, stumps, holes in banks, suitable places among 
the upturned roots of trees, in all kinds of crannies about 
buildings and similar places, sometimes on the ground or 
even at a considerable elevation above this. It uses such 
materials as grass, weed-stalks, bark, leaves, moss, and 
snake skins, and lines the nest with hair, feathers, rootlets, 
Spanish moss, and similar materials. The usually four or 
five eggs are white, with numerous spots of reddish brown 
and lilac. It takes almost two weeks to hatch the young; 
and this duty is performed ordinarily by the female. </p>

<p>The Carolina Wren is a common permanent resident in 
most of Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Gouge, Holly Ridge, Ray- 
ville, Crew Lake, Monroe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to 
Caddo Lake, Foster, Crichton, Mansfield, Logansport, 
Natchitoches, Hagewood, Sandel, Anacoco, De Bidder, New- 
ellton, Lake Charles, Sulphur, Toomey, and Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish; south to Cameron Farm 14 miles south of 
Vinton, north shore of White Lake, Shell Island on Mallett 
Bay 15 miles southwest of Gueydan, lower Vermilion River, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Avery Is¬ 
land, Baldwin, Avoca Island, Houma, Little Caillou Bayou </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Carolina Wren </p>

<p>
443 </p>

<p>
near Bush Canal, Grand Isle, Pointe a la Hache, and Buras; 
and east to Junior, Belair, New Orleans, Lake Catherine, 
Slidell, Honey Island in Pearl River, Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, Covington, Hackley, Simmesport, Frogmore, Tallulah, 
and Bear Lake near Tallulah. This species breeds in the 
State from March to July, and there are records of eggs 
from March 16 to June 7. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this bird from 
the following localities, and all these birds are referable to 
the typical race, Thryothorus ludovicianus htdovicianus : 
Madisonville, July 23, 1888; Bedico Swamp, August 20, 
1890, George E. Beyer; Mandeville, no date; New Orleans, 
May 17,1890, George E. Beyer; Jefferson Parish, December 
23, 1895, H. H. Eopman; Plaquemines Parish, November 2, 
1862; Pointe a la Hache, April 2, 1890, George E. Beyer, all 
in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans; Belair, 
March 30 and 31,1904, Ned Hollister; Lecompte, February 
10 to 11,1908; Clarks, January 6 and 7,1908, A. H. Howell; 
Natchitoches, January 17, 18, and 21, 1908, A. H. Howell; 
Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, January 30, 1908, 
A. H. Howell; Belcher, February 4, 6, and 7, 1908, A. H. 
Howell; and New Orleans, December 14,1935, and January 
14, 1936, T. D. Burleigh—all of these in the Biological Sur¬ 
vey collection in the United States National Museum; and 
Avery Island, May 9 and 11, 1930, E. G. Wright. Also sev¬ 
eral specimens were collected by R. W. Shufeldt at New 
Orleans, November 2 and 22, and December 14, 1882; and 
others by Ambrose Daigre at Marrero, May 4, 1937; by 
A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre on December 10 and 15, 
1925; by G. K. Cherrie at Buras, January 29 and 30, Feb¬ 
ruary 1, 4, and 6, 1896; and by T. D. Burleigh at Alex¬ 
andria, November 9, 1936. </p>

<p>Eggs of the Carolina Wren in the museum of Tulane 
University were taken in Jefferson Parish, April 8 and 30, 
1892; and others in the United States National Museum 
were obtained at Grand Coteau, June 3 and 6, 1887. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this species very common and 
breeding at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7,1892; and A. H. Howell </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>444 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
noted a few at Logansport, August 25 to 27, 1906. E. R. 
Kalinbach observed this wren on the north shore of White 
Lake, May 5 to August 13, 1925; and on Shell Island, a 
wooded peninsula projecting into Mallett Bay, 15 miles 
southwest of Gueydan, July 7 to 8, 1925. A. H. Howell re¬ 
ported this species common at Slidell, October 28 to Novem¬ 
ber 1, 1908; at Covington, November 2 to 3, 1908; and at 
Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. The writer noted the 
species several times along Bayou Dupont in Jefferson Par¬ 
ish, June 10,1933; along the Dupres Canal and Little Bara- 
taria Bayou on the same date. He saw it at Avery Island, 
December 28, 1932, and June 21, 1933; at Avoca Island, 
January 27 to 28, 1932; at Houma, June 22 to 23, 1933; on 
Little Caillou Bayou near Bush Canal, December 24, 1932. 
It was seen by him also on the lower Vermilion River, Janu¬ 
ary 22, 1928; on the Cameron Ranch 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton, June 20, 1933; at Toomey, Sulphur, and Lake Charles, 
June 20, 1933; at Newton, De Ridder, Anacoco, Sandel, and 
Hagewood, June 19,1933; and at Crichton and Caddo Lake, 
June 18, 1933. He found it at Crew Lake, Rayville, and 
Holly Ridge, June 17, 1933; at Frogmore, June 16, 1933; 
Tallulah, June 17,1933; and at Honey Island in Pearl River, 
June 27, 1933. H. H. Kopman reported it common at Junior, 
August 4 to 5,1917; and at Simmesport, August 31 to Sep¬ 
tember 2, 1917. On the Singer Preserve along the Tensas 
River in Madison Parish 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, the 
writer found this species unusually abundant in the heavy 
bottomland forests, June 16 to 17, 1933. J. S. Campbell 
regards it a common permanent resident at Bienville and 
elsewhere in Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>MASSACHUSETTS MARSH WREN </p>

<p>Telmatodytes palustris dissaeptus (Bangs) </p>

<p>This marsh wren is of casual or accidental occurrence 
in winter in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single definite record, a male taken by 
A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre, on January 5, 1934. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Marian Marsh Wren </p>

<p>
445 </p>

<p>
MARIAN MARSH WREN </p>

<p>Telmatodytes palustris marianae (Scott) </p>

<p>The Marian Marsh Wren is a Florida bird, which appar¬ 
ently is the resident Long-billed Marsh Wren of the south¬ 
eastern corner of Louisiana, north to The Rigolets and Man- 
deville; west to New Orleans; and south to Chef Menteur, 
Lake Catherine, Lake Borgne, and possibly to Saint Ber¬ 
nard Parish. </p>

<p>An adult female was taken by Gustave Kohn at Mande- 
ville on December 10, 1877; and three examples by T. D. 
Burleigh at New Orleans, April 13, 1936, also others on 
April 19, 1935, and June 1, 1936. H. H. Kopman reported 
it in 1911 as a summer resident and undoubtedly nesting 
at Chef Menteur, The Rigolets, and Lake Catherine. Other 
birds were taken by Henry W. Henshaw at The Rigolets, 
March 20, 1870, and Lake Borgne, March 5 and 21, 1871, 
but not examined in the present connection. </p>

<p>LOUISIANA MARSH WREN </p>

<p>Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus Oberholser </p>

<p>This is a small bird about five inches long, brownish 
above, with some black and white markings, a whitish line 
above the eye and partly white under parts, except for the 
sides, and sometimes the breast, which are more brownish. </p>

<p>It lives in the marshes and in the high grass of the coast 
meadows, among the reeds, rushes, grasses, and similar 
kinds of vegetation. It is ordinarily much more common 
than one would be led to suppose, because by reason of the 
places where it lives it is most of the time concealed in the 
grass. Occasionally it may be seen perched on a tall weed, 
spire of grass, or even a bush, and at times it flies up 
into the air to deliver its flight song, but at other times, 
since it does not, as a rule, make long flights but skulks 
about among the grass and reeds, it is often difficult to 
see. Its song is somewhat similar to that of the House 
Wren, but it is less musical and might be termed sputter¬ 
ing. Usually this is delivered when the bird is perching. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHI^^ </p>



<p>446 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
This bird lives on various kinds of insects, such as 
grasshoppers, ants, caterpillars, moths, flies, bugs, mosqui¬ 
toes, and beetles. It eats also small crustaceans, snails, 
and other little water animals that it finds in its habitat. </p>

<p>The nest is a rather interesting structure. It is about 
the size and shape of a cocoanut, with an entrance in the 
side, and is attached to the reeds or grass of the marshes 
or swamps. It is composed of various kinds of grass and 
marsh vegetation, such as rushes and reeds, with occasion¬ 
ally some mud; and it is abundantly lined with the down 
of cattail, various kinds of feathers, and similar soft ma¬ 
terials. It thus provides excellent protection for the eggs 
and young. The eggs are usually five or six, of a pale or 
dark brown, so heavily spotted that they sometimes appear 
almost uniformly chocolate brown. It takes about 12 days 
for the eggs to hatch, and the young remain, of course, 
in the nest until they are able to fly. Meanwhile the male 
builds one or more other nests, which are not so well or 
carefully constructed, and with little or no lining. These 
are used as roosting places and not, as might be supposed, 
for second broods. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Marsh Wren is a common permanent resi¬ 
dent on the coastal marshes of southern Louisiana; recorded 
from Cameron, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh 
Island, Vermilion Bay, Isle Derniere, Grand Isle, Manila on 
Barataria Bay, Ronquille Bay, Southwest Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, Quarantine (Cubit’s Gap) in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, Pass a Loutre, Pilot Town, and Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Bird Island southwest 
of Breton Island, Hog Island, and Breton Island; north to 
Baton Rouge, the mouth of Grand Caillou Bayou, Dulac on 
Grand Caillou Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, Boudreaux Lake 
in Terrebonne Parish, Avoca Island, Kaplan (12 miles 
southeast of), Gueydan, and Toomey. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies were examined from Pilot 
Town, collected, October 24, 1928; Chenier au Tigre, 
May 23, 25, and 31, 1935; and January 5, 1934, by A. M. 
Bailey; Hog Island, April 4, 1919, by F. C. Lincoln; Ged, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ohio House Wren </p>

<p>
437 </p>

<p>
OHIO HOUSE WREN </p>

<p>Troglodytes domesticus baldwini Oberholser </p>

<p>The Ohio House Wren is a rare winter visitor in central 
and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer has the following records of its occurrence in 
the State, all specimens examined by him. One bird was 
taken by Andrew Allison at New Orleans, February 24, 
1898; a single individual was collected by Winston E. Nolan 
at Marrero near New Orleans on November 15,1932; a male 
by Ambrose Daigre at Alexandria, October 5, 1933; two 
examples by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, April 14 
and 23, 1936; one from Chenier au Tigre, December 12, 
1925, by A. M. Bailey; one from Buras, February 1, 1896, 
by G. K. Cherrie; another from Chef Menteur, January 22, 
1896, by the same collector; one each from Baton Rouge, 
November 12, 1937, and January 20, 1938, by George H. 
Lowery, Jr. </p>

<p>For the original description of this recently discovered 
subspecies, see Oberholser, Ohio. Journal of Science, Vol. 
XXXIII, No. 2, March 25, 1934, p. 90. </p>

<p>WESTERN HOUSE WREN </p>

<p>Troglodytes domesticus parkmanvi Audubon 1 ** </p>

<p>The Western House Wren is a small bird about five 
inches in length, grayish brown above, and lighter below, 
with slender, rather short bill and moderately short tail. </p>

<p>In areas where it breeds it is found not only in the 
woodlands and thickets, but also in all cultivated areas and 
about dwellings, both in the country and in towns. It is 
fond of the society of man and is perfectly at home in one’s 
dooryard or on one’s porch. At times other than the breed¬ 
ing season it frequents much more commonly the forests, 
thickets, and swamps, where it skulks about among the 
undergrowth, and is sometimes difficult to observe. It 
seldom flies for any great distance, but slips about under 
cover of the foliage. During the breeding season it does, </p>

<p>199 Troglodytes aidon parkmani of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>448 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Since this race is not recognizable in the field, the only 
certain records are from specimens; and the writer has ex¬ 
amined skins from the following localities: Chateau Can¬ 
ard (Joseph Leiter’s place) on Main Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta near Pilot Town, October 24, 1928, collected by 
A. M. Bailey; Chenier au Tigre, January 2, 1934, also by 
A. M. Bailey; Mandeville, December 9, 1877, by Gustave 
Kohn; Madisonville, January 11, 1889, taken by George E. 
Beyer; and Bienville, April 16, 1932, obtained by J. S. 
Campbell. </p>

<p>In most recent treatments of the marsh wrens, the 
breeding bird from the upper Mississippi Valley, that is, 
from Illinois and Iowa, northwest to North Dakota, has 
been considered the same as the bird nesting on the coast of 
Massachusetts, Telmatodytes palustris dissaeptus (Bangs). 
Examination of further material, however, indicates that 
the Mississippi Valley bird is not the same as the bird from 
New England, being paler and more ochraceous, rather than 
rufescent, and it, therefore, should be separated subspecif- 
ically. Its name, of course, is Telmatodytes palustris iliaeus 
Ridgway,* 01 described from Wheatland, Knox County, In¬ 
diana. It winters south to Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. </p>

<p>SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN </p>

<p>Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann) </p>

<p>Of somewhat smaller size than the Louisiana Marsh 
Wren, chiefly because of its shorter bill, the present bird 
is otherwise similar, except that the upper surface is more 
uniformly streaked with white. </p>

<p>It lives in similar places, but is often found on prairies, 
meadows, or fields, where the weeds or grasses are high, 
sometimes in rather dry situations. Its song is decidedly 
different from that of the Louisiana Marsh Wren, and not 
particularly musical. </p>

<p>Its food consists of insects such as grasshoppers, cater¬ 
pillars, crickets, moths, various kinds of beetles, bugs, ants, 
and some spiders. </p>

<p>• 01 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XVI, September 30, 1903, p. 110. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>ShorUbiUed Marsh Wren </p>

<p>
449 </p>

<p>
The nest is usually in the drier parts of a marsh, or in 
damp meadows, and is similar in character to the nest of 
the Louisiana Marsh Wren, a round or roundish structure 
of grasses, sedges, or weeds, and attached to the grass above 
the ground, though often well concealed by the surrounding 
vegetation. The eggs are usually four or five, pure white, 
unmarked. </p>

<p>The Short-billed Marsh Wren is an uncommon winter 
resident, from October 10 to May 12, in the Gulf Coast 
region of southern Louisiana; from Pilot Town, Grand Isle, 
Bayou Ferman in Vermilion Parish, New Iberia, Chenier au 
Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Cameron; north to 
near Gueydan, Lobdell, Oneida near Convent, Marrero, New 
Orleans, and Chef Menteur; and a rare transient in April 
in the northern part of the State, reported from only Bien¬ 
ville. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species from Chef 
Menteur, April 7, 1876, in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity ; from Grand Isle, March 12,1933, in the museum of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans; 
from Marrero, taken, November 10, 1932, by Winston E. 
Nolan; and from New Orleans, January 13, 1936, by T. D. 
Burleigh. Andrew Allison also collected a specimen near 
Lobdell in West Baton Rouge Parish, May 12, 1903, which 
he forwarded to the United States National Museum; and 
R. W. Shufeldt obtained specimens at New Orleans, Decem¬ 
ber 1, 2, and 12,1882. A. M. Bailey secured specimens dur¬ 
ing the last week of October, 1928, near Pilot Town; E. S. 
Hopkins, at Grand Isle, April 4, 1925; and A. M. Bailey, on 
Bayou Ferman in Vermilion Parish, November 25, 1916, 
and at Chenier au Tigre, December 10, 1925. E. R. Kalm- 
bach took one on March 24, 1926, east of Gueydan; and W. 
L. McAtee saw a single individual of this species at Cam¬ 
eron, December 4, 1910. Andrew Allison reported it from 
Lobdell, May 12, 1903; H. H. Kopman from New Orleans, 
October 16,1903, and from Oneida near Convent, December 
23, 1893, to January 1, 1894; and Charles W. Townsend 
from the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, December 4 and 6, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>450 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1925. J. S. Campbell observed it at Bienville on April 20, 
1933, and April 17, 1934; G. K. Cherrie collected it at 
Buras on February 3, 1896; and George H. Lowery, Jr., 
at Grand Isle on April 14, 1937. </p>

<p>Family MIMIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN MOCKINGBIRD </p>

<p>Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Mockingbird is brownish gray above, white 
below, with wings and tail blackish, the former with a 
white patch and the latter with large patches of white on 
the outer feathers. It is readily identified as the Mocking¬ 
bird, the only other birds with which it might be confused 
being the shrikes, but it is readily separated from them 
by its longer tail and lack of black markings about the 
head. The flight, too, is much more jerky and not so swift 
as that of the shrikes. </p>

<p>It lives in almost all kinds of country, although it is 
not partial to the very heavy forests. Thickets, brushy 
pastures, and all kinds of cultivated areas, including the 
streets and parks of towns and cities are suited to its needs, 
and it is one of the commonest birds in many of the cities. 
It is not ordinarily a gregarious bird, but is distributed all 
over suitable parts of the country, usually singly or in pairs. 
It is one of the best known and justly famous birds of the 
southland, and is found as far north as southern Canada. </p>

<p>The Mockingbird has so great a reputation for imitat¬ 
ing the notes, calls, and songs of other birds that it often 
is not sufficiently credited with original compositions. It 
has the habit of stringing together a long series of imita¬ 
tions of other birds’ calls and of singing for considerable 
periods almost unceasingly. In between the imitations that 
it gives it improvises notes and songs of its own, some of 
which are of considerable interest. It is one of the rela¬ 
tively few birds that sing regularly and extensively at 
night. It is fond of singing after dark and sometimes con¬ 
tinues the whole night through. In addition to its unusual </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Mockingbird </p>

<p>
451 </p>

<p>
song it also is a remarkable bird in many respects. It 
has a dominating disposition, and drives away from feed¬ 
ing places and elsewhere the smaller birds and even some 
of the larger birds like the Blue Jay and Brown Thrasher. </p>

<p>The diet of this bird extends over a wide range of food. 
It lives largely on various kinds of wild berries and seeds, 
such as those of the black gum, inkberry, poison ivy, blue¬ 
berry, blackberry, sumac, elderberry, and others. Occa¬ 
sionally it does some damage to cultivated fruits such as 
strawberries, apples, grapes, and figs. It also eats the 
seeds of small plants such as goldenrod. The animal part 
of its food consists chiefly of insects, such as curculios and 
other beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, bugs, flies, and 
ants, and among the injurious insects that it consumes are 
the cotton-boll weevil and the cotton-boll worm. It is 
among the birds easy to attract to a feeding station, be¬ 
cause it is very fond of suet, bread crumbs, nuts, and 
raisins. </p>

<p>The Mockingbird’s courtship performance is interesting. 
It consists in part of stretching the wings up and thus 
showing the white areas in the wing; and the curious 
dance sometimes performed by a pair is a very entertaining 
and unusual sight. The two birds face each other, holding 
up their heads and tails, and step from side to side, or 
around each other. </p>

<p>The nest is placed in any sort of bush or low tree, in 
thickets or in cultivated areas, or in shrubbery about hu¬ 
man habitations. It is normally not very high from the 
ground, but sometimes as much as 50 feet. It is a rather 
bulky structure made up of weed-stalks, moss, leaves, strips 
of bark, grass, twigs, string, rootlets, or any similar ma¬ 
terials, and lined with finer grasses, horsehair, rootlets, 
cotton, or other similar substances. The eggs are usually 
three to five, light buff or greenish, and more or less 
heavily marked with spots and blotches of reddish brown 
or purplish. It takes about two weeks to hatch the young, 
and usually two broods at least are reared in a season. The 
young ordinarily remain in the nest until they are nearly </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>452 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
able to fly, but they have the tendency shared by some 
other birds to leave the nest too soon, and are thus subject 
to the attacks of enemies, such as cats. </p>

<p>The Eastern Mockingbird is a common permanent resi¬ 
dent throughout Louisiana; reported north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, 
Monroe, Choudrant, Bienville, Belcher, and Caddo Lake; 
west to Cross Lake, Curtis, Mansfield, Logans port, Many, 
Florien, Sandel, Anacoco, Leesville, Pickering, Rosepine, 
De Bidder, Longville, Gillis, Newton, Lake Charles, Sulphur, 
Vinton, Toomey, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south 
to Calcasieu Pass, Cameron, Calcasieu Lake, mouth of Mer- 
mentau River, Grand Chenier, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Little Wax Bayou, Avoca 
Island, Grand Isle, Buras, and Pass a Loutre in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta; and east to Main Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish, 
Diamond, Junior, Belair, New Orleans, Slidell, Pearl River, 
Mandeville, Madisonville, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Sim- 
mesport, Ferriday, Lake Saint John, Waterproof, Saint 
Joseph, Quimby, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It 
breeds in Louisiana from March to August; and there are 
records of eggs from March 28 to July 29. </p>

<p>All the specimens examined from Louisiana belong to 
the eastern race, and the writer has seen birds from Deer 
Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish, no date; Morgan 
City, October 28, 1925, Mrs. R. D. Svihla; east of Gueydan, 
March 24, 1925, E. R. Kalmbach; Alexandria, January 9, 
1908, A. H. Howell; Lecompte, January 13, 1908, A. H. 
Howell; Mansfield, January 23,1908, A. H. Howell; Belcher, 
February 6, 1908, A. H. Howell; Chenier au Tigre, 
January 1 and 5, 1934, A. M. Bailey; five specimens taken 
at Grand Isle, October 5, 1937, and three at New Orleans, 
October 6, 1937, all by T. D. Burleigh. Vernon Bailey found 
it very common, June 2 to 7, 1892, at Mer Rouge; and Ned 
Hollister, abundant in East Carroll Parish, March 6 to 13, 
1904. The writer noted it at Tallulah, common on June 17, 
1933, and at Choudrant on the same day; Quimby, Saint </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Catbird </p>

<p>
453 </p>

<p>
Joseph, Waterproof, Lake Saint John, and Ferriday, June 16, 
1933; Slidell and Pearl River, June 27,1933; Main Pass and 
Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 1933; 
near Buras, December 16,1932; Little Wax Bayou, January 
28, 1932; Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932; and at Calca¬ 
sieu Lake, December 31, 1932. E. R. Kalmbach noted it at 
the mouth of the Mermentau River between April 26 and 
September 28,1925; and W. L. McAtee found it common at 
Cameron, November 28 to December 6, 1910. The writer 
observed it on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 27, 
1928; at Toomey, where it was common, June 20, 1933; and 
at Vinton, where it was still more numerous, on the same 
day; at Sulphur and Lake Charles, also on the same date. 
He noticed it at Newton, Gillis, Longville, De Bidder, Rose- 
pine, Pickering, Leesville, Anacoco, Sandel, Florien, and 
Many, June 19, 1933; and at Curtis, Taylortown, Cross 
Lake, and Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933. A. H. Howell found 
it numerous at Logansport between August 25 and 27,1906, 
and obtained specimens on August 25, 1906. At Bienville 
and elsewhere in Bienville Parish J. S. Campbell considers 
this bird an abundant permanent resident. Ambrose Dai- 
gre observed it frequently at Grand Isle from April 2 to 23, 
1937; and it was taken at New Orleans, February 4, 1917, 
by A. M. Bailey; at Buras, February 6, 1896; and at Chef 
Menteur, January 22, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie. A nest of 
this species was collected by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu 
Pass, November 6, 1868, and sent by him to the Smith¬ 
sonian Institution. There are eggs in the United States 
National Museum from Grand Coteau, collected, June 4 and 
6, 1887. </p>

<p>
CATBIRD </p>

<p>Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This bird is so named because of the resemblance of 
some of its calls to the ‘mew’ of a cat. It is a slate-colored 
bird relieved only by the chestnut patch under the base of 
the tail. It is rather smaller than the Mockingbird, being 
about nine inches in length. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
454 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It is fond of thickets, the edges of woodlands, under¬ 
growth, and also of cultivated areas, even in the towns. It 
is a bird of the bushes and trees, and usually does not fly 
far at any one time, except when migrating. It is found 
as far north as southern Canada, and in winter as far south 
as Panama, since it migrates southward from the more 
northern parts of its range. It is not often seen in any 
considerable flocks, but it is a common bird in many parts 
of the country, except in the western United States. It 
is easy to attract the Catbird, for it has more or less 
curiosity regarding not only man but other animals. Its song 
is exceedingly varied, and it is an excellent mimic, although 
not so good as the Mockingbird. Its own song, however, 
is varied and pleasing, and like that of the Mockingbird is 
often heard at night. </p>

<p>The food of the Catbird consists partly of animal and 
partly of vegetable food. The animal portion is made up of 
insects, such as grasshoppers, caterpillars, various kinds 
of beetles, ants, bugs, and other insects, together with some 
spiders. The vegetable part of its food comprises wild 
fruits, such as elderberries, dogwood, poison ivy, and 
smilax, together with a certain amount of cultivated fruits 
such as strawberries and raspberries. It does, however, 
not seriously damage the garden. </p>

<p>This bird builds its nest almost anywhere in a thicket, 
either in a cultivated area or other place, often close to 
dwellings in the country or in town, often in swampy loca¬ 
tions. The nest is commonly in a low tree, bush, or vine, not 
very high from the ground, and fairly well concealed. It is 
a rather bulky structure, apparently roughly made of twigs, 
grass, weed-stalks, leaves, bits of paper, and similar ma¬ 
terial ; and lined with rootlets and strips of bark. The eggs 
are dark bluish green, unmarked; and ordinarily take a 
little less than two weeks to hatch. The young remain in 
the nest for some time. The parents are exceedingly solici¬ 
tous for the young and will drive away other birds that 
venture into the neighborhood of the nest, also sometimes 
they will attack even a human being. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Catbird </p>

<p>
455 </p>

<p>
The Catbird is a permanent resident in most of Louisi¬ 
ana excepting the Gulf Coast region, rare in summer, except 
locally in the northern part of the State, and rare also in 
winter, but more numerous during the migrations. It has 
been reported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Par¬ 
ish, and Caddo Parish; west to Shreveport, Frierson, Mans¬ 
field, Alexandria, and Thibodaux; south to Thibodaux and 
New Orleans; and east to Pearl River, Mandeville, Ham¬ 
mond, Bayou Sara, and Tallulah. It is a rare winter resi¬ 
dent, from October to May 6, in the Gulf Coast region of 
southern Louisiana; south to Mermentau, Chenier au Tigre, 
Avery Island, Baldwin, Grand Isle, the Mississippi River 
between Magnolia and Myrtle Grove, and Port Eads. It 
breeds in May. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from College Town 
Swamp two and a half miles southeast of the Louisiana 
State University at Baton Rouge in the autumn of 1932, 
collected by George H. Lowery, Jr.; Marrero, February 8, 
1933; Southport in Jefferson Parish, January 13, 1900, by 
Andrew Allison; Avery Island, April 2, 1894, George E. 
Beyer; Grand Isle, April 19, 1933, and May 6, 1933. Birds 
of this species struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the 
mouth of Atchafalaya Bay, April 21, 1907, and October 27, 
1908; and one also struck the South Pass Lightship at Port 
Eads, April 9, 1902. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this species common at Mer Rouge, 
June 2 to 7, 1892; and E. R. Kalmbach saw it at Tallulah, 
June 13 to July 13, 1924. George H. Lowery, Jr., reports 
it a common summer resident at Monroe, where he observed 
it also on December 27, 1934. J. S. Campbell considers it a 
common summer resident in Bienville Parish, where it 
breeds in May. It was found nesting near Frierson in De 
Soto Parish by J. K. Strecker; and seen by him in summer 
in Caddo Parish. H. H. Kopman reported it on April 16 
and 22,1929, at Shreveport, and notes that it breeds in that 
locality. A. H. Howell collected specimens at Mansfield, 
April 27 and 29, 1907. Ambrose Daigre reports it nesting 
at Alexandria; and E. R. Kalmbach saw several individuals </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>456 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
at Thibodaux, May 25, 1919. A. K. Fisher collected one at 
New Orleans, May 21, 1886; the writer observed one on 
Honey Island in Pearl River, June 27, 1933; H. H. Kopman 
reported the species from Hammond, April 26, 1918; C. A. 
Bibbms reported it as wintering at Mermentau, though not 
common; and A. M. Bailey noted it at Chenier au Tigre be¬ 
tween December 8 and 18, 1925. Mrs. G. L. Baldwin ob¬ 
served it at Baldwin, February 26 and April 15, 1910; and 
the writer noted a single individual along the Mississippi 
River between Magnolia and Myrtle Grove, December 20, 
1932. E. S. Hopkins reported the species very common at 
Grand Isle from April 20 to 28,1925. </p>

<p>EASTERN BROWN THRASHER </p>

<p>Toxostoma rufa rufa (Linnaeus) ,0 * </p>

<p>The Brown Thrasher, frequently called the ‘brown 
thrush’, or ‘French mockingbird’, is a well known inhabi¬ 
tant of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. 
Like the Catbird it wanders for the winter from the 
northernmost part of its summer range, when it becomes 
more abundant in the southern states than in summer. It 
is a larger bird than the Catbird, being 11 or 12 inches in 
length, of a bright reddish brown above, white below, with 
conspicuous streaks or spots of brown or blackish. Its long 
tail and reddish color will easily distinguish it almost any¬ 
where, even though it looks somewhat in color like the 
Wood Thrush. </p>

<p>It is fond of all kinds of thickets, open woodlands, 
brushy pastures, shrubbery about human dwellings, and 
various kinds of cultivated areas, and even the streets 
and parks of the town. Its favorite place is a thicket, 
where, under favorable circumstances, it lives and often 
scratches on the ground among the leaves for its food. It 
does not usually make prolonged flights, but flits from 
bush to bush, and from thicket to thicket, usually flirting 
its long fan-like tail. Rarely does it assemble into flocks 
of any size, but is ordinarily seen singly or in pairs. </p>

<p>102 Toxostoma rufvm of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Brown Thrasher </p>

<p>
457 </p>

<p>
It is one of the finest songsters of our countryside, 
and has a much richer and more melodious song than the 
Catbird. It likewise is a good mimic, and it, like the Mock¬ 
ingbird, strings together a number of imitations with im- 
provisions of its own. </p>

<p>A considerable part of the food of this bird consists of 
acorns, various kinds of wild fruit, such as pokeberries, 
huckleberries, and berries of the Virginia creeper, holly, 
and hackberry. Domestic fruits also form a part of its diet 
whenever available, these comprising cherries, grapes, 
strawberries, and similar kinds; but not enough of such is 
taken to weigh greatly against the value of this bird as an 
ally of the farmer. A considerable part of its food is made 
up of insects of such destructive species as the cotton-boll 
weevil, cucumber beetle, and other beetles, caterpillars, and 
grasshoppers. </p>

<p>The nest is placed commonly in thickets, bushes, or low 
trees, sometimes in brush heaps, vines, or even in fence 
corners, usually not far from the ground. It is a very bulky 
structure, though normally fairly strong, made of weed- 
stalks, sticks, strips of bark, leaves, and roots, with a 
lining usually of rootlets. The three to five eggs are white 
or very light green, very thickly speckled with reddish 
brown. The birds take about 13 days to incubate the eggs, 
and apparently both the male and female have a part in 
this duty. The parents are very much attached to the nest, 
the eggs, and young, and the brooding bird will sit on the 
nest until almost touched. The bird, furthermore, is very 
active and vicious in protecting its home. At times when a 
person approaches the nest, one or both of the birds will 
ordinarily dart at the individual, sometimes striking the 
face or head, and even the hands of the person intruding. 
With such care the young should be successful in their start 
in life, and they remain in the nest until they are able to 
take care of themselves, at least in part. Sometimes, like 
many other birds, they leave the nest too soon and fall 
victims to enemies, because of their inability to defend 
themselves. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>458 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The Eastern Brown Thrasher is a permanent resident, 
uncommon during summer and winter, more frequent dur¬ 
ing the migrations, in most parts of Louisiana excepting the 
Gulf Coast region; recorded north to Lake Providence, Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, Foster 
(five miles east of Shreveport), and Belcher; west to 
Shreveport, Mansfield, Natchitoches, and Lake Charles; 
south to Lake Charles, New Iberia, Avery Island, Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary, Baldwin, Thibodaux, Houma, and 
New Orleans; and east to Mandeville, Madisonville, Amite, 
Hackley, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, Valverda, Newell- 
ton, Thomastown, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. The 
Brown Thrasher is also a winter resident, from October 
to May 11, in the Gulf Coast region, south to the lower 
Vermilion River, Chenier au Tigre, Southwest Reef Light¬ 
house at the mouth of Atchafalaya Bay, and Plaquemines 
Parish. It breeds during May and June; and there are 
records of eggs from May 18 to June 22. </p>

<p>Specimens of the eastern race of this species, which is 
the breeding Brown Thrasher of Louisiana, have been ex¬ 
amined from Avery Island, January 20, 1894; Grand Isle, 
April 2,1931; Plaquemines Parish, November, 1862; Jeffer¬ 
son Parish, April 8, 1898, and February 26, 1931; Marrero, 
February 19, 1932; New Orleans, February 12, 1895, No¬ 
vember 26, 1932, January 1, 1933, October 3, 1936, March 
29, 1937, December 6, 1937; and two on November 4, 1932; 
Chef Menteur, January 22, 1896; Madisonville, May 14, 
1888; Clinton, January 9, 1888; Clarks, January 6, 1908; 
Belcher, February 7, 1908; Chenier au Tigre, January 2, 
1934; Monroe, November 27, 1937; and Bogalusa, August 
24, 1936. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported it from Shreveport, April 19, 
1929, in which locality it breeds. A. H. Howell saw it at 
Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 1907; and at Natchitoches, 
January 16 to 21, 1908. The writer observed it at Lake 
Charles, June 19, 1933; H. H. Kopman says that it is resi¬ 
dent at New Iberia; and George H. Lowery, Jr., a common 
resident at Baton Rouge. It was reported from Baldwin, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Brown Thrasher </p>

<p>
459 </p>

<p>
April 21,1910, by Mrs. G. L. Baldwin; and from Thibodaux, 
May 25,1919, by E. R. Kalmbach. The writer saw one bird 
at Houma, June 23, 1933; and George E. Beyer reported its 
breeding in 1891 at Madisonville and Clinton. H. H. Kop- 
man noted it at Amite, March 27,1918; as breeding at Val- 
verda in June, 1915; and as seen at Thomastown in Madison 
Parish, July 13 to 28,1896. Ned Hollister found it commdn 
in East Carroll, West Carroll, Madison, and Morehouse par¬ 
ishes, February 11 to March 20, 1904; and the writer saw 
it at Tallulah and Newellton, June 16,1933. J. S. Campbell 
considers it common at Bienville where he discovered 12 
nests with eggs or young during May and June, 1933. A. H. 
Howell met with it fairly commonly at Hackley, February 
20 to 24, 1912; Edward Butler reported it breeding at Saint 
Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916. The writer ob¬ 
served the species along the lower Vermilion River, January 
22, 1928. Individuals presumably of this subspecies struck 
the Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to Atcha- 
falaya Bay, April 21, 1907, and October 27, 1908, and were 
reported by S. Jones. </p>

<p>Attention should perhaps again be called to the fact that 
the generic name Toxostoma is not of neuter but of feminine 
gender, and that consequently the name of the Brown 
Thrasher should be as above given, Toxostoma rufa rufa. </p>

<p>WESTERN BROWN THRASHER </p>

<p>Toxostoma rufa longieauda (Baird) </p>

<p>The Western Brown Thrasher is a rare winter resident, 
from September 21 to February 20, in northern and south¬ 
ern Louisiana. Since it is not distinguishable in the field 
from the eastern subspecies, the only records useful in the 
present connection are the specimens actually examined. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Belcher, February 
7, 1908, collected by A. H. Howell; Lecompte, January 11, 
13, and 14, 1908, A. H. Howell, two on the last date; New 
Orleans, December 26, 1935, February 20, 1937, and Sep¬ 
tember 21, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; Baton Rouge, January 
15, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Chenier au Tigre, January </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>450 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1925. J. S. Campbell observed it at Bienville on April 20, 
1933, and April 17, 1934; G. K. Cherrie collected it at 
Buras on February 3, 1896; and George H. Lowery, Jr., 
at Grand Isle on April 14, 1937. </p>

<p>Family MIMIDAE </p>

<p>EASTERN MOCKINGBIRD </p>

<p>Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Mockingbird is brownish gray above, white 
below, with wings and tail blackish, the former with a 
white patch and the latter with large patches of white on 
the outer feathers. It is readily identified as the Mocking¬ 
bird, the only other birds with which it might be confused 
being the shrikes, but it is readily separated from them 
by its longer tail and lack of black markings about the 
head. The flight, too, is much more jerky and not so swift 
as that of the shrikes. </p>

<p>It lives in almost all kinds of country, although it is 
not partial to the very heavy forests. Thickets, brushy 
pastures, and all kinds of cultivated areas, including the 
streets and parks of towns and cities are suited to its needs, 
and it is one of the commonest birds in many of the cities. 
It is not ordinarily a gregarious bird, but is distributed all 
over suitable parts of the country, usually singly or in pairs. 
It is one of the best known and justly famous birds of the 
southland, and is found as far north as southern Canada. </p>

<p>The Mockingbird has so great a reputation for imitat¬ 
ing the notes, calls, and songs of other birds that it often 
is not sufficiently credited with original compositions. It 
has the habit of stringing together a long series of imita¬ 
tions of other birds’ calls and of singing for considerable 
periods almost unceasingly. In between the imitations that 
it gives it improvises notes and songs of its own, some of 
which are of considerable interest. It is one of the rela¬ 
tively few birds that sing regularly and extensively at 
night. It is fond of singing after dark and sometimes con¬ 
tinues the whole night through. In addition to its unusual </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Robin </p>

<p>
461 </p>

<p>
and black streaked throat, and tawny lower surface, dis¬ 
tinguish it at a glance from most of the birds in our woods 
and fields. </p>

<p>It is not particularly fond of the deep forests, but in 
almost every other kind of situation, wild and cultivated, 
it is well known. Its flight is fairly swift, strong, and well 
sustained, and the bird is capable of traveling long dis¬ 
tances without rest. One of the interesting features of 
the Robin’s life history is its gathering into great flocks 
for the purpose of roosting. These roosts are occupied in 
winter, autumn, also to some extent in the spring; and in 
some instances contaift thousands of birds. They are 
usually in trees or bushes, but sometimes, particularly in 
the south, the tall grasses, reeds, or rushes in the marshes 
form a satisfactory place. This is frequently a source of 
danger to the birds because they have been hunted by flash¬ 
light and killed in great numbers by hunters who knock 
them down with sticks after they had become bewildered by 
the unaccustomed light at night. </p>

<p>The Robin has a very mellow and pleasing song, of rela¬ 
tively few notes that have sometimes been represented by 
the syllables ‘cheer up’, or ‘cheerily’. One of its call notes 
is a sharp ‘chirp’. </p>

<p>The diet of this bird is made up of a wide variety of 
animal and vegetable food. It includes such wild fruit as 
huckleberries, persimmons, dogwood, pokeberries, mulber¬ 
ries, cherries, and in fact almost all similar kinds. In 
addition it frequently takes considerable cultivated fruit, 
such as cherries, grapes, and berries of various kinds. 
Sometimes seeds of different sorts also form a part of its 
food. On the other hand the bird destroys a great many 
injurious insects, such as cutworms, army worms, cater¬ 
pillars of various kinds including the gypsy moth and tent 
caterpillar, tree hoppers, ants, codling moths, and many 
others. The Robin is very fond of earthworms and is very 
successful in pulling them out of the ground. Other items 
of food are snails, thousand-legs, and even occasionally 
small snakes and fishes. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>462 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The Robin breeds in almost any place, although it is 
less fond of the deep forests for this purpose. It often 
builds its nest in trees in the yards of cities. The nest 
is ordinarily placed in a tree or bush, often in some nook 
about a building, and in all sorts of out of the way places, 
such as stumps, posts, fences, even in hollow trees, and 
occasionally on the ground. It is ordinarily not over 30 
feet from the ground, but occasionally is higher. It is a 
compact structure of grasses, small sticks, weed-stalks, and 
mud, the latter cementing the whole together into a strong 
and durable structure. The nest also often contains pieces 
of cloth, paper, string, cotton, or Similar materials. The 
usual lining is fine grass, but other materials, such as cot¬ 
ton and yarn, are sometimes used. The eggs are usually 
three or four, of a light greenish blue, nearly always with¬ 
out markings. The birds, chiefly the female, incubate the 
eggs for about two weeks, and the young remain in the 
nest ordinarily for 12 days. Unfortunately they frequently 
leave the nest before they are able to fly, and, therefore, 
may fall victims to their enemies, often prowling cats. At 
times the Eastern Robin is very solicitous for the welfare 
of its young, particularly when they are becoming grown, 
and for a short time after they leave the nest, when they 
really need protection. </p>

<p>The Eastern Robin is a winter resident, reported from 
December 21 to March 4, in the greater part or all of 
Louisiana, probably common, though it is not distinguish¬ 
able in the field from the Southern Robin. It has been 
detected from Monroe in the northern part of the State, 
south to Jefferson Parish. </p>

<p>The only certain records are those based on specimens 
that the writer has examined, and on recoveries of banded 
birds. The specimens are from Natchitoches, January 16, 
1908, a single female, collected by A. H. Howell; Alexan¬ 
dria, January 9,1908, one female, A. H. Howell; Lecompte, 
a single male, February 11, 1908, A. H. Howell; Baton 
Rouge, February 1 and March 4, 1937, George H. Lowery, 
Jr.; also one unsexed bird collected in Jefferson Parish, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Robin </p>

<p>
463 </p>

<p>
January 26, 1888, and now in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity. A bird banded at Kingston, Ontario, was captured 
at Lake Pontchartrain on December 21, 1934; and another 
banded on Long Island, New York, was killed at Cotton- 
port, La., on January 19, 1936. Most of the records of 
robins from Louisiana except the specimens listed here are 
hereinafter included under the Southern Robin, Turdus mi- 
gratorius achrusterus, although some of such records may 
refer to the present race. George H. Lowery, Jr., reports 
the Eastern Robin as a common winter visitor in northern 
Louisiana, where he has observed it at Monroe, and there 
is no reason to suppose that this is not its status there, 
as well as in other parts of northern and central Louisiana. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN ROBIN </p>

<p>Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder) </p>

<p>The Southern Robin very closely resembles its relative, 
the Eastern Robin, differing chiefly in smaller size, lighter 
and duller coloration, both above and below. These differ¬ 
ences are so slight that they are not with certainty discov¬ 
erable in the field. The Southern Robin is resident in parts 
of most of the southern states, and is found as far north as 
central Maryland and Indiana. </p>

<p>It lives in much the same kind of country and has 
much the same habits as the northern bird. In many parts 
of the south it is extending its breeding range southward. </p>

<p>The Southern Robin is a permanent resident, rare in 
summer but abundant in winter, in northern, central, and 
southeastern Louisiana, reported north to Lake Providence, 
West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, Choudrant, Ruston, 
Minden, Benton in Bossier Parish, and Belcher; west to Fos¬ 
ter, Shreveport, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Many, Alexandria, 
and Lecompte; south to Raceland, Bayou Barataria, Oneida, 
and New Orleans; and east to Mandeville, Covington, Hack- 
ley, Long Bridge in Avoyelles Parish, Jena, and Bear Lake 
northwest of Tallulah. It is also a common winter resident, 
from October 9 to April 6, in the coast region of the south¬ 
ern part of the State, south to the southwestern corner of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>464 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Cameron Parish, Cameron, Calcasieu Lake, Grand Chenier, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Is¬ 
land, Little Caillou Bayou, Diamond, and the Delta Duck 
Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta. It breeds 
from April to August. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Southern Robin have been examined 
in the present connection as follows: Natchitoches, Janu¬ 
ary 16, 17, and 20, 1908, collected by A. H. Howell; New 
Orleans, March 9,1936, by T. D. Burleigh; Chenier au Tigre, 
March 10, 1931, by A. M. Bailey; Baton Rouge, February </p>

<p>16, 1937, collected by J. E. Younger; Jefferson Parish, Jan¬ 
uary 12, 1899, two obtained by Andrew Allison; another in 
the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation 
at New Orleans from the same locality, November 29,1932; 
and from Belle Chasse, February 19, 1933; and in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University from New Orleans, February 16, 
1894; Sauve in Jefferson Parish, February 19, 1888; and 
Hammond, November 16, 1876. The number of speci¬ 
mens seen indicates that this is probably the most nu¬ 
merous form of the Robin in Louisiana, but it is, however, 
now not possible to determine this positively. Most of the 
records of robins except the specimens of the Eastern Robin 
examined are included under the present form, but probably 
some of these belong under Turdus migratorius migratorius, 
either wholly or in part. The two races are, of course, not 
determinable subspecifically in the field. </p>

<p>Mrs. Bruce Reid found this bird breeding near Ruston 
in August, 1926, and also a short distance west of Minden. 
Also, Miss Caroline Dormon has found it nesting at 
Briarwood in Natchitoches Parish; and Ambrose Daigre 
says that it breeds at Alexandria. J. S. Campbell considers 
it fairly common as a summer resident at Bienville, where 
he has observed several nests each year. The writer met 
with the Southern Robin at the following localities in sum¬ 
mer, presumably breeding: Choudrant, four observed, June </p>

<p>17, 1933; Shreveport, June 18, 1933; Many, June 19, 1933; 
Alexandria, June 16, 1933; Raceland, June 23,1933; Bayou 
Barataria, June 10, 1933; and Jena, June 16, 1933. J. P. 
Everett reports that it was nesting at Farmerville during </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>
465 </p>

<p>
May and June, 1937; and Robert Butler states that it 
breeds at Bains. </p>

<p>Robins presumably of this race were seen commonly at 
Bear Lake, three miles northwest of Tallulah, February 17 
to March 1,1904, by Ned Hollister; at Long Bridge in Avoy¬ 
elles Parish by W. L. McAtee, February 12,1910; at Oneida 
near Convent, December 28, 1893, to January 1, 1894, by 
H. H. Kopman; and at Covington, seen also by Mr. Kopman. 
G. L. Vivant noted it at'New Orleans, April 11, 1918; and 
A. H. Howell found it at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. 
It doubtless breeds, at least occasionally, at these localities 
in southeastern Louisiana, since it has been found nesting 
on the coast of the State of Mississippi. Robins in winter, 
supposedly of this form, have been seen by the writer south 
of the breeding range in Louisiana, at the Orange-Cameron 
Land Company’s club house, January 26 and 27, 1928; and 
on Black Bayou, in Cameron Parish northwest of the club 
house, January 27, 1928. W. L. McAtee noted robins in 
small numbers at Cameron, November 28 to December 6, 
1910; and the writer found them at Calcasieu Lake, Decem¬ 
ber 30 and 31,1932; at Grand Chenier, December 31,1932; 
and at the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928. 
A. M. Bailey noted this bird common at Chenier au Tigre, 
December 8 to 18, 1925; and Stanley C. Arthur reported it 
at Marsh Island, February 6 to 8, 1915. The writer ob¬ 
served it on Little Caillou Bayou near Bush Canal in Terre¬ 
bonne Parish, December 24, 1932; and at the Delta Duck 
Club in the Mississippi Delta, December 20, 1932. H. L. 
Ballowe reported it also at Diamond, February 20,1902. </p>

<p>WOOD THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla musteline, (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Wood Thrush is a delightful bird, and a great 
favorite with all bird lovers. It is of moderate size, being 
only about eight inches in length, reddish brown above, 
white below, with large round black spots on the breast. 
Its trim lines and beautiful song quickly identify it 
wherever it happens to be. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>466 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
It is primarily a woodland bird, living in the thickets, 
woodlands, moist and dry swamps, and even in cultivated 
areas, particularly about dwellings where the trees and 
shrubbery are numerous, or even in the parks, and some¬ 
times in the tree-lined streets of cities, especially on their 
outskirts. It is often seen running or hopping about the 
lanes or on the ground, in woodlands and thickets, some¬ 
times scratching for its food, or investigating the nooks 
and crannies where something to eat may be discovered. </p>

<p>The song of this thrush is one of the most beautiful of all 
our native North American birds. It is a rich and flute¬ 
like phrase of three or four notes that have been frequently 
represented by the syllables ‘e-o-lee’. </p>

<p>Its food is made up of various kinds of insects, includ¬ 
ing grasshoppers, flies, bugs, caterpillars, ants, and differ¬ 
ent kinds of beetles; also earthworms, snails, myriapods, 
and spiders. To a considerable extent also it lives on var¬ 
ious kinds of wild fruit, such as mulberries, blueberries, 
elderberries, grapes, dogwood, and other berries. Only a 
small amount of cultivated fruit is taken. The injurious 
insects that it consumes make it undoubtedly one of our 
very beneficial birds. </p>

<p>This bird breeds in thickets and woodlands, or even in 
towns, placing its nest in a low tree or bush, usually not 
very well concealed, and not more than 20 feet from the 
ground. It is a solid structure very much like that of the 
Robin, composed of weed-stalks, grass, bark, leaves, pieces 
of paper, and similar materials, usually lined with rootlets. 
The three or four eggs are light greenish blue, unmarked. 
About 12 days are required for incubation, and only one 
brood is normally reared. </p>

<p>The Wood Thrush is a summer resident, fairly common 
in summer, from March 26 to October 25, but more numer¬ 
ous during the migrations, occurring throughout Louisiana 
excepting probably the marsh region in the vicinity of the 
Gulf Coast; reported north to Mer Rouge, Rayville, Monroe, 
Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west to Shreveport, Crichton, 
Mansfield, Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Many, </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wood Thrush </p>

<p>
467 </p>

<p>
Fisher, Florien, Sandel, Anacoco, Pickering, and De Bidder; 
south to Sulphur,Iowa (La.), Lafayette, Avery Island, Saint 
Martinville, and New Orleans; east to Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, Amite, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, Trout Newell- 
ton, Somerset, Quimby, the Singer Preserve on the Tensas 
River in Madison Parish 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, and 
Tallulah. It is a transient in the Gulf Coast region of south¬ 
ern Louisiana, south of its breeding range, arriving at least 
as early as March 10, from Rigolets and Lake Borgne to 
Southwest Reef at the mouth of Atchafalaya Bay, to Chenier 
au Tigre, and probably throughout the rest of the coast re¬ 
gion to the west. It breeds chiefly from late April to June, 
and there is record of eggs on June 2. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this thrush common in the wood¬ 
lands about Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 1892; and H. H. Kop- 
man noted its arrival on April 2, 1933, at Shreveport, where 
it breeds. A. H. Howell saw it at Mansfield, April 26 
to May 3, 1907, and collected a single individual there 
on April 27 of that year. The writer observed it at 
Rayville, June 17, 1933; at Caddo Lake, and eight miles 
south of Crichton, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, Robeline, 
Fort Jesup, Many, Fisher, Florien, Sandel, Anacoco, Pick¬ 
ering, and De Ridder, June 19, 1933. George E. Beyer re¬ 
ported in 1891 that the Wood Thrush was breeding at Madi- 
sonville and Clinton; and H. H. Kopman found it at Saint 
Martinville along Bayou Teche, August 9 to 12,1917. J. S. 
Campbell says that it is a common summer resident at Bien¬ 
ville, from April 6 to late September, and he has found it 
nesting in April. Edward Butler reported it breeding at 
Saint Francisville in 1916, and at Bains in 1916. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., considers it a common summer resident at 
Baton Rouge, where it arrives in spring about April 1. He 
noticed it three miles north of Sulphur, June 20,1935. The 
writer observed it at Avery Island, June 21,1933; at Trout, 
Newellton, Somerset, Quimby, also on the Singer Preserve, 
and at Tallulah, June 16, 1933. Vernon Bailey found the 
species numerous at Iowa (La.), from April 6 to 9, 1899, 
and collected there a single specimen on April 8,1899. R. J. 
Thompson also obtained one at Lafayette, May 23, 1892. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>468 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Specimens in the museum of Tulane University are from 
Mandeville, April 25,1876; and from Amite, May SI, 1888. 
Henry W. Henshaw collected specimens of the Wood 
Thrush at Rigolets, April, 1870, and at Lake Borgne, March 
27, 1870; A. M. Bailey, one at Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 
1931; and T. D. Burleigh, another at New Orleans, May 30, </p>

<p>1935. Specimens in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans were taken at Grand 
Isle, April 6,1931, by E. S. Hopkins, and April 6, 8, and 15, </p>

<p>1936, by Ambrose Daigre; and there are eggs in the United 
States National Museum collected at Grand Coteau, June 2, 
1887. A bird of this species struck the Southwest Pass 
Lighthouse, April 3, 1908. Andrew Allison reported the 
arrival of the species at New Orleans, March 25, 1900. </p>

<p>EASTERN HERMIT THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard </p>

<p>This bird resembles to some extent the Wood Thrush, 
but it is smaller, and is olive brown or olive green above, 
with a somewhat reddish tail, and with smaller and more 
streak-like dark markings on the under surface. It is a 
more northern bird than the Wood Thrush, and is found in 
some one of its forms all over the northern United States 
and parts of Canada, as far north as southern Alaska. It 
is well named ‘Hermit Thrush’ because of its retiring na¬ 
ture. It is seldom seen in any very open country, except 
sometimes during migration, but it is an inhabitant of the 
woods and dense thickets, swamps, and sometimes the 
borders of more or less wooded or bushy pastures. It is 
particularly fond of evergreen trees. </p>

<p>Its song is longer, much more varied, even sweeter than 
that of the Wood Thrush, and is on a higher pitch, though 
not as strong or as flute-like. It consists of two or three 
series of three notes connected by others. </p>

<p>This bird lives on various insects, such as ants, cater¬ 
pillars, beetles, flies, crickets, bugs, and wasps, and eats 
also spiders and some worms. Particularly during the 
autumn and winter the Hermit Thrush’s diet turns to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Hermit Thrush </p>

<p>
469 </p>

<p>
various kinds of wild berries and fruits, and of these it 
consumes a large variety, such as those of the Virginia 
creeper, smilax, dogwood, holly, poison ivy, checkerber- 
ries, wild grapes, and the berries of the juniper. </p>

<p>This bird builds its nest on or near the ground, although 
occasionally a number of feet above on a low tree, in a 
thicket, or in the undergrowth of woodlands, sometimes 
well concealed by some kind of vegetation. It is built of 
twigs, bark, moss, weed-stalks, grasses, leaves, and fur, 
and lined with rootlets, various other plant fibers, and 
pine needles. The usually four eggs are greenish blue, un¬ 
marked. Usually about 12 days are required for hatching 
the young. </p>

<p>The Eastern Hermit Thrush is a fairly common winter 
resident, from September 26 to May 15, in practically all of 
Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence; Oak Grove 
in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Bel¬ 
cher ; west to Foster (five miles east of Shreveport), Mans¬ 
field, and Natchitoches; south to the lower Vermilion River, 
Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, Cote Blanche between Bald¬ 
win and Cypremort, Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish, 
Houma, Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, Marrero, and New 
Orleans; and east to Pearl River, Mandeville, Covington, 
Hackley, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>All the Louisiana specimens of the Hermit Thrush exam¬ 
ined in the present connection belong to the eastern race. 
These are as follows: Belcher, February 3, 5, and 7,1908, A. 
H. Howell; Foster, January 30, 1908, A. H. Howell; Mans¬ 
field, January 23 and 25, 1908, A. H. Howell; Natchitoches, 
January 21, 1908, A. H. Howell; Lecompte, January 11 and 
14, 1908, and February 11, 1908, A. H. Howell; Clarks, 
January 6, 1908, A. H. Howell; Jefferson Parish, April 2, 
1898, and April 10, 1899, Andrew Allison, and February 15, 
1930, and March 30,1904, H. H. Kopman; also February 15, 
1930, E. S. Hopkins; New Orleans, November, 1932, and 
February 8, 1933, Ambrose Daigre; and January 1, 1932, 
and December 4, 1932, collector unknown; Pearl River, 
November 6, 1932, Winston E. Nolan; Marrero, November </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>470 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
15, 1932, and February 15, 1933, Winston E. Nolan; Grand 
Isle, April 2, 1928, E. S. Hopkins; Chenier au Tigre, March 
10, 1931, A. M. Bailey; and four in the museum of Tulane 
University, obtained at Avery Island, January 20, 1894, at 
Mandeville, January 18, 1879, and at Covington, November 
13 and 15, 1889. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister noted this species common in West Carroll, 
East Carroll, Morehouse, and Madison parishes, February 
11 to March 20, 1904; A. H. Howell saw it at Hackley, 
February 20 to 24, 1912, also at Covington, November 2 to 
3, 1908. H. H. Kopman found it at Oaklawn near Lacombe, 
February 24,1918; at Cote Blanche, January 13 to 14,1918; 
and at New Orleans, May 15, 1915. Andrew Allison re¬ 
ported it at New Orleans, September 26 and October 9,1894, 
and on April 13,1895; and Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle on 
May 5, 1936. J. S. Campbell considers it common during 
migrations but not so in winter in Bienville Parish. The 
writer saw this thrush along Bayou Black near Houma, Jan¬ 
uary 27, 1932; and on the lower Vermilion River, January 
23, 1928. </p>

<p>Other races of the Hermit Thrush native to the western 
United States should be found occasionally in Louisiana, 
either in winter or during migrations, but further collecting 
is necessary to determine their presence. </p>

<p>OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla ustvlata swainsoni (Tschudi) </p>

<p>Very similar in general appearance to the Hermit 
Thrush, but wholly olive green above, with smaller dark 
spots on the anterior lower parts, and altogether a rather 
trimmer bird, the present thrush is one of the more incon¬ 
spicuous and less frequently observed inhabitants of the 
woodlands. </p>

<p>It is a bird primarily of the deep forests and swamps, 
but at times ventures out into the more open country, 
wherever there are trees and thickets, even in the streets 
and the parks of the towns and cities, particularly during </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Olive-backed Thrush </p>

<p>
471 </p>

<p>
seasons of migration. It is a more northern bird than the 
Wood Thrush, living in the northern states and in Canada, 
and migrating to pass the winter as far south as central 
South America. It is not a gregarious bird, but is seen 
usually in the trees, in thickets, or on the ground, in 
swamps and woodlands, where it seeks its food, singly or 
at most in scattered small companies. </p>

<p>Its song is similar to that of the Hermit Thrush, though 
even more liquid and ethereal, and ends on a rising scale. 
The song is not so often heard in the southern United 
States. </p>

<p>In food habits it is not very different from the other 
thrushes. Its fondness for insects is evident from the 
number of these that it consumes, including grasshoppers, 
flies, bugs, caterpillars, potato beetles, weevils, and other 
beetles. Some of the other items of its food consist of 
earthworms, snails, and spiders. It is fond also of various 
kinds of wild fruits and of weed seeds, and occasionally eats 
a few cultivated raspberries and blackberries. </p>

<p>It places its nest in a low tree or bush, ordinarily in 
an evergreen tree. It is made up of weed-stalks, grasses, 
mosses, twigs, leaves, and similar materials, and has 
usually a lining of fine roots. The three to five eggs are 
light greenish blue but marked with shades of brown and 
lilac. </p>

<p>The Olive-backed Thrush is a fairly common transient, 
from April 2 to May 21, and from September 22 (September 
12 in southern Mississippi) to October 25 (October 31 in 
southern Mississsippi), in the woodlands of most of Louisi¬ 
ana ; reported from the eastern part of the State at New Or¬ 
leans, Covington, Mandeville, and Monroe, west to Shreve¬ 
port, Calcasieu Pass, Gueydan, and Ship Shoal Lighthouse, 
southwest of Raccoon Point. </p>

<p>G. Wiirdemann collected this species in the spring of 
1854 at Calcasieu Pass. E. R. Kalmbach saw it in the 
cypress growth south of Gueydan, April 29, 1925, and col¬ 
lected it in Cameron Parish, May 12, 1919. A single migrant </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>472 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
bird struck the Ship Shoal Lighthouse during the spring of 
1907. A. K. Fisher collected it at New Orleans, May 21, 
1886 and H. H. Kopman reported it at New Orleans, October 
25, 1914, April 20 and 21, 1899, and at Covington, April 5, 
1903; J. S. Campbell observed it at Bienville, April 16,1932, 
and at Lucky in Bienville Parish on April 22, 1933. Not¬ 
withstanding that the writer has seen but two specimens of 
this subspecies from Louisiana, one in the museum of Tu- 
lane University, taken at Mandeville, October 18, 1876, and 
another in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, collected at 
Grand Isle, May 4, 1925, by E. S. Hopkins, it is probably 
the prevailing race in the State. </p>

<p>ALMA THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla ustulata almae Oberholser </p>

<p>The Alma Thrush is a casual spring transient in Louisi¬ 
ana. There are but two records, one of these a specimen in 
the museum of Tulane University taken at New Orleans, 
April 21, 1895; the other a female in the Biological Sur¬ 
vey collection taken by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, 
on October 3, 1936. </p>

<p>Further study of the western form of the Olive-backed 
Thrush, with much additional material, indicates that, after 
all, this is a valid subspecies, inhabiting the western part of 
North America, excepting the Pacific Coast region, and oc¬ 
curring casually eastward during migration. Compared 
with the eastern Olive-backed Thrush it is decidedly more 
grayish, or clearly olive green, thus less brownish or oliva¬ 
ceous. It was originally described from a specimen taken 
in the East Humboldt Mountains, opposite Franklin Lake, 
Nevada. For further particulars, including details of its 
geographic distribution, consult the original description."* </p>

<p>BICKNELL THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla minima minima (Lafresnaye) </p>

<p>The Bicknell Thrush is an accidental spring transient 
in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>*o»Oberholser, The Auk, Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1898, p. 304. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Gray-cheeked Thrush </p>

<p>
47S </p>

<p>
There are only two records: a single bird obtained and 
recorded by Stanley C. Arthur,*®* from Breton Island, May 
16,1917; and a specimen examined by the writer in the col¬ 
lection of the United States National Museum, collected by 
Andrew Allison at New Orleans, May 1, 1897. </p>

<p>GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH </p>

<p>Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird) </p>

<p>The Gray-checked Thrush is a transient visitor, from 
April 20 to May 13, and in September, uncommon during 
the spring, rare in autumn, in, however, most of Louisiana; 
reported from the Ship Shoal Lighthouse, Houma, New Or¬ 
leans, Lobdell, Bayou Sara, and Monroe, west to Mansfield. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from Houma, May 13, 
1892, collected by Vernon Bailey; from Mansfield, April 26, 
1907, taken by A. H. Howell; and in the museum of Tulane 
University, from New Orleans, April 21, 1896, and April 
30, 1874. George H. Lowery, Jr., found it rare at Monroe, 
and has but one record of its occurrence there, a single bird 
seen, April 28, 1931. C. W. Beckham noted it fairly com¬ 
mon at Bayou Sara in April, 1887, and recorded its spring 
arrival there on April 22 of that year. Andrew Allison saw 
it at Lobdell, May 9, 1903; and H. H. Kopman reported it at 
New Orleans, May 3,1898, April 20 and 21 and May 2,1896, 
also on May 10, 1903. A bird of this subspecies struck the 
Ship Shoal Lighthouse during the spring of 1907, and was 
sent to the Biological Survey for identification. </p>

<p>VEERY </p>

<p>Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens) </p>

<p>The Veery is a transient, from April 8 to June 4, and 
from September 12 to October 27, fairly common in south¬ 
eastern Louisiana, but rare elsewhere in the eastern and 
central portions of the State; recorded from Grand Isle, 
New Orleans, Mandeville, Madisonville, and Lobdell; west 
to Monroe, Bienville, Baldwin, and Gueydan. It is rare </p>

<p>t## BnIl. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, January, 1918, p. 74. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>474 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
in the autumn, and is observed most frequently in south¬ 
eastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer has seen the following specimens of this 
subspecies from Louisiana: Grand Isle, May 3,1931, taken 
by Winston E. Nolan; two specimens in the museum of 
Tulane University, collected respectively at Madisonville, 
April 8, 1886, and Mandeville, May 3, 1874. Judging from 
the specimens examined, it appears that the Veery is the 
more common of the races of this species in Louisiana, and 
for that reason the sight records are placed under this form, 
with the possibility, however, that some of them belong 
wholly or in part to the Willow Thrush, which is the more 
common of the two races of this species in the upper Mis¬ 
sissippi Valley. Louisiana authors have commonly recorded 
the Veery as the bird of Louisiana, but the Willow Thrush, 
Hyloeichla fuscescens salicicola, would naturally be expected 
to be the prevailing form in the State. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach saw a single individual south of Guey- 
dan, April 29, 1926; and H. H. Kopman reported it a 
fairly common transient in the vicinity of New Orleans, 
where he noted it on September 12, 1912, and on October 
19, 1912, as well as on May 22, 1913, and May 25, 1911. 
He saw it also, June 4, 1907, on Isle Derniere, evidently 
a bird very much belated in its migration. Mrs. G. L. 
Baldwin reported it at Baldwin in Saint Mary Parish, May 
5, 1910; and Andrew Allison saw it at Lobdell, May 9, 
1903. George H. Lowery, Jr., observed it but once at 
Monroe, May 4, 1930; and E. S. Hopkins recorded it as 
very common on Grand Isle from April 24 to May 4,1925. 
J. S. Campbell reported it at Bienville on May 2, 1933. 
Specimens of this species, reported by S. Jones, struck the 
Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to Atchafa- 
laya Bay, October 23 and 27, 1908. </p>

<p>WILLOW THRUSH </p>

<p>Hyloeichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway </p>

<p>The Willow Thrush is apparently but a rare spring 
transient, from April 20 to May 3, in central southern </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Bluebird </p>

<p>
475 </p>

<p>
Louisiana. Although in Louisiana it may be of as frequent 
occurrence as the Veery, there are only two actual records 
for the State. </p>

<p>These records are two specimens: one in the museum 
of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New 
Orleans, collected at Grand Isle, May 3, 1931, by E. S. 
Hopkins; and the other in the State Capitol building at 
Baton Rouge, taken by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle, 
April 20, 1933. </p>

<p>
EASTERN BLUEBIRD </p>

<p>Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Not only a common but a favorite bird is the Eastern 
Bluebird. Its conspicuous upper parts of bright blue and its 
reddish brown breast are conspicuous field marks for the 
observer. This bird is an inhabitant of both the garden 
and orchard and of more or less open country, including 
the margins of woodlands, but it does not live ordinarily 
in the deep forests. It is frequently seen perched on stumps, 
and particularly delights in the telegraph and telephone 
wires. </p>

<p>The flight of the Eastern Bluebird is not strong, even 
sometimes, particularly when alighting, rather fluttering, 
but it often flies considerable distances, usually at no great 
altitude. While not in the ordinary sense of the word 
gregarious, it sometimes, particularly during migration, 
assembles in loose companies that are composed of a con¬ 
siderable number of birds. </p>

<p>The ordinary song of the species is a rather low mel¬ 
low warble, uttered either on the wing or while the bird 
is perching. It also has mellow call notes and even a rather 
sharp rattling call of alarm. </p>

<p>By reason of its food habits it is without doubt 
decidedly useful to man. Most of its food consists of various 
insects, including many injurious kinds, such as flies, tent 
and other caterpillars, weevils, moths, grasshoppers, and 
crickets, although it eats other animals such as spiders </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>476 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and earthworms. The vegetable part of the food of this 
bird consists of various kinds of wild fruit, such as black¬ 
berries and the berries of juniper, Virginia creeper, and 
smilax. It seldom feeds on cultivated fruit. </p>

<p>The Eastern Bluebird builds a nest of grasses and weed- 
stalks, lined with grasses, and placed in a cavity, such as a 
hollow in a tree, a woodpecker’s hole, or a box put up for 
its purpose. The eggs are usually four to six and bluish 
white or very pale blue, without markings. The young are 
very faithfully cared for by the adults, and when they are 
fully fledged they are of a conspicuously brown-streaked ap¬ 
pearance, very different from the fully adult birds. The 
young of the first brood are sometimes cared for by the 
adult male for a while after they leave the nest. </p>

<p>This well-known bird is one of our native species that 
should receive careful protection. </p>

<p>The Eastern Bluebird is a permanent resident, fairly 
common in summer, common in winter, over most of Louisi¬ 
ana, excepting possibly parts of the Gulf Coast region of 
southern Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
Bienville, Ruston, and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, Shreve¬ 
port, Curtis, Taylortown, Elm Grove, Gayle, Frierson, 
Mansfield, Logansport, Natchitoches, Robeline, Hornbeck, 
Pickering, De Ridder, Longville, and Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish; south to Cameron Parish, Iowa (La.), 
Mermentau, Jennings, Lafayette, New Iberia, Grand Isle, 
Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish; and east to 
Diamond, New Orleans, Slidell, Pearl River, Oaklawn near 
Lacombe, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, Hammond, 
Independence, Hackley, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Trout, 
and Tallulah. It breeds from March to August, and there are 
records of eggs from March 23 to June 2. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Bluebird from Louisiana examined in 
the present connection all belong, of course, to the eastern 
race. They are from the following localities: Avery 
Island, February 9,1895; Deer Range Plantation, December, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Bluebird </p>

<p>
477 </p>

<p>
1862; Saint James Parish, February 9, 1867; New Orleans, 
January, 1933, Ambrose Daigre, and December 2, and 28, 
1936, T. D. Burleigh; two juveniles, Madisonville, May 12 
and 14, 1888; Covington, November 16, 1889; Hammond, 
November 21, 1875; Pearl River, November 18, 1932, 
Ambrose Daigre; Independence, February 21, 1894; and 
New Orleans, March 20, 1935, May 13 and 15, 1935. 
Specimens were sent to the Smithsonian Institution from 
Prairie Mer Rouge in 1853, by J. Fairie; and from New 
Orleans, December 1, 1882, by R. W. Shufeldt. Eggs were 
collected at Cinclare Plantation in West Baton Rouge Parish 
by F. W. Langdon, March 23, 1881; and eggs in the United 
States National Museum, from Grand Coteau, were taken 
on June 2, 1887. J. S. Campbell considers the Eastern 
Bluebird a common permanent resident at Bienville, where </p>

<p>it sometimes rears three broods of young. </p>

<p># </p>

<p>E. L. Rollingson reported that birds of this species 
struck the Ship Shoal Lighthouse, southwest of Raccoon 
Point, on April 21 and May 2, 1907. Vernon Bailey found 
this bird common and breeding at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 
1892; and A. H. Howell obtained specimens at Belcher, 
February 4, 5, and 6, 1908; as well as at Mansfield, April 
29, 1907, January 24, 1908, April 27, 1907, and young birds 
on May 2 and 3, 1907. He collected it also at Natchitoches, 
January 16, 17, and 21, 1908. The writer observed this bird 
at Caddo Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, and Elm 
Grove, June 18, 1933; at Robeline, Hornbeck, Pickering, De 
Bidder, and Longville, June 19, 1933; and at Iowa (La.), 
June 20, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach found it common in Cameron 
Parish during early May, 1919; and W. L. McAtee saw a 
few at Cameron, November 30, 1910. C. A. Bibbins re¬ 
ported it common and breeding in 1887 at Mermentau; and 
R. J. Thompson noted it breeding at Lafayette, May 18 and 
26, 1892. H. H. Kopman saw it at Youngsville between 
May 27 and June 9, 1918; at Oaklawn, February 24, 1918; 
and at Mandeville, August 18, 1917. H. L. Ballowe found 
it at Diamond, March 8, 1902; and A. H. Howell met with 
it at Slidell, October 28 to November 1, 1908; and Hack- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHiq^ </p>



<p>478 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ley, February 20 to 24, 1912. George E. Beyer gave it as 
breeding at Clinton in 1891; and Edward Butler as breeding 
at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916. E. R. 
Kalmbach saw a single individual at Tallulah, July 5, 1924; 
and the writer observed it at Trout and Alexandria, June 
16, 1933; as well as in the Little River valley near White 
Sulphur Springs in LaSalle Parish on the same day. </p>

<p>GREENLAND WHEATEAR </p>

<p>Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Greenland Wheatear is an accidental autumn visi¬ 
tor in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is only one record for the State, that of a speci¬ 
men obtained by George E. Beyer, on the outskirts of New 
Orleans, September 12, 1888. The specimen is a mounted 
bird in the Gustave Kohn collection in the museum of Tu- 
lane University, and has been examined in the present con¬ 
nection. It was originally recorded by George E. Beyer in 
1900. 207 </p>

<p>
Family SYLVIIDAE </p>

<p>BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER </p>

<p>Polioptila caerulea caervlea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>One of our smallest birds, blue-gray above and white 
below, not over five inches in length, slender and trim, the 
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is easily identified in the field. Its 
fondness for the forests, particularly the more open por¬ 
tions, for thickets and brushy areas, and for the edges of 
woodlands, as well as its small size, make it sometimes not 
so easy to observe as are some of our other small birds. 
On the other hand its activity often makes it conspicuous, 
as it is rather a restless bird. </p>

<p>In flight it is usually quick, but the bird does not ordi¬ 
narily travel far without stopping. Sometimes it flies 
rather high, particularly when passing from one tall tree </p>

<p>807 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 118. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Blue-gray Gnatcatcher </p>

<p>
479 </p>

<p>
to another, but it is usually seen flitting about the under¬ 
brush, often opening its wings and tail and acting very 
much like a flycatcher. It is not often seen on the ground 
and it seldom assembles into what might be called a flock, 
although during migration a considerable number may be 
found within a small area. </p>

<p>The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher’s note is a thin, wiry sound 
that is not audible far. It has, however, a very soft, rather 
melodious, song of a number of notes, although this rather 
remarkable song for so small a bird is not loud. </p>

<p>The food of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher consists largely 
of insects, such as flies, caterpillars, grasshoppers, bugs, 
and beetles, many of them injurious kinds, and for this 
reason may be considered from the standpoint of man a 
very beneficial bird. </p>

<p>The nest of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is a beautiful 
structure composed of soft vegetable materials of various 
kinds, covered on the outside with bits of lichens and bound 
together with insect and spider webs. It very much resem¬ 
bles the nest of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, although, 
of course, it is much larger. It is placed usually in a bush 
or tree on the upper side of a branch often at a considerable 
distance from the ground, and is, on account of its pro¬ 
tectively colored appearance often difficult to find. It con¬ 
tains usually three to five small eggs of pale greenish blue 
or bluish white color, with numerous spots of reddish brown 
and lavender. </p>

<p>In many places this bird is considerably more numerous 
than one would be inclined to believe, because the character 
of its haunts are such that it can easily be hidden. </p>

<p>The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is a permanent resident, 
fairly common, but more numerous during the migrations, 
throughout most of Louisiana, except possibly the immedi¬ 
ate Gulf Coast region, where it is at least a winter resident; 
reported north to Holly Ridge, Rayville, Start, Monroe, 
Bienville, and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Shreve¬ 
port, Cross Lake, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Ana- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>480 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
coco, and Iowa (La.); south to Iowa (La.), New Iberia, 
Saint Martinville, Houma, Bayou Des Allemands, and Dia¬ 
mond; and east to Belair, New Orleans, Pearl River, Oak- 
lawn near Lacombe, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, 
Bedico River, Hammond, Amite, Clinton, West Feliciana 
Parish, Simmesport, Jena, Ferriday, Lake Saint John, 
Thomastown, Singer Preserve on the Tensas River 13 miles 
southwest of Tallulah, and Tallulah. It breeds from late 
March to June, and there is record of eggs on June 3. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from Iowa (La.), April 
7, 1899, taken by Vernon Bailey; from New Orleans, Jan¬ 
uary 5, 1936, July 8, 1936, and August 8, 1935, by T. D. 
Burleigh; Grand Isle, March 28, 1931, in the museum of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans; 
and in the museum of Tulane University from Mandeville, 
April 21, 1871; Madisonville, July 14, 1888; Covington, 
May 22, 1888; and Bedico River, August 16 and 19, 1890. 
Specimens were also obtained by R. W. Shufeldt at New 
Orleans, November 9, 1882, and March 31, 1883; and by 
A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre, December 12, 1925, 
and March 10, 1930. Eggs in the United States National 
Museum were collected at Grand Coteau, June 3, 1887, and 
a nest on June 6, 1887. J. S. Campbell discovered a nest 
near Bienville on April 4, 1933. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell saw this species nest-building at Mans¬ 
field on April 27, 1907. The writer noted it at Caddo Lake, 
Shreveport, Cross Lake, and Crichton on June 18, 1933; 
at Natchitoches and Anacoco, June 19, 1933. Vernon Bailey 
found it common at Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899; and 
common and breeding at Houma, May 4 to 16, 1892. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it common in summer 
but rare in winter at Baton Rouge, where it frequents the 
hardwood forests along the streams. H. H. Kopman re¬ 
ported it at Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12,1917; at New 
Iberia, March 29, 1902; at Bayou Des Allemands, June 19 
to 21, 1917; at Oaklawn, August 17, 1917; at New Orleans, 
June 22 to July 9, 1917; at Mandeville, August 18, 1917; 
at Hammond, April 26, 1918; common at Amite, March </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet </p>

<p>
481 </p>

<p>
27, 1918; and at Covington, March 22 and 24, 1901. 
George E. Beyer noted it in 1891 as breeding at Clinton; 
and Robert Butler reported in 1933 that it bred in West 
Feliciana Parish. H. L. Ballowe found it at Diamond, April 
10, 1902; and Ned Hollister reported it fairly common at 
Belair from April 2 to 8, 1904. The writer observed it at 
Jena, Lake Saint John, and Ferriday, June 16, 1933; on the 
Singer Preserve, June 16 and 17, 1933; and at Pearl River, 
June 27, 1933. H. H. Kopman found it at Thomastown, 
July 13 to 28, 1896; and E. R. Kalmbach east of Tallulah, 
June 28, 1924. The writer met with it at Rayville, Holly 
Ridge, and Start, June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey noted this species fairly common at Chen¬ 
ier au Tigre between December 8 and 18, 1926. H. H. Kop¬ 
man recorded it common in winter at New Iberia; he saw 
it at New Orleans, January 6, 12, and 26, 1896, and Feb¬ 
ruary 21, 1918; and at Oneida near Convent, December 23, 
1893, to January 1,1894, Andrew Allison recorded it as not 
infrequent during the winter at Lobdell; George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., reported it from Monroe, December 27, 1934, and 
from Shreveport in February; and A. H. Howell saw sev¬ 
eral individuals at Lecompte, January 11 to 16, 1908. </p>

<p>EASTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET </p>

<p>Regulu8 regulus satrapa Lichtenstein 208 </p>

<p>Among the birds that journey to the southland and visit 
Louisiana during the winter season, few are more attrac¬ 
tive than this mite of a bird. With the exception of the 
Hummingbird it is one of our very smallest birds, and were 
it not for its lisping note it might easily pass unnoticed in 
the thick foliage that it frequents, although it is found 
almost anywhere in trees and bushes. It is a bird of the 
forest as well as the more open country, and often associ¬ 
ates with chickadees, nuthatches, and Brown Creepers. At 
close range it is easily distinguished by its olive green 
upper parts, and bright orange or yellow crown, with dull 
white under parts shaded with olive gray. </p>

<p>90t RefftUu* tatrapa tatrapa of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original fro-m </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHj^ </p>



<p>482 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
It is usually a very active bird, flitting about on the 
branches, often toward the ends, much like a chickadee. 
Its flight is rather quick and nervous, but not much pro¬ 
longed. Sometimes this bird congregates into companies of 
considerable size, particularly as it passes through the 
forest in its search for food. It is mostly a bird of the 
trees and bushes, rarely ever descending to the ground. 
In addition to its lisping call, it has a beautiful though 
rather weak song, which, however, is seldom heard during 
the winter months. </p>

<p>As would naturally be inferred from its habits, the 
Golden-crowned Kinglet is an insectivorous bird, living 
chiefly on small insects and their eggs. While this bird, of 
course, does not breed in Louisiana, its nest is of suffi¬ 
ciently interesting character to be worthy of mention. It 
is a ball-like structure, not unlike some nests of the vireos, 
although less trimly built, suspended among the branches 
of trees, and composed of the bark of trees, mosses, and 
feathers, occasionally at a considerable distance from the 
ground. The eggs are numerous, usually from eight to ten 
in number, and creamy white with brown spots. </p>

<p>Notwithstanding that this bird is so inconspicuous and 
so likely to be overlooked in the forest, it is one of our 
most beneficial birds. </p>

<p>The Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet is a rather un¬ 
common and local winter resident, from October 18 to April 
24, casually to May, in most of Louisiana; recorded north 
to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, 
and Monroe; west to Bienville and Cameron Parish; south 
to Chenier au Tigre, New Iberia, Oneida near Convent, and 
New Orleans; and east to Lake Catherine, Mandeville, Cov¬ 
ington, Lobdell, Bains, and Tallulah. It probably occurs 
also throughout most if not all of the coast region where 
suitable habitats of bushes and trees exist. The paucity 
of records for this region is probably due chiefly to lack of 
observations. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister reported seeing a few in the northeastern 
parishes of the State, from Madison Parish to Morehouse </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Ruby-crowned, Kinglet </p>

<p>
483 </p>

<p>
Parish between February 11 and March 20, 1904. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., recorded it as a transient and a winter 
visitor at Monroe; and A. M. Bailey noted it at Chenier au 
Tigre, December 8 to 18, 1925; Andrew Allison saw it at 
Lobdell, March 7, 1903; and H. H. Kopman found it fairly 
common at Oneida near Convent, December 23, 1893, to 
January 1, 1894; on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain about 
20 miles* west of New Orleans, December 1, 1917; along 
the Mississippi River near New Orleans between January 
28 and February 15, 1918; and at New Orleans, March 26, 
1916. It was noted by him also at Covington, October 18, 
1903; and by Robert Butler at Bains, November 20 to De¬ 
cember 4, 1929. According to J. S. Campbell it is a com¬ 
mon winter resident at Bienville, from October 29 to April 
24. A specimen in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans was taken at Mande- 
ville in May, 1932; and another in the State Capitol at 
Baton Rouge was obtained at the same place on December 
26, 1932. In the Biological Survey collection there is one 
obtained at New Orleans by T. D. Burleigh on November 
30, 1936. A. M. Bailey collected one at Chenier au Tigre 
on January 2, 1934, and another on December 15, 1925. </p>

<p>The Golden-crowned Kinglet of North America is un¬ 
doubtedly but a subspecies of the European Golden-crested 
Wren, Regulus regulus, since the differences between the 
two are entirely bridged by individual variation, as is the 
case with so many birds in Europe and North America. 
Our American bird should, therefore, be called Regulus 
regulus satrapa. </p>

<p>EASTERN RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET </p>

<p>Corthylio calendula calendula (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Ruby-crowned Kinglet, scarcely larger than the 
Golden-crowned Kinglet, is similar in general appearance, 
but instead of an orange or yellow crown has in the male 
a bright ruby spot on the top of the head, which, however, 
is usually concealed in life. Also in notes and general habits 
it is very much like that bird but is not quite so active in </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>484 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
movement. It lives in forests and in all places where there 
are trees and bushes, and is found often in company with 
birds with which the Golden-crowned Kinglet associates. </p>

<p>In addition to its lisping call it has a remarkable and 
rather extended song, louder than would be expected from 
a bird of its size, and audible sometimes to a considerable 
distance. This song is not so frequently heard during the 
winter season. </p>

<p>Its food, like that of the Golden-crowned Kinglet, is 
almost entirely animal matter, such as bark beetles, cater¬ 
pillars, flies, and grasshoppers. The little vegetable food 
consists of seeds and wild fruit Nearly all of this diet 
is sought either in trees and bushes or on the wing. </p>

<p>The bird does not breed in Louisiana, but in the 
northern evergreen forests. The nest is almost pensile 
and well fixed in the dense foliage. It is composed of 
mosses and lichens, with a lining of moss, hair, or feathers. 
The creamy white brown-dotted eggs are usually from 
five to ten in number. The young in the fall very much 
resemble the adult female. </p>

<p>The Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet is a fairly common 
winter resident, from October 18 (October 6 in southern 
Mississippi) to the middle of May, in most of Louisiana; 
reported north to Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Foster, Mansfield, 
Natchitoches, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south 
to Chenier au Tigre, New Iberia, Baldwin, Terrebonne 
Bayou southeast of Houma, and Diamond; east to New 
Orleans, Oneida near Convent, Chef Menteur, Mandeville, 
Covington, Slidell, Hackley, Tallulah, and East Carroll 
Parish. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies have been examined in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans, taken at Mandeville, May, 1932; and in the 
State Capitol at Baton Rouge, taken at New Orleans, De¬ 
cember 23, 1932. R. W. Shufeldt collected this species at 
New Orleans, January 2, 1883; and A. M. Bailey on De- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Pipit </p>

<p>
485 </p>

<p>
ceraber 7, 1916; G. K. Cherrie on February 11 and 15, 1896, 
and at Buras, February 1, 1896; and A. H. Howell at 
Clarks, January 7, 1908, and at Foster, January 29, 1908. 
He noted several at Belcher, February 3 to February 8, 
1908; and found this kinglet fairly common at Mansfield, 
January 23 to 25, 1908; also at Natchitoches, January 16 
to 21, 1908. The writer noted it on Black Bayou in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, between the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s 
club house and Orange, January 27, 1928; also on Terre¬ 
bonne Bayou below Houma on December 24, 1932. H. L. 
Ballowe found it common at Diamond on February 2, 1902. 
H. H. Kopman reported it at New Orleans, rather common, 
January 6 and 8, 1894; at Oneida near Convent, December 
23, 1893, to January 1, 1894; Chef Menteur, December 23, 
1917; and at Covington, October 18, 1903. A. H. Howell 
saw it at Slidell, October 29, 1908, at which time he heard 
it singing; and at Hackley, February 20 to 24,1912. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., reports it at Baton Rouge from October 
to April 22 (1933). Andrew Allison noted it at Lobdell, 
April 25,1903; and Ned Hollister found it common in More¬ 
house, West Carroll, and Madison parishes, between Febru¬ 
ary 11 and March 20, 1904. According to J. S. Campbell 
it is a common winter resident at Bienville, from October 
17 to the middle of May. </p>

<p>Family MOTACILLIDAE 
AMERICAN PIPIT </p>

<p>Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall) </p>

<p>This is another of our winter birds that is somewhat 
less known than it deserves to be, because of its interesting 
life history. It is an inhabitant of the far northern Arctic 
regions of North America, as well as the tops of high moun¬ 
tains in the United States. It is an inconspicuous brown 
bird with light under parts usually heavily streaked on the 
breast. It frequents the open country, particularly the for¬ 
ests and flats near water, although sometimes plowed fields, 
prairies, and other open areas. It is fond of being on the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>486 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ground, where it either walks or runs, the frequent motions 
of its tail forming a good field character. </p>

<p>The movements of the American Pipit are rather er¬ 
ratic, and at times the bird alights on wires or even trees. 
Its flight is often long sustained, somewhat undulating, 
and performed sometimes at considerable height from the 
ground. The bird often gathers into companies of consider¬ 
able size, and on the wing these flocks often perform in¬ 
teresting evolutions. </p>

<p>The note is a rather shrill thin call, somewhat like that 
of the Horned Lark, but it also has a song, not often heard 
in the winter, that is more melodious. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists largely of insects, crus¬ 
taceans, and mollusks, together with some wild berries and 
seeds. Some of the insects consumed, such as the cotton- 
boll weevil, are very injurious to crops. </p>

<p>This pipit’s nest, which, of course, is never to be found 
in Louisiana, is rather well concealed on the ground and 
is composed of grasses and similar materials. The eggs 
are usually about five, white or nearly so, heavily speckled 
with dark brown. </p>

<p>The American Pipit is a fairly common but local winter 
resident, from October 10 to May 2, casually to June 10, 
in most of Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville Par¬ 
ish, and Belcher; west to Foster, Shreveport, Mansfield, 
Natchitoches, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south 
to Mud Lake in southwestern Cameron Parish, Calcasieu 
Lake, Grand Chenier, Florence Club 16 miles south of 
Gueydan, Kaplan, lower Vermilion River, Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, and Diamond; 
east to Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Lake Borgne, Sli¬ 
dell, Mandeville, Hammond, Hackley, Lobdell, New Roads, 
Alexandria and Tallulah. </p>

<p>Specimens of this species have been examined from 
Sauve in Jefferson Parish, January 9, 1889; Marrero, 
February 18, 1933, Winston E. Nolan; New Orleans, June </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Pipit </p>

<p>
487 </p>

<p>
10, 1895, H. H. Kopman; December 8 and 20, 1935, T. D. 
Burleigh; December 24, 1897, Andrew Allison; January 9 
and February 15, 1937, T. D. Burleigh; January, 1933, and 
December 19, 1932; Avery Island, January 18, 1894, George 
E. Beyer; Jefferson Parish, March 14, 1899; Alexandria, 
January 9, 1908. In addition to the specimens examined, 
the American Pipit has been taken at New Orleans, De¬ 
cember 7, 11, and 13, 1883, by R. W. Shufeldt; south of 
Gueydan, March 9, 1926, by E. R. Kalmbach; at Lake 
Borgne, February 21, 1870, by Henry W. Henshaw; at 
Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 1931, and January 5, 1934, by 
A. M. Bailey; at Mandeville, February 22, 1918, by C. J. 
Hunt; and at Natchitoches, January 18, 1908; Lecompte, 
January 13 and 15, 1908, February 10 and 11, 1908; Fos¬ 
ter, January 28, 29, and 30, 1908; and Alexandria, Jan¬ 
uary 9, 1908, all by A. H. Howell. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell noted the species not uncommon at Bel¬ 
cher, February 3 to 8, 1908; at Mansfield, January 23 to 
25, 1908; at Slidell, November 1, 1908; and at Hackley, a 
single bird between February 20 and 24, 1912. H. H. Kop¬ 
man reported it as abundant at Kaplan in Vermilion Par¬ 
ish, January 15 to 16, 1918; at Oaklawn near Lacombe in 
Saint Tammany Parish, February 24, 1918; at New Roads, 
December 15, 1917; and at Hammond on January 24 and 
25, 1918. Andrew Allison saw it at Lobdell, November 2 
and 12, 1902, and May 2, 1905. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
finds it a common winter visitor, appearing somtimes in 
large flocks at Baton Rouge. A. B. Blakemore reported it 
from New Orleans, October 10, 1895, and George E. Beyer 
from the same locality on May 2, 1894, a late migrant. H. 
L. Ballowe noticed it at Diamond, October 23 and Novem¬ 
ber 10, 1901, and April 3, 1902. The writer found it about 
the club house of the Orange-Cameron Land Company in 
southwestern Cameron Parish, January 25, 1928, and south 
of the club house on the beach of the Gulf of Mexico, Jan¬ 
uary 26, 1928; likewise on Black Bayou in Cameron Parish 
between the club house and Orange, January 27, 1928; and 
at Mud Lake, near the Gulf beach, southwest of Calcasieu </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSETY OF MI' </p>



<p>488 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Lake, January 26,1928. He also saw eight birds at Calcasieu 
Lake, December 31, 1932; and noted the species at Grand 
Chenier, December 31, 1932; at the Florence Club, 16 miles 
south of Gueydan, December 29, 1932; on the lower Ver¬ 
milion River, January 22 and 23, 1928; and at Avery 
Island, December 28, 1932. </p>

<p>SPRAGUE PIPIT </p>

<p>Anthus spragueii (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Sprague Pipit is a rare winter resident, from No¬ 
vember 3 to April 14, in most of Louisiana where there 
are suitable localities, from Jennings, Kaplan, Avery 
Island, Hester, Jefferson Parish, Oneida, and New Or- 
lans, north to Lobdell and Monroe. It is apparently less 
numerous at the present time than in former years. </p>

<p>Specimens of this species have been examined from 
Avery Island, collected, January 20, 1894, and February 14, 
1894, by George E. Beyer; and from Jefferson Parish, 
collected by Andrew Allison, November 24, 1898. H. H. 
Kopman saw one bird at Jennings about January 31, 1918; 
a few at Kaplan, January 15 to 16, 1918; also several at 
Oneida near Convent, December 23, 1893, to January 1, 
1894; noted three at West Carrollton, December 6, 1917; 
and four in a pasture, January 5, 1895, at New Orleans. 
Andrew Allison also observed it at New Orleans, Novem¬ 
ber 24, 1898, March 23, 1895, and April 11, 1894; and at 
Lobdell, November 3,1902. H. W. Pring found it at Hester, 
April 14, 1902; and George H. Lowery, Jr., recorded it 
from Monroe in March of 1929, and from Baton Rouge 
March 13, 1936. </p>

<p>Family BOMBYCILLIDAE </p>

<p>CEDAR WAXWING </p>

<p>Bombycilia cedrorum Vieillot </p>

<p>The Cedar Waxwing is in some respects one of our 
most erratic birds. It cannot be depended on always to ap¬ 
pear at times when it should, and it often is absent at times </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Cedar Waxwing </p>

<p>
489 </p>

<p>
and from places which seem entirely favorable. It is one 
of the notable birds that visit Louisiana only in the win¬ 
ter and is well worthy of acquaintance. Its rather incon¬ 
spicuous brown and dull yellowish plumage, its short though 
rather conspicuous crest, and peculiar wax-like tips on the 
ends of its flight feathers, together with a jet-black streak 
on the side of the head, its trim appearance, and soft lisp¬ 
ing note, easily distinguish it from all our native birds. 
It frequents both woods and fields, and in fact might be 
found almost anywhere on trees or bushes. It is very fond 
of gathering into flocks, sometimes of considerable size, 
and when such a flock alights in a tree all the birds almost 
invariably face the same way, usually toward the wind. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is mostly fruit of various kinds, 
almost all of it wild. Its fondness for cherries has given 
it the name 'cherry bird’, and its name Cedar Waxwing 
arises from its fondness for the berries of the red cedar. 
At times the Cedar Waxwing, however, is a*flycatcher, and 
takes insects on the wing. Some of the most injurious spe¬ 
cies, such as the Colorado potato beetle, the elm-leaf beetle, 
and canker worm, are eaten by this bird, for which serv¬ 
ice it should have the gratitude of the orchardist and hor¬ 
ticulturist. Other insects such as grasshoppers, butterflies, 
moths, bugs, scale insects, and bark lice are also at times 
taken. </p>

<p>In the more northern parts of the United States, where 
this bird breeds, it is conspicuous as one of the latest of 
the birds to nest, regularly not beginning its housekeeping 
until June or later. Its nest is placed normally in shade, 
forest, or orchard trees, although sometimes in bushes. It 
is a rather bulky, although somewhat compact structure of 
twigs, strips of bark, weed-stems, various plant fibers, in¬ 
cluding often rootlets, and sometimes rags, twine, and often 
paper; and the lining consists of similar materials with 
possibly the addition of horsehair and wool. The four to 
six eggs are usually grayish blue or greenish, much spotted 
with black. The young, when first out of the nest, are con¬ 
spicuously striped below and are not by any means as hand¬ 
some as the adults. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>490 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The Cedar Waxwing is an uncommon, locally common 
though irregular, winter resident, from September 27 to 
June 3, throughout the greater part of Louisiana; reported 
north to Monroe, Lake Providence, Bienville, and Minden; 
west to Shreveport, Natchitoches, and Chenier au Tigre; 
south to Marsh Island, Avery Island, Southwest Reef Light¬ 
house at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, Grand Isle, and 
Diamond; and east to New Orleans, Bayou Loutre in Saint 
Bernard Parish, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, Ham¬ 
mond, Lobdell, Clarks, and Tallulah. So far as known it 
does not breed in the State. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this species from 
Avery Island, April 2, 1894, and May 20, 1888; Morgan 
City, February 11, 1905, taken by W. B. Allison; Grand 
Isle, April 7, 1933, and April 14, 1937, Winston E. Nolan, 
and April 20, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; New Orleans, 
January 10, 1$73, February 15, 1894, May 13, 1888, 
December 9 and 15, 1886, March 9, 1936, and May 4, 
1937; and Mandeville, April 10, 1875, and April 25, 1876. 
Andrew Allison also collected it in Jefferson Parish April 
3, 1896; E. G. Wright at Avery Island May 11 and 16, 
1930; George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, May 17, 
1936; Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle April 24, 1936; and 
A. H. Howell at Natchitoches, January 16, 18, and 20, 
1908. The last mentioned observer noted it at Clarks, Jan¬ 
uary 3 to 8, 1908; at Lecompte, January 11 to 15, 1908; 
and at Alexandria, January 9, 1908. H. H. Kopman found 
it common at Minden, May 15, 1929; and observed it also 
at Shreveport, May 28, 1931, and May 20 to June 1, 1935; 
at Napoleonville, May 11, 1923; at Hammond, January 24 
and 25, 1918, and April 26, 1918; and at Covington, May 
22, 1900. H. L. Ballowe reported it from Diamond, April 
2, 1902; and Stanley C. Arthur found it on Marsh Island, 
February 6 to 8, 1915. Banded birds were recovered at 
Watson February 16, 1934, and at Houma February 25, 
1934. Several individuals struck the lighthouse on South¬ 
west Reef at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, February 5, 
1902; and a specimen was also sent to the Biological Sur- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Loggerhead Shrike </p>

<p>
491 </p>

<p>
vey from Ship Shoal Lighthouse, which struck the light 
there sometime during the spring of 1907. Andrew Allison 
recorded it at Lobdell, May 9, 1903; and Miss Grace R. 
Meeker found it at Harrisonburg, September 27, 1912. J. S. 
Campbell considers it a common winter visitor to Bien¬ 
ville from October 9 to June 2; and Ambrose Daigre re¬ 
ported it common at Grand Isle, April 5 to 18, 1937. The 
writer observed this species on the lower Vermilion River 
in Vermilion Parish on January 22, 1928. </p>

<p>Family LANIIDAE </p>

<p>LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE </p>

<p>Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Linnaeus </p>

<p>Shrikes have become notorious in the United States 
for their peculiar habits of life. They are white, gray, and 
black birds of about the size of the Mockingbird, and, as 
a matter of fact, very closely in some respects resemble 
that bird, except that the tail is shorter and the flight more 
definitely direct, with a very rapid motion of the wings. 
A black line on the side of the head likewise will distinguish 
these birds from the Mockingbird. </p>

<p>The Loggerhead Shrike is mostly a bird of the thickets, 
bushes, and the more open areas. It is frequently to be 
seen along a road perched on the telegraph or telephone 
wires, on the wires of fences, on fence posts, or on the 
tops or branches of trees that furnish a good outlook. </p>

<p>It is usually a silent bird, but has a harsh call, and also 
rarely engages in a song that not distantly resembles that 
of the Catbird. </p>

<p>It is, in its food habits, however, that the peculiarity 
of the shrikes is most manifest. The Loggerhead Shrike, 
in common with the other American species, has the habit of 
killing considerably more prey than it can possibly use, and 
of hanging its booty on thorns, on the barbs of wire fences, 
or similar places, to which it frequently never returns. 
Seemingly the hunting is done largely without any particular 
need for the food. This habit has earned for it the name of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>492 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
‘butcher bird’. Its victims are chiefly grasshoppers, other 
large insects, mice, and less frequently small birds, but 
sometimes also snakes, and even frogs. </p>

<p>The nest is a bulky structure, usually in a bush or low 
tree, composed of various kinds of twigs, weed-stalks, grass, 
and other similar materials, with a lining of bark strips, 
hair, wool, or feathers. In this the four to eight eggs are 
laid and the young reared. The eggs are white or grayish, 
with brown, olive, or lavender markings. The young are 
more brownish than the adults and are not so clearly white 
below. </p>

<p>¦ The Loggerhead Shrike is a common permanent resi¬ 
dent in southern Louisiana, probably also in the Mississippi 
valley along the eastern border of the northern part of the 
State; reported north to Hackley, Amite, Greensburg, Clinton, 
Saint Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Lake Saint John, 
Thomastown, Tallulah, Lake Providence, Melville in Saint 
Landry Parish, Opelousas, Lewisburg, Jennings, Roanoke, 
Welch, Iowa (La.), Lake Charles, Longville, Sulphur, and 
Vinton; west to Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, 
Black Bayou in Cameron Parish, and southwestern Cam¬ 
eron Parish; south to Calcasieu Lake, Cameron, Grand 
Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 
Marsh Island, Little Wax Bayou, Dulac in Terrebonne Par¬ 
ish, Bayou La Fourche, Grand Isle, Southwest Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, and the Delta Duck Club on Octave 
Pass; and east to Buras, Diamond, Phoenix, Waggaman, 
New Orleans, Slidell, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, 
and Franklinton. It breeds in Louisiana from April to 
June, and there is record of eggs as early as April 16. </p>

<p>The records along the northeastern border of the State 
here given are not based on the examination of specimens, 
and are referred to this form of the Loggerhead Shrike 
as the race most probably occurring there. This applies, 
in addition to localites of other observers given above, to 
shrikes observed by the writerat Jonesville, Lake Saint John, 
Waterproof, Saint Joseph, Newellton, and Quimby, on June 
16, 1933, which may, of course, be regarded as a breeding 
date. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Loggerhead Shrike </p>

<p>
493 </p>

<p>
The writer has examined specimens of this shrike from 
the following localities: Morgan City, November 8, 1925, 
taken by Mrs. R. D. Svihla; Phoenix, May 7, 1935, and 
New Orleans, June 30, 1936, and December 21, 1935, by 
T. D. Burleigh; Grand Isle, April 22, 1937, by Ambrose 
Daigre; Lewisburg, September 3, 1871; Avery Island, Jan¬ 
uary 20, 1894; Jefferson Parish, October 19, 1932; New 
Orleans, November 20, 1932, December 14, 1936, December 
27, 1932, and February, 1933; Madisonville, July 13, 1888, 
May 23, 1888, and January 25, 1890; Hammond, December 
19, 1875; Covington, October 26, 1889, and November 13, 
1889; Bedico River, May 20, 1888, and August 16, 1890; 
and Clinton, June 9, 1888. Breeding shrikes were collected 
by E. R. Kalmbach at Gueydan, May 1, July 7, and August 
7,1926; by E. G. Wright at Avery Island, May 9,1930; and 
Chenier au Tigre, May 23, 1930; and by S. Ward at 
Grand Isle on June 26, 1937. </p>

<p>The writer observed this bird at Jennings, Roanoke, 
Welsh, Iowa (La.), Lake Charles, Sulphur, Vinton, and at 
the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, on June 20, 
1933; at Longville, June 19, 1933; at New Iberia, Brous¬ 
sard, Sunset, and Opelousas, June 21, 1933; at Houma, 
June 22, 1933; at Des AUemands, June 23, 1933; and Du- 
lac in Terrebonne Parish on June 22, 1933. He found this 
shrike also at Waggaman, June 23, 1933; and near Burr- 
wood in Southwest Pass, Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 
1933. Ambrose Daigre noticed it frequently from April 
3 to 23, 1937, at Grand Isle. Owing to the lack of speci¬ 
mens from localities along the northern border of the range 
of this subspecies it is not now possible with absolute ac¬ 
curacy to delineate the northern limits of its range west 
of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. This part of its 
distribution as above given is, therefore, to be regarded as 
tentative, and may be altered by future investigations. </p>

<p>The following winter records apply probably to the 
Loggerhead Shrike, although there is a possibility that in 
whole or in part some of these belong under the Migrant 
Shrike, which in the field is rather difficult to distinguish </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>494 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
from the southern bird. The writer saw shrikes apparently 
of the present race at the Florence Club, 16 miles south of 
Gueydan on December 29, 1932; on the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary, January 22 an4 23, 1928; on the lower Ver¬ 
milion River, January 22, 1928; Avoca Island, January 27, 
1932; at Calcasieu Lake, December 30 and 31, 1932; on 
Black Bayou in southwestern Cameron Parish, northwest 
of the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house, Jan¬ 
uary 27, 1928; and near the Gulf of Mexico, south of the 
same club house, January 24, 1928; on Little Wax Bayou, 
January 28, 1932; Grand Chenier, December 30 and 31, 
1932; near Buras, December 16, 1932; and at the Delta 
Duck Club on Octave Pass, Mississippi River Delta, Jan¬ 
uary 19, 1928. A. H. Howell noted shrikes at Hackley, 
February 20 to 24, 1912, which were also probably of this 
subspecies. </p>

<p>
MIGRANT SHRIKE </p>

<p>Lanius ludovidanus migrans Palmer </p>

<p>This bird is very similar to the Loggerhead Shrike in 
both appearance and habits. It is paler above and some¬ 
what larger, but difficult to separate in the field. </p>

<p>The Migrant Shrike is a fairly common permanent resi¬ 
dent in northern and central Louisiana, excepting probably 
the eastern border of the State in the Mississippi River 
valley; and is recorded north to Prairie Mer Rouge, Mon¬ 
roe, Ruston, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Foster (five 
miles east of Shreveport), Shreveport, Taylortown, Mans¬ 
field, Logansport, Natchitoches, Hagewood, and De Bid¬ 
der (probably this race); south to De Bidder and Lecompte; 
and east to Alexandria, Pollock, Clarks, Richland Parish, 
and Rayville. It is also a winter resident, from October 
26 to March 9, in southern Louisiana, south to Chenier 
au Tigre, Lobdell, Pecan Grove in Saint Charles Parish, 
Marrero, New Orleans, and Plaquemines Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this subspecies 
from Belcher, February 4, 1908; Foster, January 27 and 
29, 1908; Mansfield, January 23 and 25, 1908; Natchi- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-rumped Shrike </p>

<p>
495 </p>

<p>
toches, January 16, 20, and 21, 1908; Lecompte, January 
15, 1908; and Alexandria, January 9, 1908, all collected by 
A. H. Howell; Ruston, March 10, 1932, George H. Lowery, 
Jr.; Bienville, April 16, 1932, J. S. Campbell; Pecan Grove 
in Saint Charles Parish, March 9, 1890, George E. Beyer; 
Lobdell, January 15,1903, F. H. Carruth; Chenier au Tigre, 
December 10 and 15, 1925, January 2, 1934, A. M. Bailey; 
Marrero, September 26, 1931, in the Museum of the Lou¬ 
isiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans; from 
New Orleans, November 20 and 26, 1932, December, 1932, 
and December 18, 1932, in the State Capitol at Baton 
Rouge; New Orleans, November 25, 1874, and Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, December, 1862, in the museum of Tulane 
University. Sufficient specimens, however, are not avail¬ 
able from points on the southern and eastern sides of the 
range of the Migrant Shrike in Louisiana* to determine 
with accuracy the exact limits of its breeding range in the 
State. Therefore, the range as above given must be con¬ 
sidered tentative until further collections and identifica¬ 
tion of breeding specimens determine the proper bound¬ 
aries. </p>

<p>A nest supposedly of this race was sent to the Smith¬ 
sonian Institution by J. Fairie from Prairie Mer Rouge in 
1853. J. S. Campbell regards it as a common permanent 
resident of all Bienville Parish. This bird was also noted 
at Logansport by A. H. Howell, August 25 to 27, 1906; 
and by the writer at Pollock on June 16, 1933; at Ray- 
ville, June 17, 1933; at Taylortown and Shreveport, June 
18, 1933; and at Hagewood, June 19, 1933. A shrike ob¬ 
served by him at De Ridder on June 19, 1933, was prob¬ 
ably a Migrant Shrike, at what is apparently the south¬ 
ern limit of its distribution in the western part of the 
State. </p>

<p>
WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE </p>

<p>Lanhis ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson </p>

<p>This Shrike is of accidental or casual occurrence in 
southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>496 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The only record for the State is a single adult male 
taken at Grand Chenier, by George H. Lowery, Jr., on 
January 1, 1938. </p>

<p>
Family STURNIDAE 
STARLING </p>

<p>Stumus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus </p>

<p>The Starling is an importation from Europe, in so far 
as its occurrence in the United States is concerned, and 
is another of the results of the introduction of birds with¬ 
out due consideration of their habits and possibilities. As 
early as 1872 efforts were made to introduce the Starling 
into this country at Cincinnati, Ohio, followed by intro¬ 
duction at various other points, including New York City 
in 1877; but it was not until 1890, from introduction at 
New York City, that the bird actually became acclimated 
and began to increase. Since that time it has spread over 
practically all the eastern half of the United States and 
southeastern Canada, and is continuing its spread west¬ 
ward. </p>

<p>It is a bird of moderate size, somewhat smaller than 
the Robin, of blackish color and green metallic reflections, 
and in fresh plumage with many dots of white. It fre¬ 
quents the vicinity of houses, either in the city or in the 
country, and is found in almost all other kinds of habitats. 
Its flight is rather swift, and the outline of the bird not 
a little resembles an arrowhead, particularly when the bird 
is sailing. It spreads out all over the country during the 
day, and at night resorts in great companies to roost usual¬ 
ly in the towns, under the eaves of buildings, along cor¬ 
nices, in church steeples, and similar places. Sometimes 
these roosts comprise immense numbers of individuals. It 
has a large number of notes, many of them of a peculiar 
squeaky character, and it imitates the songs and calls of 
other birds to a large extent. It sings not only in the 
summer, but at all times of the year, even in the autumn 
or early winter. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Starling </p>

<p>
497 </p>

<p>
The food of the Starling consists of a great variety of 
vegetable and animal matter, such as seeds, green garden 
vegetables, fruit, and various kinds of insects, such as 
grasshoppers, weevils, cutworms, wasps, and bees, together 
with spiders and millipeds, snails, and some other in¬ 
vertebrates. Under certain circ ums tances it does consider¬ 
able damage to crops, particularly cultivated fruit and gar¬ 
den vegetables. </p>

<p>The Starling nests in holes in trees, bird boxes, or about 
the crevices and cornices of buildings, haystacks, in dove 
cotes, or various similar places, and even on the ground 
or on cliffs. The nest is bulky, constructed commonly of 
grass, straw, twigs, corn-husks, and the like, and is lined 
with feathers, leaves, mosses, and similar materials. The 
five or six eggs are very pale blue, unmarked; and there 
are often two broods in a year. </p>

<p>Notwithstanding the fact that the Starling may be at 
times injurious, and troublesome to other birds, it is an 
interesting inhabitant of the towns and country, a bird 
much handsomer and much more interesting than the Eng¬ 
lish Sparrow. One of the drawbacks, so far as our native 
birds are concerned, is the fact that the sorts of places 
that it desires for its nests are those of birds like the Blue¬ 
bird, Purple Martin, and others, which are dependent on 
such nesting sites. </p>

<p>The Starling is a fairly common but local winter resi¬ 
dent, from October 30 to April, in most of Louisiana; re¬ 
ported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Car- 
roll Parish, and Monroe; west to Ringgold in Bienville 
Parish and Calcasieu Lake; south to Grand Chenier, Chenier 
au Tigre, Midland, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Avery 
Island, Paradis, Westwego, New Orleans, and Lacombe in 
Saint Tammany Parish; and east to Pearl River and 
Tallulah. It is also a rare or casual summer resident in 
southern Louisiana, where single birds were seen by the 
writer at Convent and Burnside, respectively, on June 
14, 1933. </p>

<p>Apparently the first Starling to reach Louisiana was a 
bird reported by Andrew Allison at the mouth of the Mis- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>498 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
sissippi River about 1907, perhaps an individual that had 
accidentally escaped from a vessel or in some other way 
had been transported to this region. The next record was 
of a flock seen at Grand Bay near Hermitage in Pointe 
Coupee Parish, 25 miles above Baton Rouge, by W. C. 
Carey.- 00 E. S. Hopkins collected a specimen at the Jeffer¬ 
son Race Track near New Orleans, January 31, 1926; and 
other specimens examined are: one obtained at Westwego 
before 1930, and now in the museum of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation at New Orleans; one taken by 
Winston E. Nolan at Pearl River, November 17, 1932; one 
by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans, November 5, 1936; and 
two others obtained by George H. Lowery, Jr., on the 
campus of the Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 
during the winter of 1932 to 1933. W. W. Battaile writes 
that he shot specimens on November 30 and December 28, 
1933, at Lacombe; and that several hundred were seen 
there during that winter. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported 
the appearance of the Starling at Monroe, January 23, 
1930, where a specimen was captured, and has noted it in 
this locality on several occasions since that time. A. M. 
Bailey found it common at Chenier au Tigre from Decem¬ 
ber 28, 1933, to January 5, 1934, and collected a specimen 
on January 2, 1934. The writer has observed the species 
in small flocks of 50 or less at Calcasieu Lake, December 
31, 1932; Grand Chenier, December 30 and 31, 1932; Mid¬ 
land, December 29, 1932; and Avery Island on December 
28, 1932. T. Strabala noted 30 on December 22, 1931, at 
Paradis. J. S. Campbell states that the only record for 
Bienville Parish is at Ringgold, February 25, 1934; also 
that it first appeared at Oak Grove in West Carroll Par¬ 
ish on December 27, 1933, and was abundant during the 
winter of 1934. George B. Saunders mentions its rapid in¬ 
crease as a wintering bird on the coastal prairies during 
1935 and 1936. Probably it is but a question of time when 
the Starling will have spread over practically all of Lou¬ 
isiana, as it has now nearly or quite reached the western 
and eastern boundaries of the State. </p>

<p>liinl Lore, Yol. XXIV, Xo. 2, April, 1922, p. 95. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern White-eyed, Vireo </p>

<p>
499 </p>

<p>
Family VIREONIDAE </p>

<p>SOUTHERN WHITE-EYED VIREO </p>

<p>Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert) </p>

<p>Among the common birds of the thickets and the under¬ 
growth of woodlands the Southern White-eyed Vireo in 
Louisiana occupies a conspicuous place. Its rather loud, 
energetic song, which has been put into words as ‘chick-ty- 
beaver, lim-ber-stick’, is very characteristic, and easily dis¬ 
tinguishes this bird from all of the other songsters of the 
swamps and forests. Sometimes it even interrupts its own 
vocal performance with attempted imitations of the songs 
of other birds. </p>

<p>The bird is rather inconspicuously clothed in olive green 
above, and white below, with yellowish sides and whitish 
wing-bars, which, like the white eyes, are not discernible 
except at very close range. It is a bird that keeps much to 
the undergrowth, and rarely ever ventures out in the open, 
except for purposes of migration, and its flights, therefore, 
are rather short. It is one of the birds that always im¬ 
presses one with its activity. Although it prefers the 
seclusion of the thickets, it is not difficult to approach, and 
whenever it is menaced by an intruder shows considerable 
impatience with the intrusion. It also has considerable curi¬ 
osity, and inspects not only its surroundings and other ani¬ 
mals and birds, but man himself when he ventures into its 
abode. </p>

<p>The White-eyed Vireo, in common with the other vireos, 
is one of the important guardians of the forest in so far 
as its food habits are concerned. It lives largely on vari¬ 
ous kinds of insects, their larvae, and eggs, such as flies, 
ants, and small caterpillars, although it feeds somewhat 
on wild fruit. Since the White-eyed Vireo is numerous in 
many localities its service in this way must be correspond¬ 
ingly great. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is a very strongly woven cradle 
of bark fibers and other vegetable materials, even bits of 
newspapers, and attached by its upper edge to the forks </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>500 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
of a branch in a bush or low tree, so that the entire struc¬ 
ture is pensile. The outside is covered and bound together 
with bits of spider or insect webs, and forms a very char¬ 
acteristic vireo structure. In it the three or four eggs, 
marked with a few brown spots, are laid. The young very 
closely resemble the adults; and are cared for with great 
solicitude by their parents, even for a time after they leave 
the nest. </p>

<p>The Southern White-eyed Vireo is a common summer 
resident, from February 24 to October 15, throughout prac¬ 
tically all the State; reported north to Tendal on the 
Tensas River, Ray ville, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Caddo 
Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Shreveport, Mans¬ 
field, Logansport, Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Many, Sandel, 
De Ridder, Longville, Newton, and Toomey; south to Lake 
Charles, Iowa (La.), Bayou Queue de Torte north of Guey- 
dan, Avery Island, Vermilion Bay, Houma, Dulac on Grand 
Caillou Bayou, Bayou La Fourche, and Grand Isle; and 
east to Diamond, Junior, Carlisle, Belair, The Rigolets, 
Pearl River, Madisonville, Covington, Hammond, Amite, 
Clinton, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, Somerset, the Singer 
Preserve, and Tallulah. It is also a rare winter resident 
on the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana, north to Baldwin 
and New Orleans. It breeds from April to June, and there 
are records of eggs from May 20 to June 6. </p>

<p>This is the breeding race of the White-eyed Vireo in 
Louisiana, as is indicated by specimens examined as fol¬ 
lows: Iowa (La.), April 7, 1899, taken by Vernon Bailey; 
Jefferson Parish, March 19, 1898, Andrew Allison; Hara- 
han City, April 22, 1916, H. E. Hubert; New Orleans, April 
1, 1917, A. M. Bailey; Morrison, April 24, 1937, Ambrose 
Daigre; New Orleans, March 24, 1889; Clinton, June 8, 
1888; Amite, May 30, 1888; and Louisiana, April 17, with¬ 
out further data. Eggs collected at Grand Coteau, June 3, 
1887, are in the United States National Museum. </p>

<p>There are several winter records of the White-eyed 
Vireo in southern Louisiana that may reasonably be sup- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern White-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>
501 </p>

<p>
posed to belong to the present form, although only one 
specimen has actually been examined, a female from New 
Orleans, collected, December 14, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh. 
Mrs. G. L. Baldwin reported it at Baldwin, December 26, 
1911; and H. H. Kopman at New Orleans, saw three on 
January 5, 1895, several on January 26, 1895, one on Jan¬ 
uary 8, 1894, also January 11 and 14, 1897, as well as 
December 25, 1905. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell found this bird not uncommon at Logan- 
sport, August 25 to 27, 1906, and collected specimens on 
both these dates; and E. R. Kalmbach met with the species 
at Bayou Queue de Torte north of Gueydan, May 17 and 31, 
1925. The writer observed it at Tendal and Rayville, June 
17, 1933; at Caddo Lake and Cross Lake, on the following 
day; at Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Many, Sandel, De Ridder, 
Longville, and Newton, June 19, 1933; at Toomey and Lake 
Charles, June 20, 1933. H. L. Ballowe reported it from 
Diamond, April 2, 1902; and H. H. Kopman, from Carlisle, 
October 4 and 5, 1917; from Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; 
and from Caernovan, April 16 and 18, 1918. Ned Hollister 
found it common and in full song at Belair from March 25 
to April 8, 1904; and Edward Butler reported its arrival 
at Bains, February 24, 1922, in which locality it of course 
breeds. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a common sum¬ 
mer resident at Baton Rouge, where he noted its arrival 
on March 21, 1933, and March 27, 1934. A specimen was 
taken at The Rigolets, by Henry W. Henshaw, March 27, 
1870. The writer found this vireo common throughout 
most of southern Louisiana, and among other localities 
observed it at Pearl River, June 27, 1933; at Houma and 
Raceland, June 23, 1933; at Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, 
June 22,1933; on Bayou Dupont and Little Barataria Bayou 
in Jefferson Parish, June 10, 1933; at Alexandria, in the 
Little River valley near White Sulphur Springs in La Salle 
Parish, at Trout, and Somerset, June 16,1933. In the heavy 
bottomland forests along the Tensas River on the Singer 
Preserve in Madison Parish 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, 
the Southern White-eyed Vireo was astonishingly numer- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>502 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ous on June 16 and 17, 1933. In Bienville Parish, accord¬ 
ing to J. S. Campbell it arrives in spring about March 24 
and soon begins nesting. </p>

<p>NORTHERN WHITE-EYED VIREO </p>

<p>Vireo griseus noveboracensis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Northern White-eyed Vireo is a winter resident in 
southeastern Louisiana, from September 16 to April 6, from 
Grand Isle and Belair, north to New Orleans and Marrero. 
It is probably not as uncommon as the records indicate, 
since it is not identifiable subspecifically in the field. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from Belair, March 30, 
1904, and April 5, 1904, collected by Ned Hollister; New 
Orleans, April 21, 1918, by A. M. Bailey, and May 4, 1935, 
by T. D. Burleigh; Buras, January 30, 1896, by George K. 
Cherrie; Mandeville, May 1, 1889, by C. S. Galbraith; 
Grand Isle, April 7, 1937, and April 6, 1931; Marrero, 
January, 1932, and Metairie, April 28,1937, both in the mu¬ 
seum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New 
Orleans; from New Orleans, September 16, 1873, in the 
museum of Tulane University; and also from New Or¬ 
leans, February, 1933, and December 12 and 13, 1932, in 
the museum of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture 
in the State Capitol Building at Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>The White-eyed Vireos occupying the northeastern 
United States from Arkansas and North Carolina north¬ 
ward are distinguished from those breeding in the South 
Atlantic and Gulf. States from South Carolina to Louisiana, 
in having the flanks and sides more deeply golden yellow. 
This has already been pointed out by W. E. Clyde Todd,* 10 
although in so doing he failed to recognize the bird from 
southern Florida, Vireo griseus maynardi, which is still a 
different form. Since Vireo griseus was originally de¬ 
scribed from specimens taken in Louisiana, and better fits 
the southern race, the name Vireo griseus griseus should 
continue to apply that bird; and the present race, which is </p>

<p>»'0 Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 4, December, 1926, pp. 222 223 </p>

<p>
Got igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>I </p>

<p>
Bell Vireo </p>

<p>
503 </p>

<p>
merely a winter resident or transient in the southern United 
States should be called Vireo griseus noveboracensis. 211 </p>

<p>BELL VIREO </p>

<p>Vireo bellii bellii Audubon </p>

<p>The Bell Vireo is a very rare and local summer resident 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are only four records for the State. A single in¬ 
dividual was observed at Houma by the writer on June 23, 
1933. One was reported from Monroe in northern Lou¬ 
isiana by George H. Lowery, Jr., March 31, 1930, and one 
there on April 10, 1932. The same observer saw another 
at Baton Rouge on April 24, 1933. </p>

<p>YELLOW-THROATED VIREO </p>

<p>Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot) 212 </p>

<p>This bird, while not so conspicuous or so well known 
as the Red-eyed Vireo, is still an interesting inhabitant 
of Louisiana. It is bright olive green above, with a con¬ 
spicuously yellow throat and whitish wing-bars, by which 
characters it may readily be distinguished from the other 
vireos. Like the Red-eyed Vireo it inhabits both the for¬ 
ests and the more open country, wherever there are trees, 
coming not infrequently into the towns and about country 
dwellings. </p>

<p>It is rather more deliberate in its movements than some 
of its relatives, and its most conspicuous characteristic is 
its rich musical voice. Its song is louder and more delib¬ 
erate than that of the Red-eyed Vireo, although somewhat 
similar in general character. This bird’s song has been 
interpreted by some as ‘dearie, come here’. Likewise its 
scolding note is much louder and harsher than that of the 
Red-eyed Vireo. It does not sing so late in the year and 
its song is not nearly so persistent as that of its red-eyed 
cousin. </p>

<p>211 Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat., Vol. I, Part 2, April 20, 
p. 947. </p>

<p>212 Vireo flavifrons of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>504 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
In food habits this bird is similar to the other vireos. 
It lives chiefly on insects, such as moths and caterpillars, 
including hairy kinds, mosquitoes, flies, weevils, beetles, 
grasshoppers, and various others. To some extent it feeds, 
also on wild berries. </p>

<p>This bird places its nest in trees or bushes, often at a 
considerable height from the ground. It has perhaps the 
most beautiful nest of any of the species of our vireos. This 
is composed of bark strips, grasses, and similar materials, 
closely woven and adorned on the outside with lichens and 
cocoons of insects, bound together by spider and insect 
webs. It is attached to a fork of a horizontal branch and 
is pensile like the nests of other vireos. The eggs are from 
three to five in number, white, more or less speckled with 
reddish and dark brown. The male and female both assist 
in the incubation ceremonies and in the care of the young, 
and are often easily approached when on the nest. Prob¬ 
ably only one brood is reared. </p>

<p>The Yellow-throated Vireo is a fairly common summer 
resident, from March 2 to October 23, in the greater part 
of Louisiana excepting the marsh region of the Gulf Coast; 
reported north to Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Shreve¬ 
port; west to Frierson, Gayle, Mansfield, Logansport, 
Natchitoches, Hagewood, and Toomey; south to Toomey, 
Baldwin, and Diamond; and east to New Orleans, The 
Rigolets, Mandeville, Madisonville, Covington, Ponchatoula, 
Hammond, Amite, Saint Francisville, Bains, Jena, Thomas- 
town, and the Singer Preserve in Madison Parish. It breeds 
from April to June. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Baton Rouge, May 
24, 1936, collected by T. D. Burleigh; New Orleans, April 4, 
1896, August 4,1937, September 10, 1935, October 17,1935, 
and May 16, 1891; Lewisburg, September 1, 1873; Man¬ 
deville, April 5, 1886, Madisonville, July 4, 1888; Grand 
Isle, April 6, 1931, April 8, 9, and 13, 1937, and April 16, 
1928. A bird that struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse 
at the entrance to Atchafalaya Bay, October 23, 1908, was 
reported by S. Jones. A. H. Howell obtained a single in- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Blue-headed Vireo </p>

<p>
505 </p>

<p>
dividual at Mansfield, May 2, 1907, and noted the species 
singing at Logansport, August' 25 to 27, 1906. H. H. Kop- 
man reported its arrival at Shreveport, April 8, 1928; 
and we detected it at Natchitoches and at Hagewood, June 
19, 1933; also at Toomey, June 20, 1933. Mrs. G. L. Bald¬ 
win noted its arrival at Baldwin, April 6, 1910; and H. L. 
Ballowe on April 28, 1902, at Diamond, where the bird 
is a summer resident. A specimen of this species was 
taken by Henry W. Henshaw at The Rigolets, March 2, 
1870; and H. H. Kopman found it at Amite, March 27, 
1918; Hammond, April 26, 1918; at Ponchatoula, March 
27, 1918; Covington, March 25, 1900; and at Thomastown, 
common from July 13 to 28, 1896. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported it breeding in 1891 at Madi- 
sonville, though rare; and Edward Butler states that it 
was breeding at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 
1916. H. H. Kopman saw the species twice during June, 
1912, and on May 29, 1913, at New Orleans, and states 
that it evidently nests there occasionally. The writer found 
it at Lottie, June 15, 1933; also in the Little River valley 
near White Sulphur Springs in La Salle Parish and at Jena 
on June 16,1933. It was very common in the heavy bottom¬ 
land forests of the Singer Preserve along the Tensas River 
13 miles southwest of Tallulah on June 16 and 17, 1933. 
J. S. Campbell says that it is a summer resident in Bien¬ 
ville Parish from March 24 to October 15. </p>

<p>BLUE-HEADED VIREO </p>

<p>Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson) 213 </p>

<p>The Blue-headed Vireo, a species of northern breeding 
range, is an uncommon winter resident, from August 1 to 
April 8, in Louisiana, from Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, 
New Iberia, Grand Isle, and Diamond, north to Mande- 
ville. New Orleans, Marrero, Paradis, Oneida, Lobdell, Le- 
compte, and Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens from New Orleans, 
taken on October 29, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; from Grand </p>

<p>811 Vireo eolitariue eolitariue of the 1931 A. O. U. Check*List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>506 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Isle, April 6, 1931; Marrero, February 5, 1933; Mandeville, 
December 10, 1877, collected by Gustave Kohn; and Le- 
compte, January 11, 1908, obtained by A. H. Howell. A. M. 
Bailey secured one at Chenier au Tigre on December 12, 
1925; Ambrose Daigre one at Grand Isle on April 8, 1936, 
and George K. Cherrie on both February 1 and 4, at 
Buras. H. H. Kopman found this species at New Orleans, 
February 22, 1897, and January 12 and 26, 1895; and at 
Oneida, between December 23, 1893, and January 1, 1894. 
George E. Beyer observed it also at New Orleans on August 
1 and December 27, 1893; George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton 
Rouge, November 19, 1933; and H. L. Ballowe at Diamond, 
August 3, 1902. J. S. Campbell reported it from Bienville 
Parish during the winters of 1931, 1932, 1933, and in Jan¬ 
uary and February, 1934. J. J. Audubon, during his Lou¬ 
isiana explorations, observed a pair near Donaldsonville on 
January 1, 1821. </p>

<p>
RED-EYED VIREO </p>

<p>Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus) 214 </p>

<p>This vireo is one of the best known of its family, as it 
has a wide range not only in Louisiana but in North Ameri¬ 
ca. It is similar in color to the White-eyed Vireo but has 
no wing-bars and has a dark line above the eye above a 
whitish line, by which characters it may be distinguished 
from most other small birds. The red eye, which has given 
the bird its name, is not conspicuous except near at hand. </p>

<p>The Red-eyed Vireo is a bird more of the forests and 
wooded areas than is the White-eyed Vireo, and does not 
so much frequent thickets, although it is found almost 
everywhere, even in cultivated areas, where there are trees 
or bushes. It is in many places, like the White-eyed Vireo, 
very numerous, although it does not assemble into what 
might be termed flocks. It is a rather active bird and 
seems to be continuously on the search for insects among 
the foliage. </p>

<p>214 Yireo olivactus of the 1 Dru A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-eyed Vireo </p>

<p>
507 </p>

<p>
Its call note is a rather harsh, somewhat long drawn 
out ‘creee’ or ‘wheree’, but its song is rather musical, of 
few notes, and of ordinary vireo character, very different, 
however, from that of the White-eyed Vireo. It is one 
of the most persistent singers of all our birds, not only at 
all hours of the day, and often into late summer. This 
habit of continuous song has given it the name ‘preacher’. </p>

<p>Like other vireos its food habits are beneficial, since 
it subsists largely on various kinds of insects, such as cater¬ 
pillars and adults of moths, such beetles as weevils and 
leaf beetles, ants, wasps, grasshoppers, and flies, many of 
these of injurious species. The vegetable part of its food 
consists chiefly of such wild fruits as blueberries, cherries, 
raspberries, and of seeds. </p>

<p>Its nest is placed usually in a bush or low tree, and is a 
pensile, compactly woven structure, attached to the fork 
of a branch. It is composed chiefly of fibers of bark, and 
weed-stalks, lined with similar bark fibers or horse¬ 
hair, and covered on the outside with bits of bark and in¬ 
sect cocoons, bound together with insect and spider webs. 
The eggs, usually three or four, are white, speckled mostly 
at the larger end with dark brown. Both the male and fe¬ 
male assist in the incubation, which lasts from 12 to 14 days; 
and sometimes there are two broods. The young, as in 
other vireos, are very similar to the adults. </p>

<p>The Red-eyed Vireo is a common summer resident, from 
March 15 to October 20, throughout the greater part of Lou¬ 
isiana, except the immediate region of the Gulf Coast; re¬ 
ported north to Holly Ridge, Mer Rouge, Start, Crew Lake, 
Monroe, and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, 
Lake Hayes (ten miles west of Shreveport), Mansfield, 
Logansport, Natchitoches, Many, Florien, Gandy, Sandel, 
De Bidder, Longville, and Toomey; south to Lake Charles, 
Iowa (La.), New Iberia, Raceland, and Diamond; and east 
to Junior, Westwego, New Orleans, The Rigolets, Pearl River, 
Mandeville,Madisonville,Bedico Swamp, Hammond, Clinton, 
Saint Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, Jena, Somerset, 
Quimby, Thomastown, and the Singer Preserve in Madison </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>508 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Parish. It is a transient in the Gulf Coast region of south¬ 
ern Louisiana, south to Calcasieu Pass, Chenier au Tigre, 
Vermilion Bay, Southwest Reef, Grand Isle, and Chandeleur 
Island. It breeds in April and May. </p>

<p>A specimen from Iowa (La.) was collected on April 8, 
1899, by Vernon Bailey; others from New Orleans were 
obtained, April 27, 1935, and August 29, 1935, by T. D. 
Burleigh, and April 28, 1918, by S. C. Arthur. Specimens 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans were taken at Grand Isle, April 6, 
1931, April 7, 1933, April 7, 11, and 21, 1936; April 8 and 
24, 1937. Others seen in the museum of Tulane University 
were obtained at Bedico Swamp in Tangipahoa Parish, 
August 15 and 22,1890; Amite, May 30 and 31,1888; Man- 
deville, March 19, 1871; and Thomastown, July 18, 1896. 
The species has been taken also at Mansfield, April 29 and 
May 2, 1907, and at Logansport, August 27, 1906, by A. 
H. Howell; in Cameron Parish, May 15, 1919, by E. R. 
Kalmbach; at Harvey, September 9, 1924, and Grand Isle 
April 6, 1925, by E. S. Hopkins; Madisonville on May 30, 
1886, by A. K. Fisher; at New Orleans, May 19, 1886, by 
A. K. Fisher, and August 14, 1897, by Andrew Allison; at 
Calcasieu Pass, in the spring of 1854, by G. Wiirdemann; 
at Chenier au Tigre, May 23, 1930, by E. G. Wright; at The 
Rigolets, April 3, 1870, by Henry W. Henshaw; and on 
Chandeleur Island, April 13, 1902, by T. Hansen. Eggs 
taken in 1895 at New Orleans are in the museum of Tulane 
University. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found this vireo common all through the 
woodlands at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 1892. H. H. Kopman 
saw it at New Iberia on March 27, 1902, where it is a com¬ 
mon summer resident; at Oaklawn near Lacombe on August 
17, 1917; at Junior on August 4 and 5, 1917; and at 
Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., considers it a common summer resident at 
Baton Rouge, arriving on March 22, 1933, and March 24, 
1934. George E. Beyer reported it in 1891 as breeding at 
Clinton and Madisonville; and Edward Butler stated that </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Philadelphia Vireo </p>

<p>
509 </p>

<p>
it was breeding at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains 
in 1916, and that in 1922 it arrived at the latter locality 
on March 15. H. L. Ballowe noted it at Diamond on April 
6 and April 26,1902. J. S. Campbell considers it a common 
summer resident in Bienville Parish, arriving late in March, 
and soon beginning to nest. The writer found it unusually 
numerous in the heavy bottomland forest of the Singer 
Preserve along the Tensas River, 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah, June 16 and 17, 1933. He observed the species 
also at Quimby, Somerset, Jena, and Trout, June 16, 1933; 
at Tallulah, Holly Ridge, Start, and Crew Lake on June 17, 
1933; at Cross Lake and Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; at 
Natchitoches, Florien, Many, Gandy, Sandel, Longville, 
and De Ridder, June 19,1933; at Lake Charles and Toomey, 
June 20, 1933; also at Westwego and Raceland, June 23, 
1933; and at Pearl River, June 27, 1933. It was very com¬ 
mon in the cypress swamps about Lottie on June 15, 1933; 
and he met with it also in the Little River valley near 
White Sulphur Springs in La Salle Parish, June 16, 1933; 
at Alexandria on the same day; at Port Barre and Krotz 
Springs, June 21, 1933; and at Luling, June 23, 1933. </p>

<p>PHILADELPHIA VIREO </p>

<p>Vireo8ylva philadelphica Cassin 215 </p>

<p>The Philadelphia Vireo is a rare transient, though ap¬ 
parently sometimes common locally, from late July to 
October 31, also reported in April, in central and southeast¬ 
ern Louisiana, east to Covington, and west to Saint James 
Parish and Alexandria. The April record is by George 
E. Beyer who, however, gives no further date, and there are 
no other definite data for the occurrence of this species 
during the spring; neither is it recorded from central nor 
northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The available records are few. The first definite oc¬ 
currence is that of a specimen taken at Hester in Saint 
James Parish, August 2, 1893; and George E. Beyer </p>

<p>• 1B Vireo Philadelphia ie of the 1981 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>510 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
recorded it also at New Orleans, October 10, 1896. 214 Two 
specimens, obtained by Ambrose Daigre at Alexandria on 
October 2, 1933, are in the museum in the State Capitol 
at Baton Rouge. T. D. Burleigh collected three at New 
Orleans, October 17, 29, and 31, 1935. H. H. Kopman re¬ 
ported a few individuals at Covington late in July, 1893; 
and the species as abundant on August 2, 1893, in the same 
locality. 217 H. H. Kopman reported ten of these vireos seen 
on October 7, 1896, in the suburbs of New Orleans. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., found this vireo rather common in the 
College Town Swamp at Baton Rouge on October 7, 1933. </p>

<p>EASTERN WARBLING VIREO </p>

<p>Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot) 218 </p>

<p>The Eastern Warbling Vireo is a rare summer resident, 
from March 4 to September 13, throughout most of Louisi¬ 
ana, excepting parts of the Gulf Coast in the southern part 
of the State; reported north to the Ouachita River in 
Ouachita Parish, Monroe, Bienville Parish, Ruston, and 
Shreveport; west to Shreveport, Natchitoches, and Calca¬ 
sieu Pass; south to Calcasieu Pass, Roanoke, Grand Coteau, 
Melville, Houma, and La Place; and east to New Orleans, 
Baton Rouge, Lobdell, Bayou Sara, Saint Francisville, New- 
ellton, and Thomastown. It is a transient, from March 
to October 23, in most of the Gulf Coast region of the State, 
south to Chenier au Tigre and Southwest Reef at the mouth 
of Atchafalaya Bay. It breeds chiefly in May and June, 
and there is record of eggs on June 1. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey recorded it at Chenier au Tigre on March 
4, 1918; and S. Jones reported a bird that struck the South¬ 
west Reef Lighthouse on October 23, 1908; H. H. Kopman 
reported its arrival at Shreveport, April 16, 1929; and the 
writer found it at Natchitoches, June 19, 1933. Eggs and 
nests, taken at Calcasieu Pass in 1854, were sent to the 
Smithsonian Institution by G. Wiirdemann; and there 
are also eggs in the U. S. National Museum, taken at Grand </p>

<p>aia Proe. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 110. </p>

<p>The Auk, Vol. XXI. No. 1, January, 1904, p. 49. </p>

<p>218 Vireo fjitvus gilvua of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-and-white Warbler </p>

<p>
511 </p>

<p>
Coteau, June 1, 1887. H. H. Kopman noted it singing at 
Melville, between August 29 and September 3, 1917; saw 
it at La Place on April 2, 1918; and gives it as a summer 
resident at New Orleans, arriving in 1925 on April 9. 
Vernon Bailey found it common and breeding at Houma, 
May 4 to 16, 1892; and C. W. Beckham reported it at Bayou 
Sara, April 15, 1882. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it 
a rare summer resident at Baton Rouge, where it arrived 
on April 26, 1935, and where he observed it May 29 to 
June 15, 1937. Edward Butler noted it breeding at Saint 
Francisville in 1915; and Andrew Allison saw it at Lob- 
dell, April 9, 10, and 26, 1903. At Thomastown, H. H. 
Kopman noticed several in willows about a dwelling be¬ 
tween July 13 and 28, 1896. The writer observed it at 
Newellton, June 16, 1933; and at Roanoke on June 20, 1933. 
J. S. Campbell considers it a common summer resident in 
the bottomland areas of Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE </p>

<p>BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER </p>

<p>Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Black-and-White Warbler is not so common in 
Louisiana as a number of the other members of its family, 
but is well worthy of particular notice. It is distinctive in 
appearance, since its black and white striped upper parts 
and white lower parts, also more or less black streaked, 
make it readily identifiable in life; and its habit of creeping 
about the branches and trunks of the trees very much like 
a nuthatch, but apparently not so skillfully, distinguishes 
it almost at a glance from any other of our warblers. It 
lives in all kinds of woodlands, preferably the deciduous 
forests, but it visits also cultivated areas, such as orchards 
and tree-ornamented lawns. It is rarely ever found away 
from trees. While not itself gregarious, it frequently ac¬ 
companies groups of other birds like nuthatches, creepers, 
and other warblers, as they drift through the forest. </p>

<p>Its call note is a rather faint lisping sound, and its song, 
though somewhat louder, is still not audible to any great </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>512 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>distance, being a series of monotonous, lisping notes, several 
times repeated. </p>

<p>The food of the Black-and-White Warbler consists very 
largely of insects, many of them injurious to trees, such 
as scale insects, plant lice, caterpillars, both hairless and 
hairy, including the canker worm, the brown-tailed gypsy 
moth, and tent caterpillar, and various kinds of beetles, 
such as curculios and wood-boring larvae, together with the 
eggs of insects. </p>

<p>This pretty warbler is one that builds its nest on the 
ground, in a depression which it lines with considerable 
material of such character as grasses, mosses, leaves, and 
rootlets, with an inner lining of plant down, finer grasses, 
and similar materials. Occasionally the nest is somewhat 
roofed over. The eggs are from four to five, white, with small 
spots of various shades of brown and lavender. So far as 
is known the female does most of the work of constructing 
the nest, although the male aids in taking care of the young. 
It is difficult sometimes to study the young in the nest be¬ 
cause they seem to dislike attention from any but their 
parents, and will attempt to escape from an intruder even 
when they are only partly grown. Both the adults are 
attentive parents and take excellent care of their young. </p>

<p>The Black-and-White Warbler is a rare summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 12 to October, in northern and south¬ 
eastern Louisiana, from Monroe, Bienville Parish, and 
Mansfield, southeast to Bayou Sara, West Feliciana Parish, 
Bedico Swamp, Folsom, Madisonville, and Oaklawn near 
Lacombe. It is also a spring and autumn transient, from 
March 12 to May 9, and from July 21 to October 25, 
throughout most of the remaining portions of the State, 
from New Orleans, Jefferson Parish, and Grand Isle, to 
Iowa (La.). It breeds from April to June, and there is 
record of eggs on April 23. </p>

<p>Specimens examined from New Orleans were collected 
by T. D. Burleigh on July 31, 1935, and by A. M. Bailey 
on April 25, 1918. Others in the museum of Tulane Uni- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
mm </p>



<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Plate 39 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>SITY OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
PROtJHONOTARY Wakbl^K (FroiufWtarui citrca). </p>

<p>WakoUa Spring Fla, May 12, 1®$*, </p>

<p>iPhoto^pb &amp;S A W; fUife* nn») F R. Dickinson.) </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Prothonotary Warbler </p>

<p>
513 </p>

<p>
versity are from Bedico River, August 11, 13, and 18, 1890, 
July 16, 18, and 22, 1888, August 13, 1890, and July 31, 
1890; Bedico Swamp in Tangipahoa Parish, August 21, 
1890; Lake Catherine, April 9, 1884; Jefferson Parish, 
April 10, 1894; and Grand Isle, September, 1900. Other 
specimens from Grand Isle, taken. May 9, 1931, April 9, 
1936, and April 7, 1937, are in the museum of the Louisi¬ 
ana Department of Conservation at New Orleans; and at 
the State Capitol at Baton Rouge, collected on May 4, 1933. 
It was obtained also in Jefferson Parish by Andrew Alli¬ 
son, April 8, 1898; at Grand Isle, April 16, 1937, by T. D. 
Burleigh, April 8 and 12, 1937, and April 7, 1936, by George 
H. Lowery, Jr.; at Marrero on April 24, 1937, by Winston 
E. Nolan; and by A. H. Howell at Mansfield, April 30 and 
May 2, 1907. C. W. Beckham found eggs at Bayou Sara, 
April 23, 1887. 210 George H. Lowery, Jr., recorded it from 
near Monroe, March 22, 1931; H. H. Kopman saw it 
at Folsom, March 12, 1923; and at Oaklawn near Lacombe, 
common on August 17, 1917. He noted its presence also at 
New Orleans, October 25, 1914. George E. Beyer reported 
it in 1891 as breeding at Madisonville; and Robert Butler 
in 1933 said that it bred in West Feliciana Parish. Vernon 
Bailey saw a few individuals at Iowa (La), April 6 to 9, 
1899. J. S. Campbell regards the Black-and-White Warbler 
as a common transient but a rare summer resident in Bien¬ 
ville Parish, from late March to October. </p>

<p>PROTHONOTARY WARBLER </p>

<p>Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert) </p>

<p>The Prothonotary Warbler is one of the most charac¬ 
teristic inhabitants of the heavily wooded swamps of 
Louisiana. It is in some places rather numerous and con¬ 
spicuous, and its beautiful yellow plumage set off by its 
yellowish olive green back and bluish gray wings, without 
wing-bars, makes it easily distinguishable at sight. </p>

<p>It is found in the forests along streams and in wooded 
swamps, wherever there are sufficient thickets for its con- </p>

<p>210 The Auk, Vol. IV, No. 4, October, 1887, p. 301. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>514 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
cealment, although sometimes it ventures into more open 
woodlands. Much of the time it remains near the ground, 
or on it, although at times it mounts to the highest parts 
of the trees. Even in migration it does not frequent the 
upland forests as much as many of the other warblers. </p>

<p>Its ordinary call note resembles rather closely that of 
the Louisiana Waterthrush, but its song is a rather simple 
ditty of a few notes, usually on the same key and usually 
loud enough to carry for some distance. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is made up of such insects as bees, 
flies, ants, and their larvae, and, exceptionally, spiders and 
snails. </p>

<p>It nests usually in swampy woodlands or bushy swamps, 
where there are decayed stumps which, strangely for a 
warbler, it uses for this purpose, placing its nest in hollows 
in stubs or in trunks of trees, often making use of a wood¬ 
pecker's or chickadee’s hole. Seldom is the nest far from 
the ground. Notwithstanding this bird’s fondness for 
swamps it occasionally breeds even in the vicinity of houses. 
In the cavity selected for the nest are placed grass and 
straw, with strips of bark, sometimes leaves and lichens, 
the inner lining of the nest being of finer similar materials. 
The eggs are usually about six in number, of a creamy white 
or pale buff, and densely spotted with chestnut or purplish. 
The young when full grown closely resemble the adult. </p>

<p>The Prothonotary Warbler is a common summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 10 to October 15, in nearly all parts of 
Louisiana, wherever there are suitable bottomlands and 
marshy woods; reported north to Tallulah, Monroe, Bien¬ 
ville, and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Natchitoches, 
and Lake Charles; south to Lake Charles, New Iberia, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Saint Martinville, Houma, Race- 
land, Little Barataria Bayou, Bayou Barataria, Bayou 
Dupont, Dupres Canal, Grand Isle, Chateau Canard on Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Diamond, 
Belair, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Lake Pontchartrain, 
Rigolets, Mandeville, Madisonville, Ponchatoula, Hammond, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Prothonotary Warbler </p>

<p>
515 </p>

<p>
Clinton, Bains, Simmesport, Jena, Frogmore, Newellton, 
four miles north of Quimby, Thomastown, and the Singer 
Preserve in Madison Parish. It breeds chiefly in April 
and May. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bird have been examined from Belair, 
taken on March 30, 1904, April 1 and 2, 1904, by Ned 
Hollister; New Orleans, June 26, 1935, July 4, 1935, and 
September 18, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; in the museum 
of Tulane University from Mandeville, July, 1859; and in 
the museum of the Department of Conservation at New 
Orleans from Grand Isle, April 10, 1931, also by Ambrose 
Daigre on April 5, 1937; and by J. Daigre on April 15,1937. 
It was taken also in Jefferson Parish by Andrew Allison, 
April 10, 1899, and April 1, 1897; at New Orleans by R. W. 
Shufeldt, July 28, 1883, and by A. M. Bailey, April 9, 1917; 
Madisonville, May 30, 1886, by A. K. Fisher; Baton Rouge, 
April 3, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr., and at Rigolets, 
March 27, 1870, and April 26, 1870, by Henry W. Henshaw. 
There have been sent to the United States Biological Sur¬ 
vey, Prothonotary Warblers that had struck the following 
lighthouses: South Pass Lightship at Port Eads, March 
10, 1904, and March 10, 1905; Southwest Pass Lightship, 
in 1902; and Ship Shoal Lighthouse, southwest of Raccoon 
Point, March 12, 1905. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell noted the arrival of this species at Bien¬ 
ville, April 10, 1932, and its departure on October 15 of 
the same year; and found a pair nest building at Pool’s 
Pond near Bienville as early as April 18. He reports it 
common also in summer along Saline Creek and Black Lake 
Bayou, both localities in Bienville Parish. H. H. Kopman 
reported it from Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; 
New Iberia, where it is a summer resident, on March 28, 
1902; New Orleans, June 22 to July 9, 1917; at Poncha- 
toula, March 26, 1918; Hammond, April 26, 1918; and at 
Simmesport fairly common along Fish Bayou, August 31 to 
September 2, 1917. H. L. Ballowe reported it from Dia¬ 
mond, April 2, 1902; Edward Butler, from Bains, April 1, 
1922; and George E. Beyer in 1891 as a breeding bird at </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>516 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Clinton. Ned Hollister saw it at Belair, March 30 to April 
8, 1904; and Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle, April 3, 6, 9, 
and 11, 1936. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a com¬ 
mon summer resident at Baton Rouge, frequenting the 
swamps and river bottoms, and noted its arrival on March 
19, 1933, and April 6, 1934. </p>

<p>The writer found this species among the most numerous 
birds in the heavy bottomland forests and thickets along the 
Tensas River in Madison Parish on the Singer Preserve, 13 
miles southwest of Tallulah, June 16 and 17, 1933; and 
observed it also at Tallulah on the latter of these two dates. 
H. H. Kopman met with it commonly at Thomastown, July 
13 to 28, 1896; and the writer noted it at a point four miles 
north of Quimby; also at Newellton, Frogmore, Jena, and 
the Little River valley near White Sulphur Springs in La 
Salle Parish, June 16, 1933. He observed it at Caddo Lake, 
June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, June 19, 1933; and Lake 
Charles, June 20,1933. It was exceedingly abundant and in 
full song in the cypress swamps in the vicinity of Lottie, 
June 15, 1933, and was here the most numerous of all the 
small birds. It was observed by him at Krotz Springs, 
June 21, 1933; at Westwego, Des Allemands, Raceland, 
and Houma, June 23, 1933. It was present also along 
Little Barataria Bayou, Bayou Barataria, Bayou Dupont, 
and Dupres Canal in Jefferson Parish on June 10, 1933. 
The writer noticed a single male in full song at Chateau 
Canard, Joseph Leiter’s hunting lodge on Main Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, on June 7, 1933. </p>

<p>SWAINSON WARBLER </p>

<p>Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Swainson Warbler is another of the rare warblers 
of the United States. It, like the Bachman Warbler, has 
an interesting history, having been discovered also by 
Doctor Bachman near Charleston, South Carolina, and 
named by Audubon for the distinguished English ornith¬ 
ologist, William Swainson. This was in 1832, and the bird 
remained almost unheard of for more than 50 years; but </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Swainson Warbler </p>

<p>
517 </p>

<p>
since that time it has gradually become better known, 
although in few places has it been found common, and in 
recent years has been apparently decreasing in numbers. </p>

<p>It is a bird of inconspicuous coloration, being plain 
olive brown above and yellowish white below. It lives 
almost entirely in the swamps and thickets of the humid 
bottomlands, and only occasionally comes into more open 
places such as cultivated areas or drier, less dense, wood¬ 
lands. Here about the margins of extensive swamps, or 
in tangled thickets, patches of cane or aquatic plants, 
the Swainson Warbler loves to dwell. It is rather more de¬ 
liberate in its actions than other swamp and thicket loving 
warblers, and often remains inactive for considerable 
periods. It is likewise more frequently on the ground 
than a good many of the other warblers, in which places 
it often seeks its food. </p>

<p>One of the most remarkable features of the bird is its 
song, which is loud and resonant, and in many respects 
much resembles that of the Waterthrush, in fact so much 
so that it has been more than once mistaken for that bird. </p>

<p>The nest of the Swainson Warbler is usually in bushes, 
vines, or canes, and usually near water, though sometimes 
on even dry land. It is a very bulky structure of various 
kinds of leaves, lined with moss or pine needles. It is 
usually but a few feet above the ground. The three to four 
eggs are white or bluish white, entirely without markings. </p>

<p>The Swainson Warbler is a rare summer resident, from 
March 30 to July, and probably later, in eastern Louisiana; 
recorded north to Amite, Bayou Sara, the Singer Preserve 
in Madison Parish, and Bienville Parish; west to Jena, 
Bayou Sara, and Jefferson Parish opposite New Orleans; 
south to New Orleans; and east to Lake Pontchartrain and 
Mandeville. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., recorded the Swainson Warbler 
as a fairly common summer resident in northern Louisiana, 
but without indication of locality ; 220 but J. S. Campbell has </p>

<p>M# Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 40. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>518 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
found it a rare summer resident along Saline Creek and Black 
Lake Bayou in Bienville Parish, and he noticed it apparently 
nesting near Bienville during the spring of 1933. The 
writer detected it in song in the bottomland along the Ten¬ 
sas River in the Singer Preserve, 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah, June 17, 1933; and also in swamp land along a 
highway near Jena, June 16, 1933. According to Mr. Low¬ 
ery it is a fairly common summer resident in the cane brakes 
of the Baton Rouge region; and he found a nest containing 
young on June 16, 1932, at the edge of the College Town 
Swamp at Baton Rouge. At Bayou Sara C. W. Beckham 
said that it arrived on April 8, 1887, was common there, 
and that many specimens were taken by him. A. M. Bailey 
found the species not uncommon at Mandeville in July, 
1916, and mentions specimens collected at that locality. 
H. H. Kopman saw it on April 1, 1904, in Jefferson Parish 
opposite New Orleans, where A. B. Blakemore had found 
it some years previously on April 11, 1896. H. H. Kopman 
noted it at New Orleans on March 30 and April 14, 1905, 
April 10 and 13, 1899, April 8, 1898, and April 19 and 22, 
1911. Andrew Allison reported it also at New Orleans on 
April 1, 1904. C. S. Galbraith, who collected a great num¬ 
ber of these birds in March and April, 1886, on Lake Pont- 
chartrain, obtained only three in March, 1888, and two on 
April 8, 1889, in the same locality. A specimen in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University was collected at New Orleans on 
April 11, 1893; and others in the Biological Survey were 
taken by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on April 17 and 
May 1, 1935. </p>

<p>
WORM-EATING WARBLER </p>

<p>Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Worm-eating Warbler is a rare spring and autumn 
transient, from April 3 to April 30, and from August 9 to 
September 30, chiefly in southeastern Louisiana, but recorded 
east to Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Lake 
Pontchartrain, Rigolets, Mandeville, Covington, Lobdell, 
and Monroe; west to Iowa (La.), and Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Golden-winged Warbler </p>

<p>
519 </p>

<p>
It is reported to breed in northern Louisiana, but the writer 
has been able to find no definite record. </p>

<p>A specimen in the United States Biological Survey was 
collected by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on August 28, 
1936; another in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge was 
taken at Grand Isle, April 18, 1933, by Winston E. Nolan; 
and at the same locality E. S. Hopkins obtained the species 
on April 30, 1925, April 3 and 16, 1926; Ambrose Daigre 
on April 7, 1936; and George H. Lowery, Jr., on April 12, 
1936. Andrew Allison collected it in Jefferson Parish, 
April 10, 1899; and Henry W. Henshaw at Rigolets on 
April 9, 1870. Its spring arrival at New Orleans was 
chronicled by H. H. Kopman on April 10, 1899; and by 
Andrew Allison on April 7, 1900. At the same locality 
George E. Beyer noted it on September 1, 1893, and H. H. 
Kopman about September 5, 1911; also on April 20 and 21, 
1899. At Lobdell, Andrew Allison reported it on April 11, 
1903. George H. Lowery, Jr., records it as a fairly com¬ 
mon transient at Monroe, where he saw it on April 10, 
August 9, and September 30,1932, April 16,1933, and April 
27, 1936. J. S. Campbell considers it a fairly common 
spring transient in Bienville Parish. A specimen in the 
museum of Tulane University was collected at Mandeville 
in September; and one in the Biological Survey collection 
in the United States National Museum, at Iowa (La.), 
April 7, 1899, by Vernon Bailey. </p>

<p>GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Golden-winged Warbler is a rare spring and au¬ 
tumn transient, from April 6 to May 10, and from August to 
September 25, in central and eastern Louisiana, observed 
chiefly in the southeastern part of the State, and reported 
from New Orleans, Mandeville, West Feliciana Parish, and 
Monroe, west to Bienville and near Gueydan. </p>

<p>Edward Butler has reported this species once from 
West Feliciana Parish; 221 Andrew Allison noted its arrival </p>

<p>aal Bull. lift. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 493. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>520 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
at New Orleans, April 23, 1900; and H. H. Kopman, its 
occurrence on September 21, 1897, and September 25, 1903, 
at the same locality. There is a specimen in the museum 
of Tulane University collected in September at Mandeville; 
Ambrose Daigre obtained another at Grand Isle on April 
6, 1936, and George H. Lowery, Jr., one on April 9, 1936. 
T. D. Burleigh took one at New Orleans, September 20,1937. 
Ambrose Daigre also saw this warbler on migration at 
Grand Isle, April 23, 1936. E. R. Kalmbach saw a single 
individual in the cypress growth, 5miles south of Guey- 
dan, on an unknown date between April 26 and Septem¬ 
ber 28, 1925. George H. Lowery, Jr., gives it as a regular 
but uncommon migrant at Monroe, where he has noted it 
from April 27 to May 5. J. S. Campbell reported it from 
Cox’s Crossing near Liberty Hill on May 10, 1931; and 
from Bienville, May 2, 1934. </p>

<p>BLUE-WINGED WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>' The Blue-winged Warbler is a rare summer resident 
in northwestern Louisiana; and a rare spring and autumn 
transient, from March 22 to April 27, and from the middle 
of August to October 7, in the remainder of the State, ob¬ 
served chiefly in the southeastern part of Louisiana, from 
Grand Isle, New Orleans, and Rigolets west to Iowa (La.), 
Lewisburg, and Monroe. It breeds in May. </p>

<p>The only breeding locality known is Lucky in Bienville 
Parish, where J. S. Campbell found it nest building on 
May 3, 1934. </p>

<p>At New Orleans this warbler was reported by H. H. 
Kopman and Andrew Allison, March 22, 1898, and April 
20, 21, and 23, 1899. Henry W. Henshaw collected it at 
Rigolets, April 9, 1870; and there is a specimen in the 
museum of Tulane University at New Orleans, obtained 
at Lewisburg, September 4, 1871. Vernon Bailey observed 
a few individuals at Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899, and 
took a single one there on April 8, 1899. Ambrose Daigre 
noted one at Grand Isle, on April 9, 1936, and April 9, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bachman Warbler </p>

<p>
521 </p>

<p>
1937, where he collected a specimen on April 10, 1936, and 
George H. Lowery, Jr., one on April 19, 1937. Mr. Lowery 
also reports the species at Monroe as a fairly common 
transient in both spring and fall, and recorded it on April 
9 and September 14, 1930, April 12 and October 7, 1931, 
and April 27, 1936. </p>

<p>
BACHMAN WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora bachmanii (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Bachman Warbler has an interesting history. Dis¬ 
covered near Charleston, South Carolina, by Doctor Bach¬ 
man, the intimate friend of John James Audubon, it was 
described by Audubon and named for his friend. For 50 
years thereafter the bird was almost unknown, but finally 
was rediscovered in Louisiana near Lake Pontchartrain by 
Charles S. Galbraith, who collected a considerable number 
of individuals in that region. Subsequently it became bet¬ 
ter known, but it is still one of the rare warblers of this 
country, and apparently is steadily decreasing in numbers. 
Its yellow forehead and under surface, black breast and 
band across the crown, gray hind-neck, and olive green 
back will distinguish it readily from the other warblers 
with which it might be confused. It is one of the charac¬ 
teristic swamp warblers, and during the breeding season 
it lives in the heaviest forests of the bottomlands. During 
migration, however, it is found in other kinds of forest 
country, though usually still in the river valleys. Ordi¬ 
narily it lives in the lower parts of the forest, although 
during migration it is found even in the higher parts of 
the trees. </p>

<p>Its song is rather peculiar and somewhat like that of 
the Prairie Warbler or Chipping Sparrow. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is not very well known, but it 
undoubtedly consists largely of insects, such as caterpillars 
and flies. </p>

<p>The nest is usually situated in timbered swamps where 
there is water. The nest is placed in a low bush or vine 
not very far from the ground, and is a rather bulky struc- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>522 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ture composed of weed-stalks, grasses, and leaves, lined 
with dark vegetable fibers and fine grasses and weed- 
stalks. The eggs are usually three to four, white, without 
markings. </p>

<p>There seems to be no reason why this species should not 
breed occasionally in Louisiana, although the nest has never 
been found in this State, but it is to be hoped that it may 
some day be discovered here. </p>

<p>The Bachman Warbler is a rare spring transient, from 
February 27 to May 9, in southeastern Louisiana, from 
Mandeville west to Lobdell and Grand Isle. </p>

<p>Apparently the first record of this species for Louisiana 
is that by George N. Lawrence, who mentions specimens 
taken on Lake Pontchartrain during the spring of 1886. 222 
Later, specimens collected on March 29, 1887, at Lake 
Pontchartrain, were recorded by the same ornithologist 223 
All these were obtained by Charles S. Galbraith, who re¬ 
ported 31 additional individuals shot between March 2 and 
March 20, 1888, at Lake Pontchartrain, near Mandeville. 224 
He collected specimens of this warbler at or near Mande¬ 
ville also on February 27, March 6, 12, 13, and 14, 1891. 
Andrew Allison saw one bird at Lobdell, May 9, 1903; and 
£. S. Hopkins obtained two males at Grand Isle on April 
4, 1925. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Lowery, Sr., observed 
this warbler at Monroe on April 27 and 28, 1936. </p>

<p>TENNESSEE WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora peregrina (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Tennessee Warbler is a fairly common spring and 
fall transient, from March 12 to May 13, and from Septem¬ 
ber 12 to November 17, in eastern and northern Louisiana; 
reported from Grand Isle, Pilot Town, Chandeleur Island, 
New Orleans, Saint James Parish, Baton Rouge, Bayou Sara, 
and Monroe, west to Shreveport and Bienville. It seems to 
be most frequently observed in the southeastern part of the 
State. </p>

<p>
Auk. Yol. IV, No. 1, Jannarv 1887. p 3". 
-- :i The Auk, Yol. IV, No. 3, July, 1887, p. 262. 
The Auk, Vol. V, No. 3, July, 1888, p. 323. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Orange-crowned Warbler </p>

<p>
523 </p>

<p>
H. H. Kopman saw it at New Orleans, September 18, 
1899, and November 17, 1917, and he noted its arrival 
there on March 12, 1900. He reported it also from Pilot 
Town in the Mississippi River Delta, October 13, 1917; 
and from Shreveport, April 20, 1929, April 30, 1928, and 
May 13, 1931. Ambrose Daigre observed it at Grand Isle, 
April 5 and 28, 1936, and May 5, 1936. J. S. Campbell 
found it at Bienville, April 27 and 28 and September 12, 
1932. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it arrived at Baton 
Rouge on April 22, 1933, and April 28, 1934. A specimen 
in the museum of Tulane University was collected at New 
Orleans in October, 1886; others in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans 
were taken at Grand Isle, April 22, 1933, April 9 and 20, 
1937, and April 9, 1936; and still others in the Biological 
Survey came from New Orleans, October 17, 1935, and 
April 12, 1937. </p>

<p>ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora celata celata (Say) </p>

<p>The Orange-crowned Warbler is a winter resident in 
Louisiana, generally uncommon but locally fairly common, 
from November 16 to April 3, though most frequently re¬ 
ported as a transient; from Plaquemines Parish, Lake Pont- 
chartrain, New Orleans, West Baton Rouge Parish, and New 
Iberia, north to Black Bayou Lake in Ouachita Parish, Mon¬ 
roe, and Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>A specimen in the museum of Tulane University was 
taken in Plaquemines Parish, February 9, 1862, and one in 
the State Capitol at Baton Rouge came from Grand Isle, 
where collected on March 10, 1933, by Winston E. Nolan, 
Examples in the Biological Survey were obtained at New 
Orleans, November 16, 1935, December 20, 1935, January 
15, 1936, February 9, 1937, December 15, 1936, and March 
5 and 31, 1936 by T. D. Burleigh. H. H. Kopman reported 
it at New Orleans, November 20, 1915, November 22, No¬ 
vember 26, and December 15, 1903, December 9, 1917, 
March 25, 1918, and April 3, 1909; at New Iberia, March </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>524 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
23, 1902; and at New Roads, December 15, 1917. George 
K. Cherrie obtained specimens at Buras on January 30 and 
February 1, 1896; and Andrew Allison collected it at Lob- 
dell, January 17, 1902, and observed another in the same 
locality, January 22, 1902. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported 
it at Monroe, December 21, 1930, and says that it is found 
in considerable numbers in that region. He has found it 
common also at Black Bayou Lake in late November, and 
near Baton Rouge March 5, 1933. J. S. Campbell says that 
it is a fairly common winter resident in Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>NASHVILLE WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Nashville Warbler is a rare spring transient, from 
April 2 to May 10, in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are but three records for the State: that of an in¬ 
dividual seen at Monroe by George H. Lowery, Jr., May 10, 
1931 ; 225 another observed by Mr. Lowery and J. S. Campbell 
at Bienville in Bienville Parish on April 2, 1932; and one 
seen by J. S. Campbell at Crousen Crossing on Saline Creek 
six miles south of Bienville on May 4, 1932. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN PARULA WARBLER </p>

<p>Compsothlypis americana americana (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Southern Parula Warbler is apparently but a casual 
visitor in Louisiana. There is but a single record, that of 
a specimen taken at New Orleans, on April 15, 1935, by 
Thomas D. Burleigh. </p>

<p>WESTERN PARULA WARBLER </p>

<p>Compsothlypis americana ramalinae Ridgway </p>

<p>Although one of the smallest of our warblers, this bird 
is one of the best known, perhaps on account of its abund¬ 
ance, its wide distribution, and conspicuous song. It is 
found almost everywhere in the region, where there are trees 
or bushes, although it is most characteristic of the forest. </p>

<p>Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 41. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Parula Warbler </p>

<p>
525 </p>

<p>
both deciduous and evergreen. For breeding it prefers the 
trees where it can find a supply of Spanish moss or of the 
moss-like lichen called ‘old man’s beard’, which in some 
places causes the bird to become more or less localized on 
account of the presence of its favorite vegetation. During 
migration, however, it occurs almost everywhere. </p>

<p>It is a bird easily distinguishable because of its yellow 
throat, with an orange patch or black patch, or both, and 
its blue-gray upper parts with a greenish yellow patch in 
the middle of the back, white wing-bars and white tail 
patches; to which may be added as good field characteristics 
its titmouse or chickadee-like habits in clinging often upside 
down to the terminal branches of trees or shrubs. </p>

<p>Its song is likewise characteristic, being a rather 
musical, rising trill, with an abruptly descending termina¬ 
tion, in quality rather lisping. </p>

<p>Like most of our warblers, in food habits it is largely 
insectivorous, its food consisting chiefly of wasps, bees, 
ants, caterpillars, weevils, other beetles, bugs, scale insects, 
together with other insects and spiders. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is a rather remarkable structure 
placed in a bunch of moss usually at some distance from 
the ground, and occasionally at the end of a drooping branch. 
It is constructed by drawing together the fibers of the moss 
and lining them sometimes with grasses and other vege¬ 
table fibers, sometimes hair, or wool. This makes a 
structure of rather unusual character with the entrance 
at the side, and somewhat as an oriole’s nest would be if 
roofed over. The eggs are usually three to five, white, 
marked with reddish brown and gray. </p>

<p>The Western Parula Warbler is a fairly common summer 
resident, from February 15 to November 1, more numerous 
during migration, practically throughout Louisiana; re¬ 
ported north to Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and 
Caddo Lake; west to Natchitoches, Hagewood, Robeline, 
Newton, Sulphur, and Toomey; south to Lake Charles, 
Bayou Queue de Torte north of Gueydan, New Iberia, Avery </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>526 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Island, Chenier au Tigre, Houma, Grand Isle, and Diamond; 
and east to Belair, New Orleans, Pearl River, Mandeville, 
Madisonville, Covington, Ponchatoula, Hammond, Clinton, 
Saint Francisville, Bains, Simmesport, Jena, Frogmore, 
Thomastown, the Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, and 
Tallulah. It breeds from the early part of April to May; 
and there are records of eggs from April 29 to May. </p>

<p>Specimens of this form of the Parula Warbler have been 
examined from Houma, collected, May 6, 1892, by Vernon 
Bailey; New Orleans, April 26, May 4, June 17 and 24, 
July 21, and August 20, all in 1935; March 13, 1937, March 
19 and August 28, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; April 9, 1917, 
by A. M. Bailey; and April 28, 1918, by S. C. Arthur; 
Grand Isle, April 6, 1931, April 7, 1936, April 8, 1937, and 
March 9, 1933, in the museum of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans; West Baton Rouge Parish, 
May 11, 1903, and Jefferson Parish, March 19, 1898, col¬ 
lected by Andrew Allison. Eggs in the museum of Tulane 
University were obtained at New Orleans, April 29, 1894, 
and in May, 1895. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey listed this species common at Mer Rouge, 
June 2 to 7, 1892; and H. H. Kopman reported it from 
Thomastown as rather uncommon, July 13 to 28, 1896. At 
Tallulah, June 13, to July 13,1924, E. R. Kalmbach frequently 
met with it in the wooded areas. At Baton Rouge, George H. 
Lowery, Jr., considers it a common summer resident, and 
gives as arrival dates March 9, 1933, and March 8, 1936; 
and J. S. Campbell considers it a common summer resident in 
Bienville Parish. The writer found this species extraordin¬ 
arily numerous in the heavy bottomland forest on the Singer 
Preserve along the Tensas River 13 miles southwest of 
Tallulah on June 17, 1933, and in the cypress swamps near 
Lottie, June 15, 1933. He observed it also at Frogmore, 
Jena, and in the Little River valley near White Sulphur- 
Springs in LaSalle Parish, June 16, 1933; at Ervinville, 
Krotz Springs, and Port Barre, June 21, 1933; on Little 
Barataria Bayou, June 10, 1933; and at Raceland and Des 
Allemands, June 23, 1933. It was common on migration </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Panda Warbler </p>

<p>
527 </p>

<p>
from April 2 to 10, 1937, at Grand Isle, where many times 
observed by Ambrose Daigre. H. H. Kopman noted its 
arrival at New Orleans, February 15, 1918; its departure 
at Covington, October 26, 1899; and saw it at Hammond, 
April 26, 1918; at Ponchatoula, March 25 to 27, 1918; at 
Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917; at Mande- 
ville, August 18, 1917; at Oaklawn near Lacombe, August 
17,1917; and at New Iberia, March 6, and 15,1902, at which 
locality it is a common summer resident. Edward Butler 
reported its breeding at Bains in 1916, and at Saint Francis- 
ville in 1915; and George E. Beyer, its breeding in 1891 
at Clinton and Madisonville. A. K. Fisher collected a single 
bird at Madisonville, May 30, 1886; and the writer noted 
it at Pearl River, June 27, 1933. H. L. Ballowe recorded 
it common as a summer resident at Diamond in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, and its arrival in 1902 on March 12; while 
Ned Hollister saw it daily at Belair, from April 1 to 8, 
1904. E. R. Kalmbach found this warbler at Bayou 
Queue de Torte north of Gueydan on May 17, 1925; and 
collected it south of Gueydan, March 30, 1926. The writer 
noticed it at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Robeline, and Newton, June 19, 1933; at Lake 
Charles, Sulphur, and Toomey, June 20, 1933; and at 
Avery Island on June 21 of the same year. A single in¬ 
dividual of this species struck the South Pass Lightship 
near Port Eads, March 10, 1905, but the subspecific de¬ 
termination of this specimen was not made. </p>

<p>The Parula Warbler of the southern Mississippi valley 
and Texas is sufficiently different from that inhabiting 
the northern part of the United States to merit sub¬ 
specific separation. In color it is very similar to Comp- 
sothlypis americana pusilla, but is decidedly smaller. It 
has already been described by Robert Ridgway, but recent 
authors have not recognized its distinction. Its name 
should be as above given, Compsothlypis americana ra- 
malinae.™ </p>

<p>
3JG Ridgwav, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. r&gt;0. Part II, October 1(5, 1902, pp. 
179, 480. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>528 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The writer has no record of the Northern Parula 
Warbler, Compsothlypis americana pusilla, from Louisi¬ 
ana, but further collecting will undoubtedly reveal its pres¬ 
ence during migration. </p>

<p>EASTERN YELLOW WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin) </p>

<p>Conspicuous because of its yellow plumage below 
and yellowish olive green above, the Eastern Yellow 
Warbler, or ‘yellow bird’, is readily identified in the field. 
It is one of the best known of our migrating warblers, 
although it does not breed regularly in the State. Not only 
is it found in the forests but it comes regularly about 
dwellings, and frequents all open areas where there are 
bushes or trees, lawns, gardens, and even the streets of 
towns. These characteristics have made it one of the most 
familiar of our warblers. It is a rather active bird, and 
although it usually does not gather in flocks, it is fre¬ 
quently found associated with groups of other warblers. </p>

<p>It has a varied, although simple song, similar to many 
of the other warblers, and a call note that is also much 
like that of some of the other species. </p>

<p>So far as its economic status is concerned, it is one 
of the most valuable of our small birds, particularly as it 
so much frequents the orchard and garden. Except for 
a small quantity of wild berries and fruits, it lives almost 
entirely on insects, some of which are among the most 
serious pests of fruit trees and other cultivated vegeta¬ 
tion. These comprise canker worms, tent caterpillars, 
bark beetles, and other boring beetles, weevils, codling 
moths, flies, plant lice, and even grasshoppers. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird, built usually in bushes or low 
trees, is a beautiful structure of rather light grayish vege¬ 
table fibers and fine grasses, compact and well woven, 
and lined with the down of plants, fine grasses, and hair 
or feathers. The eggs are four to five, white or greenish 
white, marked with various shades of brown and lilac, 
sometimes in a wreath about the larger end. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>
529 </p>

<p>
A well known habit of this bird is to build a second 
nest, or rather a second, or even third story to its nest, 
to avoid hatching the eggs of the parasitic Cowbird. The 
young when grown are somewhat similar to the adult 
female. </p>

<p>The Eastern Yellow Warbler is a common spring and 
autumn transient, from March 30 to May 21, and July 
12 (July 7 in southern Mississippi) to October 27, in all 
of Louisiana; reported from Grand Isle, Chateau Canard on 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Junior, Savoie, 
Phoenix, Carlisle, Boutte, New Orleans, Caernovan, Man- 
deville, Madisonville, Bedico River, Hammond, Clinton, 
Bayou Sara, Simmesport, and Thomastown; west to Ben¬ 
ton in Bossier Parish, Shreveport, Frierson, Gayle, Lucas, 
Mansfield, Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, and 
Calcasieu Pass. It is also a casual summer resident in 
eastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only breeding record is by Audubon, who collected 
a pair of these birds and found their nest containing young 
at Jackson, in May, 1821; and from them he drew his 
plate of Sylvia childreni, 221 which he described as a new 
species, but which is without doubt the Yellow Warbler. 
He also observed the species there in June of the same year. 
Andrew Allison saw a singing male of this warbler at Lob- 
dell on June 16, 1903, but there are apparently no other 
summer records for the State that would indicate breeding; 
since it is an early migrant, and the single bird noted at 
Thomastown, by H. H. Kopman on July 14, 1896, and at 
New Orleans, July 12, 1899, were doubtless autumn arrivals. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Eastern Yellow Warbler have been 
examined from Grand Isle, collected by George H. Lowery, 
Jr., April 10, 1937; others in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity from Bedico River, August 11, 1890; Plaquemines 
Parish, August 3,1895; Jefferson Parish, April 6,1895; and 
New Orleans, August 3, 1888; in the museum of the Louisi¬ 
ana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, from </p>

<p>* 27 Birds of America, folio edition. Yol. I. 1828, pi. XXXV; Ornith. Biog., Vol. I, 
1831, p. 180. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>530 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Grand Isle, April 17, 1926, April 9 and 10, 1936; in the 
United States National Museum, from New Orleans, April 
16, 1897, collected by W. B. Allison; and from Calcasieu 
Pass, taken in the spring of 1854 by G. Wtirdemann; also 
in the Biological Survey from New Orleans, July 20, 1936, 
July 26, 1937, July 20, 1935, August 8 and 29, 1935, August 
6 and 27, 1935, April 13 and 14, 1936, September 4, 7, and 
11, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh. </p>

<p>Sight records of Yellow Warblers in Louisiana are all 
included under the present subspecies, although it is possible 
that some of them refer to other races which are not dis¬ 
tinguishable in the field. Andrew Allison chronicled the 
arrival of this species at New Orleans on March 30, 1904; 
and George E. Beyer, its departure from the same locality, 
October 27, 1893. E. R. Kalmbach obtained a specimen at 
the Cameron Farm, May 15, 1919. Ambrose Daigre found 
it common at Grand Isle, from April 5 to 22, 1937. H. H. 
Kopman has reported it from the following localities; 
Junior, August 4 to 5, 1917; Phoenix, September 12 to 15, 
1917; Carlisle, October 4 to 5, 1917; Savoie, April 14,1918; 
Boutte, August 23 to 24, 1917; Caernovan, April 16 to 18, 
1918; Hammond, April 12, 1920; Mandeville, August 18. 
1917; and Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917. </p>

<p>NEWFOUNDLAND YELLOW WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder </p>

<p>The Newfoundland Yellow Warbler is a rare spring and 
autumn transient in Louisiana, reported in April and from 
August 2 to 28. </p>

<p>The only certain State records are: a single specimen 
taken by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle on April 27,1933. 
and now deposited in the collection of the Department of 
Agriculture in the State Capital at Baton Rouge; one bird 
from Grand Isle, collected by E. S. Hopkins on April 17. 
1926; a female from Chalmette, August 28, 1935, and two 
others from New Orleans, August 2, 1935, and August 27. 
1935, all in the Biological Survey and all collected by T. R 
Burleigh. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Alaska Yellow Warbler </p>

<p>
531 </p>

<p>
The Newfoundland Yellow Warbler was described by 
Charles F. Batchelder as Dendroica aestiva amnieola 228 from 
specimens taken at several localities in Newfoundland, the 
type being from Curslet. It is of about the same size as the 
Eastern Yellow Warbler, Dendroica aestiva aestiva, though 
somewhat smaller, but the male has the upper parts darker, 
more olivaceous (less yellowish); the crown somewhat less 
intensely and extensively yellow; and the female is darker 
more olivaceous (less yellowish) on the upper surface. It 
may be distinguished from the Alaska Yellow Warbler, 
Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa, by the lighter, somewhat 
more yellowish upper surface, and the distinctly yellow 
crown of the male, and by the lighter upper parts of the 
female. Although supposed originally to be confined to 
Newfoundland, the breeding birds of all northern Canada 
are nearer this race than to the Alaska bird, and the breed¬ 
ing range of Dendroica aestiva amnieola thus would extend 
north to the Barren Grounds of North America; west to 
central Alaska; south to British Columbia, Alberta, Mani¬ 
toba, and Nova Scotia; and east to Newfoundland. It 
migrates through the United States at least east to the Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia and west to New Mexico, and winters 
probably in South America. </p>

<p>All the technical names that at one time or another have 
been used for birds of this subspecies, prior to Dendroica 
aestiva amnieola, appear to be either preoccupied or other¬ 
wise inapplicable. </p>

<p>ALASKA YELLOW WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas) </p>

<p>The Alaska Yellow Warbler is a casual autumn transient, 
from August 4 to September 19, in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are only five records for the State: two of these 
specimens in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Conservation at New Orleans, without locality other than 
Louisiana, but probably from Grand Isle; one a female, </p>

<p>a* 1 * Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, Vol. VI, February 6, 1918, p. 82. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>532 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
collected, September 2, 1931, the other a male without date. 
The three remaining are a male in the Biological Survey 
from New Orleans, August 4, 1935, and two other examples 
from the same locality, September 18 and 19, 1935, all 
collected by T. D. Burleigh. </p>

<p>MAGNOLIA WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica magnolia (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Magnolia Warbler is an uncommon transient visi¬ 
tor, observed in both spring and autumn, from March 21 
to May 15, and from September 17 to November 4, through¬ 
out most of Louisiana; reported from Pilot Town, Grand 
Isle, Marrero, New Orleans, Covington, and Monroe, west 
to Ruston, Bienville Parish, Cameron Farm (14 miles south 
of Vinton), and near Gueydan. </p>

<p>The writer has examined a specimen taken by T. D. 
Burleigh at New Orleans on November 4, 1936; and others 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans, obtained at New Orleans in November, 
1932, by Ambrose Daigre; at Marrero, October 3, 1932; at 
Grand Isle, April 28, 1929, April 24, 1937, and May 12, 
1931; also in the museum of Tulane University, from Lew- 
isburg, May 7, 1873. Mrs. G. L. Baldwin listed this species 
at Baldwin, March 21, 1910; and H. H. Kopman, at New 
Orleans on October 19 and November 1, 1895, and April 
26, 1903; at Pilot Town in the Mississippi River Delta, 
October 13, 1917; and at Ruston in the northern part of 
the State, May 8, 1929. J. S. Campbell says that in Bien¬ 
ville Parish it is an abundant May transient, and common 
in autumn. E. R. Kalmbach obtained a single individual at 
Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish, May 16, 1919; and saw 
two south of Gueydan, April 29, 1925. Ambrose Daigre 
observed it at Grand Isle on April 21, 1937. </p>

<p>CAPE MAY WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Cape May Warbler is a rare spring transient, from 
April 27 to May 15, in both eastern and western Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-throated Blue Warbler </p>

<p>
533 </p>

<p>
There are, however, only three records of this bird for 
the State: a specimen obtained in April, 1890, on the old 
Orleans Canal near New Orleans, by Erich Wittkugel, and 
originally recorded by George E. Beyer ; 229 one bird, sent to 
the Biological Survey and identified by the writer, which 
had struck the South Pass Lightship at Port Eads, April 
27 or April 29, 1903; and one (a male) taken by E. R. 
Kalmbach on the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton 
in Cameron Parish, May 15, 1919. </p>

<p>BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Black-throated Blue Warbler is a rare spring and 
autumn transient in eastern Louisiana, from March 22 to 
April 27, and in October. </p>

<p>A single individual was recorded from New Orleans, 
March 26, 1897, by H. H. Kopman, 280 but Mr. Kopman 
himself later threw some doubt upon the certainty of his 
identification of this bird. George E. Beyer, however, re¬ 
ported one seen by him at New Orleans, March 22, 1894. 
Edward Butler observed six in West Feliciana Parish in 
October, 1915 ; 281 Mrs. George H. Lowery, Sr., noted indi¬ 
viduals on April 26, 1931, and April 27, 1936, at Monroe ; 2S * 
E. S. Hopkins saw a single male at Grand Isle on April 8, 
1928 ; 233 and Ambrose Daigre observed it there on April 
23 and 24, 1936. </p>

<p>MYRTLE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica coronata coronata (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>So far as it is possible to judge, the Myrtle Warbler is 
the most abundant species of the family in Louisiana. 
Although, of course, it does not breed in the State, its 
numbers during periods of migration and in winter are </p>

<p>**• Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 112. </p>

<p>* ao Nidologist, Vol. IV, No. 8, April, 1897, p. 95. </p>

<p>asl Arthur, Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, January, 1918, p. 69. </p>

<p>a ” Bird Lore, Vol. XXXIII, No. 5, October 8, 1931, p. 822. </p>

<p>833 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 495. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>534 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
so great in almost any favorable locality, and it is so gen¬ 
erally distributed, that it is, therefore, a well-known bird. </p>

<p>In any plumage its yellow rump, particularly, and the 
yellow patches on each side of the breast, combined with 
its grayish or brownish upper parts and blackish streak¬ 
ing on the breast, will usually readily distinguish it from 
any of the similar warblers. </p>

<p>It is found not only in the forests, but in brushy and 
cultivated areas, and, in fact, almost everywhere. Bushes 
or trees of any kind, in any place, seem to be an attraction 
to this bird. In habits it is not at all wary, and becomes 
a familiar bird wherever and whenever it occurs. Its 
rather guttural alarm note is similar to that of the Black- 
polled Warbler. </p>

<p>Notwithstanding that this species lives to a considerable 
extent on insects, many of them injurious, such as plant 
lice and their eggs, caterpillars, leaf beetles, wood borers, 
scale insects, grasshoppers, gnats, horse flies, and similar 
insects, it is one of the few birds of its group that lives 
for long periods almost exclusively on seeds and berries. 
It is very fond of the fruit of the bayberry, which it con¬ 
sumes at times in large quantities. </p>

<p>When it reaches its northern summer home it seeks a 
site for its nest in low trees, often conifers. The nest is 
placed usually not high from the ground, and is rather 
bulky, composed of various kinds of vegetable fibers, such 
as weed-stalks, grass stems, twigs, lichens, with a lining 
of fine grasses, rootlets, hair, and feathers. The three to 
five eggs are white, blotched and spotted with reddish 
brown or blackish, and lavender. </p>

<p>The Myrtle Warbler is a winter resident, from Septem¬ 
ber 26 to May 2, casually to May 21, in all of Louisiana, 
abundant in the Gulf Coast region, but only fairly common 
in winter in northern Louisiana, although abundant in mi¬ 
gration there. It has been reported north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville 
Parish, Foster, and Belcher; west to Shreveport, Mansfield, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Myrtle Warbler </p>

<p>
535 </p>

<p>
Natchitoches, and Black Bayou in the northwestern part of 
Cameron Parish; south to Mud Lake in southwestern Cam¬ 
eron Parish, Cameron, Grand Chenier, lower Vermilion 
River, Avery Island, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Island, Avoca 
Island, Grand Isle, Southwest Pass, the mouth of South Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass in the Mississippi Delta; and east to Main Pass 
in the Mississippi Delta, Diamond, Belair, New Orleans, 
Chef Menteur, Lake Borgne, Lake Catherine, Mandeville, 
Covington, Bains, New Roads, Tallulah, and East.Carroll 
Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of Dendroica c&lt;yro- 
nata coronata from West Baton Rouge Parish, February, 
1903, collected by Andrew Allison; from Chenier au Tigre 
October 10 and 11, 1925, and December 14, 1925, shot by 
A. M. Bailey; and from New Orleans, April 14 and 23, 
1936, killed by T. D. Burleigh; February 11 and 15, 1896, 
collected by George K. Cherrie; also from New Orleans, 
November 16, 1882, two by R. W. Shufeldt, and one taken 
February 19, 1886, now in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity; one from Jefferson Parish in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, 
shot on February 4, 1932; another from Grand Isle, April 
13, 1937, obtained by Winston E. Nolan; and also one from 
Chef Menteur, January 22,1896, G. K. Cherrie. Other speci¬ 
mens collected, not examined in this connection, but which 
may be reasonably presumed to belong to this subspecies, 
were obtained by A. H. Howell at Mansfield, April 27, 1907, 
and May 2, 1907; at Foster five miles east of Shreveport, 
January 28, 1908; at Belcher, February 3 and 5, 1908; at 
Natchitoches, January 16 to 18, 1908; and at Alexandria, 
January 9, 1908; also by G. K. Cherrie at Chef Menteur, 
January 21, 1896. E. R. Kalmbach secured three on March 
9,1926, south of Gueydan; Henry W. Henshaw, one at Lake 
Borgne, March 12, 1870; George H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton 
Rouge, April 3 and March 31, 1937; and one individual 
struck the Southwest Pass Lightship off the mouth of the </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>536 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Mississippi River, March 16, 1902, and another the South 
Pass Lightship, December 23, 1903. </p>

<p>W. L. McAtee found it fairly common at Cameron, No¬ 
vember 28 to December 6, 1910; and Ned Hollister, at 
Belair, March 25 to April 8, 1904. A. 6. Blakemore ob¬ 
served it at New Orleans on October 12 and 21, 1895. 
Robert Butler reported it at Bains, March 24 and Decem¬ 
ber 4, 1929; and H. H. Kopman at New Roads, December 
16, 1917; at Covington, October 18, 1903; and at Chef 
Menteup, December 23, 1917, fairly common in the small 
live oaks, junipers, yuccas, and other kinds of vegetation 
that form the thickets along the banks of the bayous that 
there intersect the tidal marsh. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
noted it at Baton Rouge April 26, 1936; and Ambrose Dai- 
gre at Grand Isle on April 6, 1936. Ned Hollister listed it 
¦abundant in the parishes of Morehouse, West Carroll, East 
Carroll, and Madison, from February 11 to March 20, 1904. 
J. S. Campbell considers it an abundant spring and fall 
transient, but a less numerous winter resident, in Bienville 
Parish. </p>

<p>This bird is almost unbelievably numerous in the bushes 
¦along the bayous and ditches that are so frequent in the 
coastal marshes, and in the thickets that border the streams 
in the same region. Along the Vermilion River from Abbe¬ 
ville south to the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary on January 
22, 1928, the writer counted 162 of these birds almost all 
single or in groups of not more than two or three, and on 
the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary he found 350 on the same 
day. The species was common on Terrebonne Bayou below 
Houma, all the way to Lake Barre, December 22 and 23, 
1932; on Little Caillou Bayou from Bush Canal to the junc¬ 
tion of Terrebonne Bayou, December 24, 1932; and fairly 
common on the Bayou Des Allemands and Mud Lake near 
Des Allemands on the same day. It was observed by him 
all along the way from the club house of the Orange-Cam- 
eron Land Company in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
through the canals of the marsh to Black Bayou in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, January 27, 1928; and at Mud Lake in south- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hoover Warbler </p>

<p>
537 </p>

<p>
western Cameron Parish, January 26, 1928. He noted it 
also at Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932; and common 
at Avoca Island, January 27 and 28, 1932, as well as at 
Avery Island, December 28, 1932. H. L. Ballowe noticed 
it at Diamond in Plaquemines Parish, April 2, 1902, April 
14, 1902, and on October 20, 1901. The writer found it 
numerous along the lower Mississippi River from the Pass a 
Loutre Hunting Preserve north to Ostrica, January 23,1932. 
He encountered it in the Mississippi River Delta at the 
following localities: Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass, 
December 20, 1932; Gasper Pass, December 19, 1932; Dead 
Woman Pass, December 18, 1932; Willow Pass, December 
20, 1932; and Main Pass, December 19, 1932. </p>

<p>HOOVER WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica coronata hooveri McGregor </p>

<p>The Hoover Warbler is a winter resident in southeastern. 
Louisiana, from November 26 to April 17, apparently un¬ 
common, but, as it is not distinguishable except by speci¬ 
mens in the hand, it may be more numerous than our 
present available records indicate. </p>

<p>The following specimens from Louisiana have been ex¬ 
amined: one male obtained at Belair, April 6, 1904, by 
Ned Hollister; two birds from Grand Isle, April 16 and 
17, 1937, one male from New Orleans, March 10, 1936, and 
one on March 31, 1936, all by T. D. Burleigh; another 
male taken at New Orleans, November 26, 1882, by R. W. 
Shufeldt; one individual from there, February 16, 1896, by 
G. K. Cherrie; and another specimen in the museum of 
Tulane University collected at New Orleans in April, 1894. 
One was obtained by G. K. Cherrie at Chef Menteur on 
January 21, and one on January 22, 1896. </p>

<p>The Myrtle Warblers breeding in Alaska are recogniz¬ 
able as a western race of this species. They differ from 
the eastern bird in larger size and more solidly black breast 
in the male. The upper parts in winter plumage and in the 
young are also less rufescent than in the eastern bird. This- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHU </p>



<p>538 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
race has available the name given to it many years ago by R. 
C. McGregor, 284 and should be called Dendroica coronata 
hooveri. Its breeding range is confined to the northwest¬ 
ern part of the North American continent, but in winter it 
occurs southward as far as northern Lower California and 
the southern United States, east to Louisiana. </p>

<p>
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Black-throated Green Warbler is a spring and au¬ 
tumn transient, from March 30 to May 9, and from August 
12 (July 30 in southern Mississippi) to November 4, but 
observed only in eastern, middle, and northwestern Louisi¬ 
ana ; fairly common at times in the southeastern part of the 
State, but uncommon elsewhere; and noted from Grand 
Isle, New Orleans, Covington, Lobdell, Baton Rouge, West 
Feliciana Parish, and Madison Parish, west to Bienville 
Parish and Breaux Bridge in Saint Martin Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has seen Louisiana specimens of this warbler 
from New Orleans, collected by T. D. Burleigh on Septem¬ 
ber 9, 1935, and November 4, 1936; Grand Isle, April 15, 
1926, April 8, 1937, and April 16, 1930, in the museum of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans; 
and one taken by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle, May 3, 
1933. It was noted at Grand Isle also by Ambrose Daigre 
on May 5, 1936. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported it 
relatively common in the vicinity of Monroe, where it was 
met with in 1930 as early as March 30. Andrew Allison saw 
it at Lobdell, May 9, 1903; and H. H. Kopman at Breaux 
Bridge in Saint Martin Parish, August 12, 1917; at Coving¬ 
ton, October 28, 1899; at New Orleans, common on October 
20, 1896, and seen also, October 22, 1896, October 28, 1899, 
April 21, 1905, and April 19 and 22, 1911. J. S. Campbell 
regards it as a common transient in Bienville Parish, 
arriving in spring about April 1. </p>

<p>234 Dendroica coronata hooveri McGrepor, Bull. Cooper Ornith. Club, Vol. I, 
No. 2, March 15, 1899, p. 32. </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Wayne Warbler </p>

<p>
539 </p>

<p>
WAYNE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica virens waynei Bangs </p>

<p>The Wayne Warbler is a casual or accidental visitor to 
southern Louisiana during the spring migration. </p>

<p>A practically typical adult male of this southern race 
of the Black-throated Green Warbler was collected by T. D. 
Burleigh at New Orleans on April 23, 1936. There is no 
other record for the State. </p>

<p>CERULEAN WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Cerulean Warbler is a rare, locally fairly common, 
summer resident, from March 31 to September 20, in north¬ 
ern, central, and southeastern Louisiana; reported north to 
Franklin Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo Lake; west 
to Natchitoches, the Red River, and the Little River valley 
near White Sulphur Springs in La Salle Parish; south to 
Lottie and Saint Tammany Parish; and east to Mandeville, 
Madisonville, Bains, and the Singer Preserve in Madison 
Parish. It is also a rare transient, from March 27 to April 
11, and from August 28 to October, in southeastern Louis¬ 
iana south of its breeding range, from New Orleans to 
Grand Isle. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this interesting war¬ 
bler in the Biological Survey, collected by T. D. Burleigh 
at New Orleans August 28, 1936, and one taken at the same 
place on September 20, 1937; in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, 
from Grand Isle, April 6, 1931, April 11, 1936, April 9 and 
11, 1937, and March 27, 1926; and Andrew Allison sent a 
specimen to the United States National Museum collected 
in Jefferson Parish on April 8, 1898. One was taken also 
near New Orleans, April 15, 1928, by E. S. Hopkins. F. 
W. Langdon recorded it on the Cinclare Plantation in West 
Baton Rouge Parish, April 14, to 17, 1881; and C. W. Beck¬ 
ham, at Bayou Sara, April 20, 1887. It must have been 
abundant at Grand Isle on April 10, 1937, for Ambrose </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>540 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Daigre saw 20 there on that day. Edward Butler reported 
its breeding at Bains in 1916, and its arrival there in 1922 
on March 31. George E. Beyer remarked in 1891 that it 
bred at Madisonville; and H. H. Kopman and Andrew Alli- 
aon listed it from New Orleans, April 10, 1899, and April 
3, 1898. The writer observed it in a cypress swamp near 
Lottie on June 16, 1933; near White Sulphur Springs in 
the Little River valley in La Salle Parish, June 16, 1933; 
Also at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933. It was present, in song, 
and doubtless breeding in the heavy bottomland forest 
along the Tensas River on the Singer Preserve 13 miles 
•southwest of Tallulah, where he saw it on June 17, 1933. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., has detected it at Monroe between 
April 20 and May 11. John James Audubon recorded it 
as occurring in the neighborhood of Natchitoches and along 
the Red River. J. S. Campbell gives it as a common sum¬ 
mer resident in Bienville Parish, from April 18 to late 
August. S. C. Arthur observed it on June 16,1921, between 
Bayou Sara and Oakley in West Feliciana Parish. </p>

<p>BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica fusca (Muller) </p>

<p>The Blackburnian Warbler is a rare transient, from 
March 27 to April 27, and from September 7 to October 9, 
in most parts of Louisiana, from Grand Isle, New Orleans, 
Lake Borgne, Bayou Sara, and Monroe, west to Bien¬ 
ville Parish, Baldwin, and Calcasieu Pass. </p>

<p>Specimens of this warbler have been seen in the mu¬ 
seum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New 
Orleans, taken, March 31, 1931, and April 7, 1931, at Grand 
Isle; and in the Biological Survey, from New Orleans, Sep¬ 
tember 7, 1935. Others not seen by the writer were ob¬ 
tained at Grand Isle, April 4 and 15, 1925, by E. S. Hop- 
lcins, also April 3 and 7, 1936, and April 9, 1937, by Am¬ 
brose Daigre; at Lake Borgne, March 27, 1870, and April 
18, 1870, by Henry W. Henshaw; and at Calcasieu Pass in 
the spring of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann. Ambrose Daigre 
observed it at Grand Isle on April 8, 10, and 11, 1937; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Yellow-throated Warbler </p>

<p>
541 </p>

<p>
Mrs. G. L. Baldwin reported it at Baldwin, April 21, 1910; 
and at New Orleans, Andrew Allison has seen it on April 
9,1900, and H. H. Kopman on April 23, 1899, April 19 and 
22, 1911, September 24, 1897, October 9, 1896, April 20 
and 21, 1899. At Monroe, George H. Lowery, Jr., has 
recorded its arrival in spring, March 30, 1929, April 1, 
1931, and April 16, 1930; in autumn, September 7, 1930, 
and September 27, 1931. He has found it also as a tran¬ 
sient in the neighborhood of Baton Rouge. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell considers it a fairly common spring and autumn trans¬ 
ient in Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Yellow-throated Warbler is of casual occurrence 
during migration in Louisiana, thus far observed only in 
the spring. The only records for the State are four speci¬ 
mens which have recently been identified by the writer, 
none of which, however, is entirely typical, although nearer 
this race than to the Sycamore Warbler, the common form 
of this species in Louisiana. These records are a single 
.specimen taken by A. M. Bailey at Chenier au Tigre, March 
10, 1931; another in the museum of the State Department 
of Conservation, at New Orleans, collected in Louisiana, 
oxact locality unknown, on April 16, in an unknown year; 
one collected by Thomas D. Burleigh, at New Orleans on 
August 16, 1937; and another by Ambrose Daigre at Grand 
Isle, April 3, 1937. </p>

<p>SYCAMORE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway </p>

<p>The Sycamore Warbler is an uncommon summer resi¬ 
dent, from February 27 to October 16, throughout most of 
Louisiana, fairly common at times during the migration in 
the southeastern part of the State; and reported north to 
Monroe and Bienville; west to Bienville and Black Bayou 
in Cameron Parish; south to Black Bayou, New Iberia, 
Grand Bayou in Ascension Parish, Jefferson Parish, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>542 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
New Orleans; and east to Madisonville, Lake Pontchartrain, 
Hammond, Clinton, Bayou Sara, Bains, and Tallulah. It 
occurs also, though not certainly breeding, south from the 
above given range to the Gulf Coast region from Lake 
Borgne to Grand Isle and Grand Chenier. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this warbler from 
Jefferson Parish, March 12, 1898, collected by Andrew 
Allison; two in the museum of Tulane University, taken at 
Shell Beach, near New Orleans, March 21, 1885, and at 
New Orleans, April 6, 1895; and in the Biological Survey 
also from New Orleans, by T. D. Burleigh on August 4, 
1937, March 13, 1937, April 16, 1935, and June 19, 1935. 
There is one in the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 
near Mandeville, by Charles S. Galbraith, date unknown, 
but probably about 1891. A. M. Bailey also obtained this 
subspecies at Chenier au Tigre on March 10, 1931; E. R. 
Kalmbach shot an individual on Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish, May 10, 1919; and A. K. Fisher, several specimens 
at Madisonville, May 30, 1886. Henry W. Henshaw col¬ 
lected it at Lake Borgne, April 4,1870; and a specimen sent 
to the Biological Survey from Ship Shoal Lighthouse had 
struck the light on March 12, 1905. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman found this bird a summer resident at 
New Iberia, and noted it there on March 15, 1902. At 
Baton Rouge, where according to George H. Lowery, Jr., 
it is a common summer resident, it arrived on March 10, 
1933, March 24, 1934, and March 8, 1936. It was taken 
there by him on April 24, 1937. He saw it also at Ham¬ 
mond, April 26, 1918; common in the cypress and in the 
hardwood forests at Ponchatoula, March 25 to 27, 1918; at 
Grand Bayou in Assumption Parish, May 10 to 11, 1916; 
and at New Orleans, February 27 and March 13, 1897. 
Ambrose Daigre observed a few individuals at Grand Isle 
on April 3, 1936, and April 1 and 2, 1937. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., collected it there on April 18, 1937. George 
E. Beyer remarked in 1891 its breeding at Clinton and 
Madisonville; and Robert Butler in 1929 noted its arrival 
on April 2 at Bains, in which locality it is also a breeding </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Chestnut-sided Warbler </p>

<p>
543 </p>

<p>
bird. E. R. Kalmbach saw a single individual south of 
Tallulah, between June 13 and July 13, 1924. J. S. Camp¬ 
bell considers this warbler a common summer resident 
about Bienville. </p>

<p>
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Chestnut-sided Warbler is a rare spring and au¬ 
tumn transient, from March 21 to May 12, and from Sep¬ 
tember 4 to October 17, in most parts of Louisiana; re¬ 
ported from Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, 
Bayou Sara, and Monroe, west to Ruston, Shreveport, and 
Lewisburg. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this bird in the 
museum of the Louisiana Department of Conservation at 
New Orleans, from Jefferson Parish, September 26, 1930; 
and Grand Isle, April 9, 1931; in the museum of Tulane 
University, from Lewisburg, September 4, 1871; and in 
the Biological Survey from New Orleans, September 10, 
1935 and October 17, 1935, collected by T. D. Burleigh. 
E. S. Hopkins obtained it also at Grand Isle, April 13, 1925; 
where Ambrose Daigre observed it on April 24 and 28, 
1936, and April 15, 1937; and A. M. Bailey noted a few 
taken in May of 1918 at New Orleans. C. W. Beckham 
recorded it from Bayou Sara, April 22, 1887; and George 
H. Lowery, Jr., reported it as common at Ruston, April 
27, 1931, and first seen in 1931 at Monroe on April 19. 
J. S. Campbell considers it a rare spring transient in Bien¬ 
ville Parish, where he has recorded it at Bienville, April 
22 and 28, 1933, and near Lucky on April 28, 1934. H. H. 
Kopman chronicled its arrival at Shreveport on April 30, 
1931; and found it at New Orleans, April 21, 1905, Septem¬ 
ber 21 and 22, 1897, October 8, 1911, and October 10, 1896; 
and George E. Beyer observed it, likewise at New Orleans. 
March 21, 1894. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UINIIVERSETY OF MICHK </p>



<p>544 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
BAY.BREASTED WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica castanea (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Bay-breasted Warbler is a rare spring and fall 
transient, from April 20 to May 15, and from the middle 
of September to October 11, in most parts of Louisiana; 
reported from Grand Isle, New Orleans, and Monroe, west 
to Ruston, Bienville, Mansfield, Gueydan, New Iberia, and 
Ship Shoal Lighthouse southwest of Raccoon Point. </p>

<p>A specimen of this warbler was collected by T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh at New Orleans, May 4, 1937; one by Winston E. 
Nolan at Grand Isle, May 9, 1933 ; one in the museum of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans 
is also from Grand Isle, April 20, 1926; and one from New 
Orleans in the museum of Tulane University was taken 
April 30, 1874. Also Andrew Allison obtained one at New 
Orleans, May 5, 1897. E. S. Hopkins recorded it from 
Grand Isle, April 20, 1926, and from April 30 to May 4, 
1925, during which latter period he collected several speci¬ 
mens; and Ambrose Daigre saw it there on May 5, 1936. 
One bird was shot by A. H. Howell at Mansfield, May 2, 
1907; and the writer examined one sent from the Ship 
Shoal Lighthouse southwest of Raccoon Point, that had 
struck the light during the spring of 1907. E. R. Kalm- 
bach reported individuals seen near Gueydan, April 29 and 
May 1, 1925. H. H. Kopman noted it from New Iberia, 
May 15, 1902; from New Orleans, May 6, 1924, April 26, 
1903, May 5, 1897, and as common in the autumn of 18%, 
when he saw it last on October 11. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
records it as a regular transient at Monroe; its spring 
arrival there on May 4, 1930, and April 27, 1931; and its 
autumn departure on September 27, 1931. At Bienville 
J. S. Campbell regards it a rather rare spring transient, 
and records it there April 26, 1932, April 30 and May 3, 
1933. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Black-polled Warbler </p>

<p>
545 </p>

<p>
BLACK-POLLED WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica breviunguis (Spix) </p>

<p>The Black-polled Warbler is a rare spring and autumn 
transient, from April 4 to May 8, casually to June 4, and 
from September 21 to October 10, in most of Louisiana, 
from Grand Isle, Grande Terre, New Orleans, West Feli¬ 
ciana Parish, and Monroe, west to Shreveport; and an 
accidental winter resident in the central southern part of 
the State. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens in the museum of Tulane 
University collected at Spanish Fort, New Orleans, May 
8,1880 (two); in the museum of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation at New Orleans, taken at Grand Isle, June 
4, 1933; and in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge, obtained 
at Grand Isle, April 20, 1933. Other specimens were 
gathered by E. S. Hopkins at Grand Isle, April 24 and 30, 
1925, and May 6, 1928, and at Grande Terre in May, 1929. 
Ambrose Daigre took examples at Grand Isle, April 
17 and 22, 1936, and April 20, 1937; also observed it there 
on April 24, 1936, and April 15, 20, and 21, 1937. In West 
Feliciana Parish Edward Butler reports it as a rare mi¬ 
grant. H. H. Kopman saw it at New Orleans, September 
21, 1897; and at Shreveport, April 30, 1931, in each in¬ 
stance a single bird. George H. Lowery, Jr., reported it 
from Monroe, April 20 and 27, 1931; and from Baton 
Rouge, April 27, 1933. J. S. Campbell’s sole record from 
Bienville is one seen along Saline Creek near there on April 
26, 1933. </p>

<p>The only winter records that we have for Louisiana 
are a single bird observed by the writer on the Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary, January 23, 1928; and another indi¬ 
vidual seen on the Company Canal between Lockport and 
Bourg on January 26, 1932. </p>

<p>This is the bird commonly called by the technical name 
Dendroica striata (Forster). For the change to the name 
above used, see Hellmayr, Zoological Series Field Museum 
of Natural History, Vol. XIII, Part 8, September 16, 1935, 
p. 403. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>546 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
NORTHERN PINE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Pine Warbler is well named, for it frequents so 
nearly exclusively the pine forests that it may be considered 
one of their characteristic inhabitants. In almost any pine 
woods in Louisiana one may be reasonably sure of hearing 
the monotonous rather unmusical trilling song of this bird. </p>

<p>A bird of inconspicuous appearance, olive green above 
with a dull yellow throat, it might pass in appearance for 
some other species, and its song might easily be mistaken 
for that of the Chipping Sparrow. In general habits it is 
rather deliberate, not as active as many of the woodland 
warblers, and is, therefore, not so easily discovered. </p>

<p>The food of this warbler consists of insects such as 
beetles, moths, flies, bugs, scale insects, ants, and grass¬ 
hoppers, also at times includes seeds of pines, and wild 
berries such as those of sumac and dogwood. </p>

<p>The nest of the Pine Warbler is usually on a horizontal 
branch of a tree, often a pine, at a considerable distance 
from the ground, sometimes as much as 50 feet, in some 
cases well out from the trunk of the tree. It is composed of 
strips of bark, stems of leaves and of weeds, and lined 
with horsehair and feathers, the whole intermixed and 
bound together with insect silk or cocoons, forming a rather 
bulky but rather solidly built structure. The eggs are 
usually four to five, of a creamy or bluish white, spotted 
and blotched with brown or blackish and lavender. </p>

<p>The Northern Pine Warbler is a fairly common per¬ 
manent resident in the pine and mixed forests of Louisiana, 
reported north to Lake Providence, Monroe, Bienville, and 
Belcher; west to Frierson, Clear Lake, Mansfield, Logans- 
port, Natchitoches, Hagewood, Fort Jesup, Many, Fisher, 
Anacoco, and Orange (Texas); south to Orange (Texas). 
Alexandria, Ponchatoula, Bedico River, and Oaklawn near 
Lacombe in Saint Tammany Parish; and east to Madison vi lie. 
Hammond, Franklinton, Hackley, Clinton, Bayou Sara, Saint 
Francisville, Bains, Jena, Clarks, and Monroe. It is thus </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern Pine Warbler </p>

<p>
547 </p>

<p>
absent from the Gulf Coast region and from much of the 
deciduous bottomland forests, particularly in the valley of 
the Mississippi River. It is apparently only a winter resi¬ 
dent south of its above-outlined breeding range, and has 
been reported from New Orleans, Convent, and Saint James, 
south to Plaquemines Parish, Southwest Reef at the en¬ 
trance to Atchafalaya Bay, and Chenier au Tigre. It 
breeds from April to June and there are records of eggs 
from May 2 to June 5. </p>

<p>All the specimens examined in the present connection 
belong to the typical form of the species. One in the State 
Capitol at Baton Rouge was obtained at New Orleans. 
December 16, 1932; others in the United States National 
Museum, at Clarks, January 7, 1908, by A. H. Howell; at 
Mansfield, January 23 and 24, 1908. by A. H. Howell; at 
Grand Isle April 15, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh; and several 
in the museum of Tulane University, at Franklinton, May 
26, 1888; Madisonville, May 12 and 15 (juvenal plumage), 
May 19 and 20, 1888, and February, 1863; Bedico River, 
August 16, 19, and 20, 1890; Saint James, December 31, 
1893; Saint James Parish, December 25, 1893; and Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, December 20, 1862. A single bird struck the 
Southwest Reef Lighthouse on October 23, 1908, and was 
reported by S. Jones. One individual was taken at Belcher 
on February 7, 1908, by A. H. Howell; one at Mandeville, 
May 1, 1889, by C. S. Galbraith; one at Chenier au Tigre 
on January 5, 1934, by A. M. Bailey; one at Grand Isle, 
April 15, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; another at Buras, 
February 1, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie; and still another at 
Carr’s Creek in Jackson Parish, April 25, 1937, by S. Ward. </p>

<p>A H. Howell found this warbler at Logansport, August 
25 to 27, 1906; and at Natchitoches, January 16 and 21, 
1908, where the writer also observed it fairly common on 
June 19, 1933. J. S. Campbell says that it is a regularly 
breeding bird about Bienville, where he found nests 
with eggs on May 2 and 11, 1933, and June 5, 1934. 
George E. Beyer stated in 1891 that it bred at Madison¬ 
ville and Clinton; and Edward Butler listed it as breeding </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>548 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916. H. H. 
Kopman noted it at Oaklawn near Lacombe in Saint Tam¬ 
many Parish as fairly common on February 24, 1918, and 
also on August 17, 1917; at Ponchatoula, March 25 to 27, 
1918; at Hammond, April 26, 1918, and January 24 and 25, 
1918. A. H. Howell discovered it common and singing at 
Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912; and H. H. Kopman saw 
one individual at New Orleans on March 9, 1895; and two 
at Oneida near Convent between December 23, 1893, and 
January 1, 1894. The writer met with this species at 
Alexandria and Jena on June 16, 1933, but it apparently 
was not common in these localities, as in each case he 
observed only a single individual. He noticed it also, but 
more commonly, in western Louisiana at Hagewood, Fort 
Jesup, Many, Fisher, and Anacoco on June 19, 1933. </p>

<p>
NORTHERN PRAIRIE WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica discolor discolor (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The Northern Prairie Warbler is a rare summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 30 to September 21, in northern and 
southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., has found this species about 
Monroe, where he recorded it on April 15, 1929; March 
30, and September 21, 1930; April 19, and July 8, 1931; 
and where he took a specimen on June 19, 1931. 235 The same 
observer also collected a male at Pine Grove on April 20, 
1937. It doubtless breeds in this region. He also saw a 
male in full song on July 8, 1932, at Carr’s Creek near 
Jackson in East Feliciana Parish; and has observed it also 
as a transient in the Baton Rouge region. Thomas D. Bur¬ 
leigh collected a single female at New Orleans on Septem¬ 
ber 2, 1935. J. S. Campbell has observed it in spring as 
fairly common in Bienville Parish. Other records for the 
State are a single individual seen by Andrew Allison at 
Lobdell on April 17, 1903; and two seen by H. H. Kopman 
at Hammond on August 2, 1920. </p>

<p>233 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, pp. 10, 43. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Palm Warbler </p>

<p>
549 </p>

<p>
WESTERN PALM WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Western Palm Warbler is a rare spring and aut¬ 
umn transient, from April 5 to 18 and from August 4 to 
November 12, in eastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>We have examined specimens from Jefferson Parish, 
taken on April 8, 1898, by Andrew Allison, and April 12, 
1890, by George E. Beyer; from New Orleans, collected by 
R. W. Shufeldt, November 2, 1882, and by T. D. Burleigh, 
October 30, 1935; from Grand Isle, April 5, 1936, and 
April 9, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; from Baton Rouge, 
November 12, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; and a sin¬ 
gle specimen in the museum of Tulane University, ob¬ 
tained on August 4, 1896, at New Orleans. A. M. Bailey 
took one at Chenier au Tigre, December 12, 1925; and 
George H. Lowery, Jr., also collected one, not now exam¬ 
ined, at Grand Isle on April 9, 1936, and another on April 
9,1937. At this locality it must have been common in April, 
1937, as Ambrose Daigre observed seven on April 9, five on 
April 7 and 15, and others on April 5, 12, and 18. These 
specimens do not indicate that this race of the Palm Warbler 
is a winter resident in Louisiana, but further investigation 
may prove such to be the case. It is difficult to distinguish 
from the Yellow Palm Warbler in the field, and, therefore, 
most determinations must be made from specimens col¬ 
lected. </p>

<p>YELLOW PALM WARBLER </p>

<p>Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway </p>

<p>The Yellow Palm Warbler is a rare winter resident, 
from November 26 to April 21, in central and eastern 
Louisiana; reported from Chenier au Tigre, Avery Island, 
New Iberia, Oneida, New Orleans, and Mandeville, north 
to New Roads, Alexandria, and Lake Providence. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Mandeville, col¬ 
lected, February 24, 1933, by Winston E. Nolan; from New 
Orleans, November 26, 1882, by R. W. Shufeldt; Jefferson 
Parish (two), on March 19, 1904, obtained by Andrew </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>550 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Allison; and a single male from Alexandria, collected in 
December, 1932, by Ambrose Daigre. A lone individual 
was seen at Grand Isle on April 21, 1937, by Ambrose 
Daigre. </p>

<p>Assuming that this is the only winter Palm Warbler 
of Louisiana, there are here included the winter sight 
records as referring probably to the Yellow Palm War¬ 
bler, Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, although some of 
these were originally recorded as the Western Palm War¬ 
bler, Dendroica palmarum palmarum. There are records of 
birds observed in Louisiana from October 24 to April 22, 
but without actual specimens it is impossible to say whether 
or not some of these, especially the autumn and spring 
records, refer in part at least to Dendroica palmarum pal¬ 
marum. The Yellow Palm Warbler is the only race cer¬ 
tainly determined by specimens to winter in the State. A. 
M. Bailey observed this species at Chenier au Tigre and 
Avery Island, in December, 1925; and H. H. Kopman saw 
several in the willows near New Roads in Avoyelles Par¬ 
ish, December 15, 1917; at New Orleans, December 9, 1917, 
and found it common there, January 6 and 8, 1894; and 
at Oneida, near Convent, December 23, 1893, to January 1, 
1894. George H. Lowery, Jr., says that it winters regu¬ 
larly near Baton Rouge. </p>

<p>
OVENBIRD </p>

<p>Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Ovenbird is a rather outstanding member of the 
warbler family. It is called Ovenbird from the shape of its 
nest, and ‘teacher-bird’ from its ordinary song. Its trim 
plumage of olive green above with a brownish yellow crown 
and dark streaked white under parts so much resembles 
some species of thrushes that the bird is often called ‘gold¬ 
en-crowned thrush’, although it is not closely related to 
the thrushes, but is a member of the warbler family. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the woodlands and is very seldom found 
in the open country. Perhaps the shady, dimly-lighted 
woods, in which it loves to dwell, have invested it with a </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Ovenbird </p>

<p>
551 </p>

<p>
charm that is more or less absent in birds that live in the 
open country. While it, of course, is frequently seen on trees 
and bushes, from a low perch on one of which it delights to 
sing, it yet is fond of walking about with dainty steps 
over the leaves and slipping through the underbrush with 
almost ghostly movement. Except when on migration it 
is not given to long flights, and it is not a bird that is 
fond of gathering into flocks. In the spring the males usu¬ 
ally arrive on their breeding grounds several days before 
the females, and like so many other birds of similar habits 
each male appropriates a territory for itself, which it de¬ 
fends until the females arrive, and, as a matter of fact, 
throughout the nesting season. In areas where the bird 
is common these territories usually range from somewhat 
more than half an acre to over four acres, depending on 
circumstances. </p>

<p>The ordinary song of the male is a repetition of two 
notes that very closely resemble the word ‘teacher’, from 
which this song is frequently called ‘the teacher song’. This 
consists usually of from seven to ten repetitions of these 
syllables, which become louder toward the end of the song. 
The bird also has a very beautiful flight song, which is 
much less frequently heard. The call note is a rather sharp 
chirp. </p>

<p>The food of this warbler is made up largely of insects 
of various kinds, such as caterpillars, both hairless and 
hairy, plant lice, grasshoppers, crickets, weevils and var¬ 
ious other beetles, flies, ants, and many others, together 
with some other animals, such as snails, spiders, and earth¬ 
worms, and, at times, certain seeds and wild berries. </p>

<p>The nest of the Ovenbird is one of the most interesting 
features of its life history. It is situated almost always 
in woodland, on the ground, and is arched over, with the 
entrance at the side. It is placed in less of a depression 
than most ground-nesting birds’ nests, and is composed of 
various kinds of grasses, weed-stems, bark, rootlets, and 
mosses, and lined often with horsehair, fine grasses, and 
sometimes pine needles. The whole nest is so well concealed </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Goi igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>552 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
that it is difficult to discover without watching the birds. 
The usually four to five eggs are white, spotted with reddish 
brown and lilac. It takes usually about 12 days for hatch¬ 
ing, and apparently only the female carries on incubation. 
The young grow rapidly and remain in the nest about eight 
days, at which time they are still not entirely able to take 
care of themselves, and are looked after by one of the par¬ 
ents for some time thereafter. </p>

<p>This bird is one of the best known and most attractive 
of the woodland warblers, and, aside from its natural ene¬ 
mies, and the accidents to which all ground-nesting birds 
are subject it is not much in danger of destruction. </p>

<p>The Ovenbird is a rare and local summer resident in 
central and northwestern Louisiana, from Alexandria and 
Trout, northwest to Cross Lake; and an uncommon spring 
and autumn transient, from April 4 to May 15, and from 
August 9 to October 8, in southern Louisiana, reported 
from Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Rigolets, 
Lobdell, and Monroe, west to Gueydan and Ship Shoal 
Lighthouse southwest of Raccoon Point. It is also a casual 
winter resident in central southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The writer observed this species in the woodlands at 
Trout and Alexandria, June 16, 1933; at Cross Lake 
west of Shreveport on June 18, 1933; and it was probably 
breeding in these localities. </p>

<p>The winter records for Louisiana are by George E. 
Beyer, who states that he collected it on Avery Island, “in 
January, 1894 and 1896”. 230 The writer has examined a 
specimen taken by George E. Beyer at Avery Island, Feb¬ 
ruary 1, 1894, and this is now in the museum of Tulane 
University. There are apparently no other winter records 
for Louisiana, and, therefore, the statement in the latest 
edition of the A. 0. U. Check-List, 237 that this species win¬ 
ters on the “islands off the Louisiana coast” is scarcely 
correct, since Avery Island is not “off the coast”, but many 
miles inland. </p>

<p>230 Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 114. </p>

<p>337 Check-List North Amer. Birds, 4th Edition, 1931, p. 293. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Grinnell Waterthrush </p>

<p>
553 </p>

<p>
Other specimens seen in the present connection are 
from Grand Isle, obtained on April 11, 1931, and April 12, 
1921, by E. S. Hopkins; and on May 5, 1933, by Winston 
E. Nolan; and two in the museum of Tulane University, 
taken in Jefferson Parish, April 6, 1896, and at New Or¬ 
leans, April 21, 1895, respectively. A single bird struck 
the Ship Shoal Lighthouse southwest of Raccoon Point, 
during the spring of 1907, and was sent for examination 
to the United States Biological Survey. Henry W. Hen- 
shaw also took a specimen at Rigolets on August 9, 1870; 
and Ambrose Daigre one at Grand Isle on April 8, 1936. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., records this species as a regu¬ 
lar migrant at Monroe, where he has observed it between 
April 26 and May 15. J. S. Campbell considers it a spring 
transient at Bienville from April 15 to May 10. C. W. 
Beckham entered it as common at Bayou Sara, where he 
noted it in 1887 first on April 24. Andrew Allison saw 
it at Lobdell, May 9, 1903; H. H. Kopman, at New Orleans 
on October 8, 1911, and October 7, 1896; and Ambrose 
Daigre at Grand Isle on April 22, 1937, and April 23, 
1936. E. R. Kalmbach noticed a single individual south of 
Gueydan, April 29, 1925. </p>

<p>GRINNELL WATERTHRUSH </p>

<p>Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway </p>

<p>The Grinnell Waterthrush is an uncommon, locally 
fairly common, spring and autumn transient, from April 
6 to May 7, and from July 20 to October 17, chiefly in 
central and eastern Louisiana; reported from Southwest 
Pass in the Mississippi Delta, Carlisle, New Orleans, Man- 
deville. Bayou Sara, Simmesport, and Thomastown, west 
to Bienville Parish and Calcasieu Pass. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this water¬ 
thrush from Baton Rouge, taken, September 19, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr.; also in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity, from Mandeville, without date; and from New 
Orleans, April 7 and October, 1897; April without indica¬ 
tion of year; and October 6, 1888; also birds in the Biologi- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSETY OF Ml( </p>



<p>554 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
cal Survey, collected by T. D. Burleigh, from New Or¬ 
leans, August 4 and 29, 1935, September 9, 1935, and 
October 1, 1935. A waterthrush, presumably of this sub¬ 
species, was collected by G. Wurdemann at Calcasieu Pass 
during the spring of 1854, and sent to the Smithsonian 
Institution, but the specimen now cannot be found. An¬ 
other, not identified subspecifically, struck the Southwest 
Pass Lightship in 1902. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported this species from New Or¬ 
leans, May 7, 1897; and H. H. Kopman on April 6, 1895, 
and October 17, 1896. H. H. Kopman found it also at Car¬ 
lisle, October 4 and 5, 1917; at Simmesport, August 31 
to September 2, 1917; at Melville, August 29 to September 
3, 1917; at Saint Martinville, August 10, 1917; and at 
Thomastown, July 20, 1896. Individuals were seen at Grand 
Isle on April 10, 11, and 21, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre. 
J. S. Campbell regards it as a fairly common spring tran¬ 
sient in Bienville Parish. All the specimens of this species 
from Louisiana examined prove to belong to the present 
subspecies. If the typical Northern Waterthrush occurs 
in the State, as is probable, it is doubtless but a rare 
transient. </p>

<p>
LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH </p>

<p>Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) </p>

<p>The Louisiana Waterthrush is a rare summer resident, 
from March 15 to October 10, in northern and central 
eastern Louisiana; recorded north to Monroe, Bienville 
Parish, and Mansfield; west to Mansfield; south to Carr’s 
Creek north of Baton Rouge, and Bains; and east to Bains, 
Como in Franklin Parish, and Tallulah. It is also a rare 
transient in southern Louisiana, from March 19 to May 1, 
and from August 18 to September 30, recorded from Man- 
deville, Harvey in Jefferson Parish, and New Orleans, west 
to Iowa (La.) It breeds in April and May; and there are 
records of eggs from April 28 to May 7. </p>

<p>A specimen of this waterthrush seen in the museum 
of Tulane University is from Como in Franklin Parish, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>
555 </p>

<p>
collected on July 24, 1899, by George E. Beyer; and another 
in the Biological Survey is from New Orleans, taken, July 
31, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh. Andrew Allison also obtained 
it in Jefferson Parish, April 2, 1898; H. H. Kopman, on 
March 30, 1904; and E. S. Hopkins, at Harvey in Jefferson 
Parish, September 14, 1924. George H. Lowery, Jr., in 
the region about Monroe considers this species a summer 
resident from about March 23 up to the first of October. 
A. H. Howell saw a pair of Louisiana Waterthrushes on 
May 1, 1907, at Mansfield; and E. R. Kalmbach noted it 
frequently in low woods ten miles south of Tallulah, June 
13 to July 13, 1924. J. S. Campbell says that it is a sum¬ 
mer resident from March 24 to October 10 in most parts 
of Bienville Parish, where he found nests containing eggs 
on April 28, 1933, and May 7, 1933. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., states that it is a summer resident and breeds in the 
Baton Rouge region, where it arrives in spring about March 
15; he saw it at Carr’s Creek, 25 miles north of Baton 
Rouge on July 8, 1932. S. C. Arthur observed it on June 
18,1921, between Bayou Sara and Oakley, in West Feliciana 
Parish, where J. J. Audubon had found it in June, 1821. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey saw several in the woodlands about 
Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899; and H. H. Kopman, two at 
Mandeville, August 18, 1917. Edward Butler registered 
its spring arrival at Bains in 1922 on April 11; and stated 
that it bred there. At New Orleans, Andrew Allison re¬ 
ported its arrival in 1899 on April 10; in 1898 on April 
2; in 1904 on March 19; and George E. Beyer met with 
many individuals there on September 30, 1893. </p>

<p>KENTUCKY WARBLER </p>

<p>Oporomis formosus (Wilson) </p>

<p>This beautiful warbler derives its name from the fact 
that Alexander Wilson, who discovered it, found it first 
in the State of Kentucky. It is in color olive green above, 
with a black forehead and broad black stripe across the 
lower part of the face, a broad bright yellow line through 
the eye, and an entirely yellow lower surface. It may readily </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>556 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
be distinguished from the male of the Hooded Warbler, 
which has similar colors but a different distribution of 
them, by the fact that its forehead is not yellow, the whole 
head back of the forehead is olive green or yellow, in¬ 
stead of black, the throat is yellow instead of black, also, 
the tail has no white markings. </p>

<p>The Kentucky Warbler is a bird of dense thickets, and 
woodlands, particularly those of the bottomlands and 
along streams, and it occurs also in the cypress swamps. 
Its ringing song somewhat suggests that of the Carolina 
Wren, although it is not so loud. It rarely ascends to the 
tops of the trees, but lives mostly in the lower parts of the 
forest or in the bushes of the thickets. </p>

<p>In food habits it is similar to many of the other spe¬ 
cies of warblers, and lives chiefly on insects, such as cater¬ 
pillars, beetles, and bugs. </p>

<p>Its nest is built on the ground, or occasionally in 
bushes, but not high above the ground. This is usually 
well concealed by the surrounding vegetation, whether 
at the base of a bush or tree, or on a low branch of a 
bush. This structure is usually of leaves, weed-stalks, roots, 
grasses, and bark, is rather bulky, and lined with rootlets, 
leaves, and horsehair. The four or five eggs are white, 
with spots of dark brown and dull lilac. </p>

<p>The Kentucky Warbler is a rather common summer 
resident, from March 19 to October 19, in the greater part 
of Louisiana, excepting the Gulf Coast region of the south¬ 
ern part of the State, but is most frequently observed in 
the southeastern part; reported north to Monroe, Bienville, 
and Caddo Parish; west to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Mans¬ 
field, Sandel, and Orange (Texas); south to Sulphur, Iowa 
(La.), Port Barre, Lottie, Ervinville, Harvey Canal, Jef¬ 
ferson Parish, and New Orleans; and east to Pearl River, 
Folsom, Bayou Sara, West Feliciana Parish, Trout, and 
the Singer Preserve in Madison Parish. It breeds in April 
and May; and there is record of young in the nest on May 
17. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Kentucky Warbler </p>

<p>
557 </p>

<p>
The writer has seen specimens from Iowa (La.), col¬ 
lected on April 8, 1899, by Vernon Bailey; and from Grand 
Isle, obtained, April 5, 1931, by E. S. Hopkins, and April 
14, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; New Orleans, May 30, 1935, 
by T. D. Burleigh; also in the museum of Tulane Univer¬ 
sity, from New Orleans, taken, April 6, 1895. The writer 
likewise identified a specimen sent from the Ship Shoal 
Lighthouse, which struck the light during the spring of 
1907. E. R. Kalmbach shot a single male south of Guey- 
dan, April 11, 1926; A. H. Howell obtained individuals at 
Mansfield, April 27 and 29, 1907; H. E. Hubert at Hara- 
han City, April 21, 1916; and C. S. Galbraith at Mande- 
ville, May 1, 1889. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell reports this warbler’s arrival at Bien¬ 
ville, April 10, 1932, and its departure on September 15 
of the same year, in which locality he finds it common and 
breeding. Robert Butler in 1933 indicated that it bred in 
West Feliciana Parish; and H. H. Kopman noted its ar¬ 
rival at Folsom, March 26, 1923; and at New Orleans, 
March 26, 1905. Andrew Allison saw it at New Orleans 
on October 19, 1895; and found it common at Lobdell, 
April 11, 1903. George H. Lowery, Jr., records its arrival 
near Baton Rouge on March 19, 1933, and April 6, 1934. 
G. Kohn obtained a specimen at Amite on May 30, 1888. 
The writer observed it common on Honey Island in Pearl 
River east of the town of Pearl River, June 27, 1933; and 
met with a single individual along the Harvey Canal be¬ 
tween Little Barataria Bayou and New Orleans on June 10 
of the same year. He saw it in a cypress swamp near Lot¬ 
tie and at Ervinville on June 15, 1933; also at Port Barre, 
June 21, 1933; at Trout, June 16, 1933; on the Singer Pre¬ 
serve in the heavy bottomland forest along the Tensas 
River 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, June 16, 1933; at 
Caddo Lake and Cross Lake, June 18, 1933; at Sandel, 
June 19, 1933; and at Sulphur on June 20, 1933. J. S. 
Campbell regards it as a common summer resident at Bien¬ 
ville where he found nests as early as April 18, 1934, and 
one containing young on May 17. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>558 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
CONNECTICUT WARBLER </p>

<p>Oporomis agilis (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Connecticut Warbler is a very rare April and Oc¬ 
tober transient in northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are but two records for the State: an individual 
seen at Monroe, October 9, 1931, by George H. Lowery, 
Jr., and another observed by Mr. and Mrs. George H. 
Lowery, Sr., also at Monroe, on April 27, 1936. 238 </p>

<p>MOURNING WARBLER </p>

<p>Oporomis Philadelphia (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Mourning Warbler is a rare spring and autumn 
transient in Louisiana, reported from New Orleans to 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish and Monroe. </p>

<p>Andrew Allison saw this species at New Orleans on 
October 7, 1896; George H. Lowery, Jr., observed a single 
individual at Monroe on April 20, 1931; Mr. and Mrs. 
George H. Lowery, Sr., another at the same locality on 
April 27, 1936; and J. S. Campbell saw the species at Oak 
Grove on April 18, 1933. These are the only actual records 
for the State, but M. A. Frazer reports 289 that on April 2, 
1881, when he was on a vacation cruise on the Gulf of 
Mexico at a point 30 miles south of the mouth of the Mis¬ 
sissippi River, large numbers of small birds were observed, 
among them many individuals of the Mourning Warbler. 
While this is not an actual record within the State boun¬ 
daries, it is of interest in this connection. </p>

<p>MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT </p>

<p>Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This little warbler is one of the best known of all the 
members of its family. The male is olive green above with 
yellow throat, conspicuous black mask, and whitish forehead 
which serve to distinguish him readily from all the other 
birds of the region, although the dull colored olive green 
and yellowish female is not so readily identified. , </p>

<p>288 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Yol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 44. </p>

<p>280 Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 251. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Maryland Yellow throat </p>

<p>
559 </p>

<p>
Its song, too, is characteristic, being a vigorous perform¬ 
ance, sometimes described as ‘witchery, witchery, witchery’. 
The call note is a rather sharp chip, somewhat prolonged. </p>

<p>The bird inhabits all kinds of thickets, cane brakes, 
cypress swamps, and similar places, except in the very 
heavy forests, and it invades also the areas of reeds and 
tall grass in the solid forests. It is an active bird and at 
times more or less inquisitive. Its abundance, together 
with its conspicuous song, have combined to make it a 
rather well-known bird among the smaller and less con¬ 
spicuous thicket inhabitants. </p>

<p>The Maryland Yellowthroat is another one of our most 
useful birds, by reason of its destruction of injurious in¬ 
sects, particularly caterpillars, like fall web worms and can¬ 
ker worms, to which diet it adds grasshoppers, plant lice, 
flies, beetles, mice, ants, and the eggs and larvae of many 
other insects. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is placed usually either on the 
ground at the base of a bush or clump of weeds or grass, 
or in bushes or briers as high as several feet above the 
ground. It is a rather bulky and rather loosely construct¬ 
ed abode, composed of grass stems, bark shreds, leaves, and 
grasses, and lined with rootlets, fine grasses, or hairs. It 
contains usually from three to five eggs of the usual warbler 
pattern, creamy white, and spotted and streaked with red¬ 
dish brown and lilac. </p>

<p>The Maryland Yellowthroat is a common permanent 
resident in southwestern Louisiana, and a summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 28 to September 21, in northern Louisi¬ 
ana; recorded breeding north to Tendal in Madison Par¬ 
ish, Mer Rouge, Crew Lake, Monroe, Ruston, Bienville, 
and Caddo Lake; west to Lake Hayes (ten miles west of 
Shreveport), Cross Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, 
Elm Grove, McDade, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, 
Hagewood, Robeline, Many, Fort Jesup, Florien, Sandel, 
Hornbeck, Lake Charles, Vinton, Toomey, and Cameron 
Farm 14 miles south of Vinton; south to Cameron, Grand 
Chenier, Avery Island, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>560 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Vermilion Bay; and east to Saint Martinville, Sunset, Alex¬ 
andria, Jena, Utility, Frogmore, Lake Saint John, Saint 
Joseph, Quimby, Thomastown, and the Singer Preserve 13 
miles southwest of Tallulah in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. 
It is also a transient in southeastern Louisiana. It breeds 
chiefly in April and May; and there are records of eggs 
from April 25 to May 3. </p>

<p>Specimens obtained by T. D. Burleigh came from 
Shreveport, May 16, 1937; and Baton Rouge, November 
28, 1937; and by H. E. Hubert, from Harahan City, April 
22, 1916. A. M. Bailey collected one bird, undoubtedly on 
its migration, at Pilot Town in the Mississippi River Delta, 
October 22, 1928. J. S. Campbell considers this yellow- 
throat a very common summer resident about Bienville, 
where it arrives about March 28; and he discovered there 
a nest with eggs on April 25, 1933. Vernon Bailey found 
this yellowthroat common and breeding at Mer Rouge, 
June 2 to 7, 1892; and E. R. Kalmbach noted it everywhere 
common about Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 1924. H. H. 
Kopman reported it also from Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 
1896; and the writer observed it at Tallulah, June 17, 1933; 
also on the Singer Preserve in the heavy bottomland for¬ 
ests along the Tensas River on the same day. The writer 
detected it likewise at Tendal on the Tensas River in Madi¬ 
son Parish, and at Crew Lake, June 17, 1933; at Quimby, 
Saint Joseph, Lake Saint John, Frogmore, Utility, Jena, and 
Alexandria, June 16, 1933; Sunset and Avery Island, June 
21, 1933. At Avery Island, December 28, 1932, he observed 
a single Maryland Yellowthroat that was probably this 
form, as were also two seen at Grand Chenier, December 
31, 1932. W. L. McAtee listed the Yellowthroat as fairly 
common at Cameron, November 28 to December 6, 1910; 
and in the Vermilion Bay region, February 23 to March 3, 
1910. H. H. Kopman found it fairly common at Saint Mar¬ 
tinville, August 9 to 12, 1917; and J. W. Trahan reported 
its breeding on Vermilion Bay in 1915. On June 18, 1933, 
the writer noticed this species at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, 
Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, McDade, Elm Grove, and 
Crichton; and on the following day at Many, Florien, San- </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northern Yellowthroat </p>

<p>
561 </p>

<p>
del, Hornbeck, and also at Natchitoches, Fort Jesup, Robe¬ 
line, and Hagewood; while on June 20, 1933, he noted it at 
Lake Charles, Vinton, and Toomey. </p>

<p>Owing to lack of sufficient specimens the southeastern 
limits of the breeding range of this subspecies in Louisiana 
given above should be regarded as possibly subject to re¬ 
vision in the light of future investigations. </p>

<p>NORTHERN YELLOWTHROAT </p>

<p>Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson) </p>

<p>The Northern Yellowthroat is a winter resident, from 
October 8 to April 1, probably fairly common, occurring 
in at least central and southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The only records for the State are the following speci¬ 
mens that the writer has examined: Lecompte, January 11, 
1908, collected by A. H. Howell; Belair, April 1, 1904, 
obtained by Ned Hollister; New Orleans, January 24, 1936, 
also a male, November 8, 1937, and one on November 27, 
1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Lewisburg, a specimen in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University, shot on October 8, 1874; birds 
in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Conserva¬ 
tion at New Orleans, collected in Jefferson Parish, Febru¬ 
ary 6, 1932, at Grand Isle, probably during the winter of 
1932; and a single bird with no other data than that it was 
taken in Louisiana. </p>

<p>ATHENS YELLOWTHROAT </p>

<p>Geothlypis trichas typhicola Burleigh </p>

<p>This newly described subspecies 240 is only a casual win¬ 
ter visitor from December 7 to April 21, in southern Louisi¬ 
ana. Up to the present time the only records are a single 
adult female collected by A. M. Bailey, at Chenier au Tigre 
on March 10, 1931; a male taken by Ambrose Daigre, at 
Grand Isle, on April 21, 1936; and four single birds ob¬ 
tained by Thomas D. Burleigh at New Orleans, on Decem¬ 
ber 7, 1935, and December 28, 1936; at Grand Terre, April 
15, 1937; and at Grand Isle, on September 17, 1935. </p>

<p>140 Geothlypis trichas typhicola Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XLVII, 
February 9, 1934, p. 21. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>562 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
FLORIDA YELLOWTHROAT </p>

<p>Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman </p>

<p>The Florida Yellowthroat is a common, locally abund¬ 
ant, permanent resident in southeastern Louisiana; re¬ 
ported north to Covington, Ponchatoula, Clinton, Saint Fran- 
cisville, and Bains; west to Valverda in Pointe Coupee 
Parish, Krotz Springs, Lottie, Livonia, Ervinville, Cin- 
clare Plantation in West Baton Rouge Parish, Hohen 
Solms, Donaldsonville, Yacherie, Raceland, Houma, Dulac, 
and Four Bayou in Terrebonne Parish; south to Four Bay¬ 
ou, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, and Pilot Town in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta; and east to the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Main Pass, 
Breton Island, Junior, Carlisle, Waggaman, New Orleans, 
Chef Menteur, Lake Borgne, Lake Catherine, Rigolets, Sli¬ 
dell, Mandeville, and Madisonville. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this yellowthroat 
from the localities mentioned below, but owing to the lack 
of birds from the outlying districts it is not now possible 
definitely to delineate the western limits of the range of 
this subspecies. It probably occurs, however, at least as far 
west as the valley of the lower Mississippi River, as above 
indicated. The specimens examined are from New Orleans, 
collected, April 10, 1890, and May 1, 1890, by George E. 
Beyer; November 25, 1932, by Glenn Hopkins; November 
26, 1882, by R. W. Shufeldt; November 12, 1936, April 19, 
1935, February 17, 1937, August 2, 1936, May 1, 1935, 
June 1, 1935, June 1, 1936, December 2 and 5, 1936, and 
December 21, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; from Greenville 
near New Orleans, May 1, 1890, by George E. Beyer; from 
the shore of Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans, Octo¬ 
ber 30, 1889, by Gustave Kohn; Mandeville, April 15, 1889, 
C. S. Galbraith; Bayou Ferman, November 24, 1916, A. M. 
Bailey; Jefferson Parish, February 2 and 6, 1932, E. S. 
Hopkins; Pecan Grove, March 9, 1890, George E. Beyer: 
Houma, May 11, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; Madisonville, 
June 26, 1888, Covington, May 22, 1888, by Gustave Kohn; </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Yellowthroat </p>

<p>
563 </p>

<p>
Grand Isle, May 2, 1932, and June 2, 1933, by Ambrose 
Daigre; and Chenier au Tigre, January 2, 1934, A. M. 
Bailey. Other specimens not now examined, were obtained 
by A. M. Bailey at Pilot Town in the Mississippi River Delta, 
October 24, 1922, and October 22, 1928; Chenier au 
Tigre, March 10, 1931; and Breton Island, June 9, 1930; 
and by Henry W. Henshaw at Lake Borgne, April 1, 1870, 
and March 9, 1870. </p>

<p>Edward Butler reported it breeding at Saint Francisville 
in 1915, and at Bains in 1916; George E. Beyer, at Clinton 
and Madisonville in 1891; and K. Geist, at Hohen Solms in 
Ascension Parish in 1915 and 1916. H. H. Kopman found 
it between Donaldsonville and Vacherie, July 12 to 14, 
1917; at Valverda in Pointe Coupee Parish, breeding in 
1915; at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; and noticed birds 
presumably of this race at Carlisle, October 4 to 5, 1917, 
at Covington, October 11, 1899, and at Ponchatoula, March 
25 to 27, 1918. The writer ascertained this species to be 
exceedingly abundant in the marshes along the bayous in 
Terrebonne and Jefferson parishes in June, 1933; on Bayou 
Dupont, Dupres Canal, Little Barataria Bayou, Bayou 
Barataria, and Bayou Cutler on June 10; and at Des Alle- 
mands, Raceland, and Houma, June 23 of the same year. 
It was numerous at Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou from 
Dulac to Four Bayou, and on Four Bayou in Terrebonne 
Parish, June 22, 1933. He noted it at Ronquille Bay, June 
8, 1933, and all along the way from New Orleans to Rigo- 
lets, at Rigolets and Slidell on June 27, 1933. It was com¬ 
mon also at Waggaman, June 23, 1933; at Ervinville, Lot¬ 
tie, and Krotz Springs, June 21, 1933; at Livonia, June 
15, 1933; and on Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta 
on June 7, 1933. </p>

<p>The writer observed birds probably of this subspecies 
at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Mississippi 
River Delta, January 19, 1928, and January 21, 1932; also 
along the lower Mississippi River from the Pass a Loutre 
Hunting Preserve to Ostrica, January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>564 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT </p>

<p>Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This so-called warbler is perhaps one of the most dis¬ 
tinctive of our small birds. Olive green above with a 
blackish line through the eye, a white eyebrow, yellow 
throat and breast, and white abdomen, and in size much 
larger than the other warblers, it stands out as a bird of 
distinction, easily identified and exceedingly interesting 
in its life history. It is rather a retiring bird, living chiefly 
in tangled undergrowths, whether on the border of wood¬ 
lands or elsewhere, both on uplands and lowlands, and the 
more impenetrable the thicket the better it is liked by the 
Yellow-breasted Chat. It is, however, rather inquisitive 
and can be attracted by imitating its notes or by making 
an unusual squeaking noise. It rarely ventures far from 
its chosen haunts, and if you are to study the Chat you 
must invade its domain. </p>

<p>Perhaps the most remarkable of the Chat’s character¬ 
istics is its vocal performance, which is entirely different 
from that of any of the true warblers. It has at its com¬ 
mand a wide variety of calls, whistles, and harsh notes, 
which it sometimes uses separately and sometimes strings 
together to make a more or less connected performance. It 
frequently sings at night as well as during the daylight 
hours, and continues its vocal activity nearly always until 
the middle of summer. Its most remarkable performance is 
to launch itself from near the top of a small tree out into the 
air, when with wings and head held high, legs hanging 
down, and tail wagging, it sings rapidly and loudly and 
gradually settles down back into the thicket. </p>

<p>The food of this remarkable bird consists of insects of 
various kinds, which include ants, beetles, wasps, and dif¬ 
ferent kinds of caterpillars, many of them injurious. Con¬ 
siderable wild fruit, such as blackberries, elderberries, and 
blueberries, is also taken. </p>

<p>The nest of the Yellow-breasted Chat is bulky though 
rather strongly made of strips of bark, leaves, grasses, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Yellow-breasted Chat </p>

<p>
565 </p>

<p>
similar materials, and lined with finer grasses. It is 
placed in a bush or thicket, sometimes in a small tree or 
vine, and is ordinarily well concealed though not high from 
the ground. The eggs are usually four, white, speckled and 
blotched with various shades of brown and lavender. </p>

<p>The Yellow-breasted Chat is locally a fairly common 
summer resident, from April 4 to September 29, in most of 
Louisiana except the Gulf Coast region; reported north ta 
Tendal, Holly Ridge, Rayville, Crew Lake, Monroe, Bien¬ 
ville, and Shreveport; west to Lake Hayes (ten miles west 
of Shreveport), Cross Lake, Lucas, Gayle, Caspianna, 
Frierson, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Hagewood, 
Robeline, Fort Jesup, Sandel, and Toomey; south to 
Toomey, New Iberia, Avery Island, Thibodaux, Houma, 
and Diamond; and east to Belair, New Orleans, Clinton, 
Saint Francisville, Bains, Jena, Somerset, Quimby, the 
Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, and Tallulah. It breeds 
from April to June; and there are records of eggs from 
May 2 to June 9. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of the Yellow-breasted 
Chat in the museum of Tulane University from Lewisburg, 
May 10, 1873, and September 15, 1873; from New Orleans, 
April 27, 1890, May 1, 1890, May 6, 1897, and September 
1, 1890; and in the Biological Survey, collected by T. D. 
Burleigh, also from New Orleans, May 22 and 27, 1935, 
and June 24, 1936. George H. Lowery, Jr., collected a spec¬ 
imen at Pine Grove on April 20, 1937. J. S. Campbell con¬ 
siders it a common summer resident at Bienville, where he 
has found a number of nests, one on May 2,1934, and where 
he noted the bird’s departure in 1932 on September 28. 
A. H. Howell detected it at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 
1907; and the writer observed it at Shreveport, Cross 
Lake, and Crichton, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, Hage¬ 
wood, Robeline, Fort Jesup, and Sandel, June 19, 1933; 
and at Toomey, June 20, 1933. At Tallulah, E. R. Kalm- 
bach met with it June 13 to July 13, 1924; and the writer 
ascertained its presence on June 17, 1933, on the Singer 
Preserve along the Tensas River, 13 miles southwest of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>566 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Tallulah, where, however, it was not very numerous. He 
noticed it also at Quimby, Somerset, and Jena, June 16, 
1933; at Tendal on the Tensas River, Holly Ridge, Rayville, 
and Crew Lake, June 17, 1933; and at Alexandria, June 
16, 1933. Edward Butler listed it as breeding at Saint Fran- 
cisville in 1915; Robert Butler, at Bains in 1932, in which 
year its spring arrival was on April 4; George E. Beyer, 
at Clinton in 1891; and A. K. Fisher obtained birds of this 
species at New Orleans, June 1, 1886. H. L. Ballowe saw 
it at Diamond, April 29, 1902; and E. R. Kalmbach, at 
Thibodaux, May 25, 1919. The writer found it at Houma, 
June 23, 1932, and H. H. Kopman stated it to be fairly 
common in thickets at New Iberia, from May 27 to June 9, 
1918. Eggs in the United States National Museum were 
collected at Grand Coteau, June 1 and 7, 1887; and at 
Belair by Andrew Allison, June 9, 1904. </p>

<p>HOODED WARBLER </p>

<p>Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert) </p>

<p>The Hooded Warbler is a summer resident, from March 
8 to November 2, fairly common in summer, more frequent 
during migrations, throughout most of Louisiana, except¬ 
ing possibly the Gulf Coast region; reported north to Mon¬ 
roe and Bienville Parish; west to Sandel and Newton; 
south to New Iberia, Bayou Chene, Houma, and Diamond: 
and east to New Orleans, Lake Borgne, Pearl River, Man- 
deville, Madisonville, Hammond, Clinton, Saint Francisville, 
Bains, Jena, Quimby, Thomastown, and the Singer Preserve 
in Madison Parish. It is also at least a transient in the 
Gulf Coast region, south to Cameron Farm in Cameron 
Parish 14 miles south of Vinton, Gueydan, Southwest Reef, 
Grand Isle, South Pass, and West Rigolets. It breeds 
chiefly in April and May, and there are records of eggs 
from April 24 to May 11. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of the Hooded Warbler 
from Marrero, obtained on April 24, 1937, by Winston E. 
Nolan; at Pearl River, August 13, 1935, and New Orleans, 
April 27, 1935, and July 21, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh: also </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hooded Warbler </p>

<p>
567 </p>

<p>
by other collectors from New Orleans, taken on April 11, 
1896; Jefferson Parish, April 20, 1895; and Grand Isle, 
April 5, 1931, and May 13, 1933; from Southwest Reef, one 
which struck the lighthouse there, April 14, 1902; and one 
from the South Pass Lightship near Port Eads, which 
struck on April 14, 1902. E. R. Kalmbach observed this 
warbler at Cameron Farm, May 15, 1919, and collected a 
single individual in Cameron Parish, May 12, 1919; also 
another south of Gueydan, April 11, 1926; G. Kohn col¬ 
lected it at Amite on May 31, 1888; Ambrose Daigre at 
Grand Isle, April 8 and 15, 1936, and April 7, 15, 18, and 
22, 1937; George H. Lowery, Jr., at the same place on April 
6, 1936; C. S. Galbraith at Mandeville, April 1, 1889; A. 
M. Bailey at Harahan City, April 22, 1917, and at New Or¬ 
leans, April 15, 1917; and S. Ward at Carr’s Creek in 
Jackson Parish, April 25, 1937. H. H. Kopman saw it at 
Bayou Chene, August 29 to 30, 1917; between Donaldson- 
ville and Vacherie, July 12 to 14, 1917; at Grand Bayou in 
Assumption Parish, fairly common, May 10 and 11, 1918; 
at New Orleans, March 8 and October 10, 1896; at Ham¬ 
mond, April 26, 1918; and at Mandeville in second growth 
hardwood forests, August 18, 1917. H. L. Ballowe re¬ 
ported its spring arrival at Diamond, where it is a summer 
resident, on April 2, 1902. George E. Beyer' stated in 1891 
that it bred at Madisonville and Clinton; and Edward But¬ 
ler that it was breeding at Bains in 1916. George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., says that it breeds at Baton Rouge, and gives spring 
arrival dates as March 22, 1933, and April 20, 1934. Hen¬ 
ry W. Henshaw collected it at Lake Borgne, April 6, 9, and 
10, 1870; Andrew Allison in Jefferson Parish, March 26, 
1898; and E. S. Hopkins at Harvey, September 9 and 14, 
1924. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman noted it fairly common at Thomastown 
in Madison Parish, July 13 to 28, 1896; and the writer 
found it extraordinarily numerous and one of the most 
abundant birds in the heavy bottomland forests of the 
Singer Preserve along the Tensas River 13 miles south¬ 
west of Tallulah on June 17, 1933. He met with it also at </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, &gt;gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>568 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Quimby, Jena, Pollock, and Alexandria, June 16, 1933; at 
Xrotz Springs, June 21, 1933; at Houma, June 23, 1933; 
on Honey Island in Pearl River, June 27, 1933; at Newton 
¦and Sandel in western Louisiana, June 19, 1933. J. S. 
Campbell regards it as a fairly common summer resident 
in Bienville Parish. </p>

<p>It is of interest in this connection that John James 
Audubon discovered this warbler near Saint Francisville in 
1821, and there collected on July 1 the specimen that he 
used as the subject of the drawing of the bird that he 
described as a new species of warbler, Muscicapa selbii, 
not knowing that it had previously been made known to 
science. 241 </p>

<p>
WILSON WARBLER </p>

<p>Wilsonia pusiUa pusilla (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Wilson Warbler is a rare spring and autumn tran¬ 
sient, from April 16 to May 15, and in October, in eastern 
and central Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are few definite records of this species for the 
State. It was seen at Monroe by George H. Lowery, Jr., 
on October 1, 1930, April 26, 1931, October 3, 1931, and 
many times between April 16 and May 15, 1931. It was 
common also during the autumn of 1931 in that vicinity, 
and 15 were noted by him on October 2 along the Ouachita 
River. 242 Mr. and Mrs. George H. Lowery, Sr., observed 
it also at Monroe on April 27, 1936. It has been reported 
from Saint Helena Parish, but definite data are lacking. 243 </p>

<p>CANADIAN WARBLER </p>

<p>Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Canadian Warbler is a rare spring and autumn 
transient, from April 27 to May 9, and from August 13 to 
September 7, in central and eastern Louisiana, from Saint 
Francisville and Monroe, west to Bienville. </p>

<p>141 Birds Aroer., folio edition, Vol. I, 1827, pi. IX; Ornith. Biog., Vol I, 1831, p. 46 </p>

<p>* 4 * Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, pp. 10, 45. </p>

<p>* 4 * Arthur, Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, January, 1918, p. 71. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1 </p>



<p>American Redstart </p>

<p>
56 £ </p>

<p>
John James Audubon was the first to record this species 
from Louisiana, and he collected near Saint Francisville on 
August 13, 1821, the specimen that he described as a new 
species, Muscicapa bonapartii. 2 ** Mrs. V. S. Garnett re¬ 
ported the Canadian Warbler at Monroe, May 9, 1928 ; 24R 
and George H. Lowery, Jr., found it fairly common during 
migrations at that locality. He has listed it there on the 
following dates: April 27, 1931, May 4, 1930, and Septem¬ 
ber 4, 1930; and Mr. and Mrs. George H. Lowery, Sr., ob¬ 
served it on April 27, 1936. J. S. Campbell reported it 
from Saline Creek swamp near Bienville April 28, 1932,. 
and from Lucky in Bienville Parish, May 8, 1933. </p>

<p>AMERICAN REDSTART </p>

<p>Setophaga ruticilla ruticilla (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Few of our small birds are better known or more de¬ 
servedly admired than the American Redstart. Its black 
plumage in the male set off by its orange tail- and wing- 
patches, and orange sides, make it conspicuous and easily 
identified; and even the female, in which the black of the 
male is replaced by brown and the orange by yellow, is easily 
distinguished in a horde of migrating warblers. In addition, 
its interesting behavior in flitting from branch to branch 
and flirting its wings and tail, are so characteristic that 
this alone would make it stand out as a peculiar bird among 
its relatives. </p>

<p>It frequents almost all kinds of woodlands and thickets, 
and bushes and trees in cultivated areas, even in the streets 
of the towns. It is one of the most active of the small 
birds and behaves more like a flycatcher than most war¬ 
blers, darting out to catch its prey on the wing as readily 
as picking it from the leaves and branches of the trees. 
Its flight is quick and rapid but usually not long sustained. </p>

<p>The bird feeds not only in the trees but also often on 
the ground. It associates freely with the other warblers, 
particularly during the migration season. </p>

<p>Birds Amer.. folio edition, Vol. I. 1827, pi. V: Ornith. Biot:., Vol. I. 1831. p. 27. </p>

<p>24t Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 20, December, 1931, p. 524. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>570 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The Redstart has a great many different songs, the 
most common of which is a rather lisping monotonous trill 
somewhat like that of the Black-and-White Warbler, but 
usually ending with a more or less definitely emphasized 
descending note. It also has a rather inconspicuous call 
note. </p>

<p>As would be expected from its habits it lives largely 
on insects, such as caterpillars, moths, gnats, flies, bugs, 
grasshoppers, and beetles. </p>

<p>The nest is placed usually not high from the ground, 
most often in a tree or sapling, in an upright crotch although 
sometimes on horizontal branches. It is a rather compact 
mass similar in appearance to some nests of the Yellow 
Warbler, and is composed of bark strips, grasses, various 
other plant fibers, and lined with rootlets, fine grasses, 
hairs, and sometimes feathers. The ordinarily four eggs are 
white or greenish white, marked with spots and blotches 
of brown and lavender. Young Redstarts when first able 
to fly resemble closely the adult female. </p>

<p>The American Redstart is a rare summer resident, from 
April 7 to October 27, in northern, central eastern, and 
southeastern Louisiana; reported north to East Carroll 
Parish, West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, 
Minden, and Caddo Lake; west to Shreveport, Mansfield. 
Black Lake in Natchitoches Parish, Natchitoches, Lottie, 
Valverda in Pointe Coupee Parish, and Ervinville; south to 
Little Barataria Bayou and Diamond; and east to the Har¬ 
vey Canal near New Orleans, Westwego, Harvey, New 
Orleans, Pearl River, Madisonville, Bedico River, Clinton, 
four miles north of Quimby, Singer Preserve in Madison 
Parish, and Tallulah. It is also a transient, from April 7 
to May 10, in southwestern Louisiana and in the Gulf 
Coast region of the southern part of the State, south to 
Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish 14 miles south of Vin¬ 
ton, Calcasieu Pass, Gueydan, New Iberia, and Grand Isle. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this bird from New 
Orleans, taken, October 6, 1888; Bedico River, July 23. 
1888, and August 22, 1890, collected by George E. Beyer: </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>American Redstart </p>

<p>
571 </p>

<p>
Bedico Swamp, August 21, 1890, George E. Beyer; and 
Bogalusa, June 5, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh. These speci¬ 
mens and others from outside the State indicate that this 
is the breeding subspecies of the American Redstart in 
Louisiana; and the sight records of redstarts are placed 
here, though some of them may belong under the western 
race, which can not be satisfactorily distinguished in the 
field. </p>

<p>H. L. Ballowe reported the arrival of this species at 
Diamond on April 20, 1902, and stated it to be a summer 
resident at that point. H. H. Kopman saw several indi¬ 
viduals on June 6, 1915, at Valverda in Pointe Coupee Par¬ 
ish where they were undoubtedly nesting. George E. 
Beyer listed it as breeding at Clinton and Madisonville in 
1891. The writer observed it at Westwego on June 23, 
1933; along the Harvey Canal between Little Barataria 
Bayou and New Orleans, and along Little Barataria Bayou 
on June 10, 1933; also near the town of Pearl River, June 
27, 1933; and at Lottie and Ervinville, June 15, 1933. 
Along Saline Creek near Bienville, J. S. Campbell found it 
throughout the summer of 1932, when it was evidently 
breeding there; he recorded its arrival on April 15, 1932, 
and its departure, October 15 of the same year; and he 
found it abundant in East Carroll Parish during June 
and July, 1933; also as a breeding bird in West Carroll 
Parish. Vernon Bailey saw two at Mer Rouge on June 6, 
and another that had been killed on June 4, 1892; and E. R. 
Kalmbach reported it from Tallulah, July 4, 1924. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., gives April 22, 1933, and April 28, 1934, 
as spring arrival dates at Baton Rouge. He also found this 
redstart abundant there during the last week of July, 1934. 
In the heavy bottomland forest of the Tensas River on the 
Singer Preserve, 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, this species 
was extraordinarily numerous when the writer visited this 
area on June 16 and 17, 1933. It was in full song all 
through these forests, and was one of the very most abun¬ 
dant of all the birds in the region. He noted it also four 
miles north of Quimby, June 16, 1933; at Natchitoches, 
June 19, 1933; and at Caddo Lake, June 18, 1933. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>S72 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
It was seen at New Orleans, April 8, 1900, by Andrew 
Allison; April 7 and 11, 1894, by George E. Beyer; and 
October 27, 1899, by H. H. Kopman. E. S. Hopkins col¬ 
lected it at Harvey on September 9, 1894. Specimens were 
taken at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854, by G. Wiirde- 
mann, and forwarded by him to the Smithsonian Institu¬ 
tion. E. R. Kalmbach saw several at Cameron Farm, May 
10, 1919, and in a cypress swamp south of Gueydan, April 
29, 1925. Ambrose Daigre observed redstarts, probably 
this subspecies, at Grand Isle on April 7, 9, and 23, and on 
May 5, 1936; and on several days between April 6 and 22, 
1937. A. H. Howell noticed it at Mansfield, April 27, 1907; 
^nd H. H. Kopman, at Shreveport, April 19, 1929. </p>

<p>
WESTERN REDSTART </p>

<p>Setophaga ruticilla tricolora (Muller) </p>

<p>The Western Redstart is a spring and autumn transient, 
from April 8 to 25, July 22 to October 17, in southern, also 
doubtless in northern, Louisiana, probably fairly common, 
though there are not many actual records for the State. </p>

<p>The writer has identified a specimen in the museum of 
Tulane University, an early migrant taken on the Bedico 
River, July 22, 1888; four in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans, collected at 
Grand Isle, April 8 and April 11, 1931, April 6 and 21, 
1937, respectively; another in the State Capitol at Baton 
Rouge obtained also at Grand Isle on April 25, 1929; and 
several taken by T. D. Burleigh at New Orleans on August 
2, 1936, and on the following dates in 1935; August 5, 10, 
19, and 26, September 12 and 16, and October 1 and 17. </p>

<p>The American Redstarts that breed in the more north¬ 
western parts of Canada seem to be subspecifically sepa¬ 
rable from the birds from eastern North America. This 
western race differs from the eastern form in smaller size, 
smaller orange or yellow wing-spot; in the female also in 
paler, more grayish, less conspicuously olivaceous, upper 
surface. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>English Sparrow </p>

<p>
573 </p>

<p>
Average measurements of males are as follows: from 
Montana to Mackenzie, wing, 63.7 mm.; tail, 58.5; from 
eastern North America, wing, 65.7; tail, 57.4. </p>

<p>The geographic distribution of this hitherto unrecog¬ 
nized subspecies extends in the breeding season from north¬ 
ern British Columbia, Mackenzie, and central Manitoba, 
south to Oregon, northern Utah, and Wisconsin; it migrates 
through the greater part of the United States to winter in 
South America from French Guiana to Ecuador. </p>

<p>The original description of the American Redstart is 
applicable to the eastern form. There is a name available 
for the western race in Motacilla tricolora Miiller, 246 which 
is based on Buff on, i. e., D’Aubenton’s Planches Enlumi- 
n6es, 1765, pi. CCCXCI, fig. 2. This figure represents 
apparently the Western Redstart, to judge by the very 
small orange speculum. The name of this bird, therefore, 
becomes Setophaga ruticilla tricolora (Muller). </p>

<p>
Family PLOCEIDAE </p>

<p>ENGLISH SPARROW </p>

<p>Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The English Sparrow is an abundant permanent resi¬ 
dent throughout Louisiana, excepting parts of the immedi¬ 
ate Gulf Coast region; reported north to Tendal on the 
Tensas River in Madison Parish, Waverly, Delhi, Dunn, 
Holly Ridge, Rayville, Mer Rouge, Start, Crew Lake, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville Parish, and Caddo Lake; west to Cross Lake, 
Shreveport, Elm Grove, Atkins, Logansport, Natchitoches, 
Robeline, Many, Anacoco, Leesville, De Ridder, Vinton, and 
Toomey; south to the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of 
Vinton, Sulphur, Lake Charles, Iowa (La.), Lacassine, 
Welsh, Roanoke, Jennings, Mermentau, Midland, Gueydan, 
Abbeville, lower Vermilion River, Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, Rynella near Avery Island, Calumet Plantation near 
Patterson, Houma, Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou, Grand </p>

<p>* i# Linn6 Vollst. Natur.-Syst., Suppl. und Register Band, 1776, p. 175. (“Ca¬ 
yenne”). </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHU </p>



<p>574 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Isle, and Belair; and east to New Orleans, Chef Menteur, 
Slidell, Bains, Archie, Utility, Jonesville, Frogmore, Ferri- 
day, Lake Saint John, Waterproof, Saint Joseph, Newellton, 
Somerset, Quimby, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>The writer found this foreign species in practically all 
towns and villages throughout the State, excepting in parts 
of the Gulf Coast region, and it occurs in many places even 
there, as, for instance, at Grand Isle, where Ambrose Dai- 
gre, reported it abundant from April 1 to 23, 1937. </p>

<p>Specimens examined are from New Orleans, taken Sep¬ 
tember 20, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; from Grand Isle, April 
24, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; and Buras, January 29 and 
30, 1896, by George K. Cherrie. </p>

<p>The earliest introduction of this European bird into 
Louisiana took place at New Orleans in 1874, according to 
the statement of W. W. Edwards. Charles E. DePuy next 
reported it from Plaquemines Parish in 1880; L. E. Bentley 
found it at Donaldsonville in 1881; and Joseph W. Carew 
said that it appeared in Hahnville in 1881. It was also re¬ 
ported by the postmaster at Port Hudson, as occurring 
there in 1882. After that time it rapidly spread over the 
State. </p>

<p>
Family ICTERIDAE </p>

<p>BOBOLINK </p>

<p>Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>In Louisiana the Bobolink is known only as a migrant, 
and generally speaking is not so abundant a bird as it is 
in the more eastern states. In the spring the black male 
plumage set off by white and buff upper parts, makes it con¬ 
spicuous, but in the autumn the streaked brown plumage 
of even the male, similar to that of the female, makes it 
look much like some of the other marsh inhabitants. It 
may be easily distinguished, however, from the Red-winged 
Blackbirds, and other birds with which it associates, by its 
note, which in the autumn is a single metallic ‘chink’. 
During the migrations it inhabits largely the marshes. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bobolink </p>

<p>
575 </p>

<p>
but in the spring it is found also on the uplands. In its 
summer home it lives chiefly in meadows and other grass 
lands. In autumn it frequently in numbers visits the rice 
fields, which habit has earned for it the name ‘rice bird’. </p>

<p>Its flight is strong and often long sustained, and at 
times the bird gathers into great flocks, sometimes sepa¬ 
rate, at times joining with flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds 
and Cowbirds. On the uplands and in the meadows it fre¬ 
quently perches on trees and bushes, though it often de¬ 
scends to the ground; but in the marshes it frequents the 
reeds and high grass. </p>

<p>Its song is a long, jingling, melodious performance that 
has, on account of its metallic character, a peculiar quality 
easily recognized when once learned. In Louisiana, how¬ 
ever, its song is little known. </p>

<p>During the summer the food of this bird is chiefly 
insects, almost all of them injurious species, such as weevils, 
army worms, cutworms, grasshoppers, and other similar 
kinds, but at other times of the year it eats considerable 
grain and quantities of seeds. In certain places, as in the 
rice fields of the Atlantic Coast, it formerly fed during the 
autumn migration to a great extent on the ripening rice. </p>

<p>The Bobolink nests in the northern States and in south¬ 
ern Canada, and has one of the longest migration routes 
of any small birds, traveling as far south as Argentina to 
winter. It places its nest usually in grassy fields, meadows, 
or other grassy areas, on the ground, normally well concealed 
at the foot of a grassy tuft or small bush. The nest itself 
is of slight construction, and is composed of weed-stems, 
grasses, and rootlets, lined with similar materials of finer 
quality. The eggs are usually four to seven, of grayish or 
drab gray color, very much spotted and blotched with brown 
of various shades and with lavender. Owing to the well con¬ 
cealed character of the nest and the misleading actions of 
the parent birds, the nest of the Bobolink is exceedingly 
difficult to find, notwithstanding the fact that the singing 
male parent may be seen frequently perched on some </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>576 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
elevated point in the neighborhood of the field in which 
the nest is situated, or engaging in a remarkable flight 
song that is one of the characteristics of this bird. 
Altogether the Bobolink has an engaging personality and 
one that deserves much further study. </p>

<p>The Bobolink is a spring and autumn transient, from 
April 1 to May 29, casually to June 16, and from August 4, 
casually from July 13, to September 27, fairly common in 
southeastern Louisiana, rare in the central, western, and 
northern parts of the State; and recorded from Grand Isle, 
Diamond, New Orleans, Lake Pontchartrain, Mandeville, 
Madisonville, and Lobdell; west to Gayle in Caddo Parish, 
Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish, Kaplan, Crowley, Mer- 
mentau, Abbeville, Avery Island, Baldwin, and Ship Shoal 
southwest of Raccoon Point. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of the Bobolink 
from Mandeville, taken, May 3, 1875, May 5 and 8, 1874; 
Grand Isle, April 1 and 25, 1933, May 13, 1931, and June 
16, 1933, the last one by Ambrose Daigre; Spanish Fort 
near New Orleans, May 17, 1890; and New Orleans, April 
24, 1893, and May 10, 1876. The writer saw a specimen 
from Ship Shoal Lighthouse which struck the light there 
during the spring of 1907; Andrew Allison collected speci¬ 
mens at Lobdell, May 1 and 2, 1903; and George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., one at Baton Rouge on May 23, 1933. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., has mentioned it from northern 
Louisiana, but without any definite record. 247 J. K. Streck- 
er, however, says that he observed large flocks at Gayle 
in April, 1925. H. H. Kopman noted it at New Orleans on 
May 29, 1915; George E. Beyer, on April 4, 1894; H. L. 
Ballowe, at Diamond, September 27; and W. W. Edwards, 
at Abbeville, August 4, 1884. C. A. Bibbins stated in 1884 
that it was an abundant spring transient at Baldwin; and 
W. W. Edwards reported it at Abbeville as arriving in 
autumn about the first of September. C. A. Bibbins con¬ 
sidered it a spring transient at Mermentau and saw it there </p>

<p>2*7 Bull. La. Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 46. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Meadowlark </p>

<p>
577 </p>

<p>
on May 1 and 15, 1887. E. R. Kalmbach found it at Cam¬ 
eron Farm in Cameron Parish, 14 miles south of Vinton, on 
May 12, 1919, and south of Kaplan on July 13, 1925. The 
species apparently is not common in that region, since at 
Crowley it has been only rarely observed. Apparently the 
Bobolink is now not as numerous in Louisiana as in former 
years. </p>

<p>
EASTERN MEADOWLARK </p>

<p>Stumella magna magna (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Meadowlark is a winter resident, from 
January to March 16, probably common, in northern, cen¬ 
tral, and southern Louisiana, reported north to Foster, and 
south to Lecompte and Avery Island. </p>

<p>Since this bird is not subspecifically identifiable in the 
field, the only certain records are specimens that have been 
examined. The writer has seen examples of this race from 
Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, five specimens, Jan¬ 
uary 28 and 29, 1908, collected by A. H. Howell; Lecompte, 
a single bird, January 15, 1908, A. H. Howell; and another 
bird obtained by A. H. Howell at Clarks on January 7, 
1908. There is also a specimen in the United States Na¬ 
tional Museum, taken at Avery Island by E. A. Mcllhenny 
on March 16, 1895. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK </p>

<p>Stumella magna argutula Bangs </p>

<p>The Meadowlark is one of the birds that on account of 
its resemblance to an Old World species has acquired a 
name that is misleading, since the bird, although it does 
inhabit meadows, is not a lark but is related to the Ameri¬ 
can orioles and blackbirds. By its brown, more or less 
streaked plumage above, yellow throat and breast, and 
conspicuous black crescent on the lower throat, it is readily 
distinguished from all the other birds that are found in 
Louisiana. It is a bird of the open country, rather than 
of the woodlands, and is found in all kinds of prairies and 
fields, but not in deep woodlands. Although it is a bird of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>578 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
the ground it is fond of perching on trees, bushes, as well 
as fences and telegraph poles or wires. Its flight is strong, 
rapid, and usually direct. It sometimes gathers into loose 
companies of considerable size. On the ground it walks 
rather deliberately and dignifiedly. </p>

<p>It has a harsh guttural call and a delightfully plaintive 
song. The latter is uttered often from a vantage point of 
telegraph pole or treetop, but also from the ground, some¬ 
times on the wing. </p>

<p>Its food is very largely insects and similar animal mat¬ 
ter. It is fond of many of the insects that are injurious 
to man, such as cutworms, hairy caterpillars, and grass¬ 
hoppers, crickets, cotton-boll weevils, and other beetles. 
Most of the vegetable food of the Meadowlark, which is 
taken at times of the year when insects are more difficult 
to obtain, consists of weed seeds and waste grain. </p>

<p>The nest of the Meadowlark is placed on the ground in 
a meadow or other grassy land and is usually well con¬ 
cealed. It is often arched over so that the entrance is at 
the side. It is composed of weed-stalks and grasses, and 
lined with finer similar materials. The usually five eggs 
are white, with spots and blotches of brown and lavender. </p>

<p>While the Southern Meadowlark is a common perma¬ 
nent resident, it in many places increases in numbers con¬ 
siderably when in the autumn the migrating birds from 
farther north drift into Louisiana, and in places at such 
times the bird is very abundant. </p>

<p>The Southern Meadowlark is a permanent resident, 
common and generally distributed in favorable localities, 
throughout practically all of Louisiana; reported north to 
Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Prai¬ 
rie Mer Rouge, Start, Crew Lake, Monroe, Bienville Parish, 
Shreveport, and Belcher; west to Cross Lake, Curtis, Tay- 
lortown, Elm Grove, McDade, Atkins, Gayle, Caspianna, 
Frierson, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort Jesup, 
De Ridder, Longville, Gillis, Lake Charles, Sulphur, Vin¬ 
ton, Toomev, and Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Southern Meadowlark </p>

<p>
579 </p>

<p>
in Cameron Parish; south to Calcasieu Pass, Calcasieu 
Lake, Grand Chenier, mouth of the Mermentau River, lower 
Vermilion River, Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au 
Tigre, Marsh Island, Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou, Little 
Go-to-Hell Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, and Grand Isle; 
and east to Diamond, Junior, Savoie, Phoenix, Algiers, 
New Orleans, Caernovan, The Rigolets, Slidell, Mandeville, 
Madisonville, Covington, Ponchatoula, Hammond, Hackley, 
Saint Francisville, Bains, Archie, Utility, Jonesville, Ferri- 
day, Lake Saint John, Waterproof, Newellton, Quimby, 
Thomastown, and Tallulah. It breeds from March to July; 
and there are records of eggs from March 31 to June 20. </p>

<p>The specimens of meadowlarks examined in the present 
connection indicate that the southern race, Sturnella magna 
argutula, is the breeding bird of all Louisiana. The writer 
has seen examples from Belcher; February 3, 1908, A. H. 
Howell; Natchitoches, January 17, 1908, A. H. Howell; 
Prairie Mer Rouge, 1853, collected by J. Fairie; Lecompte, 
January 13, 1908, A. H. Howell; Lafayette, May 23 and 24, 
1892, R. J. Thompson; Slidell, October 28, 1908, A. H. 
Howell; Baton Rouge, October 1, 1936, J. E. Younger; 
New Orleans, December 7, 1935, T. D. Burleigh; Grand 
Isle, June 22, 1866, and April 14, 1937; Avery Island, June 
10, 1895, E. A. Mcllhenny; Iowa (La.), April 8, 1899, Ver¬ 
non Bailey; and Leedyburg, January 2, 1926, Arthur 
Svihla. It was also obtained by J. D. Figgins at Cameron 
Farm in Cameron Parish, June 21, 1919; and by S. Ward 
at Grand Isle, June 14, July 12, 22, and 24, 1937. </p>

<p>The writer found this subspecies very numerous on the 
prairies of Calcasieu and Cameron parishes in June, 1933, 
particularly about Lake Charles, Sulphur, Vinton, south¬ 
ward at least as far as Cameron Farm, and as far west as 
Toomey; at all of these localities on June 20. Speci¬ 
mens were collected at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854 
by G. Wiirdemann; at Avery Island, May 12 and 13, 1930, 
by E. G. Wright; at Buras, January 29, 1896, by G. K. 
Cherrie; E. R. Kalmbach reported it from the mouth of the 
Mermentau River, August 11 and 12, 1925; and H. H. Kop- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>580 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
man listed it as common at Hayes, June 12, 1918. The 
writer observed it frequently in the southwestern part of 
Cameron Parish, from the Orange-Cameron Land Com¬ 
pany’s club house to the beach of the Gulf of Mexico, Jan¬ 
uary 24 and 26, 1928; abundant at Calcasieu Lake, Decem¬ 
ber 30 and 31, 1932; he saw it also at Grand Chenier, 
December 30 and 31, 1932, and on the lower Vermilion 
River, January 23, 1928. The writer met with it at Iowa 
(La.), Lacassine, Welsh, Roanoke, Jennings, Midland, and 
Mermentau on June 20, 1933; and at New Iberia, on the 
following day. He ascertained it to be of general distri¬ 
bution throughout the western part of the State in sum¬ 
mer, and made note of it at Shreveport, Cross Lake, Curtis, 
Taylortown, Elm Grove, McDade, and Atkins, June 18, 
1933; at Natchitoches, Robeline, Fort Jesup, De Ridder, 
Longville, and Gillis, June. 19, 1933. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell listed it at Hackley, February 20 to 24. 
1912; and at Covington, November 2 and 3, 1908. H. H. 
Kopman reported it common at Junior, August 4 and 5, 
1917; at Savoie, April 14, 1918; at Phoenix, April 9 and 10, 
1918; Caernovan, April 16 to 18, 1918; and at New Orleans, 
July 10 and 11, 1917. H. L. Ballowe saw it at Diamond, 
March 24, 1902; and Edward Butler reported its breeding 
at Saint Francisville in 1915, and saw it in June, 1919, at 
Bains. At Grand Isle Ambrose Daigre observed it on 
April 5 and May 5, 1936, and on several intervening dates. 
The writer came across several Southern Meadowlarks at 
Dulac in Grand Caillou Bayou, Terrebonne Parish, June 
22, 1933, and also south of this point on Little Go-to-Hell 
Bayou on the same day. He observed this species at Ar¬ 
chie, Utility, Jonesville, Ferriday, Lake Saint John, Water¬ 
proof, Newellton, Quimby, and Tallulah, June 16, 1933; and 
at Tendal, Waverly, Delhi, Dunn, Rayville, Start, and Crew- 
Lake on the following day. J. S. Campbell regards it 
abundant in Bienville Parish, where he has found it nest¬ 
ing from April 12 to late July. </p>

<p>Eggs of this species in the United States National Mu¬ 
seum were obtained at Calcasieu Pass by G. Wiirdemann in </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Rio Grande Meadowlark </p>

<p>
581 </p>

<p>
1854; and others, collector not known, at Grand Coteau 
on June 6, 1887. </p>

<p>RIO GRANDE MEADOWLARK </p>

<p>Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone </p>

<p>The Rio Grande Meadowlark can be regarded only as 
an accidental visitor to southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record, that of a perfectly typical 
adult female collected at Slidell, on October 28, 1908, by 
A. H. Howell. </p>

<p>
WESTERN MEADOWLARK </p>

<p>Sturnella neglecta neglecta Audubon </p>

<p>The Western Meadowlark is a rare or casual winter 
visitor to northwestern and to central Louisiana, observed 
only in January. </p>

<p>The only records are two specimens collected by A. H. 
Howell, one at Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, Jan¬ 
uary 29, 1908; and another at Lecompte on January 13, 
1908. 248 </p>

<p>YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) </p>

<p>The Yellow-headed Blackbird is a casual winter visitor 
in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer recorded this species as a winter resi¬ 
dent in the southwestern part of Louisiana, particularly 
in Cameron Parish; 249 and it is reported also from Calca¬ 
sieu, Allen, Jefferson Davis, West Feliciana, and East Ba¬ 
ton Rouge parishes, but without any definite dates of occur¬ 
rence. One bird was killed in the winter of 1925 to 1926, 
three miles from the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and 
identified by Richard Gordon. 250 The writer saw a single 
individual near the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta on January 22, 1932. </p>

<p>**» Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, April 11, 1908, p. 121. </p>

<p>Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 105. </p>

<p>2r&gt;f ’Cir. Nat. Asso. And. Soc., No. 11, February 15, 1928, p. 7. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>582 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
i </p>

<p>
EASTERN RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Red-winged Blackbird is, in the adult 
plumage of the male, easily distinguishable from any oth¬ 
er bird that occurs in Louisiana, because of its wholly 
black plumage, except a patch of bright red, and another 
of buff on the bend of each wing. The brown-streaked 
female, however, is less easily distinguished from some 
other birds, but usually can be identified by its associates, 
as well as its plumage and notes, which, except for the 
song, are similar to those of the male. </p>

<p>This blackbird is primarily a marsh lover, and during 
the summer season is found chiefly in marshes, swamps, 
and other similar places near water, although occasionally 
birds may be found elsewhere, such as along a beach or in 
the bushes along a stream. During the migration season, 
however, when great numbers assemble into, at times, 
enormous flocks, sometimes by themselves, sometimes as¬ 
sociated with cowbirds, grackles, and Bobolinks, they often 
frequent the wooded swamps or even uplands, particularly 
when seeking food. </p>

<p>The common song of this bird has been variously inter¬ 
preted, but it sounds as near ‘conkaree’ as to any syllables 
that can be given, though there is, of course, a great deal 
of variation in its character. This is the song of the spring 
and summer; but the call note, which is heard at all times 
is a harsh ‘chuck’. </p>

<p>The food of the Eastern Red-winged Blackbird is ob¬ 
tained often in the fields and plowed lands, even though 
the birds nest in swamps and marshes. In the spring it 
even follows the plow, picking up the insects that are un¬ 
covered; and it lives to a considerable extent on worms, 
grubs, canker worms, tent caterpillars, weevils, wire 
worms, click beetles, flies, ants, bugs, and grasshoppers. 
In the autumn and winter, however, it feeds more on the 
seeds of weeds and on grain in the rice and other fields. 
Whenever it becomes extremely numerous it, of course. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Red-winged Blackbird </p>

<p>
583 </p>

<p>
does considerable damage to cultivated crops, particularly 
grain; but it must be said that a good deal of its feeding 
in the rice and other grain fields is done after the grain 
is harvested, and the food that the birds get is thus mostly 
waste. </p>

<p>It often breeds in colonies, in marshes, meadows, or 
swamps, and the nest is placed usually in the grass or rushes 
just above the ground, often in bushes, sometimes at con¬ 
siderable height from the ground, but occasionally on the 
ground. The normally three to five eggs are pale bluish or 
greenish, with various spots, blotches, and lines of brown 
and black. </p>

<p>The Eastern Red-winged Blackbird is an abundant 
permanent resident, even more numerous during the mi¬ 
grations and in winter, in central and northern Louisi¬ 
ana; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in 
West Carroll Parish, Delhi, Dunn, Holly Ridge, Mer Rouge, 
Start, Monroe, Bienville Parish, Foster, and Belcher; west 
to Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Lake Hayes (ten miles west of 
Shreveport), Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, Elm Grove, 
McDade, Atkins, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Fort 
Jesup, Florien, and Pickering; south to De Ridder (prob¬ 
ably this subspecies) and Lecompte; and east to Alexan¬ 
dria, Trout, Frogmore, Utility, Archie, Lake Saint John, 
Waterproof, Saint Joseph, Newellton, Somerset, Quimby, 
and Tallulah. It is also a winter resident in southern Louisi¬ 
ana, from January 12 to March 17, south at least to Ken¬ 
ner, Jefferson Parish, and Chenier au Tigre. It breeds 
chiefly in May and June. </p>

<p>Specimens of this race of the Red-winged Blackbird 
identified in the present connection are from Belcher, four 
specimens, February 4 and 5,1908, A. H. Howell; two from 
Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, January 27, 1908, 
and one on January 28, 1908; and six from Natchitoches, 
January 16 and 17, 1908; all taken by A. H. Howell; one 
from Baton Rouge on February 23, 1937, by George H. 
Lowery, Jr.; one male from Kenner, January 12, 1890, in 
the museum of the Tulane University; and a female from </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>584 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Jefferson Parish, March 17, 1927, in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans. 
Sufficient specimens are not available to make it possible 
accurately to delineate the southern limit of the breeding 
range of the present form, and the distribution as above 
given, must, therefore, be considered more or less tenta¬ 
tive, but it is as nearly correct as the writer is able to indi¬ 
cate at the present time. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey reported this red-wing from Mer Rouge, 
June 2 to 7, 1892; and one bird was collected by J. Fairie 
on Prairie Mer Rouge, June 5, 1853. The writer found this 
subspecies at Tallulah, Delhi, Dunn, Holly Ridge, Rayville. 
Start, and Crew Lake, June 17, 1933; also at Quimby, 
Somerset, Newellton, Saint Joseph, Waterproof, Lake Saint 
John, Archie, Utility, Frogmore, Trout, and Pollock, June 
16, 1933. In western Louisiana he noted it at Caddo Lake, 
Cross Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, Elm Grove, 
McDade, Atkins, and Crichton, June 18, 1933; and in these 
localities, particularly those that are in the Red River val¬ 
ley, this bird seemed to be unusually numerous. It was 
met with by him also at Fort Jesup, Florien, Pickering, 
and De Ridder on June 19, 1933. J. S. Campbell considers 
it an abundant permanent resident in Bienville Parish, 
where it begins nesting about May 1. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey collected examples of this Red-winged 
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus) at Chenier au 
Tigre on December 1, 1925, showing that its winter range 
extends to the Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>GULF COAST RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Ro 3 sem </p>

<p>The Gulf Coast Red-winged Blackbird is an abundant 
permanent resident in southern Louisiana; recorded north 
to Clinton, Bains, Bayou Sara, Valverda in Pointe Coupee 
Parish, Maringouin, Livonia, Lottie, Krotz Springs, Grand 
Coteau, Sunset, Carencro, Lafayette, Scott, Duson, Ravne, 
Crowley, Estherwood, Midland, Mermentau, Jennings, 
Roanoke, Welsh, Lacassine, Iowa (La.), Lake Charles, </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Gulf Coast Red-winged Blackbird </p>

<p>
585 </p>

<p>
Newton, Longville, (probably this subspecies), Sulphur, 
and Vinton; west to Toomey, Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish, Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, and the 
Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house in southwest¬ 
ern Cameron Parish; south to Mud Lake in southwestern 
Cameron Parish, Calcasieu Pass, Calcasieu Lake, Grand 
Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, lower Vermilion River, Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary, Marsh Island, Calumet Plantation 
near Patterson, Wax Lake Pass, Little Wax Bayou, Avoca 
Island, Isle Derniere, Lake Barre, Lake Felicity, Cheniere 
Caminada, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, Shell Island, South¬ 
west Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Pilot Town, and 
Pass a Loutre; and east to Main Pass (Mississippi River 
Delta), Buras, Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, 
Breton Island, Curlew Island, Stake Island, North Island, 
Chandeleur Island, Mitchell Island, Martin Island, Isle au 
Pitre, Half Moon Island (Grand Island) in Lake Borgne, 
Grassy Island in Lake Borgne, Lake Catherine, Rigolets, 
Slidell, Mandeville, and Madisonville. This bird breeds in 
Louisiana from April to July, and there are records of 
eggs from May 4 to June 10. </p>

<p>Specimens of this subspecies have been examined from 
Lake Borgne, March 30, 1869, collected by Henry W. Hen- 
shaw; Pointe a la Hache, May 7, 1935, New Orleans, April 
11 and 19, 1935, January 11, 1937, December 14, 1936, De¬ 
cember 20, 1935, T. D. Burleigh; and February 10, 1936, 
by A. M. Bailey; New Orleans, April 18, 1894; Plaquemines 
Parish, February 7, 1863; Jefferson Parish, January 8, 
1898; Belair, April 1 and 5, 1904, Ned Hollister; Avery Is¬ 
land, May 12, 1930, by E. G. Wright; Chenier au Tigre, 
May 22 and 27, 1930, by E. G. Wright; May 25, 1930, 
March 10, 1931, December 14, 1923, January 1 and 2, 1934, 
A. M. Bailey; Grand Isle, April 8, 9, 12, and 13, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr.; Baton Rouge, May 8, 1937, by S. 
Ward; and February 23, 1937, March 5 and 23, 1937, and 
July 29, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; Grand Pass, June 
21, 1919, and Cameron Farm, June 21, 1919, by A. M. 
Bailey; Johnson Bayou in Cameron Parish, January 1, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>586 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1938, and Morganza, December 18, 1937, by George H. 
Lowery, Jr.; Morgan City, June 30, 1926, Vernon Bailey; 
Welsh, February 11, 1930, J. C. Bisley; Crowley, May 12, </p>

<p>1932, W. A. Douglas; Gueydan, on many dates between 
May 3, 1925, and June 8, 1925; on July 27, 1925, August 
29, 1925, September 18, 1925, March 9, 13, and 19, 1926, 
and May 4 and 12, 1926, by E. R. Kalmbach. In addition, 
specimens have been determined by A. H. Howell and A. 
J. van Rossem from Avery Island and Breton Island; and 
Red-winged Blackbirds, presumably of this race, have been 
collected at Grand Isle, June 3, 14, 23, and 29, July 10, and 
24, 1937, and Timbalier Island, June 30, 1937, by S. Ward; 
at Rigolets, March 4, 1869, by Henry H. Henshaw; and at 
Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, September 6, 9, </p>

<p>19, and 22, 1916, by Ernest G. Holt. Lack of specimens 
from the more northern localities prevents the exact de¬ 
termination of the northern limit of the breeding range of 
this subspecies, but the localities given above may tenta¬ 
tively be considered the boundary line of the summer dis¬ 
tribution. </p>

<p>The United States National Museum has eggs of this 
species from Belair, collected June 7, 8, and 10, 1904, by 
Andrew Allison; and also from Grand Coteau, received 
from Saint Charles College, taken, June 6, 1887. H. H 
Kopman reported this bird’s breeding at Valverda in Point 
Coupee Parish in 1915; and the writer noted it at Livonia, 
Lottie, Krotz Springs, Sunset, Carencro, and Lafayette, 
June 21, 1933; and Scott, Duson, and Rayne, June 20, </p>

<p>1933. It is very numerous in every locality on the prairies 
of southwestern Louisiana during the breeding season, and 
the writer found it there in numbers at Roanoke, Jennings, 
Crowley, Estherwood, Midland, Welsh, Lacassine, Iowa 
(La.), Lake Charles, Sulphur, Vinton, and Toomey, June </p>

<p>20, 1933. He observed on June 19, 1933, at Newton and 
Longville, north of Lake Charles, Red-winged Blackbirds 
that were probably of this form, although he did not obtain 
any specimens. He noted the Gulf Coast Red-wing on Isle 
Derniere, June 22, 1933; at Shell Island in Plaquemines </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Giant Redr-winged Blackbird </p>

<p>
587 </p>

<p>
Parish, Grand Isle, and Ronquille Bay, June 8, 1933; at 
Cheniere Caminada, June 9, 1933; and it was very numer¬ 
ous in the Mississippi River Delta, from the mouth of 
Southwest Pass to Burrwood, at Pilot Town, along: Pass 
a Loutre, and along Main Pass, on June 7, 1933. East of 
the Mississippi River the writer saw it on the following 
islands: Bird Island southwest of Breton Island, and Bre¬ 
ton Island, June 6, 1933; Curlew Island and Stake Island, 
June 5, 1933; North Island, Chandeleur Island, and Martin 
Island, June 4, 1933; at Isle au Pitre, Half Moon Island 
(Grand Island) in Lake Borgne, and Grassy Island, June 
3, 1933; and at The Rigolets and Slidell on June 27, 1933. 
W. M. Sprinkle discovered nests with eggs, May 13, 1913, 
on Breton Island. </p>

<p>Throughout all the marshes in the Gulf Coast region in 
the southwestern part of the State, even in the winter, it 
is one of the most abundant birds. The writer saw it in 
large numbers along the Gulf beach near Mud Lake in 
southwestern Cameron Parish on January 26, 1928; at 
Mermentau, December 29, 1932; and at Welsh, December 
30, 1932. It was easily the most abundant bird about 
Calcasieu Lake, December 30 and 31,1932; and was numer¬ 
ous also at Grand Chenier, on the same dates; on the lower 
Vermilion River, January 23, 1928; and the Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928, where it was one of the 
most abundant birds, although apparently not common on 
Marsh Island, January 30, 1932. The writer noticed it 
also about Wax Lake Pass, Little Wax Bayou, and Avoca 
Island, January 28, 1932; and at Lake Barre and Lake 
Felicity, December 23, 1932. He met with it commonly in 
the vicinity of Chateau Canard on Main Pass in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, December 19, 1932; at Pass a Loutre, 
December 17, 1932; and between Empire and Buras, De¬ 
cember 16, 1932. </p>

<p>GIANT RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegns Oberholser </p>

<p>The Giant Red-winged Blackbird is an uncommon winter 
resident, from January 20 to February 22, casually to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>588 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
June 2, in northern and southern Louisiana. It is probably 
more frequent than the specimens indicate, since it is not 
identifiable in the field, and records depend entirely on 
individuals collected. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens from Natchitoches, ob¬ 
tained, January 20, 1908; and Belcher, February 7, 1908, 
both by A. H. Howell; Jefferson Parish, February 22, 1897, 
in the museum of Tulane University; and Marrero, without 
date, a single female in the museum of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans. An occurrence that 
must be regarded at least as casual, is that of an adult 
male in breeding plumage collected by J. D. Figgins at 
Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish on June 2, 1919. </p>

<p>THICK-BILLED RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway </p>

<p>The Thick-billed Red-winged Blackbird is a rare winter 
visitor in northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single authentic record for the State, 
that of a female taken at Belcher, by A. H. Howell on Feb¬ 
ruary 4, 1908. 251 </p>

<p>
ORCHARD ORIOLE </p>

<p>Icterus spurius (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Orchard Oriole, although not so conspicuous or so 
brightly colored as the Baltimore Oriole, is yet a hand¬ 
some bird, particularly the male, garbed as he is in 
black and chestnut. The female is much less conspicuous 
in olive green above and dull yellowish below. The imma¬ 
ture male is very much like the female, but has a con¬ 
spicuous black throat. This bird is called Orchard Oriole 
because of its habit of frequenting orchards. It is, however, 
by no means confined to such places, since it is very fond 
of the vicinity of dwellings and frequently builds its nest 
in the shade trees on lawns and along highways. In Loui¬ 
siana it lives commonly on many of the coastal marshes, 
which is apparently not elsewhere a common habitat. The </p>

<p>The Auk, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, April. 1900, p. 192. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>
589 </p>

<p>
bird is smaller and more slender in appearance than the 
Baltimore Oriole, and likewise seems to be rather more 
retiring in disposition, noth withstanding the fact that it 
frequently sings from a vantage point in the top of a tree 
in fields or elsewhere. It is somewhat more southern in dis¬ 
tribution than the Baltimore Oriole and less likely to be 
common in the northern parts of its range than is the 
Baltimore Oriole in the same areas, although as with almost 
all birds there is much local variation in numbers. Its flight 
is rather less strong than the Baltimore Oriole, is sel¬ 
dom as long sustained, and apparently is performed with 
a little more effort. While it is usually seen in trees or 
bushes it not infrequently descends to the ground in search 
of food. It is not a bird that associates commonly with 
blackbirds, nor does it assemble into flocks, as they are 
commonly regarded. </p>

<p>The song of the Orchard Oriole is a rather pleasing 
warble, although not so rich in quality as that of the Balti¬ 
more Oriole, but consisting of many more notes, and, there¬ 
fore, longer continued. </p>

<p>In its food habits the Orchard Oriole is a very beneficial 
species, living largely on insects, such as plant lice, scale 
insects, various injurious beetles, grasshoppers, and differ¬ 
ent kinds of caterpillars. It is, at times, a very important 
destroyer of canker worms and other destructive cater¬ 
pillars, and feeds on even the cotton-boll weevil. A part 
of its food consists of wild fruits, but rarely does it do 
any damage to cultivated fruits such as strawberries and 
raspberries. </p>

<p>The nest of the Orchard Oriole is one of the most 
characteristic and interesting features of its life history. 
It is usually made of green grass, which later, by drying, 
becomes light straw-colored or of the color of dead grass, 
deftly woven to the branches of the tree, and is partly 
pensile, though it does not freely hang down like the nest of 
the Baltimore Oriole. The nest is built in either orchard or 
ornamental trees, but seldom in the forest. The eggs, 
like those of the other orioles, are pale bluish white, with </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>590 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
irregular scrawls and streaks, and a few small spots of dark 
brown and lavender or lilac. They are usually four to five 
in number; and ordinarily about 14 days are required for 
their hatching. The young remain in the nest until they 
are practically able to take care of themselves. </p>

<p>Altogether, this oriole is one of our most attrac¬ 
tive birds and one that well deserves careful protection. </p>

<p>The Orchard Oriole is a summer resident, from March 
22 to October 10, common in northern and central Louisiana, 
abundant in the southern part of the State, particularly in 
the Gulf Coast region, including the marshes; reported 
north to Prairie Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Caddo 
Lake; west to Benton in Bossier Parish, Shreveport, Cross 
Lake, Taylortown, Gayle, Frierson, Lucas, Mansfield, Natch¬ 
itoches, Hagewood, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Many, Florien, 
Vinton, and Black Bayou in Cameron Parish; south to 
Calcasieu Pass, Hayes, Gueydan, Avery Island, Vermilion 
Bay, Chenier au Tigre, Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, Four 
Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, 
and Pass a Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta; and east 
to Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Diamond, 
Junior, Savoie, Phoenix, Belair, New Orleans, Caernovan, 
Chef Menteur, Lake Borgne, Rigolets, Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, Hammond, Clinton, Saint Francisville, Bains, Archie, 
Ferriday, Lake Saint John, Somerset, Thomastown, and Tal¬ 
lulah. It is also of accidental occurrence in winter in south¬ 
eastern Louisiana. It breeds from April to July, and there 
are records of eggs from April 13 to July 8. </p>

<p>Specimens of this oriole have been collected at Houma, 
May 6 and 11, 1892, by Vernon Bailey; at Lake Borgne, 
April 18, 1870, by Henry W. Henshaw; New Orleans, May 
24, 1897, by Andrew Allison; April 15, 1883, by R. W. 
Shufeldt; July 26, 1937, April 20, 1936, May 27, 1935, Sep¬ 
tember 9, 1935, and October 1, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; 
at Grand Isle, June 8, 1886, A. K. Fisher; Gueydan, May 
15 and 17, 1925, E. R. Kalmbach; at Calcasieu Pass in the 
spring of 1854 by G. Wurdemann; at Grand Isle, May 28, 
June 2 and 3, 1937, A. Daigre, and April 7, 1926, E. S. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Orchard Oriole </p>

<p>
591 </p>

<p>
Hopkins; Chenier au Tigre, April 12, 1919, May 25 and 26, 
1930, E. G. Wright, and May 31, 1930, A. M. Bailey; 
Cameron Farm, June 2, 1919, J. D. Figgins; Harahan City, 
April 22, 1916, A. M. Bailey; Madisonville, July 17, 1888, 
G. Kohn; Franklinton, May 28, 1886, Clinton, June 9, 1888, 
and Covington, May 23 and 26, 1888, G. Kohn; and at 
Mansfield, April 27, 29, and 30, 1907, and May 2, 1907, by 
A. H. Howell. Eggs in the museum of Tulane University 
were taken in Jefferson Parish, May 21, 1892; and eggs 
in the United States National Museum, at Belair, June 7 
and 10, 1904, by Andrew Allison; also at Grand Coteau, 
June 6, 1887, and April 13, 1875. A nest was sent to the 
Smithsonian Institution by J. Fairie from Prairie Mer 
Rouge in 1853; and one also from Calcasieu Pass by G. 
Wiirdemann in 1854. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported this bird common, especially in 
the cotton fields, at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896; 
and E. R. Kalmbach found it abundant at Tallulah, June 
13 to July 13, 1924. J. S. Campbell considers it a common 
summer resident at Bienville, where it arrives in spring 
between April 4 and April 8, and begins nesting by May 
10. The writer noted it at Caddo Lake, Cross Lake, Shreve¬ 
port, and Taylortown, June 18,1933; at Natchitoches, Hage- 
wood, Robeline, Fort Jesup, Many, and Florien, June 19, 
1933; and at Vinton, June 20, 1933. H. H. Kopman listed 
it from Hayes, as common on June 12,1918; and the writer 
saw it at Avery Island, June 21, 1933; on Ronquille Bay, 
June 8, 1933; and along Four Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, 
June 22, 1933. </p>

<p>One of the interesting and rather surprising ornitho¬ 
logical experiences in southeastern Louisiana, particularly 
in the region of the Mississippi River Delta and the coastal 
areas west of that point, is to find the Orchard Oriole so 
common an inhabitant of the marshes, occurring even in the 
grasses and reeds as well as in the bushes and trees that 
fringe the bayous and ditches. The writer noted this bird 
in such situations very numerous about Dulac on Grand 
Caillou Bayou, and south of that point, June 22, 1933, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>592 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
likewise along Pass a Loutre and Main Pass in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, June 7, 1933. H. L. Ballowe noticed it 
at Diamond, April 2, 1902; H. H. Kopman, common at 
Junior, April 4 and 5, 1917; at Phoenix, April 9 and 10, 
1918; at Savoie, April 14, 1918; at Hammond, March 28, 
1920; and at Mandeville, August 18, 1917; and Ned Hol¬ 
lister met with it commonly at Belair from April 1 to 8, 
1904. Ambrose Daigre saw it frequently and in some num¬ 
bers from April 2 to May 5, 1936, inclusive, at Grand Isle, 
and collected one individual on April 3, 1936. Edward 
Butler recorded its arrival at Bains in 1922 on March 26, 
found it breeding there in 1916, and at Saint Francisville 
in 1915. According to George E. Beyer it breeds at both 
Clinton and Madisonville. The writer saw it at Rigolets, 
Chef Menteur, and near New Orleans, June 27, 1933; and 
at Ferriday, Somerset, Lake Saint John, Archie, and Jena, 
June 16, 1933. H. H. Kopman reported its spring arrival 
at New Orleans in 1903 on March 22, and its departure in 
1920 on October 10. </p>

<p>The only winter record for Louisiana is by H. H. Kop¬ 
man, concerning which he writes that this was of a full 
plumaged male seen in New Orleans on February 14, 1896; 
his notes made at the time read, “It uttered in a subdued 
voice the ‘chuckee’ note. It must be an individual that has 
wintered". </p>

<p>
BALTIMORE ORIOLE </p>

<p>Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>This oriole, so named because its colors of black, white, 
and orange were the colors in the coat of arms of Lord 
Baltimore, is one of the most attractive of our Louisiana 
birds. Unfortunately it is not as common in the summer 
as the Orchard Oriole, being naturally a more northern 
bird, but, in places where it occurs, it is always desirable. 
It lives where trees are to be found, although it does not so 
well like the deep forests as the more open country. In 
orchards, about dwellings in the country, as well as even 
in the streets of towns, it is perfectly at home. Its flight </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Haw Life op Louisiana </p>

<p>
PLATfc 40 </p>

<p>
nx N«rs-;\ </p>













<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Baltimore Oriole </p>

<p>
593 </p>

<p>
is rather strong and well sustained, although it is fonder 
of remaining in the tops of trees than of spending its time 
on the wing. Furthermore, it seems not particularly to seek 
the society of other birds, but is more or less self sufficient 
in this respect. </p>

<p>The song of the Baltimore Oriole is rich and strong, 
although consisting of relatively few notes or groups of 
notes, and when once learned it is not easily to be confused 
with other bird notes of this region. </p>

<p>Someone has said that a Baltimore Oriole is worth its 
weight in gold to any farmer on whose land it takes up 
its abode. Certain is the fact that its food habits are so defi¬ 
nitely beneficial to man, on account of the number of injuri¬ 
ous insects that it destroys, that the small damage that it 
sometimes does to cultivated garden crops, like peas and cher¬ 
ries and mulberries, should not be considered a serious draw¬ 
back to its usefulness. It is one of the birds that destroys 
hairy caterpillars, which apparently are not desirable food 
for most birds. Tent caterpillars, fall web worms, and simi¬ 
lar kinds, are also much eaten. Moths, various kinds of 
beetles, many of them noxious, including the squash beetle 
and the cucumber beetle, plant lice, scale insects, bugs, and 
bag worms, are all a part of its diet. A small part of its 
food is made up of weed seeds and fruit, mostly wild kinds. </p>

<p>The Baltimore Oriole builds its nest usually in a tree, 
sometimes at a considerable height, though often so low 
that one can peer into it from the ground. It is fond of 
using the terminal twigs of a long drooping branch, such 
as the limb of an elm tree, but it often builds in orchard 
or shade trees. Sometimes the nest is well concealed but at 
times it is very conspicuous, even among the surrounding 
green foliage. It is like a long pensile purse, very compactly 
and strongly woven of vegetable fibers of various kinds, 
together with horsehair, wool, and similar materials. Bits 
of string or yarn, bark strips, and similar materials are 
employed at times, and occasionally a nest may be con¬ 
structed chiefly or wholly of narrow strips of cotton cloth 
or of pieces of cotton twine. Ordinarily, however, the nest </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>594 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
is of gray vegetable fibers and thus inconspicuous. The 
lining is usually of hair or plant down, and is chiefly at the 
bottom of the structure. The nest is hung usually between 
the forks of a branch, and since the top is often smaller 
than the middle part the whole makes a safe cradle for the 
young. The eggs are normally four to five in number, white 
or bluish white, and marked with black or dark brown 
streaks and zigzag lines, with some spots of lavender and 
dark brown. The construction of the nest is ordinarily per¬ 
formed by the female, but the male commonly remains in 
the vicinity encouraging his mate. </p>

<p>Notwithstanding the complicated weaving that enters 
into the construction of the nest, this is usually completed in 
not more than six days. The female does most of the sitting 
on the eggs, although occasionally the male takes her place, 
but when the young are hatched the male is as active in 
feeding the young as his mate. </p>

<p>Due to the fact that the song of the Baltimore Oriole 
does not continue late in the summer, the birds are more 
or less inconspicuous on their breeding grounds after the 
young have become fully grown. </p>

<p>The Baltimore Oriole is an uncommon summer resident, 
from April 3 to October 8, in northern, central, east central, 
central eastern, and southeast central Louisiana; reported 
north to Monroe, Ruston, Liberty Hill, Gibsland, Homer, and 
Caddo Lake; west to Shreveport, Cross Lake, Curtis, Mans¬ 
field, and Alexandria; south to Valverda, Maringouin, Lob- 
dell, and New Orleans; and east to Hammond, Clinton, Bains, 
Saint Francisville, Saint Joseph, Somerset, Sicily Island 
in Catahoula Parish, Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, 
Thomastown, and Tallulah. It is also a transient in south¬ 
ern Louisiana, recorded south to Calcasieu Pass, Iowa (La.), 
Gueydan, New Iberia, Grand Isle, and Port Eads. It breeds 
from April to June. </p>

<p>The writer detected this oriole at Caddo Lake, Cross 
Lake (west of Shreveport), and Curtis, on June 18, 1938; 
and D. W. Harris in 1876 sent to the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tution a nest collected at Homer. At Bains, Robert Butler </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Baltimore Oriole </p>

<p>
595 </p>

<p>
reports that it arrives in spring about April 10, and that 
young leave the nest about June 10. He says that two pairs 
were observed nesting in June, 1937. J. S. Campbell gives 
nesting dates for Bienville Parish at Liberty Hill, May 18, 
1932, and at Gibsland, May 12, 1934. Mrs. Bruce Reid 
found several pairs breeding in Alexandria during the sum¬ 
mer of 1931; while H. H. Kopman found it breeding at Val- 
verda in June, 1915; and present in the nesting season at 
Maringouin in 1915. S. C. Arthur observed this oriole in 
West Feliciana Parish, between Bayou Sara and Oakley, on 
June 18,1921. Edward Butler reported its breeding at Bains 
and Saint Francisville, and its spring arrival at the former 
locality in 1922 on April 3; and George E. Beyer in 1891 
said that it bred at Clinton. George H. Lowery, Jr., gives 
arrival dates at Baton Rouge as April 6, 1933, and April 
15, 1934; and collected a specimen at Port Alle/i on June 
10,1937. E. R. Kalmbach saw it frequently in Tallulah from 
June 13 to July 13, 1924. There are two nests in the 
United States National Museum, collected at Sicily Island 
in Catahoula Parish by Mrs. H. J. Disch in 1915. H. H. 
Kopman found the Baltimore Oriole common at Thomas- 
town, July 13, to 28, 1926; and the writer noted it at Saint 
Joseph and Somerset, June 16, 1933; and along the Tensas 
River in the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of Tal¬ 
lulah, on June 17, 1933. </p>

<p>Specimens were collected by Winston E. Nolan at Grand 
Isle, April 20, 1933, and May 5, 1933, and by Ambrose 
Daigre, April 24, 1936, and April 24, 1937; at New Orleans 
April 26, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh; by G. Wiirdemann at 
Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 1854; and by A. H. Howell 
at Mansfield, April 30 and May 2, 1907. Ambrose Daigre 
observed it at Grand Isle on April 6, 6, and 21, 1937. H. 
H. Kopman reported the spring arrival of the Baltimore 
Oriole at Shreveport, April 11, 1933, and April 20, 1935. 
Andrew Allison listed it from Lobdell, April 20 and 21, 
1903; and H. H. Kopman, from Hammond, April 7 to Sep¬ 
tember 22, 1920. E. R. Kalmbach saw a single individual 
south of Gueydan, May 3, 1925; and Vernon Bailey, a few 
individuals at Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899. H. H. Kop- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>596 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
man said that it was not common at New Iberia on April 
13, 1902. Four individuals struck the South Pass Light¬ 
ship at Port Eads on April 13, 1902. </p>

<p>RUSTY BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Euphagus carolinus (Muller) </p>

<p>The Rusty Blackbird is a winter resident, from Novem¬ 
ber 17 to May 10, in most of Louisiana, recorded north to 
Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Prai¬ 
rie Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville, and Belcher; west to Le- 
compte, and Sabine Station in southwestern Calcasieu 
Parish; south to Jennings, Rayne, Kaplan, New Iberia, Cote 
Blanche, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, Avoca Island, 
Bayou Boeuf, Bayou Black near Houma, and Oneida near 
Convent; and east to Jefferson Parish, Kenner, New Orleans, 
Mandeville, Covington, Lobdell, New Roads, Richland Par¬ 
ish, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It occurs sometimes 
in considerable flocks with other blackbirds and is appar¬ 
ently most numerous in the southeastern part of the State. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species from Le- 
compte, collected, January 15, 1908, by A. H. Howell; and 
in the museum of Tulane University, from Sabine Station 
in southwestern Calcasieu Parish, February 20, 1889; 
Rayne, February 14, 1889; Jefferson Parish, February 22, 
1895; and New Orleans, January 26, 1894, January 6, 1872, 
February 20, 1937, March 13, 1894, April 9, 1895, April 
10, 1897, and December 12, 1884. The species has also been 
obtained at New Orleans, April 16, 1897, by Andrew Alli¬ 
son; near Kenner, February 26, 1900, by George E. Beyer; 
Natchitoches, January 16,1908, by A. H. Howell; at Prairie 
Mer Rouge, by J. Fairie in 1853; and at Baton Rouge, 
March 4, and 23, and April 1, 1937, by George H. Lowery, 
Jr. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister found it abundant in flocks from February 
11 to March 20, 1904, in Morehouse, East Carroll, West 
Carroll, and Madison parishes. E. L. Moseley saw it in Rich¬ 
land Parish, March 31, 1923; and J. S. Campbell considers 
it a common winter visitor at Bienville, where he collected </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bi •ewer Blackbird </p>

<p>
597 </p>

<p>
specimens in 1932 and 1933. H. H. Kopman reported it 
from Jennings, January 30 and 31, 1918, where it was in 
flocks in the rice stubble fields in company with Red-winged 
Blackbirds; also common at Kaplan, January 15 and 16, 
1918; and at Cote Blanche, January 13 and 14,1918; Oneida 
near Convent, December 23, 1893, to January 1, 1894; and 
at New Roads, December 15, 1917. Ned Hollister noted it 
abundant at Belair, March 25 to April 8, 1904; and Andrew 
Allison observed it at New Orleans in 1899 as late as May 
10. H. H. Kopman ascertained its arrival at Covington on 
November 17, 1899. The writer saw it between Houma 
and Bayou Chene on Bayou Black in Terrebonne Parish, 
also on Bayou Boeuf, and at Avoca Island, January 27, 
1932. </p>

<p>BREWER BLACKBIRD </p>

<p>Euphagus cyanocephalm cyanocephalus (Wagler) 232 </p>

<p>The Brewer Blackbird is an uncommon winter resident, 
from December 23 to February 14, in northwestern and 
southeastern Louisiana; reported from Belcher, Foster, and 
Natchitoches, southeast to Oneida and Kenner, west of New 
Orleans. It occurs sometimes in flocks, and apparently is 
of most frequent occurrence in the northwestern part of 
the State. </p>

<p>At Belcher, A. H. Howell saw only one small flock be¬ 
tween February 3 and 8, 1908; at Foster, he collected speci¬ 
mens on January 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1908; and also at 
Natchitoches, January 16 and 21, 1908. H. H. Kopman 
shot one from a flock of Rusty Blackbirds at Oneida near 
Convent in Saint James Parish, December 23,1893; and there 
is a specimen in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans, obtained at Kenner, December 23, 1888; also one 
in the Louisiana State University Museum taken at Baton 
Rouge in February, 1933, by George H. Lowery, Jr. He also 
saw a single individual at Baton Rouge on February 14, 
1937. George E. Beyer says that he has noted and taken 
it on several occasions, but he gives no definite dates. 263 </p>

<p>362 Euphaou* rynnoe^phatun of the 1931 A. O. U. Cheek-List. </p>

<p>*5* proc. La. Stir. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), j&gt;. 10.V </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>598 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
BOAT-TAILED CRACKLE </p>

<p>Cassidix mexicanus major (Vieillot) </p>

<p>This bird, commonly called ‘jackdaw’ in Louisiana and 
Texas, is one of the well-known birds of the coast region. 
The black metallic bluish or purplish plumage of the male 
coupled with the long tail and strange notes and behavior 
make it a conspicuous bird. The female, however, is much 
duller and more inconspicuous in color, being dark brown 
above and light brown below. It is called ‘Boat-tailed 
Grackle’, or ‘boat-tailed blackbird’, because of the shape of 
its long tail, which, when the bird is in flight, resembles 
very much the keel of a boat. Although it seems rather 
difficult for the bird to rise from the ground, apparently 
on account of its long tail, when once the bird is under way 
its flight is strong and direct, usually even, though not 
remarkably swift. </p>

<p>It inhabits practically all kinds of country from the 
streets of towns and the door-yards of country dwellings to 
the swamps and marshes, although it is not so frequently 
found in the heavy forests, except in the tops of the trees, 
where it has alighted to rest or to roost. It assembles some¬ 
times into great flocks, often under these circumstances 
associating with the Bronzed and other Grackles, Rusty and 
Red-winged Blackbirds, and Cowbirds, at such times resort¬ 
ing to the rice and other grain fields, where they at times 
do considerable damage to the crops. Gres' numbers also 
gather for the purpose of roosting in tiees, bushes, or the 
reeds of the marshes, associating at such times also with 
the other blackbirds and grackles already mentioned. On 
the ground this bird walks slowly and rather dignifiedly, 
even when seeking its food. </p>

<p>The notes of this bird are at times louder and harsher 
than those of the smaller grackles, and the vocal perform¬ 
ance, particularly during the breeding season, is carried 
on with the accompaniment of various movements of the 
head, neck, wings, and tail, which together form the court¬ 
ing behavior. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Boat-tailed Grackle </p>

<p>
599 </p>

<p>
The food of this big grackle is made up of various kinds 
of water animals, such as crawfishes, crabs, shrimps, and 
the like, together with insects such as grasshoppers and 
beetles, and sometimes dead fishes. The majority of its food, 
however, consists of vegetable matter, such as grain, mostly 
corn, and in places rice and other grains, with some fruit. 
Of course not all the consumption of grain should be con¬ 
sidered injurious, since a considerable portion of this 
obtained is probably waste, gleaned from the fields after 
harvest. </p>

<p>The Boat-tailed Grackle builds its nest in various situa¬ 
tions, ordinarily either in trees or bushes, sometimes even at 
considerable height from the ground, but often in very low 
bushes or reeds in swamps, marshes, or cane brakes, 
where at times the nests are but a few inches above the 
water. Not infrequently the nests are built in colonies, 
particularly where favorable locations occur. The nest itself 
is a very bulky structure, sometimes eight or more inches 
in outside width, and composed of weed-stalks, grasses, 
roots, sedges, and similar materials, with often the addition 
of mud, and such other materials as rags, cotton, and sea¬ 
weed. The lining consists of finer materials of similar 
character, usually grasses. The eggs, which are usually 
three to four, are variable in color, light blue or green, 
olive or drab, with dark brown and black markings of 
various shapes and sizes. It takes about 15 days to hatch 
the young, in which performance the male seldom assists, 
although he does aid in taking care of the young. </p>

<p>The Boat-tailed Grackle is an abundant permanent resi¬ 
dent in the Gulf Coast region of southern Louisiana; re¬ 
ported north to Slidell, Madisonville, New Orleans, Boutte, 
Des Allemands, Raceland, Vacherie, Houma, Morgan City, 
Calumet Plantation near Patterson, Avery Island, Abbe¬ 
ville, Kaplan, Gueydan, Lake Arthur, Welsh, Iowa (La.), 
Vinton, and Toomey; west to Ged, Black Bayou in Cameron 
Parish, Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, and 
southwestern Cameron Parish; south to Mud Lake in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, Calcasieu Pass, Cameron, Calcasieu Lake, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>600 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, Vermilion Bay, Marsh Island, Wax Lake Pass, Little 
Go-to-Hell Bayou, Four Bayou, Drum Lake (Lake Tam¬ 
bour), Lake Felicity, Grand Isle, Manila on Barataria Bay, 
Ronquille Bay, Shell Island in Plaquemines Parish, South¬ 
west Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Pass a Loutre, 
Codro Pass, Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, and Main Pass in the Mississippi River 
Delta; and east to Breton Island, Lake Catherine, and The 
Rigolets. It breeds from early April to July, and there 
are records of eggs from April 15 to June 18. </p>

<p>Specimens of this grackle have been examined from 
Cameron Parish, January 9, 1926, Vernon Bailey; Cameron 
Farm, May 8, 1919, E. R. Kalmbach; Lake Charles, June 
16 and 17,1935, George H. Lowery, Jr.; Mud Lake, ten miles 
north of Lake Charles, June 13, 1935, George H. Lowery, 
Jr.; Ged, June 1, 1930, E. G. Wright; Pilot Town, Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta, October 24, 1928; Avery Island, May 23, 
1930; and Chenier au Tigre, December 13 and 15, 1925, 
January 1 and 5, 1934, all by A. M. Bailey; and February 
1, 1928, by Wharton Huber; Gueydan, May 12 and 28, 1925, 
June 1 and 4, 1925, July 13, 1925, August 4, 1925, and 
Setember 4 and 18, 1925, E. R. Kalmbach; Vermilion Bay, 
February 10, 1911, A. K. Fisher; Morgan City, June 30, 
1925, Vernon Bailey; and July 2, 1925, Mrs. R. D. Svihla; 
Houma, May 6, 1892, Vernon Bailey; Belair, March 27 
and April 6, 1904, Ned Hollister; Grand Isle, April 13, 
1937, and New Orleans, March 20, 1936, May 17, 1935, 
February 15, 1937, and June 21, 1935, T. D. Burleigh; New 
Orleans, March 1, 1886, and March, 1899; Jefferson Parish, 
April, 1899; and Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines 
Parish, November 2, 1862. The species was collected also 
at New Orleans, December 15, 1882, by R. W. Shufeldt; at 
Buras, January 29, 30, and 31, 1896, and February 5 and 6, 
1896, by George K. Cherrie; at Grand Isle, April 12 and 14, 
1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; and on Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish, February 10, 1879. Eggs now in the 
United States National Museum were obtained at Avery </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Boat-tailed Grackle </p>

<p>
601 </p>

<p>
Island, April 28, 1894; and by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu 
Pass in 1854. </p>

<p>On the marshes of the Gulf Coast region this grackle 
is one of the most conspicuous and numerous birds in both 
summer and winter. On the Cameron Farm in Cameron 
Parish, also about Vinton and Toomey, the writer found it 
abundant on June 20, 1933; likewise on Ronquille Bay on 
June 8, 1933. He observed it along Little Go-to-Hell Bay¬ 
ou, Four Bayou, about Dulac, and on Grand Caillou Bayou 
all the way from Dulac to the mouth of Four Bayou, June 
22, 1933; and he noted it also on Grand Isle, and Shell Is¬ 
land in Plaquemines Parish, June 8, 1933; at Manila on 
Barataria Bay, June 10, 1933; at Boutte and Raceland, 
June 23, 1933. It was abundant in the delta of the Missis¬ 
sippi River, where he met with it near Burrwood and else¬ 
where along the Southwest Pass, along Pass a Loutre, and 
Main Pass, on June 7, 1933. He saw it at Slidell, June 27, 
1933; at The Rigolets, June 2, 1933; and on Breton Island, 
June 6, 1933. George E. Beyer reported it as breeding in 
1891 at Madisonville and New Orleans; H. H. Kopman 
found it common in the rice fields between Donaldsonville 
and Vacherie, July 12 to 14, 1917; and J. W. Trahan listed 
it as breeding at Abbeville in 1916. </p>

<p>During the winter this species appears to be more num¬ 
erous than in the nesting time, and the writer has observed 
it in the former season throughout the Gulf Coast. About 
the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house he no¬ 
ticed it numerous on January 26, 1928, as well as on the 
same day at Mud Lake in the same region. He saw it at 
Kaplan, December 29, 1932; at Lake Arthur and Welsh, 
December 30, 1932; at Avery Island, December 28, 1932; 
Lake Barre, Drum Lake (Lake Tambour), and Lake 
Felicity on December 23, 1932; the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, January 23, 1928; Grand Chenier and Calcasieu 
Lake, December 30 and 31, 1932; and at Wax Lake Pass, 
January 28 and 29, 1932. In the Mississippi River Delta 
it was numerous at the Delta Duck Club on Octave Pass 
and on Main Pass, December 19, 1932; at Johnson Pass </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>602 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
and Dennis Pass, December 17, 1932; Codro Pass, Cogno- 
vich Pass, and Dead Woman Pass, December 18, 1932. </p>

<p>The discovery that some individuals of the Boat-tailed 
Grackle have yellow eyes, and some dark brown eyes, has 
recently led to the description of two supposedly distinct 
new subspecies. One of these, from Florida, by Alexander 
Sprunt, Jr.; 264 the other from Virginia by Francis Har¬ 
per. 265 Since, however, this grackle was first described 
from Louisiana, and since, moreover, there are both adult 
yellow-eyed and brown-eyed birds in this State, the sepa¬ 
ration of these additional races apparently will not affect 
the status of the Louisiana form. </p>

<p>
FLORIDA GRACKLE </p>

<p>Quisealus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus) 254 </p>

<p>This bird, sometimes called ‘Florida crow blackbird’, is 
somewhat smaller than the Bronzed Grackle, and decidedly 
smaller than the Boat-tailed Grackle, but in general color 
of its plumage is much the same as the former, except that 
its upper parts are deep metallic green or greenish black, 
and its lower parts more purplish or greenish black. </p>

<p>It is fond of almost all kinds of country, both woodlands 
and the more open areas, together with cultivated lands. </p>

<p>“"~In flight and other habits it is very much like the 
Bronzed Grackle, and at times gathers into great flocks 
which wander about the country in search of food, or roost 
at night in the trees, bushes, or reeds of marshes. </p>

<p>Like the other blackbirds it feeds on both vegetable and 
animal food. Thd latter consists mostly of insects, such as 
boll weevils, beetles, caterpillars, and grasshoppers; also 
crawfishes, mollusks, and even lizards. The vegetable food 
is made up largely of grain, mostly waste, and of wild 
fruits and seeds. Like the other grackles it sometimes de- </p>

<p>,#4 Charleston Museum Leaflet, No. 6, February 24. 1934. pp. 1-5. </p>

<p>258 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. LXXXVI, March ». 1934. pp. 1-2. </p>

<p>258 QuiscaJus quiscula aglaeu* of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Florida Grackle </p>

<p>
603 </p>

<p>
stroys the eggs and young of small birds, particularly where 
the grackles are numerous and other food not so easily 
available. </p>

<p>The nest is commonly in a tree, though not usually very 
high from the ground, in bushes or on stumps, in either 
uplands or bottomlands, and sometimes in colonies. It is 
a rather bulky structure, composed of leaves, grasses, 
weed-stalks, twigs, and similar materials. Spanish moss is 
sometimes used to a considerable extent, as are also mud, 
flags, and pine needles. It is lined with fine grass and 
roots. The three to five eggs are similar in color to those 
of the Bronzed Grackle. </p>

<p>The Florida Grackle is a common permanent resident 
in southeastern Louisiana, reported north to Mandeville 
and Madisonville; west to Madisonville, New Orleans, Bel- 
air, Carlisle, Junior, Deer Range Plantation in Plaque¬ 
mines Parish, Buras, Burrwood on Southwest Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta, Johnson Pass, Dennis Pass, 
Codro Pass, Cognovich Pass, and Pass a Loutre; and east 
to Octave Pass, Dead Woman Pass, Willow Pass, and Main 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, East Lake in Saint Ber¬ 
nard Parish, Lake Catherine, The Rigolets, Half Moon Is¬ 
land, and Slidell. In winter it occurs at least casually also 
southwest of its breeding range, as far as Morgan City, 
central southern Louisiana. It breeds from April to June. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bird have been identified by the writ¬ 
er from Grand Isle, April 18, 1929, Cut Off in La Fourche 
Parish, April 17, 1937, T. D. Burleigh, collector; Deer 
Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish, May 8, 1864; 
Belair, June 11, 1904, and March 31, 1904; Jefferson Par¬ 
ish, January 12, 1899; New Orleans, November 1, 1896; 
and by T. D. Burleigh, October 8, 1936; it was taken also 
at New Orleans on May 24, 1886, by A. K. Fisher. Frank 
M. Chapman also records 257 birds from Mandeville, Isle 
Bonne (ten miles south of New Orleans), Chef Menteur, 
and Morgan City. Owing to the absence of specimens from </p>

<p>* M The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 1, January 8, 1935, pp. 26-27; ibid, No. 4, Oc¬ 
tober 11, 1935, pp. 418-419. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>604 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
along the borders of its more northern and western range 
it is not possible with definiteness to delineate the actual 
boundaries of its breeding distribution in Louisiana. It 
apparently, however, occupies a much smaller part of the 
State than has formerly been supposed. </p>

<p>George E. Beyer reported grackles breeding at Madison- 
ville in 1891 which were doubtless of this race. The 
writer met with it at The Rigolets, June 2, 1933, at Slidell, 
June 27, 1933; and on Half Moon Island (Grand Island) 
in Lake Borgne, June 3, 1933. It breeds apparently all 
through the Mississippi River Delta, where the writer ob¬ 
served it on Southwest Pass as far south as Burrwood, on 
Pass a Loutre, and on Main Pass, June 7, 1933. </p>

<p>The winter range of this subspecies is virtually the same 
as its summer habitat, although the bird seems to be more 
numerous in the Mississippi River Delta and at other 
places along the Gulf Coast at this season than in summer ; 
and in winter it wanders for some distance southwest of 
its breeding range. The writer found it abundant in the 
Mississippi River Delta at the Delta Duck Club, January 
19, 1928, and on Main Pass, Codro Pass, Cognovich Pass, 
and Dead Woman Pass, December 18, 1932; on Dennis Pass 
and Johnson Pass, December 17, 1932; and on Willow Pass, 
December 20, 1932; also along the road between Buras and 
Empire on December 16, 1932. </p>

<p>PURPLE GRACKLE </p>

<p>Quiscalus quiscula stonei Chapman 2r,s </p>

<p>The Purple Grackle is a common permanent resident 
in central southern Louisiana, and a winter resident in the 
southeastern part of the State. It has been reported north 
to Clinton, West Feliciana Parish, and Simmesport; west 
to Saint Landry Parish, Opelousas, Lafayette, Broussard. 
Cade, Abbeville, Lake Arthur, lower Vermilion River, Avery 
Island, Vermilion Bay, and the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary ; south to Vermilion Parish, Avery Island, Wax Lake </p>

<p>25s Quiscalws quiscula quiscula of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List: see Chapman. 
The Auk, Vol. LIT, No. 1, January 8, 1935, p. 25. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Purple Grackle </p>

<p>
605 </p>

<p>
Pass, Morgan City, Avoca Island, Dulac in Terrebonne Par¬ 
ish, Four Bayou in Terrebonne Parish, Lake Barre, Lake 
Felicity, Bayou La Fourche, and Grand Isle; and east to 
Grand Isle, New Orleans, West Baton Rouge Parish, and 
Baton Rouge; southeast in winter to Mandeville. It breeds 
from April to June, and there are records of eggs on April 
26 and 27. </p>

<p>The limits of the breeding range of this grackle, as 
above outlined, are, as in the case of the Florida Grackle, 
subject to correction, as further specimens from the areas 
along the eastern, northern, and western boundaries be¬ 
come available. The writer has examined specimens from 
Opelousas, taken, June 2, 1895; Lobdell, May 4 and 23, 
1903; Mandeville, winter of 1887 to 1888; New Orleans, 
July 6, and December 12, 1936; West Baton Rouge Parish, 
May 23, 1893; and Avery Island, May 9, 1920, April 22, 
1895, and May 11, 1930. It was taken at Avery Island 
also on April 26, 1894, and June 23, 1895. Furthermore, 
Frank M. Chapman has recorded 259 birds collected at New 
Orleans; Melville; 15 miles southeast of Livonia in West 
Baton Rouge Parish, March 5, 1903; Livonia, May 16, 
1936; 15 miles southwest of Livonia, March 5, 1903; Coule 
Croche in Saint Landry Parish, June 3, 1935; Baton Rouge, 
May 24, 1935; Terrebonne Parish, Vermilion Parish, Saint 
Mary Parish, Morgan City, Abbeville, Avery Island, and 
Lake Arthur. Several of the specimens examined, par¬ 
ticularly those from the more eastern part of this bird's 
range, are intermediate, verging toward the Florida 
Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula, but are on the whole 
nearer this race. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported this grackle fairly common at 
Simmesport, August 31 to September 2, 1917, and between 
Donaldsonville and Vacherie, July 12 to 14, 1917. K. Geist 
listed it as breeding at Hohen Solms in 1915 and 1916. 
The writer observed it at Houma, June 22 and 23, 1933; 
at Lafayette, Broussard, Cade, Avery Island, and Krotz 
Springs, June 21, 1933; at Ervinville, and Lottie, June 15, </p>

<p>2Bg The Auk, Vol. LIT, No. 1, January 8. 1935, pp. 26-27: ibid, No. 4, Oc¬ 
tober 11, 1935, pp. 418-419; Vol. LIII, No. 4, October 8, 1936. pp. 408-410. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>606 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1933; and common about Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou 
and from Dulac to Four Bayou on June 22, 1933. Am¬ 
brose Daigre observed it at Grand Isle, April 23 and 24, also 
May 2 and 5, 1936. Richard Gordon states that it was 
breeding along the bayous on the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, June 28 to July 4, 1926, at which time most of the 
nests contained young. George E. Beyer considered it a 
breeding bird at Clinton in 1891. The writer saw it on 
Lake Felicity and Lake Barre, December 23, 1932; at Av¬ 
ery Island, December 28, 1932; on the lower Vermilion Riv¬ 
er and the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928; 
and on Wax Lake Pass, January 28, 1932. On January 
27, 1932, at Avoca Island, he watched a sunset flight of 
6,000 of these grackles in company with Red-winged Black¬ 
birds. </p>

<p>BRONZED GRACKLE </p>

<p>Quiscalus aeneus Ridgway 260 </p>

<p>The smaller grackles, such as the Bronzed Grackle and 
the Purple Grackle, are commonly called ‘crow blackbirds’, 
and in Louisiana frequently ‘chock’. Like the Boat-tailed 
Grackle the Bronzed Grackle has a tail that is somewhat 
keeled, although not so much or conspicuously so as is 
that of the Boat-tailed Grackle. It is considerably smaller 
and has a shorter tail than the Boat-tailed Grackle, al¬ 
though in the color of its plumage it is very similar, except 
for the fact that the body of the Bronzed Grackle is of a dark 
golden bronze, in contrast to its metallic bluish or purplish 
black head. </p>

<p>In most regions this bird inhabits all kinds of country, 
both wooded and open, and both uplands and lowlands, ac¬ 
cording to locality. It is also a familiar bird about dwel¬ 
lings, both in the country and in the cities, particularly in 
parks. In the autumn and winter it regularly gathers into 
great flocks, associated at this time with other grackles 
and blackbirds. It often flies considerable distances, al¬ 
though its flight is not particularly swift, yet even and </p>

<p>200 Quiscalus quiscuia aeneus of the 1031 A. O. V. Check List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bronzed Grackle </p>

<p>
607 </p>

<p>
well sustained. On the ground it walks with rather delib¬ 
erate steps, jerking its head and tail in the process. </p>

<p>The notes of this bird are not very musical, but rather 
squeaky, and during the mating season, as well as at other 
times, its notes are frequently heard. The courtship dis¬ 
play, though not so conspicuous as that of the Boat-tailed 
Grackle, is yet interesting. The male puffs up his feathers, 
and partly spreads his wings and tail, thus making himself 
in every way as conspicuous and apparently as attractive to 
the female as possible. </p>

<p>The food of the Bronzed Grackle consists of a wide 
range of both animal and vegetable matter. The bird con¬ 
sumes various kinds of insects, some of them very injur¬ 
ious, such as May beetles, curculios, tent caterpillars, cut¬ 
worms, army worms, bugs, and ants; also such other ani¬ 
mals as crawfishes, worms, small snakes, snails, frogs, and 
salamanders. Various kinds of grain, and both wild and 
cultivated fruit are commonly taken, together with 
seeds of weeds, many of them of injurious kinds. While 
the bulk of its animal food indicates that the bird is more 
or less beneficial, it does, at times, do considerable damage 
to crops when it assembles into great flocks in the fall and 
descends on grain fields. Occasionally also it does some 
damage to fruit. Another of its unfortunate habits is the 
destruction of eggs and young of song birds. </p>

<p>This grackle nests sometimes in considerable colonies, 
though often singly, usually in trees, either evergreen or 
deciduous, sometimes at considerable height from the 
ground, but in places even on the ground or in holes of 
woodpeckers or in other cavities. The nest is a bulky 
structure, ordinarily composed of weed-stalks, twigs, 
grasses, lichens, and the like, lined with dry grass or sim¬ 
ilar materials. The usually four to five eggs are of light 
greenish blue or drab, spotted, lined, and blotched with 
various shades of dark brown and drab. The young are 
cared for assiduously and the parents are very faithful in 
the care and protection of the young. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>608 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The present grackle is one of the birds that is fond 
of the yards in the cities and can be readily attracted by 
a bird bath, since it is fond of bathing, and it is by no 
means an uninteresting bird to watch. </p>

<p>The Bronzed Grackle is a permanent resident, common 
in summer, abundant at other seasons, in central, northern, 
and southern Louisiana; reported north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Mon¬ 
roe, Bienville, Calhoun, and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, 
Vivian in Caddo Parish, Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, 
Elm Grove, Atkins, Natchitoches, Many, Leesville, De Bid¬ 
der, Sabine Station, Sulphur, Vinton, and Black Bayou in 
Cameron Parish; south to southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Calcasieu Lake, Grand Chenier, Iowa (La.), Lacassine, 
Welsh, Roanoke, Jennings, Mermentau, Florence Club (16 
miles south of Gueydan), Crowley, Rayne, Grand Coteau, 
and West Baton Rouge Parish; and east to Baton Rouge, 
Olive Branch, Lindsay, Clinton, Archie, Jonesville, Ferri- 
day, Lake Saint John, Saint Joseph, Newellton, and Tallulah. 
It is also a winter resident, from January to April, and 
fairly common in southeastern Louisiana, southeast to New 
Iberia, New Orleans, Mandeville, and Madisonville. It 
breeds from April to June; and there are records of eggs 
from May 1 to June 6. </p>

<p>Specimens of the Bronzed Grackle have been examined 
by the writer from Mer Rouge, June 6, 1892, collected by 
G. A. Coleman; in the museum of the Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans, from near Saint Francisville, 
without date; and in the museum of Tulane University at 
New Orleans, from Sabine Station in southwestern Cal¬ 
casieu Parish, February 4, 1889, and January 15, 1889; 
from Madisonville, April, 1859; New Orleans, January 25, 
1873; Clinton, June 6, 1888; New Iberia, February, 1902; 
West Baton Rouge Parish, by Andrew Allison, January 
24, 1903; and Rayne, February 5, 1889. Frank M. Chap¬ 
man has recorded 261 additional specimens from Mandeville; </p>

<p>801 The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 1, January 8, 1935, pp. 26-27: ibid. No, 4, Octo 
ber 8, 1935, pp. 418-419; L1II, No. 4, October 8, 1936, pp. 408-410. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized, by </p>

<p>
Go gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bronzed Grackle </p>

<p>
609 </p>

<p>
Baton Rouge; West Baton Rouge Parish; Vidalia; Moreau- 
ville; Boyce, May 20 to 22,1935; Bunkie, May 23,1935; two 
miles south of Meeker, May 11, 1935; Bordelonville, May 
9, 1935; Woodside, May 15, 1935 (nesting); False River, 
between New Roads and Port Allen, May 6,1935; two miles 
south of Livonia, May 16, 1936; 15 miles southeast of Li* 
vonia, May 9, 1903; and six miles south of Olive Branch, 
April 27, 1935. Owing to the scarcity of specimens from 
the southeastern portion of the supposed range of this 
grackle, it is not possible more than to indicate the possi¬ 
bilities of the southeastern limits of its breeding range, 
and, therefore, some of the statements here made must be, 
as in the case of the Florida Grackle, more or less tenta¬ 
tive. </p>

<p>Eggs of this bird in the United States National Museum 
were collected at Grand Coteau, June 6, 1887. The writer 
found it at Waverly, Delhi, Dunn, and Holly Ridge, June 
17, 1933; Caddo Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Taylortown, 
Elm Grove, and Atkins, June 18, 1933; at Natchitoches, 
Many, and De Ridder, June 19, 1933; at Sulphur, Vinton, 
Iowa (La.), Lacassine, Welsh, Roanoke, Jennings, and 
Crowley, June 20, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach observed it com¬ 
monly about Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 1924; and the 
writer saw it at Archie, Newellton, Saint Joseph, Lake Saint 
John, Ferriday, and JonesviUe, June 16, 1933. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., considers it an abundant breeding bird in the 
Baton Rouge region. J. S. Campbell regards it as a com¬ 
mon permanent resident at Bienville, more numerous in 
winter, and found many nests with eggs on May 1, 1934. </p>

<p>Grackles, probably of this species, were numerous on the 
property of the Orange-Cameron Land Company, in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, about the dub house and south to the Gulf 
of Mexico, January 24, 1928; at Calcasieu Lake, December 
30, 1932; Grand Chenier, December 31,1932; and the writ¬ 
er noticed a large flight at the Florence Club (16 miles 
south of Gueydan), on December 29, 1932. This grackle 
was captured at Segura, January 16, 1925, and recorded in 
winter at both Bayou Sara and New Iberia. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>610 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
In view of the data that for many years have been ac¬ 
cumulating, it seems more logical to treat the Bronzed 
Grackle as a distinct species, and the intermediate speci¬ 
mens as hybrids. </p>

<p>
EASTERN COWBIRD </p>

<p>Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert) </p>

<p>The Eastern Cowbird is a winter visitor in Louisiana 
from October 16 to February 26, reported north to Belcher 
and Foster; west to Natchitoches and Cameron Parish; 
south to Lake Charles, Plaquemines Parish; and east to 
New Orleans and Kenner. It is not in the field separable 
from the other cowbirds, and it is probably of more fre¬ 
quent occurrence than the relatively few specimens ex¬ 
amined would indicate. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens of this cowbird 
from near Kenner, February 26, 1900, Andrew Allison; 
and the following examples in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity: New Orleans, February 16, 1894, February 16, 
1876, February 8, 1898, and October 16, 1876; Sauve, in 
Jefferson Parish, February 9, 1890, and February 7, 
1889; and Plaquemines Parish, January 16 and 18, 1866. 
It has. been taken also at Lake Charles, December 7, 1925; 
in Cameron Parish, by A. M. Bailey; and by A. H. Howell 
at Natchitoches, January 17, 1908; at Foster, January 28 
and 30, 1908; and at Belcher, February 7, 1908. </p>

<p>NEVADA COWBIRD </p>

<p>Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell </p>

<p>The Nevada Cowbird is a rare winter visitor, from 
September 7 to February 16, in southeastern Louisiana, 
and probably in also other parts of the State. </p>

<p>The only definite records are specimens in the museum 
of Tulane University at New Orleans, collected at Bayou 
Des Allemands, January 18, 1890; and New Orleans, Feb¬ 
ruary 16, 1895; another in the museum of the Louisi¬ 
ana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, taken at </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Cowbird </p>

<p>
611 </p>

<p>
Pearl River, December 1, 1932, by Winston E. Nolan; and 
one in the Biological Survey, obtained at Gueydan, Septem¬ 
ber 7, 1926, by E. R. Kalmbach. </p>

<p>LOUISIANA COWBIRD </p>

<p>Molothrus ater buphilus Oberholser, new subspecies </p>

<p>Subspecific characters. —Similar to Molothrus ater ater, 
but much smaller and with a relatively somewhat stouter 
bill. Similar to Molothrus ater obscurus, but larger, the 
bill averaging much stouter, the female darker and less 
brownish. </p>

<p>Measurements. — (Average of 18 males)—Wing, 104.4 
mm.; tail, 71.9; exposed culmen, 16.4; height of bill at 
base, 10.7; tarsus, 25.9; middle toe without claw, 16.4. </p>

<p>Type. —Adult male, No. 1-31633, Louisiana State Uni¬ 
versity ; Marsh Island, Louisiana; March 16, 1933; John D. 
Mizelle. </p>

<p>Geographic distribution. — Central southern United 
States; north to eastern Arkansas, northern Louisiana, 
central Oklahoma; west to New Mexico and central western 
Texas; south to northeastern Mexico and southern Louisi¬ 
ana; and east to southern Mississippi and eastern Arkan¬ 
sas. </p>

<p>While this new subspecies is in some respects interme¬ 
diate between Molothrus ater ater and Molothrus ater ob¬ 
scurus, it differs so considerably from both, and occupies 
such a large area, that it seems desirable to recognize it 
as a separate race. It is the breeding cowbird of all 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>All the forms of the common Cowbird are so much alike 
that one description of both appearance and habits will 
answer for all. </p>

<p>The present bird, which is the one best known in Lou¬ 
isiana, is smaller than the Red-winged Blackbird; the male 
is black with greenish, bluish, or purplish reflections, but 
with a brown head; the female is of a dull, more or less </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>612 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
uniform grayish brown, though lighter below, and without 
distinct markings. </p>

<p>Like the Bronzed Grackle it lives almost everywhere, 
except that it is not so fond of the deep forests, and it is 
less commonly observed in the streets of the towns and 
cities. One of its habits, from which it has obtained its 
name of Cowbird, is its fondness for the vicinity of cattle, 
for the purpose, of course, of obtaining the insects that 
these animals attract. The Cowbird is at home either on 
the ground or in trees and it has a rather strong and well 
sustained flight. At times it collects into large flocks, 
which may consist wholly of Cowbirds or partly of Red¬ 
winged Blackbirds and grackles. </p>

<p>Its voice is not unpleasant, although it could hardly be 
called musical. It is rather more liquid and less sharp in 
tone than that of the grackles. </p>

<p>The Cowbird does not do so much damage to farm crops 
as do most of the other blackbirds, although, at times, in 
large numbers, it may descend on grain fields. Most of the 
food that it takes in this way is to be regarded as waste 
grain, so that the balance of its food ledger, so far as man 
is concerned, is favorable, since its animal food is mostly 
insects, and these include a number of injurious kinds, 
such as curculios, grasshoppers, caterpillars like the army 
worm, leaf hoppers, beetles, wasps, ants, and others. The 
rest of its diet consists of such items as spiders, snails, and 
wild fruit, together with large quantities of weed seeds. </p>

<p>Perhaps the most remarkable thing about the Cowbird 
is the manner of its nesting, since in the ordinary sense 
it does not mate, build a nest, or care for its young. Its 
eggs are laid in the nests of other small birds, and the 
birds that act as its hosts make up a long list. Occasionally 
its eggs are laid in the nest of a bird as large as a hawk, 
but this is very unusual. It is difficult to determine just 
how many eggs an individual female will lay, because of 
the fact that it probably lays these eggs in several differ¬ 
ent nests. The eggs are white, thickly speckled or spot- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Cowbird </p>

<p>
613 </p>

<p>
ted with brown and drab. Normally there is but one egg of 
the Cowbird in the nest of another bird, but several eggs 
are often found in a single nest. The eggs, of course, are 
incubated by the bird in whose nest they happen to be laid, 
and the period of incubation is usually slightly shorter 
than that of the host bird, so that they are relatively sure 
of hatching. Some birds much object to the presence of the 
Cowbird’s eggs in the nest, and seek by various means to 
avoid hatching the eggs of this interloper. Many birds 
desert the nest entirely, while others, like the Yellow War¬ 
bler, often build a nest on top of the one in which the Cow- 
bird’s eggs have been laid. After the young of the Cow¬ 
bird hatch, the young or eggs of the host are disposed of, 
and the Cowbird ultimately becomes usually the sole occu¬ 
pant of the nest. It is fed and reared by its foster par¬ 
ents, often after it leaves the nest. For the reason that 
the laying of a Cowbird’s egg in the nest of another species 
usually results in the destruction of the foster parent’s 
brood, the Cowbird is to this extent an injurious species, 
since most of the birds that are thus parasitized are bene¬ 
ficial. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Cowbird is a permanent resident, fairly 
common in summer, abundant in winter and during mi¬ 
gration, over practically all of Louisiana, reported north 
to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, 
Waverly, Delhi, Mer Rouge, Monroe, Foster, and Belcher; 
west to Caddo Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, Crichton, Mans¬ 
field, Natchitoches, Robeline, Many, Vinton, and Cameron 
Farm in Cameron Parish 14 miles south of Vinton; south 
to the Gulf of Mexico in southwestern Cameron Parish, 
Calcasieu Lake, Grand Chenier, lower Vermilion River, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Marsh Island, Saint Mary Par¬ 
ish, Avoca Island, Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, Terrebonne 
Bayou near Lake Barre, Grand Isle, and Cognovich Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Main Pass in the 
Mississippi River Delta, Ostrica, Belair, Marrero, West- 
wego, New Orleans, Baton Rouge, West Feliciana Parish, 
Jena, Archie, Jonesville, Frogmore, Ferriday, Lake Saint </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
614 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>John, Saint Joseph, Como, Newellton, Tallulah, and Lake 
Providence. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this bird from 
Saint Mary Parish, collected by H. H. Kopman, June, 1894; 
Marsh Island, March 16, 1933, obtained by John D. 
Mizelle; Marrero, collected by E. S. Hopkins, April 17, 18, 
and 28, 1926; New Orleans, February 8, 1895, and October 
16, 1875, by Gustave Kohn; June 19,1935, and July 13,1936, 
Thomas D. Burleigh; Bayou des Allemands, January 15, 
1890; Shelter Island, January 23, 1891; Como, July 10, 
1899; Baton Rouge, January 13, 1933, March 4, 1937, and 
November 19, 1932, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; Montgomery 
in Grant Parish, June 10, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; 
Shreveport, May 16, 1937, George H. Lowery, Jr.; and 
Grand Isle, August 2, 1937, by S. Ward. </p>

<p>Field records of cowbirds in Louisiana are included 
under the present race, although, since it is not dis¬ 
tinguishable in the field from the Eastern Cowbird, it is 
possible that some of the winter records herewith given 
relate wholly or in part to the Eastern Cowbird, Molothrus 
ater ater, which winters probably over most if not all of 
the Louisiana range of the present race. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell observed the Louisiana Cowbird at Mans¬ 
field, April 26 to May 3, 1907; and the writer noted it at 
Caddo Lake, Shreveport, Curtis, and Crichton, June 18, 
1933; at Natchitoches, Robeline, and Many, June 19,1933; at 
Waverly and Delhi, June 17, 1933; and at Tallulah, New¬ 
ellton, Saint Joseph, Lake Saint John, Ferriday, Frogmore. 
Jonesville, Jena, and Archie, June 16, 1933. Cowbirds of 
probably this subspecies were seen by H. H. Kopman, at 
Moreauville, ten miles west of Simmesport, between August 
31 and September 2, 1917, and breeding at Valverda in 
1915. Likewise the cowbirds that the writer saw at Ervin- 
ville and Livonia on June 15, 1933, are referable probably 
to this race. Robert Butler says that it breeds in West 
Feliciana Parish. </p>

<p>This bird was noted on Cameron Farm, May 15, 1919. 
by E. R. Kalmbach; and by C. A. Bibbins has been reported </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Tanager </p>

<p>
615 </p>

<p>
as a resident at Mermentau. The writer saw it at Iowa 
(La.) and Vinton, June 20, 1933. H. H. Kopman found it 
at Vacherie, July 12 to 14, 1917, and K. Geist listed it as 
breeding at Hohen Solms in 1916. It was observed by H. 
H. Kopman about New Orleans, July 10 to 24, 1917; and 
by Ned Hollister, at Belair, April 3 to 8, 1904. The writer 
saw it at Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, June 22, 1933; at 
Anna, Westwego, and Waggaman, June 23, 1933; and along 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, June 7, 1933. </p>

<p>During the winter, the writer has found the Cowbird 
common at many localities in southern Louisiana, such as 
the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house, near 
the Gulf of Mexico, in Cameron Parish, January 24, 1928; 
Calcasieu Lake and Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932; 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22, 1928; and Avoca 
Island, January 28, 1932. It was in considerable flocks on 
the lower Vermilion River, January 23, 1928; and at Lake 
Salvador and on Little Barataria Bayou, the writer noted 
it on January 26,1932; also on Terrebonne Bayou and Little 
Caillou Bayou, south of Houma, December 24, 1932, in 
which region it seemed to be very widely distributed. He 
met with it also on Cognovich Pass, Mississippi River Delta, 
December 18, 1932; and along the Mississippi River from 
Pilot Town to Ostrica on January 23, 1932. </p>

<p>
Family THRAUPIDAE </p>

<p>LOUISIANA TANAGER; WESTERN TANAGER </p>

<p>Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Louisiana Tanager is a casual transient visitor, from 
March 19 to May 11, in southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There are apparently but three records for the State: 
a specimen collected by Andrew Allison, March 19, 1898, 
in Jefferson Parish on the Mississippi River opposite New’ 
Orleans; two birds seen by Winston E. Nolan at Grand Isle, 
May 7, 1933; and three birds seen at the same place by the 
same observer on May 11, 1933. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>616 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
SCARLET TANAGER </p>

<p>Piranga olivacea (Gmelin) 202 </p>

<p>One of the most brilliantly colored birds in Louisiana 
is the Scarlet Tanager. Bright scarlet with black wings and 
tail, the male would seem to be much more conspicuous in 
the green foliage than it really is. The female, however, is a 
very modestly colored bird, olive green above and dull 
greenish yellow below. It is a well-known bird, particu¬ 
larly in the northeastern United States, and on account 
of its brilliant color has always attracted much attention. </p>

<p>While primarily a bird of the forests it is found also 
in cultivated areas, and often in the streets of the towns 
and cities. It is however, a tree-loving bird, but occa¬ 
sionally descends to the ground- </p>

<p>The common call of this bird is a sharp two syllabled 
note that is usually interpreted as ‘chip-churr’, and it can 
be readily identified by this description. Its song, how¬ 
ever, while not particularly notable, is not dissimilar to 
some of the notes of the Robin, although not usually so 
loud. </p>

<p>The Scarlet Tanager is one of the most valuable of our 
woodland birds, since its food consists so conspicuously of 
injurious caterpillars and other insects that damage trees. 
Other insects, such as the potato beetle, bark beetles, grass¬ 
hoppers, and ants, together with some spiders, wild berries, 
and seeds, make up the remainder of its food. </p>

<p>The nest of the Scarlet Tanager is built usually on the 
horizontal branch of a forest, shade, or orchard tree, and 
is often difficult to discover. It is a very flimsy structure 
of weed-stalks, grass, strips of bark, or leaves, and contains 
usually three to four green eggs, which are spotted with 
various shades of brown. </p>

<p>The Scarlet Tanager is an uncommon spring and autumn 
transient, from April 1 to May 31, and from September 12 
to October 10, in the greater part of Louisiana; reported 
from Southwest Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, Grand </p>

<p>M Piranga erythromelas of the 1931 A. O. TJ. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bird Life of Louisiana Plate 42 </p>



<p>THL SUARI.ti TANAOl R 
l’, ..i* .-in "s ut &lt; Gmeliri )' </p>

<p>
One ot the riuftt vivid of all Lbuisiuha buds, the male Scat let Ta huger flashes like (lame 
agxiirisr the green foliage. The adult female is shown «.ji Iter nest; the male, in adult plumage, 
is perilled oiu biuncJi above her. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gocgle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIG/ J </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Scarlet Tanager </p>

<p>
617 </p>

<p>
Isle, New Orleans, Chandeleur Island, Mandeville, Ham¬ 
mond, Bayou Sara, Lobdell, and Monroe; west to Bienville, 
Shreveport, Gueydan, Baldwin, Vermilion Bay, Chenier au 
Tigre, and Ship Shoal (southwest of Raccoon Point). </p>

<p>The writer has identified specimens from Grand Isle, 
collected by Winston E. Nolan, April 17 and 26, 1933, and 
April 21, 1937; and by Ambrose Daigre, April 10, 16, and 
18, 1937; Hammond, September 16, 1876; Mandeville, May 
14, 1874; and birds that struck the Southwest Pass Light¬ 
ship in 1902, and the Ship Shoal Lighthouse in 1907. One 
individual was taken by Andrew Allison on Chandeleur 
Island, April 14, 1902; another by E. S. Hopkins at 
Grand Isle, April 30, 1925, and others by Ambrose Daigre, 
April 7, 8, 21, and 23, 1936, and George H. Lowery, Jr., 
April 10, 1937. H. W. Pring reported the spring arrival 
of the Scarlet Tanager at Hester, April 14, 1902; Mrs. G. 
L. Baldwin, at Baldwin, May 13, 1910; J. W. Trahan, at 
Vermilion Bay, April 27, 1919; Andrew Allison, at New 
Orleans, April 23, 1903; and W. H. Specht, at Shreveport, 
April 26, 1926; J. S. Campbell noted its spring arrival at 
Bienville, April 20, 1932, and its autumn arrival on Sep¬ 
tember 12 of the same year. E. R. Kalmbach saw a pair 
south of Gueydan on May 1, 1925. George H. Lowery, Jr., 
states that a number of birds of this species were picked 
up on the campus of the Louisiana State University at 
Baton Rouge on the morning of April 15, 1933, evidently 
killed by the terrific hail storm of the preceding night </p>

<p>The scientific name of the Scarlet Tanager should be 
Piranga olivacea (Gmelin), which long antedates the des¬ 
ignation Piranga erythromelas Vieillot, in common use 
for this species. The name Piranga olivacea (Gmelin) 268 
is based on the immature plumage of the Scarlet Tanager, 
described from a specimen obtained at Hempstead, Long 
Island, New York. For further discussion of this name see 
the writer’s account in a previous note. 264 </p>

<p>Syst. Nat., Vol. 1, Part 2, April 20, 1789, p. 889. </p>

<p>OberhoUer, The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, October, 1919, pp. 575-576. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>618 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
SUMMER TANAGER </p>

<p>Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Throughout most of the southern United States the 
Summer Tanager is a well-known bird, although not so 
famous as the Scarlet Tanager. Another name by which 
it is commonly known is ‘summer redbird’. It is readily 
distinguishable from most of our common birds, except the 
Cardinal, by its uniformly red plumage in the male, although 
the female very closely resembles the female of the Scarlet 
Tanager. It, however, has no crest, such as the Cardinal, 
nor any black markings on the face. </p>

<p>It is a bird chiefly of the open forest and brushy areas, 
either evergreen or decidous, but apparently is rather a 
solitary bird, not ordinarily associating with other species, 
and not gathering into flocks. </p>

<p>The call of the Summer Tanager is composed of several 
notes, and it is thus distinctly different from that of the 
Scarlet Tanager. It has been represented by the syllables 
‘chicky-tucky-tuk\ Its rather musical song is even more 
like that of the Robin than is that of the Scarlet Tanager. </p>

<p>Its food consists of various kinds of insects and wild 
berries. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird, which is usually placed in a tree, 
preferably on a horizontal branch, is a very slight structure 
and very loosely attached to the tree. Occasionally the nest 
is found in towns, but ordinarily in rather open woodland 
sites. It is composed of weed-stalks, grasses, strips of bark, 
leaves, and similar materials. The three to four eggs are 
green with spots of purplish or brown. </p>

<p>Although a rather common bird it is somewhat re¬ 
tiring, and comparatively little is definitely known regard¬ 
ing its life history. It is one of the birds concerning which 
we have much yet to learn, and one which offers an interest¬ 
ing field for study. </p>

<p>The Summer Tanager is a fairly common summer resi¬ 
dent, from March 24 to October 29. in most of Louisiana 
excepting the marshes and prairies of the Gulf Coast region; </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Summer Tanager </p>

<p>
619 </p>

<p>
reported north to Mer Rouge, Crew Lake, Many, Bienville, 
and Caddo Lake; west to Shreveport, Taylortown, Crichton, 
Mansfield, Logansport, Natchitoches, Hagewood, Many, 
Fisher, Sandel, Florien, Anacoco, Pickering, and Toomey; 
south to Iowa (La.), New Iberia, Saint Martinville, Bayou- 
Chene, Houma, Bayou Des Allemands, and Diamond; and 
east to Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, Covington, Hammond, Bogalusa, Clinton, Saint Fran- 
cisville, Bains, Simmesport, Trout, Harrisonburg, the 
Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, and Thomastown. It 
is also a casual winter resident in southeastern Louisiana; 
and a transient in the extreme southern part of the State, 
recorded south to Calcasieu Pass, Gueydan, Avery Island, 
Chenier au Tigre, Vermilion Bay, Ship Shoal southwest of 
Raccoon Point, Grand Isle, Plaquemines Parish, Pilot Town, 
and Rigolets. It breeds chiefly in May and June, and there 
is record of eggs on June 3. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens of the Summer 
Tanager from Mansfield, collected, April 27, 1907, by A. 
H. Howell; from Bogalusa, June 6, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; 
from Iowa (La.), taken, April 8, 1899, by Vernon Bailey; 
New Orleans, August 31, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; New Or¬ 
leans, April 23, 1864; Grand Isle, April 6 and 8, 1931, by 
E. S. Hopkins, also April 7, 9, 12, 16, and 18 by Winston 
E. Nolan; Ship Shoal Lighthouse in the spring of 1907; 
and Plaquemines Parish, May 3, 1864. It has been obtained 
also at Logansport, August 27, 1906, and at Mansfield, 
April 27, 29, and 30, 1907, by A. H. Howell; at Calcasieu 
Pass in the spring of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann; at Gueydan, 
May 3, 1926, by E. R. Kalmbach; in Jefferson Parish, April 
10, 1899, by Andrew Allison; at Grand Isle, April 6, 14, 
and 20, 1936, by Ambrose Daigre, and April 9 and 10, 1937, 
by George H. Lowery, Jr.; and at Rigolets by Henry W. 
Henshaw on April 3, 1870. Eggs in the United States 
National Museum were taken at Grand Coteau, June 3, 
1887, and at Prairie Mer Rouge in 1853; and a nest in the 
museum of Tulane University was collected at Covington 
on May 12, 1900. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>620 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
H. H. Kopman found this tanager a common summer 
resident at New Iberia in 1902, and noted its arrival there 
on April 11. He reported it from Saint Martinville, between 
August 9 and 12, 1917; at Bayou Chene, August 29 to 30, 
1917; at Bayou Des Allemands, June 19 to 21, 1917; at 
Mandeville, August 18, 1917; at Hammond, April 2,1920; 
at Simmesport, between August 31 and September 2,1917; 
and at Thomastown, July 13 to 28,1896. George H. Lowery, 
Jr., considers this tanager a common summer resident at 
Baton Rouge, where it arrived on April 15, 1933, and April 
20, 1934. Edward Butler listed it as breeding at Bains in 
1916, and at Saint Francisville in 1915; and George E. Beyer 
in 1891 stated that it bred at Clinton and at Madisonville, 
H. L. Ballowe recorded its arrival at Diamond, April 16, 
1902; and H. H. Kopman, at Holden, April 4, 1923. H. H. 
Kopman saw one individual at Pilot Town in the Missis¬ 
sippi River Delta on October 13, 1917. The writer observed 
the species at Houma, June 23, 1933; at New Iberia, Port 
Barre, Sunset, and Krotz Springs, June 21, 1933; at Alex¬ 
andria and Trout, June 16, 1933; and at Lottie, June 15, 
1933. Vernon Bailey saw it a few times at Mer Rouge, 
June 2 to 7, 1892; the writer found it very common along 
the Tensas River in the heavy bottomland forests of the 
Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of Tallulah on June 
16 and 17, 1933; and he noticed it also at Crew Lake on 
June 17, 1933. J. S. Campbell reported its 1932 arrival 
at Bienville, April 10, and its departure on September 24 
of the same year. He met with it at Caddo Lake, Shreve¬ 
port, Taylortown, and Crichton, June 18, 1933; at Natchi¬ 
toches, Hagewood, Many, Fisher, Sandel, Florien, Anacoco, 
and Pickering, June 19, 1933; and at Toomey, June 20, 
1933. Vernon Bailey reported it numerous and very tame 
at Iowa (La.), April 6 to 9, 1899; and Ambrose Daigre, 
observed it frequently at Grand Isle from April 6 to May 
5, 1936. </p>

<p>The only winter records for Louisiana are by H. H. 
Kopman, who saw a single bird in the suburbs of New 
Orleans on December 28,1896; another in the same locality </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Cardinal </p>

<p>
621 </p>

<p>
several times between December 26, 1904, and January 
24, 1905; and still another on December 29, 1905. </p>

<p>Family FRINGILLIDAE 
LOUISIANA CARDINAL </p>

<p>Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris (Bangs) </p>

<p>The Louisiana Cardinal, or ‘redbird’, does not differ in 
general habits from the other kinds of cardinals that inhabit 
the United States. It is everywhere a well-known and 
favorite bird, not only on account of its bright red plumage 
and handsome crest, but by reason of its rich, beautiful song, 
its abundance, and the fact that it often takes up its abode 
in towns or dooryards. </p>

<p>It is a bird largely of the thickets and undergrowth, and 
is not found much in the heavy deep forests, where there 
is no undergrowth. Wherever there are thickets, however, 
the Cardinal is almost sure to be seen or heard, as it is 
widely distributed and common. </p>

<p>During its activities it does not engage much in 
long flights, although for a short distance its movements 
on the wing are rapid and strong. Although ordinarily 
the Cardinal is not a gregarious bird, it sometimes gathers 
into companies that number a good many individuals. </p>

<p>The voice of the Cardinal is one of its greatest attrac¬ 
tions. It is a loud, clear whistle of many variations, in 
which are single, double, or triple notes; and, although simi¬ 
lar in quality and quantity to the song of the Carolina Wren, 
it is, except for this bird, easily distinguished from the songs 
of other inhabitants of the thickets. </p>

<p>The food of the Cardinal consists largely of seeds of 
weeds, wild fruit, and insects. Among the latter are such 
pests as the potato beetle and the Rocky Mountain locust, 
the cutworm, cotton worm, cotton-boll weevil, cucumber 
beetle, plant lice, and similar insects. It may readily be 
seen that the Cardinal is not only a beautiful bird and a 
fine songster, but also is valuable from the standpoint of 
the farmer. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>622 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The nest of this bird is rather loosely constructed of 
grasses, weed-stalks, bark, roots, leaves, and twigs, lined 
with hair or fine grass; and is placed in a bush or small tree, 
usually fairly well hidden. The three to four eggs are white, 
or bluish white, spotted with dark brown and lilac, and very 
much resemble the eggs of the Cowbird. The male is ap¬ 
parently very fond of his dull-colored brown and buff mate, 
and, although he does not assist her much, if any, in the 
construction of the nest, he does, at times, bring her food, 
and he helps in the care of the young, not only when in 
the nest, but for a while after they leave. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Cardinal is a common permanent resident 
throughout Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, 
West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Start, Crew Lake, Monroe, 
Bienville Parish, Foster, and Belcher; west to Caddo Lake, 
Lake Hayes (ten miles west of Shreveport), Cross Lake, 
Curtis, Taylortown, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, 
Robeline, Fort Jesup, Many, Sandel, Anacoco, De Ridder, 
Gillis, Newton, Lake Charles, Sulphur, Vinton, Toomey, and 
Black Bayou in western Cameron Parish; south to Cameron, 
Calcasieu Pass, Grand Chenier, lower Vermilion River, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Avery 
Island, Avoca Island, Dulac in Terrebonne Parish, Grand 
Caillou Bayou south of Dulac, Boudreaux Lake in Terre¬ 
bonne Parish, Grand Isle, and Junior; and east to Belair, 
Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard Parish, Chef Menteur, Lake 
Borgne, Lake Catherine, Slidell, Pearl River, Mandeville, 
Madisonville, Covington, Hackley, Clinton, Saint Francis- 
ville, Bains, Simmesport, Marksville, Archie, Utility, Frog- 
more, Lake Saint John, Waterproof, Saint Joseph, New- 
ellton, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. It breeds from 
early March to July, and there are records of eggs from 
April 18 to June 10. </p>

<p>All the specimens of this species that the writer has 
examined from Louisiana are to be referred to the Louisi¬ 
ana Cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris. These 
comprise birds from Belcher, February 3, 4, and 6, 1908; 
Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, January 30, 1908; 
Mansfield, January 23, 1908; Natchitoches, January 17 and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Cardinal </p>

<p>
623 </p>

<p>
18, 1908; Lecompte, January 11, 1908; and Slidell, October 
28, 1908, all collected by A. H. Howell; Pearl River, August 
1, 1935, by T. D. Burleigh; New Orleans, April 16 and 26, 
1935, June 26 and 28, 1935, and July 4, 1935, by the same 
collector; Mer Rouge, February 13, 1904, taken by Ned 
Hollister; Houma, May 10, 1892, by Vernon Bailey; Grand 
Isle, April 15, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Alexandria, Novem¬ 
ber 11, 1936, T. D. Burleigh; Marrero, May 4, 1937, by Win¬ 
ston E. Nolan; Chenier au Tigre, January 1 and 2, 1934, 
A. M. Bailey, and May 22, 1890, E. G. Wright; Avery 
Island, May 10, 1930, E. G. Wright, and July 1, 1918, J. D. 
Figgins; and from Plaquemines Parish, November, 1862. 
The Louisiana Cardinal was originally described from 
specimens obtained by Andrew Allison and F. N. Carruth, 
Jr., near Lobdell in West Baton Rouge Parish on January 
26, 1903; and the bird has been collected also at Madison- 
ville, May 30, 1886, and New Orleans, May 24, 1886, by 
A. K. Fisher; at Lake Borgne, May 7, 1870, by Henry W. 
Henshaw; at New Orleans, November 9, 1882, and Decem¬ 
ber 15, 1882 by R. W. Shufeldt; at Prairie Mer Rouge, 
June, 1853, by J. Fairie; at Avery Island, May 8,10, 11, and 
16, 1930, by E. G. Wright; Chef Menteur, January 22 and 
24, 1896, and Buras, January 29 and 30, and February 1, 4, 
and 5, 1896, by George K. Cherrie; Carr’s Creek in Jackson 
Parish, May 30, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr., and Cal¬ 
casieu Pass in the spring of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann. Birds 
that struck the Southwest Reef Lighthouse, April 21, 1907, 
and October 27, 1908, were sent to the Biological Survey 
by S. Jones. Eggs in the museum of Tulane University 
are from New Orleans, April 18, 1894; and in the United 
States National Museum from Houma, May 11,1892; Grand 
Coteau, June 3, 1887; and Belair, June 10. 1904. </p>

<p>The writer found the Louisiana Cardinal very numerous 
in the heavy bottomland forests along the Tensas River in 
Madison Parish on the Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest 
of Tallulah, June 16 and 17, 1933. He noted it also at all 
the localities mentioned above between Caddo Lake and 
Vinton (excepting Lake Hayes and Mansfield) from June </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>624 </p>

<p>
Bird, Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
18 to 20, 1933; at Toomey and the Cameron Farm 14 miles 
south of Vinton, June 20, 1933; and on the same day at 
Welsh, Mermentau, and Crowley. At Rynella near Avery 
Island he saw it on June 21, 1933; at Lake Arthur, De¬ 
cember 30, 1932; and on Black Bayou in northwestern 
Cameron Parish on January 24, 1928. Ambrose Daigre 
found this beautiful grosbeak common at Grand Isle in 
1937, and saw it frequently from April 1 to 20; and S. Ward 
obtained specimens there on July 8 and 12, 1937. </p>

<p>
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK </p>

<p>Hedymeles ludovidanus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is a rare spring and autumn 
transient, from April 12 to May 14, and from September 
to October 6, in most of Louisiana; reported from Grand 
Isle, New Orleans, Lobdell, Baton Rouge, and Monroe, west 
to Ruston, Gueydan, and Calcasieu Pass. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this grosbeak from 
Grand Isle, April 22, 1929, April 16, 21, and 26, 1933, 
May 2, 1931, April 20, 21, and 24, 1937; and from the 
Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to Atchafalaya 
Bay, April 21, 1907. George H. Lowery, Jr., took it at 
Baton Rouge, April 21, 1934, and saw it there on October 
4, 1933. Ambrose Daigre obtained it at Grand Isle on 
April 21, 24, and 29, 1936, and noted it up to May 5. 
G. Wiirdemann collected it also at Calcasieu Pass in the 
spring of 1854; and E. S. Hopkins obtained it at Grand 
Isle, May 3, 1925. At the last mentioned locality E. S. 
Hopkins reported it as common, April 28 to May 4, 1925, 
also on April 16, 1926, the date of its spring arrival there. 
At New Orleans, H. H. Kopman has seen it on May 14, 
1923, April 26, 1903, April 21, 1905, and May 6, 1897; and 
George E. Beyer, on October 6, 1894. Andrew Allison 
recorded it from Lobdell, May 2, 1903; and George H. 
Lowery, Jr., as common at Monroe, April 26 to May 1, 
1931. A pair was noticed south of Gueydan, May 1, 1925, 
by E. R. Kalmbach. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF Ml </p>







<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Biwi LtfE or LomsiAN-A ! ;&gt; i&gt;ate 41 </p>





<p>
Digitized by Google </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Blue Grosbeak </p>

<p>
625 </p>

<p>
EASTERN BLUE GROSBEAK </p>

<p>Guiraca caerulea caendea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>Although the Eastern Blue Grosbeak is not common in 
Louisiana, it is so interesting and attractive a bird that 
it deserves some special mention. It is larger than the 
Painted Bunting and has a large, heavy bill. The male is 
rather dull blue with brown wing-bars; and the female 
is somewhat reddish brown above and paler below. </p>

<p>It inhabits the borders of woodlands and brushy fields, 
and were it not for its rather shy disposition it would 
be better known. Sometimes, however, it is found about 
dwellings and even in towns. It is a rather solitary bird, 
not much associating with other species. </p>

<p>It has a very pleasing song, much like that of the Purple 
Finch. </p>

<p>Its food consists of insects, such as grasshoppers, 
crickets, cutworms, weevils, and other noxious species, 
together with weed seeds and other vegetable matter. </p>

<p>The nest of this species is situated usually in a low 
tree, bush, or thicket of briers, occasionally even in town. 
It is seldom high above the ground; is composed of weed- 
stalks, grass, leaves, paper, and similar materials, and 
lined with hair and fine roots. The three to five eggs are 
very pale blue, unmarked. </p>

<p>The Eastern Blue Grosbeak is a rare summer resident, 
from April 11 to late September, in northern and central 
Louisiana, from Monroe, Bienville, and Shreveport, south 
to Grand Coteau; a spring and fall transient, from April 
6 to May 11, and from August 29 to September 22 (Octo¬ 
ber 22 in southern Mississippi), in southeastern Louisi¬ 
ana, from Grand Isle, New Orleans, Rigolets, Madison- 
ville, and Hammond; west to Lobdell, Baton Rouge, and 
Little Gaillou Bayou; and also a casual winter resident 
in southwestern Louisiana. It breeds from May to June, 
and there is record of eggs on June 8. </p>

<p>Specimens of this grosbeak have been identified in the 
museum of Tulane University, taken between Little Caillou </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>626 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bayou and Houma, August 27 and 28, 1876; and from 
Madisonville, August 29, 1890. This species was col¬ 
lected also at New Orleans, May 7,1897, by Andrew Allison; 
at Grand Isle, April 6, 13, and 27, 1936, April 20 and 24, 
1937, by Ambrose Daigre; and at Rigolets, April 18,1870, 
by Henry W. Henshaw. Eggs in the United States 
National Museum received from the Saint Charles College 
were collected at Grand Coteau, June 3, 1887. </p>

<p>At Grand Isle E. S. Hopkins observed it from April 
28 to May 6, 1925, and Ambrose Daigre, on April 10 and 
21, 1937, but neither found it very common. Andrew 
Allison saw it at Lobdell, May 2 and 11, 1903; and 
H. H. Kopman, at Hammond, April 21, 1916. H. H. Kop- 
man noted it at New Orleans, April 8, 1898, April 12, 
1924, and August 28, 1899; and at Shreveport, April 22, 
1928. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a common 
transient at Baton Rouge; and he found it fairly common at 
Minden, during the last week of July, 1934. J. S. Campbell 
says that it is a rare summer resident at Bienville, where 
he found it breeding on May 18, 1932. </p>

<p>The only winter record for Louisiana is a single speci¬ 
men in the museum of the Louisiana Department of Con¬ 
servation at New Orleans, obtained at Grand Chenier, Feb¬ 
ruary 23, 1925. </p>

<p>
INDIGO BUNTING </p>

<p>Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Indigo Bunting in general appearance is a 
small edition of the Eastern Blue Grosbeak, but in the male 
it lacks the conspicuous reddish brown wing-bars. Its 
blue color is changeable and in some lights it appears green 
or even black. In Louisiana it is called ‘blue pop’, and by 
the French ‘aveque’. It is more of a northern bird than 
the Painted Bunting, and is not so common in summer 
in the southern United States. </p>

<p>It inhabits fields and open woodlands, both cultivated 
and otherwise, and is not infrequently seen in towns and </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Indigo Bunting </p>

<p>
627 </p>

<p>
villages. The male appears in spring before the female, 
and may usually be heard singing from the top of some 
tall tree, whenever the bird is present at this season. It 
is a very persistent singer, and its long, rather rambling 
song is one of the common sounds of the country-side. 
The brown female is not so conspicuous, and does not sing, 
but keeps mostly to the bushes and thickets. </p>

<p>In food habits it is largely insectivorous, and like its 
relatives consumes a great many injurious forms like the 
canker worm and other caterpillars, beetles, curculios, and 
grasshoppers. The vegetable part of its food consists of 
seeds of weeds and grasses, and some grain, mostly waste. </p>

<p>The nest of the Indigo Bunting is placed usually in * 
brushy pasture or thicket, in a bush or low tree, not over 
15 feet from the ground. It is composed of twigs, grass, 
and weeds, and sometimes leaves, is lined with finer grasses, 
and occasionally feathers or hair. The three to four eggs are 
pale bluish white, mostly without markings. This bird some¬ 
times rears two broods, and occasionally uses the same 
nest a second time. It takes about 12 days to hatch the 
eggs, and the young remain in the nest about the same 
length of time. Most of the care of the young and of the 
eggs is left to the female. </p>

<p>The Indigo Bunting is a rare summer resident, from 
March 26 to November 2, more frequently observed during 
migrations, in most of Louisiana excepting the Gulf Coast 
region; reported north to Tendal, Waverly, Delhi, Dunn, 
Holly Ridge, Rayville, Mer Rouge, Crew Lake, Monroe, 
Bienville, Minden, and Caddo Parish; west to Shreveport, 
Cross Lake, Mansfield, Crichton, Natchitoches, Hagewood, 
and Orange (Texas); south to Vinton, Saint Martinville, 
New Iberia, Dulac, Houma, Raceland, and Bayou Bara- 
taria; and east to Waggaman, New Orleans, Madisonville, 
Baton Rouge, Bains, Little River valley near White Sulphur 
Springs, Frogmore, Somerset, Thomastown, and Tallulah. 
It is also a transient in the Gulf Coast region, south to 
Calcasieu Pass, Gueydan, Vermilion Bay, Southwest Reef, 
Ship Shoal, Grand Isle, Diamond, Pilot Town, Chef Men- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>628 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
teur, West Rigolets, and Rigolets; and a casual or acci¬ 
dental winter resident in southern Louisiana (Baton 
Rouge). </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this bird from 
New Orleans, taken, June 30,1936, by T. D. Burleigh; Pride 
in East Baton Rouge Parish, December 19, 1937, by George 
H. Lowery, Jr.; in the museum of Tulane University, from 
Lewisburg, collected, May 11, 1873; in the museum of the 
Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, 
from Grand Isle, April 23, 1933, May 6, 1933, and April 
6 and 8, 1937, collected by Winston E. Nolan, and April 
11, 13, and 14, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre; also birds sent 
to the Biological Survey from Southwest Reef Lighthouse, 
October 23 and 27, 1908, and April 21, 1907, by S. Jones; 
and from the Ship Shoal Lighthouse in the spring of 1907. 
It was taken also at Mansfield, April 27, 1907, and May 
3, 1907, by A. H. Howell; at Calcasieu Pass in the spring 
of 1854 by G. Wiirdemann; at Grand Isle, April 6, 20, 21, 
and 26, 1936, by Ambrose Daigre; at Baton Rouge, April 
30, 1937, by John Cotton; at Jackson, April 25, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr.; and at Rigolets, April 20, 1870, 
by Henry W. Henshaw. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey found it at Mer Rouge, June 2 to 7, 1892, 
and E. R. Kalmbach at Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 1924. 
H. H. Kopman listed it as very common at Thomastown, 
July 13 to 28, 1896; and the writer noted it at Somerset, 
Frogmore, also near White Sulphur Springs in the Little 
River valley in La Salle Parish, June 16, 1933; and at 
Baton Rouge, June 15, 1933. George H. Lowery, Jr., gives 
April 7, 1933, as its spring arrival date at Baton Rouge. 
He found this bunting fairly common at Minden during the 
last week of July, 1934. Edward Butler ascertained its 
breeding at Bains in 1922, in which year it arrived there on 
April 3. The writer observed it at Tendal, Waverly, Delhi, 
Dunn, Holly Ridge, Rayville, and Crew Lake on June 17, 
1933; at Shreveport, Cross Lake, and Crichton, June 18, 
1933; at Natchitoches and Hagewood, June 19, 1933; and 
at Vinton, June 20, 1933. E. R. Kalmbach detected it about </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Painted Bunting </p>

<p>
62 » </p>

<p>
Gueydan, April 29, May 1 and 4, 1925, but stated that it 
disappeared from that region later in the spring. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman said that it was a common summer resi¬ 
dent at New Orleans in 1902, where it arrived on April 2. 
He reported it also from Saint Martinville, August 9 to 12,. 
1917; between Donaldsonville and Vacherie, July 12 to 14,. 
1917; and he saw it several times in thickets of willows,, 
wax myrtles, and other bushes on the banks of the Missis¬ 
sippi River near Pilot Town, October 13, 1917. H. L. Bal- 
lowe noted it at Diamond, April 12, 1902; and W. H. 
Thompson as breeding at Urania in La Salle Parish in 1915. 
George E. Beyer is authority for the statement of its breed¬ 
ing in 1891 at Madisonville. Migration records from New 
Orleans by H. H. Kopman are March 26, 1899, September 
25 and November 2, 1914; and by Andrew Allison, Novem¬ 
ber 1, 1903. J. S. Campbell recorded its arrival in 1932: 
at Bienville, April 20, and its departure, September 15.. 
The writer met with this species at Waggaman, Raceland, 
and Houma, June 23, 1933; on Bayou Barataria, June 10,. 
1933; and at Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou, June 22, 1933.. 
It was noticed at Mermentau, April 21, 1887, by C. A.. 
Bibbins. </p>

<p>
PAINTED BUNTING </p>

<p>Passerina ciris ciris (Linnaeus) 295 </p>

<p>The brilliantly colored Painted Bunting, with its variety 
of colors worn by the male, such as blue, yellowish green, red,, 
and purplish, would seem to be conspicuous, but amid the- 
foliage its parti-colored plumage blends so completely with 
the green of the trees that the bright parts of its feathers- 
do not betray it as a bird. The female is a dull green bird 
above, yellowish below, and very inconspicuous as com¬ 
pared with its brightly colored mate. Perhaps on account 
of its brilliant colors it is called commonly ‘nonpareil’, and. 
in Louisiana ‘pape rouge’ or ‘red pop’. </p>

<p>to Passerina ciris of the 1931 A. O. U. Oheck-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>630 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
It is fond of the borders of woodlands, of thickets, and 
brushy areas, the shrubbery of cultivated places, and even 
the less closely congested portions of the towns. </p>

<p>The Painted Bunting has a song, which, while not so 
outstanding or elaborate as the song of the Indigo Bunting, 
is nevertheless a pleasant warble. </p>

<p>It lives largely on weed and grass seeds, together with 
some other seeds, including a little grain, but it feeds also 
on such insects as grasshoppers, caterpillars, flies, wasps, 
bugs, and beetles. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is usually in a thicket, bush, or 
low tree, occasionally in a bunch of Spanish moss, and is 
composed of grasses, weeds, parts of leaves, and lined with 
grass or hair. The four to five eggs are white or bluish 
white, spotted with reddish brown, especially at the larger 
end. Under ordinary circumstances two or more broods 
are reared in a season. </p>

<p>The Painted Bunting was a favorite cage bird, and, par¬ 
ticularly in the south was often seen in captivity. Its bril¬ 
liant colors and pleasing song make it a desirable addition 
to the aviary, and in days gone by there was a considerable 
traffic in these birds. </p>

<p>The Painted Bunting is a fairly common, locally un¬ 
common, summer resident, from March 11 to October 27, 
throughout most of Louisiana; reported north to Dunn, 
Rayville, Mer Rouge, Start, Crew Lake, Monroe, and Cad¬ 
do Lake; west to Shreveport, Cross Lake, Taylortown, 
Frierson, Gayle, Crichton, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Hage- 
wood, Robeline, Many, Sandel, Lake Charles, Vinton, and 
Toomey; south to Calcasieu Lake, Mermentau, New Iberia, 
Avery Island, Baldwin, Calumet Plantation near Patterson, 
Houma, Raceland, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, and Pass a 
Loutre in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Diamond, 
Junior, Jefferson Parish, New Orleans, Mandeville, Madi¬ 
son vi lie, Bains, Jena, Jonesville, Frogmore, Lake Saint 
John, Saint Joseph, Waterproof, Somerset, Quimby, the 
Singer Preserve in Madison Parish, Thomastown, and Tal- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Painted Bunting </p>

<p>
631 </p>

<p>
lulah. Also it is a casual winter resident in southeastern 
Louisiana. It breeds chiefly in May and June, and there 
are records of eggs from May 17 to June 6. </p>

<p>The writer has identified specimens of this subspecies 
from Houma, May 13 and 14, 1892, collected by Vernon 
Bailey, and May 10, 1892, by R. J. Thompson; from New 
Orleans, June 26, 1936, and June 24, 1936, by T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh, and March 11, 1917, A. M. Bailey; from Plaquemines 
Parish, May 26, 1863; and Grand Isle, April 10, 1931, by 
E. S. Hopkins, April 8 and 24, 1937, by Ambrose Daigre, 
April 9 and 18, 1937, by Winston E. Nolan, and from the 
same locality October 5, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh; and Man- 
deville, April 1, 1889, by C. S. Galbraith. It has been taken 
also at Grand Isle on April 6 and 20, 1936, by Ambrose 
Daigre; April 15, 1936, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; in Jef¬ 
ferson Parish, March 26, 1898, by Andrew Allison; at New 
Orleans, May 5, 1897, and in West Baton Rouge Parish, 
April 11, 1903, by the same ornithologist; in Cameron Par¬ 
ish, May 16, 1884; by E. R. Kalmbach at Thibodaux, May 
29, 1919; by E. G. Wright at Avery Island, May 17, 1930; 
and by G. Wiirdemann at Calcasieu Pass in the spring of 
1854. Eggs in the museum of Tulane University at New 
Orleans were gathered at New Orleans in 1895; and eggs 
in the United States National Museum received from Saint 
Charles College were obtained at Grand Coteau, June 3 and 
6, 1887. </p>

<p>Vernon Bailey noted the Painted Bunting at Mer Rouge, 
June 2, 1892; and the writer observed it at Dunn, Rayville, 
Start, and Crew Lake, June 17, 1933; at Caddo Lake, Cross 
Lake, Taylortown, and Crichton, June 18, 1933; at Natchi¬ 
toches, Hagewood, Robeline, Many, and Sandel, June 19, 
1933; and at Lake Charles, Vinton, and Toomey, June 20, 
1933. H. L. Ballowe reported its spring arrival at Dia¬ 
mond, April 15, 1902; and H. H. Kopman saw it at Junior, 
August 4 and 5, 1917. It was common at Pass a Loutre 
in the Mississippi River Delta when the writer was there 
on June 7, 1933; and present also on Ronquille Bay, June 
8, 1933. George E. Beyer stated in 1891 that it was breed- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>632 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ing at Madisonville; and Edward Butler said the same in 
1916 concerning Bains. H. H. Kopman listed it as a fairly 
common summer resident at New Iberia, May 27 to June 
9, 1918; and C. A. Bibbins as occurring at Mermentau on 
April 21, 1887. The writer met with it at Westover, Ervin- 
ville, Oscar, Lottie, Cade, Krotz Springs, and Port Barre, 
June 21, 1933; Livonia, Westover, and Ervinville, June 15, 
1933; Alexandria and the Little River valley near White 
Sulphur Springs in La Salle Parish, June 16, 1933; Lutch- 
er, June 14, 1933; Harvey Canal, from Little Barataria 
Bayou to New Orleans, June 10, 1933; Houma, Raceland, 
and Waggaman, June 23, 1933; Jena, Jonesville, Frogmore, 
Lake Saint John, Waterproof, Saint Joseph, Somerset, and 
Quimby, June 16, 1933. It was encountered also on the 
Singer Preserve 13 miles southwest of Tallulah, although 
it did not seem to be common in that locality. H. H. Kop¬ 
man found it at Thomastown, July 13 to 28, 1896; and 
Andrew Allison, at New Orleans, October 27, 1895, where 
George E. Beyer noticed its arrival, March 23, 1894. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., gives it as a fairly common summer resi¬ 
dent at Baton Rouge, with spring arrival dates of April 
22, 1933, and April 28, 1934. </p>

<p>The only winter records of this species for Louisiana 
are by George E. Beyer, who has mentioned having seen 
individuals during December and January of several years 
prior to 1900. 2## </p>

<p>
DICKCISSEL </p>

<p>Spiza aanericana (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Dickcissel, or, as it is often called on account of its 
plumage, ‘Black-throated Bunting’, is a well-known bird in 
the middle United States. It is of rather peculiar distri¬ 
bution, however, on account of the fact that it is very local 
in abundance, and this does not always seem to be deter¬ 
mined by favorable surroundings. It is a bird about the 
size of the Painted Bunting, brown and gray above, and 
streaked with blackish, with a reddish brown patch on the </p>

<p>Proc. La. Soc. Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), p. 108. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Dickcissel </p>

<p>
633 </p>

<p>
bend of the wing, yellow eyebrow and breast, white throat 
with a black patch on the lower throat. The female is simi¬ 
lar but duller. </p>

<p>This bird is fond of the prairies, fields, and meadows, 
and even the marshes along the coast. It is seen usually 
perched on the top of a tall weed or spire of grass, fre¬ 
quently uttering its rather monotonous song, which sounds 
so much like ‘see-see-dick-dick-cissel-cissel’ that it has from 
this received its common name of Dickcissel. It seldom 
flies far, but when disturbed usually sinks into the grass 
out of sight. </p>

<p>It feeds largely on grasshoppers and other insects, such 
as crickets, caterpillars, beetles, flies, and ants, together 
with weed seeds and grain. From its food habits this bird 
must be considered a very beneficial species, particularly 
for its services in destroying great quantities of grass¬ 
hoppers. </p>

<p>Tile nest of this bird is placed usually on the ground, 
well hidden by grass or weeds, in a meadow, grassy field, 
along a fencerow or roadside, occasionally in a bush or 
small tree. The nest is rather bulky, but fairly well con¬ 
structed, and is composed of weed-stalks, grasses, leaves, 
rootlets, and lined with finer grasses or horsehair. The 
three to five eggs are light greenish blue without mark¬ 
ings. Ten to twelve days are required for the birds to 
hatch, and there are probably two broods each year. The 
young remain in the nest from eight to ten days, and are 
cared for by the parents for a period after they leave the 
nest. </p>

<p>The Dickcissel is a rare, though locally common, sum¬ 
mer resident, from April 6 to October, in most parts of 
Louisiana; reported north to Monroe, Bryceland, Bienville, 
and Shreveport; west to Shreveport, Taylortown, Elm 
Grove, McDade, Atkins, Caspianna, Frierson, Gayle, Mans¬ 
field, and the Cameron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton; 
south to the mouth of Calcasieu River, Lake Charles, Brous¬ 
sard, Saint Mary Parish, Dulac, and Diamond; and east to </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>634 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Waggaman, New Orleans, Mandeville, Roseland, Baton 
Rouge, Lobdell, Bayou Sara, Saint Joseph in Louisiana oppo¬ 
site Vicksburg (Mississippi), and Tallulah. It is also of 
accidental winter occurrence in southeastern Louisiana. It 
breeds principally in May and June. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens of this species 
from Grand Isle, April 21, 1929; Mandeville, May 6, 1894; 
Baton Rouge, May 23, 1933; and Monroe, taken by T. D. 
Burleigh, April 27, 1936. Andrew Allison also collected it 
near Lobdell, May 1, 1903. The writer observed it at 
Shreveport, Taylortown, McDade, Elm Grove, and Atkins, 
June 18, 1933; at which time it was unusually numerous 
in the fields and thickets of the Red River valley. He dis¬ 
covered it on the prairies of the Cameron Farm near Bird 
Island, 14 miles south of Vinton, June 20, 1933; and also 
at Lake Charles on the same day; at Broussard, June 21, 
1933; at Dulac on Grand Caillou Bayou in Terrebonne 
Parish, June 22, 1933; and at Waggaman, June 23, .1933. 
H. W. Pring stated that it was a rare breeding bird at 
Hester in Saint James Parish in 1902; and noted its presence 
there on May 9 of that year. H. L. Ballowe reported its 
arrival on April 28, 1902, at Diamond, where he said that 
it was a common summer resident. H. H. Kopman saw it 
at Roseland in Tangipahoa Parish, May 3, 1918; George 
E. Beyer detected it at New Orleans, April 6, 1894, and 
Ambrose Daigre, June 13, 1936; he observed it also at 
Grand Isle on April 28, 1936. Andrew Allison noticed it 
at Lobdell, April 30, 1903; and Ambrose Daigre says that 
it breeds at Alexandria. George H. Lowery, Jr., considers 
it a common summer resident at Baton Rouge, arriving in 
April. It was collected there by him on May 29, 1937; on 
April 23, 1937, by S. Ward, and on May 11, 1937, by J. T. 
Sepulvado. E. R. Kalmbach found it a common bird in 
waste places and fields about Tallulah, June 13 to July 13, 
1894; and the writer met with it there on June 17, 1933, 
as well as at Saint Joseph on June 16 of the same year. J. S. 
Campbell found it breeding at Bryceland in late May and 
early June, 1932, and at Bienville in June, 1933. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Purple Finch </p>

<p>
635 </p>

<p>
The only winter record for the State-of Louisiana is a 
specimen in the museum of the Louisiana Department of 
Agriculture in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge, collected 
at New Orleans in December, 1932. </p>

<p>
EASTERN PURPLE FINCH </p>

<p>Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Eastern Purple Finch is a winter resident, from 
November (November 13 in southern Mississippi) to April </p>

<p>21, casually to May 19, in northern, central, and south¬ 
eastern Louisiana, sometimes fairly common, but irregular 
and usually rare. It has been reported north to Mer Rouge, 
Monroe, Ruston, and Haynesville in Claiborne Parish; 
west to Foster, Shreveport, and Lecompte; south to Jef¬ 
ferson Parish and New Orleans; and east to Mandeville, 
Bains, and Clarks. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from Mer Rouge, col¬ 
lected, February 13, 1904, by Ned Hollister; also in the 
museum of Tulane University, from Mandeville, January 
20, 1879, and May 19, 1879; and from New Orleans, Jan¬ 
uary 12, 1895, February 12, 1875, March 12, 1895, and 
April 25, 1895. The Eastern Purple Finch was also taken 
(but not seen in the present connection) in Jefferson Par¬ 
ish by Andrew Allison, January 12, 1895; and at Clarks, 
January 6, 1908, Foster, January 28, 1908, and Lecompte, 
January 14, 1908, by A. H. Howell. A bird banded in Con¬ 
necticut was captured at Haynesville in Claiborne Parish 
on February 8, 1924. George H. Lowery, Jr., saw a single 
individual at Monroe on December 27, 1934. H. H. Kop- 
man found many Purple Finches at Shreveport- during 
January and February of 1930. He reported this northern 
bird also at New Orleans on March 23, 1895, and March </p>

<p>22, 1894. Robert Butler saw it at Bains on February 12 
and March 8, 1932. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>¦636 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
NORTHERN PINE SISKIN </p>

<p>Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Northern Pine Siskin is a rare and irregular win¬ 
ter visitor, from November to April, in northern and south¬ 
eastern Louisiana, from Mandeville, Madisonville, and New 
Orleans, northwest to Shreveport. </p>

<p>A specimen taken at Mandeville, January 20, 1879, is 
in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans. The 
species was noted by Otto Widmann at Mandeville on 
March 2, 1897, and at Madisonville, March 5, 1897. C. S. 
Galbraith reported that it was fairly common at Mandeville 
during the winter of 1887 to 1888, as recorded by J. A. 
Allen. H. H. Kopman observed a flock near New Orleans 
on March 13, 1897; and remarked the presence of this sis¬ 
kin there on March 15, 1924, as well as that it was num¬ 
erous at Shreveport on March 31, 1928. </p>

<p>EASTERN GOLDFINCH </p>

<p>Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Goldfinch, ‘wild canary’, or ‘thistle bird’, 
as it is often called, is one of the best known small birds 
of the United States. Its bright yellow plumage, with 
black cap, black and white wings and tail, make it conspic¬ 
uous, even though the female is of much duller coloration, 
being brownish or grayish above, without conspicuous 
markings, and pale grayish, whitish, or somewhat yellow¬ 
ish below. </p>

<p>Owing to its habit of spending much time on the wing 
flying from place to place, with a strongly undulating 
flight, uttering a few notes during the process, it becomes 
well known to everyone. In addition to the notes that are 
heard in flight it has a long canary-like song that is one 
of the most extended vocal performances of any of our 
common birds. </p>

<p>It lives in woodlands or open lands, wild or cultivated, 
and is almost as frequently seen in shade trees of the </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
* </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Goldfinch </p>

<p>
637 </p>

<p>
towns as it is in the country. At times this bird gathers 
into considerable flocks, but commonly does not associate 
with other species. </p>

<p>The food of this goldfinch is made up chiefly of seeds of 
various kinds, mostly of uncultivated plants like the thistle, 
goldenrod, aster, sunflower, and burdock. It feeds also on 
the seeds of various kinds of cultivated plants. The seeds of 
trees such as larch, birch, and alder, and sometimes buds, 
also enter into its fare. At certain times of the year it 
feeds to a considerable extent on insects, such as plant 
lice, beetles, and caterpillars, together with insect eggs. </p>

<p>In its nesting habits this bird is peculiar, in that it 
waits until July or August, sometimes even later, to build 
its nest. This is situated either in cultivated areas or in 
rather open country, in many kinds of trees, but usually 
in an upright fork or other secure place, even toward the 
end of the branches, usually not very high from the ground. 
It is a very neat, compact structure, closely woven and 
securely fastened to the branch or twig; composed of 
various kinds of vegetable fibers, such as bark and weed 
fibers; and lined with thistle down or other vegetable down. 
The usually five eggs are bluish white without spots. Eleven 
to twelve days are required to hatch the eggs, and the in¬ 
cubation is performed by the female alone. Owing to the 
fact that it nests so late in the year it rarely, if ever, rears 
a second brood. </p>

<p>The Eastern Goldfinch is a permanent resident, rare 
in summer, fairly common in winter, in northern and cen¬ 
tral Louisiana, and in the northwestern part of south¬ 
eastern Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville Parish, 
Foster, and Belcher; west to Shreveport, Mansfield, Natch¬ 
itoches, Alexandria, and Lecompte; south to Kenner; and 
east to Richland Parish, Tallulah, and Bear Lake in Madi¬ 
son Parish. It is, in addition, a fairly common winter resi¬ 
dent, from October 23 to April 26, in the remaining por¬ 
tions of the State, though rare or absent in the south¬ 
western part; reported south to Vermilion Bay, Avery </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
638 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>Island, New Iberia, Barataria Bayou, Diamond, and Lake 
Catherine. </p>

<p>Specimens have been seen from Belcher, February 5, 
1908, A. H. Howell; Lecompte, February 10, 1908, A. H. 
Howell; Clarks, January 7, 1908, A. H. Howell; New Or¬ 
leans, January 24, 1936, and December 20, 1935, T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh ; in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans, 
from New Orleans, April, 1894; Jefferson Parish, Febru¬ 
ary 9, 1895; Hammond, March 4 and 11, 1876; and Mande- 
ville, October 23, 1878, December 12, 1877, and January 
20, 1879. It was taken, but not seen by me, also at Natchi¬ 
toches, January 20, 1908, by A. H. Howell; at New Orleans, 
December 13, 1882, by R. W. Shufeldt; Buras, February 
4, 1896, and Chef Menteur, January 24, 1896, by George 
K. Cherrie; Harvey Canal near New Orleans, November 
30, 1899, by Andrew Allison; and in Jefferson Parish, 
January 8, 1898, by the same collector. </p>

<p>George H. Lowery, Jr., records this goldfinch as breed¬ 
ing at Monroe; J. K. Strecker, as occurring in the north¬ 
western corner of the State in June; and the writer ob¬ 
served two individuals at Kenner near New Orleans on 
June 14, 1933. A. H. Howell saw a single individual at 
Mansfield, May 3, 1907, and noted it also January 23 to 
25, 1908. H. H. Kopman observed several flocks of fully 
plumaged males at Shreveport on April 30, 1933; and Ned 
Hollister noticed a few individuals near Bear Lake, eight 
miles northwest of Tallulah, between February 17 and 
March 6, 1904. The writer saw this bird at Avery Island, 
December 28, 1932, and on Little Barataria Bayou in Jef¬ 
ferson Parish, January 26, 1932. H. L. Ballowe reported it 
at Diamond on April 3, 1902; and Robert Butler, from 
Bains, December 6, 1928, January 4 and March 4, 1929. </p>

<p>SITKA CROSSBILL </p>

<p>Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm) 2 ® 7 </p>

<p>The Sitka Crossbill is an accidental winter visitor in 
southeastern Louisiana. The only record for the State is </p>

<p>207 Loxia curvirostra sitkrnsis of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Red-eyed Towhee 639 </p>

<p>a pair taken by C. S. Galbraith at Mandeville, March 27, 
1888. 28 * </p>

<p>In a recent review of the crossbills Ludlow Griscom 
has furnished evidence to show 269 that the name Loxia cur- 
virostra minor was based on a specimen of the small Sitka 
Crossbill of the northwestern coast of the United States, 
and southeastern Alaska, and he has determined the two 
specimens above mentioned as belonging to this small west¬ 
ern race. </p>

<p>
RED-EYED TOWHEE </p>

<p>Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Red-eyed Towhee has a number of names, several 
of which are imitations of its note, such as ‘joree’ and 
‘chewink’. It is called also ‘swamp robin’. The male is 
conspicuous in its black plumage with white spots in the 
tail-feathers, white breast, and chestnut brown sides; and 
the female is brown where the male is black. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the thickets, brushy land, fencerows, 
roadsides, edges of woodlands, and, at times, even shrub¬ 
bery in the towns. It is fond of being either on the ground 
or not far above it, although at times it mounts into the tops 
of trees for the purpose of singing. It is an active, con¬ 
spicuous bird, often scratching for food in the leaves, like 
some sparrows. Its flight is not usually protracted, but is 
quick and irregular. </p>

<p>Its call note is very similar to the syllables ‘to-whee’, 
but its song is more elaborate and more musical, although 
not long. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is made up chiefly of wild fruit, 
seeds, and insects, although it includes also a little grain, but 
relatively little cultivated fruit. Among the insects are such 
injurious species as the May beetle, flies, grasshoppers, 
cockroaches, wire worms, boll weevils, and caterpillars. </p>

<p>Alien, The Auk, Vol. V, No. 3, July, 1888, p. 325; Griscom, Proc. Boat. Soc. 
Nat. Vol. XLI, No. 5, January 20, 1037, pp. 124, 157. </p>

<p>3*9 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, No. 5, January 20, 1037, pp. 105, 
103, 121. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>640 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
The nest of the Red-eyed Towhee is placed either in 
bushy areas, in fields, pastures, or more or less open wood¬ 
land. It is usually on the ground, but sometimes in a 
bush or heap of brush. Occasionally it is roofed over, like 
an Ovenbird's nest. It is usually so well concealed, partic¬ 
ularly when on the ground, that it is difficult to find. Its 
materials are usually weed-stalks, grasses, twigs, strips of 
bark, and leaves, with a lining of finer grasses, hair, or 
pine needles. The usually four to five eggs are white, with 
dots of brown and lilac. </p>

<p>The Red-eyed Towhee is a fairly common winter resi¬ 
dent, from the first week of October to April 27, in north¬ 
ern, central, and southeastern Louisiana; reported north 
to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, 
Prairie Mer Rouge, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Belcher; 
west to Foster, Mansfield, Natchitoches, and Lecompte; 
south to Marrero, Jefferson Parish, also probably to the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Southwest Reef; and east 
to Slidell, Mandeville, Madisonville, Clarks, Richland Par¬ 
ish, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>Specimens of this towhee the writer has identified from 
Foster, five miles east of Shreveport, January 30, 1908, 
collected by A. H. Howell; Monroe, December 26, 1937, by 
George H. Lowery, Jr.; also Marrero, February 3, 1932; 
Jefferson Parish, April 9, 1927, and March 27, 1897; Madi¬ 
sonville, January 25, 1890; and Slidell, December 14, 1932. 
Towhees probably of this form (not examined in the pres¬ 
ent connection) were taken by A. H. Howell at Foster, 
January 31, 1908, at Natchitoches, January 18, 1908, and 
Belcher, February 6, 1908. J. S. Campbell considers it a 
common winter resident in Bienville Parish, arriving in the 
autumn early in October. Since this subspecies is not, in 
the field, distinguishable from the Alabama Towhee, some 
of the sight records may apply, in part at least, to the 
latter. A. H. Howell reported the Red-eyed Towhee from 
Mansfield, January 23 to 26, 1908, and April 27, 1907. 
E. L. Moseley noted it in Richland Parish, March 31, 1923; 
Ned Hollister, as very common in the parishes of More- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>DIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Alabama Towhee </p>

<p>
641 </p>

<p>
house, West Carroll, East Carroll, and Madison, February 
11 to March 20, 1904. The writer saw what was probably 
this towhee on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary on January 
22, 1928; and a bird that had struck the Southwest Reef 
Lighthouse, October 23, 1908, was reported by S. Jones. </p>

<p>ALABAMA TOWHEE </p>

<p>Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell </p>

<p>The Alabama Towhee is a permanent resident in cen¬ 
tral eastern, and in northeastern Louisiana, rare in the 
northern part of its range in the State, fairly common else¬ 
where ; and reported north to Tallulah, and Tendal; west to 
Tendal and Baton Rouge; south to Baton Rouge, Saint 
Francisville, and Bains; and east to Hackley and Tallulah. 
In non-breeding seasons it occurs south to New Orleans and 
to Chef Menteur. It breeds at least in June. </p>

<p>It is thus apparent that the breeding towhee of Louis¬ 
iana, excepting the extreme southern part, is the Alabama 
form, but it seems not to nest in the western part of the State. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined in the present connec¬ 
tion from Baton Rouge, collected, July 5, 1933, by George 
H. Lowery, Jr.; from New Orleans, March 29, 1937, taken 
by T. D. Burleigh; and three from Chef Menteur, January 
24, 1896, by George K. Cherrie. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach noted it on several occasions at Tallu¬ 
lah between June 13 and July 13, 1924; and the writer 
observed it at Tendal on the Tensas River in Madison 
Parish, June 17, 1933. Edward Butler writes of its breed¬ 
ing at Saint Francisville in 1915, and at Bains in 1916; 
and George H. Lowery, Jr., discovered a nest at Baton 
Rouge on June 28, 1932. A. H. Howell met with a single 
individual at Hackley, between February 20 to 24, 1912. </p>

<p>NEW ORLEANS TOWHEE </p>

<p>Pipilo erythrophthalmus leptoleucus Oberholser, 
new subspecies </p>

<p>Subspecific characters. —Similar to Pipilo erythroph¬ 
thalmus canaster Howell, from Alabama, but wing and tail </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>642 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
shorter; the white wing-spot beyond the tips of the primary 
coverts smaller, sometimes almost obsolete; the sides and 
flanks lighter. </p>

<p>Measurements. — 18 males: wing, 80.6-87.5 (average, 
84.6) mm.; tail, 84-98.6 (93.2); exposed culmen, 13.2-16 </p>

<p>(14.3) ; height of bill at base, 9-11 (9.8); tarsus, 28.5-31.5 
(30.1); middle toe without claw, 18-20 (19.3); length of 
white spot on outermost tail-feather, 24-36 (30.4). Three 
females: wing, 77.6-78.5 (average, 78) mm.; tail, 85-91.5 </p>

<p>(88.3) ; exposed culmen, 13.5-14.2 (13.7); height of bill at 
base, 10; tarsus, 28-28.5 (28.3); middle toe without claw, 
18.5-19.5 (19). </p>

<p>Type. —Adult male, No. 340499, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bio¬ 
logical Survey Collection, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 17, 
1935, T. D. Burleigh; original number, 3230. </p>

<p>Geographic distribution. —Southeastern and central 
southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>This new race differs from the typical form of the 
species, PipUo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus, in much 
the same way as and still more than does PipUo erythroph¬ 
thalmus canaster. While the female of this new form is 
not quite so well differentiated as the male, it still exhibits 
the same characters as distinguished from the Alabama 
towhee, PipUo erythrophthalmus canaster. While the char¬ 
acters of this form are subject to some individual variation, 
the average of both the size of the white wing-spot and the 
general measurements are sufficient to distinguish it from 
the Alabama Towhee. Measurements of males of PipUo 
erythrophthalmus canaster, as taken by Howell, 270 which 
show the differences in size between the two forms, are as 
follows: wing, 85-93 (89); tail, 90-101 (97); exposed cul¬ 
men, 14-16 (14.9); height of bill at base, 10-11 (10.2); 
tarsus, 28-32 (29.9); middle toe without claw, 19-21.5 
(19.9); length of white spot on outermost tail-feather 
26-33 (28.7). </p>

<p>
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wa«h., Vol. XXVI, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 202. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN j </p>



<p>New Orleans Towhee </p>

<p>
643 </p>

<p>
Birds examined from Baton Rouge and northward in 
Louisiana, and also from southern Mississippi, at Saucier 
and Gulfport, are all referable to Pipilo erythrophthalmus 
canaster. For the differentiation of this form the writer 
has examined a series of 21 males and 3 females, for many 
of which he is indebted to the courtesy of Ambrose Daigre. </p>

<p>The New Orleans Towhee is a fairly common permanent 
resident in southeastern Louisiana, north to Mandeville, 
Covington, New Orleans, Jefferson Parish, Vacherie, Don¬ 
aldson ville, Saint Martinville, and Gueydan; west to Gueydan 
and Vermilion Bay; south to the State Wild Life Refuge on 
Vermilion Bay, Avery Island, New Iberia, Thibodaux, and 
Junior; and east to Bayou Loutre in Saint Bernard Parish, 
Chef Menteur, also probably to Slidell. The exact eastern 
and northern limits of the range of this subspecies are not 
now determinable, owing to lack of specimens from impor¬ 
tant localities. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined by the writer from 
Mandeville, April 13, 1876, in the museum of Tulane Uni¬ 
versity ; from New Orleans, February 9, 1937, April 18 and 
20, 1935, May 17, 1935, January 13, March 10, May 11, 
June 30, and July 13, 1936, collected by T. D. Burleigh; 
Shell Beach, near New Orleans, June 11, 1935, T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh ; Jefferson Parish, April 9, 1927, and also by Ambrose 
Daigre, June 13, 1936, and July 31, 1936; Avery Island, 
May 17, 1930, by E. G. Wright; seven miles south of Napo- 
leonville, June 16, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; Chef 
Menteur, May 4, 1937, by Winston E. Nolan, and January 
24, 1896, by George K. Cherrie. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman found it common along the Mississippi 
River, 15 miles below New Orleans, near Scarsdale and 
Belle Chasse, July 10 to August 3, 1917. He detected it 
also at Boutte, August 23 and 24, 1917; and common in 
thickets at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917. A. H. Howell 
noted several towhees at Covington, November 2 and 3, 
1908, which were presumably of this form. A bird collected 
at Slidell, on August 24, 1890, not examined in the present </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF </p>



<p>644 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
connection, was also probably the same. An individual of 
this subspecies was seen by E. R. Kalmbach four miles 
south of Gueydan on June 4, 6, and 23, 1925. H. H. Kop- 
man reported it fairly common at Saint Martinville, August 
9 to 12, 1917; resident at New Iberia in 1902; and as 
present between Donaldsonville and Vacherie, July 12 to 
14, 1917. A. M. Bailey saw a few at Avery Island on May 
18, 1930; J. W. Trahan listed it as breeding on the State 
Wild Life Refuge on Vermilion Bay in 1915; and E. R. 
Kalmbach noticed it at Thibodaux, May 25, 1919. </p>

<p>The discovery in the southern part of the State of Loui¬ 
siana of a recognizable subspecies of the Red-eyed Towhee 
is both surprising and interesting. Apparently this new 
race is confined to the Gulf Coast region, since towhees 
examined from as short a distance to the north as Baton 
Rouge belong to the Alabama race, Pipilo erythrophthalmus 
canaster. In some respects it carries still farther the char¬ 
acters that distinguish the Alabama Towhee from the typi¬ 
cal Red-eyed Towhee of the northern United States. Further 
collecting of breeding birds may extend its range to south¬ 
western Mississippi. </p>

<p>EASTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW </p>

<p>Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson) </p>

<p>The several kinds of brown-streaked sparrows are under 
many circumstances difficult to distinguish. One of the 
most frequently seen of these inconspicuous birds is the 
Eastern Savannah Sparrow, and it is one of the small 
species in this general group, rather light grayish or 
brownish with blackish streaks above, and white below 
with blackish streaks on breast and sides. It has usually a 
slight yellow streak above the eye. </p>

<p>As its name suggests it frequents chiefly the meadows 
and marshes, and also various kinds of meadow lands on 
higher ground. It is, however, most common in the vicinity 
of the coast and in river valleys. It is a bird of the ground, 
and does not usually mount high into the trees, although 
it is frequently seen on telegraph wires, bushes, rocks, and </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Savannah Sparrow </p>

<p>
645 </p>

<p>
stumps. Its flight is normally not protracted, and the bird, 
when disturbed, prefers soon to drop down into the grass. 
It is so much like so many of the other sparrows that it is 
often overlooked. </p>

<p>Its ordinary note is a weak ‘chip’, and its ordinary song 
is not unlike that of the Grasshopper Sparrow. Like many 
of the other sparrows it feeds largely on weed and grass 
seeds and insects, although it eats a few small berries. The 
insects include sometimes boll weevils, other beetles, and 
similar kinds. It rarely ever eats grain, although occa¬ 
sionally it picks up some waste wheat or oats. </p>

<p>The nest of this species is placed on the ground, usually 
hidden by a bunch of grass or similar vegetation, and is 
situated in a meadow, pasture, grassy field, either in the 
lowland or upland, or at the edge of a marsh. The four 
to five eggs are greenish or bluish white, spotted and 
blotched with dark brown. </p>

<p>The Eastern Savannah Sparrow is a common winter 
resident, from September 23 to May 15, casually to June 
15; recorded north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West 
Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Foster (five 
miles east of Shreveport); west to Natchitoches, Cameron 
Farm 14 miles south of Vinton, and southwestern Cameron 
Parish; south to southwestern Cameron Parish, Calcasieu 
Lake, Calcasieu Pass, Grand Chenier, Chenier au Tigre, 
Isle Derniere, and Grand Isle; and east to Savoie, Belair, 
New Orleans, Chef Menteur, Lake Catherine, Rigolets, 
Slidell, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hammond, Tallulah, and 
New Roads. </p>

<p>Specimens referable to this form of the species, ex¬ 
amined by the writer in the present connection, are from 
Lecompte, January 11 and 13, and February 11, 1908; Fos¬ 
ter (five miles east of Shreveport), January 28 and 30, 
1908; Natchitoches, January 21,1908; and Alexandria, Jan¬ 
uary 9, 1908, all collected by A. H. Howell; Baton Rouge, 
April 23, 1937, and Grand Terre, April 15, 1937, George 
H. Lowery, Jr.; Iowa, (La.), April 7, 1899, by Vernon </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>646 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bailey; Avery Island, January 16, 1894, by George E. 
Beyer; Chef Menteur, January 24, 1896, and Buras, Jan¬ 
uary 30 and February 1, 1896, by George K. Cherrie; Cal¬ 
casieu Pass, spring of 1854, by G. Wurdemann; Lake 
Charles, collected, January 11, 1938, by T. D. Burleigh; 
Grand Isle, March 19 and 27, 1931; Covington, November 
15, 1889; Hammond, November 11, 1877; Mandeville, Janu¬ 
ary 22, 1879; Pecan Grove, March 16, 1890; Kenner, Janu¬ 
ary 12, 1890; Saint James, January 1, 1894; Jefferson Par¬ 
ish, January 8,1898, April 10,1899, and March, 1895; Chef 
Menteur, April 7, 1876; and New Orleans, April 20, 1888, 
December 2, 1888, and April 6, 1897; May 3,1935, and May 
4, 1937. Other specimens from New Orleans were obtained 
by R. W. Shufeldt, February 10, 1883; by Andrew Allison, 
April 23, 1898; and by Stanley C. Arthur, February 10, 
1916; Lobdell, January 7, 1903, taken by Andrew Allison; 
Madisonville, June 5, 1886, by George E. Beyer; in the 
State Capitol at Baton Rouge, also from New Orleans, De¬ 
cember 7, 1932, and January, 1933. </p>

<p>The writer found this species common in southwestern 
Cameron Parish at the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s 
club house and between the club house and the beach of 
the Gulf of Mexico, January 24, 25, and 26,1928; and along 
Black Bayou in northwestern Cameron Parish, January 24, 
1928. He noted it also at Calcasieu Lake, December 30, 
1932; at Grand Chenier on the following day; on the Rai¬ 
ney Wild Life Sanctuary, January 22 and 23,1928; at Avery 
Island, December 28, 1932; and at Kaplan, December 29, 
1932. E. R. Kalmbach reported it common on the Cam¬ 
eron Farm 14 miles south of Vinton in early May of 1919, 
and secured a specimen at Gueydan, May 3, 1925. H. H. 
Kopman listed it from Jennings, January 30 and 31, 1918; 
Belair, October 21, 1917; Lake Catherine, April 4 and 5, 
1918; Oaklawn near Lacombe, February 24, 1918; Savoie, 
April 14, 1918; and New Roads, December 15, 1917. J. S. 
Campbell says that this sparrow is a common winter resi¬ 
dent in Bienville Parish from October to March, ranging 
regularly over suitable open fields of the region. A. H. Howell </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Northwestern Savannah Sparrow </p>

<p>
647 </p>

<p>
observed several individuals and collected one between 
October 28 and November 1, 1908, at Slidell. Andrew 
Allison met with it at Lobdell, May 12, 1902, and New 
Orleans, September 23, 1895; and noted a single bird at 
Covington as late as June 15. This bird is particularly 
numerous on the prairies of the Gulf Coast region of 
southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>NORTHWESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW </p>

<p>Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Bonaparte </p>

<p>This form of the Savannah Sparrow is of only casual 
or accidental occurrence in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The single record consists of a male collected by George </p>

<p>H. Lowery, Jr., at Baton Rouge, on April 23, 1937, and 
recently examined by the writer. </p>

<p>This race of the Savannah Sparrow, although not form¬ 
erly recognized as distinct, was recently reinstated by the 
writer in Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum 
of Natural History, Volume 1, No. 4, December 31, 1930, 
pp. 109-111. • It is a large form with relatively brownish 
coloration above, and with a strong yellowish tinge about 
the head. It breeds from southeastern to central southern 
Alaska, and for a distance eastward. For the winter it 
migrates southward, particularly along the Pacific Coast. </p>

<p>CHURCHILL SAVANNAH SPARROW </p>

<p>Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom </p>

<p>This form of the Savannah Sparrow is a winter resident 
in Louisiana, from December 1 to May 13, and is probably 
more common than the records indicate, occurring, so far 
as known, in the central and southern parts of the State. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined by the writer as fol¬ 
lows: two collected at Chenier au Tigre, on January 5, 
1934, and another on December 15, 1925, by A. M. Bailey; 
a male and a female taken by A. H. Howell, at Lecompte, 
on January 13, 1908; others at New Orleans on December </p>

<p>I, 1936, May 3, 1935, December 7, 1935, and December 18, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>648 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1937, by T. D. Burleigh; February 10, 1916, by S. C. Ar¬ 
thur; others by G. E. Beyer, on March 23, 1890; at Rayne, 
February 25, 1889, by G. Kohn; Grand Terre, April 15, 
1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Isle Derniere, February 10, 1916, 
A. M. Bailey; Nine Mile Point (Marrero), December 10, 
1932, by Winston E. Nolan; three at Chef Menteur, Janu¬ 
ary 24, 1896, and two at Buras, January 29, 1896, by G. K. 
Cherrie. </p>

<p>Other examples are recorded by Peters and Griscom 271 
from Avery Island, May 12 and 13, 1930, taken by E. G. 
Wright; several in winter from New Orleans, and from 
Louisiana without indication of more definite locality. </p>

<p>This new race of the Savannah Sparrow, recently de¬ 
scribed by Peters and Griscom, 271 breeds on the western 
side of Hudson Bay. It is a very dark form, blackish 
above, with black streaking below. </p>

<p>EASTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW </p>

<p>Ammodramus savannarum australis Maynard </p>

<p>The Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow is a casual winter 
visitor to southern Louisiana. There are but two records 
for the State: an adult male captured by Thomas D. Bur¬ 
leigh at New Orleans on March 19, 1936; and another male 
obtained at Lake Charles on January 11, 1938, by the same 
ornithologist. </p>

<p>WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW </p>

<p>Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus (Coues) 272 </p>

<p>The Western Grasshopper Sparrow might easily have 
obtained its name from either its habit of eating grass¬ 
hoppers, or from its insect-like song. It is called also ‘yel¬ 
low-winged sparrow’, from the yellow on the bend of the 
wing. It is a small, inconspicuous bird about the size of 
the Savannah Sparrow, but with a somewhat shorter tail. </p>

<p>271 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., Vol. LXXX, No. 13, January 19, 193 *\ pp. 454-459 </p>

<p>27 -’ A hi modrnmu8 tmvnimarum biinaculutu-fi of the 1931 A. O. TJ. Check-I.w. For 
explanation of this change of name, see van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nax. 
Hist., Vol. VII, No. 30, May 31, 1934, pp. 359-360. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>) </p>

<p>
Western Grasshopper Sparrow </p>

<p>
649 </p>

<p>
It is light brown above, rather more spotted than streaked 
with reddish brown and blackish. Below it is buffy white, 
without streaks, and more deeply buff on the anterior 
parts. </p>

<p>It lives in meadows and grasslands of various kinds, 
in river valleys or uplands. It is a bird mostly of the 
ground, and, although it does alight in trees at times and 
sometimes even sings from such perches, it lives mostly 
on or near the ground. It does not fly far, but when dis¬ 
turbed soon drops again into the grass, as it apparently 
prefers to run rather than take to wing. Its common 
perch for singing or observation is the top of a weed or 
spire of grass. </p>

<p>Its call note is a weak ‘tsip’, and its song, which is any¬ 
thing but loud, very much resembles some insect notes. </p>

<p>Its food consists largely of insects, and it destroys a 
great many grasshoppers, locusts, and other pests, such as 
cutworms and other caterpillars. </p>

<p>The nest is built on the ground, usually on prairie, pas¬ 
ture, or other grassy land, but sometimes in cultivated 
areas, in a slight depression, and concealed under a tuft 
of grass or other plants. This is composed of grass and 
slender weed-stalks, and lined with hair or rootlets. The 
eggs are usually three to five, white, with spots and blotches 
of brown, purple, and lilac. </p>

<p>The Western Grasshopper Sparrow is a rare permanent 
resident in northwestern and southeastern Louisiana, from 
Natchitoches and Mansfield south to Bayou Sara, Lobdell, 
Hohen Solms, New Orleans, Hester, and Diamond; and east 
to New Orleans and Hackley; probably also throughout at 
least the greater portion of the remainder of the State. </p>

<p>Since the western race of this species is the breeding 
bird of Arkansas and Illinois it is probably also the breed¬ 
ing form of Louisiana. This species is evidently of much 
less frequent occurrence in Louisiana than in former years, 
particularly during the summer months. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
650 Bird Life of Louisiana % </p>

<p>A. H. Howell obtained a single specimen at Natchi¬ 
toches, January 21, 1908; and George H. Lowery, Jr., one 
at Pride in East Baton Rouge Parish, on December 19, 
1937; and both have been identified by the writer. Other 
birds from the State, collected, but not identified in the 
present connection, which relate probably to this form are: 
a single male, taken. May 3, 1897, by Andrew Allison at 
New Orleans; two birds, April 27, 1907, and January 24, 
1908, at Mansfield, by A. H. Howell. </p>

<p>Andrew Allison states that it breeds near New Orleans; 
and H. H. Kopman says that formerly it was common in 
Audubon Park in the city of New Orleans, although ap¬ 
parently it has now disappeared from that locality. About 
1895, H. H. Kopman found it abundant in Saint James Par¬ 
ish. C. W. Beckham noted it common in April, 1887, at 
Bayou Sara; Andrew Allison reported its arrival at Lob- 
dell, April 4, 1903; H. W. Pring at Hester, April 25, 1902; 
H. L. Ballowe at Diamond, April 28, 1902; H. H. Kopman 
at New Orleans, April 3, 1898, and March 30, 1895. K. 
Geist listed it as breeding at Hohen Solms in May, 1916; 
and A. H. Howell identified it at Hackley, February 20 to 
24, 1912. </p>

<p>LECONTE SPARROW </p>

<p>Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham) </p>

<p>The Leconte Sparrow is a rare winter resident, from 
December 22 to April 25, in northern and southern Louis¬ 
iana, northwest to Bienville and Natchitoches, and south 
to the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary. </p>

<p>A specimen was obtained by A. H. Howell at Natchi¬ 
toches on January 17, 1908. Andrew Allison found this 
species about Lobdell, from April 7, 1903, on several dates 
up to April 25, 1903. 273 George E. Beyer reports finding 
it at Avery Island during January, and the specimen col¬ 
lected by him at this locality on February 9, 1895, is now 
in the museum of Tulane University at New Orleans. 
George H. Lowery, Jr., collected one bird at Monroe on </p>

<p>,,a The Auk, Vol. XXI, No. 4, October. 1004, p. 480. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Henslow Sparrow </p>

<p>
651 </p>

<p>
December 22, 1932. A single Leconte Sparrow was iden¬ 
tified by Charles W. Townsend on the Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary on December 3, 1925. 274 J. S. Campbell consid¬ 
ers it a rather common winter resident in Bienville Parish, 
where he collected specimens at Bienville during the winter 
of 1932; at Friendship during the winter of 1933; and at 
Lucky in February, 1934. </p>

<p>WESTERN HENSLOW SPARROW </p>

<p>Nemo8piza henslowii henslowii (Audubon) 276 </p>

<p>The Western Henslow Sparrow is a rare winter visitor, 
from November 2 to May 15, in most parts of Louisiana, 
recorded from Covington and from Cameron Farm in Cam¬ 
eron Parish, 14 miles south of Vinton, north to Monroe and 
Bienville. </p>

<p>E. R. Kalmbach collected a single individual at Cameron 
Farm, May 15, 1919; and H. H. Kopman has recorded it 
from Covington, November 2, 1899, and January 23, 1905; 
and states that Andrew Allison observed it at New Orleans, 
November 30, 1899. 27# George H. Lowery, Jr. noted it at 
Monroe 277 on December 21, 1930, and also during the early 
part of January. He observed two individuals on Decem¬ 
ber 27, 1934, at the same locality. J. S. Campbell considers 
it a rather common winter visitor at Bienville, seen usually 
in December and January. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW </p>

<p>Ammospiza caudacuta diversa (Bishop) </p>

<p>This little known race of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow is a 
casual winter visitor in the coast region of southern Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>The only occurrences that have thus far come to light 
are two males from Buras in the Mississippi River Delta, </p>

<p>874 Pearson, Oirc. Nat. Asso. And. Soc., No. 11, February 15, 1928, p. 7. </p>

<p>178 Patterherbulut hsnslowi hentlowi, of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. 
Check-List. </p>

<p>878 The Auk, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, January 1, 1915, p. 25. </p>

<p>177 Bird Lore, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, February 2, 1931, p. 69; and Bull. La. 
Poly. Inst., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, p. 50. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>652 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
captured by George K. Cherrie on February 2 and 6, 1896, 
respectively. </p>

<p>The Southern Sharp-tailed Sparrow was first described 
by Louis B. Bishop as Ammodramus caudacutus diversus, 
in The Auk, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, July, 1901, p. 269, from a 
specimen obtained at Wanchese, Roanoke Island, North 
Carolina. Notwithstanding that it breeds on the Atlantic 
coast of the Middle United States, from eastern Delaware 
to eastern Virginia, possibly to eastern North Carolina, it 
is intermediate in characters between the typical Sharp- 
tailed Sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta caudacuta , of the 
New Jersey coast, and the Nelson Sparrow, Ammospiza 
caudacuta nelsoni, of the northern Great Plains. It is 
darker than the former, particularly on the upper parts; 
and lighter, more heavily and distinctly streaked below than 
the latter. </p>

<p>ONTARIO SHARP-TAILED SPARROW </p>

<p>Ammospiza caudacuta altera Todd </p>

<p>The Ontario Sharp-tailed Sparrow is a winter resident 
in the coast region of Louisiana, perhaps more common 
than present information indicates. </p>

<p>In fact, the only record for the State is a single male 
collected by George K. Cherrie at Buras on February 2, 
1896. </p>

<p>This subspecies has just recently been described by W. 
E. C. Todd, in The Auk, Vol. LV, No. 1, January, 1938, p. 
117, from specimens obtained in the James Bay region of 
Hudson Bay, his type being from East Main, James Bay, 
Quebec. It is intermediate in characters between the Acad¬ 
ian Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta subvir- 
gata, and the Nelson Sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta nel¬ 
soni, but sufficiently different from both to constitute a 
recognizable race. It breeds in the country about the 
southern end of Hudson Bay, and winters in the south¬ 
eastern United States. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Nelson Sparrotv </p>

<p>
653 </p>

<p>
NELSON SPARROW </p>

<p>Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni (Allen) </p>

<p>The Nelson Sparrow is a rare winter resident, from 
October 24 to May 20, casually to June 7, in the Gulf Coast 
region of southern Louisiana; recorded from Sabine Pass, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh Is¬ 
land, Grand Isle, Buras, and the mouth of Main Pass in 
the Mississippi River Delta; north to Freemason Island, </p>

<p>Lake Pontchartrain, New Orleans, and New Iberia. </p>

<p>• </p>

<p>Two specimens seen in the museum of the Louisiana 
Department of Conservation at New Orleans were taken 
at Grand Isle, May 14, 1931; another in the museum of 
Tulane University at New Orleans, was collected by H. H. 
Kopman at Sabine Pass, May 20, 1907. This last specimen 
may be the same as that recorded by H. H. Kopman as 
having been obtained at this locality on May 19, 1907. 278 
Other examples identified in the present connection were 
collected by T. D. Burleigh at Grand Isle, on April 13 and 
15, 1937; and another at Buras on February 2, 1896, by 
G. K. Cherrie. A. M. Bailey collected the Nelson Sparrow at 
Chenier au Tigre on December 16, 1925 (two specimens 
seen by the present writer) ; observed a few individuals 
on January 3, 1934, and took several specimens at the 
mouth of Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta on Oc¬ 
tober 24, 1928; and E. R. Kalmbach secured one on Free¬ 
mason Island in southeastern Louisiana on June 7, 1919. 
E. S. Hopkins found it fairly common in the marshes about 
Grand Isle, where T. D. Burleigh collected a male on April 
15, 1937; and H. H. Kopman noted it abundant on Marsh 
Island, May 16, 1907. L. E. Hicks reported it from New 
Iberia on December 26, 1931. A. B. Blackmore observed 
it at New Orleans, November 1, 1895; and it was seen by 
Charles W. Townsend on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary 
on December 3, 1925. George E. Beyer states that he 
found it fairly common about Lake Pontchartrain. </p>

<p>27 * The Auk, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, January 1, 1915, p. 25. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
- </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>654 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
HOWELL SEASIDE SPARROW </p>

<p>Thryospiza maritima howelli (Griscom and Nichols)* 79 </p>

<p>The Howell Seaside Sparrow is a common permanent 
resident on the Gulf Coast of southeastern Louisiana, east 
of the Mississippi River, from Battledore Island and Bre¬ 
ton Island, north to Curlew Island, Chandeleur Island, 
Freemason Island, Brush Island, Isle au Pitre, Grassy Is¬ 
land, Lake Catherine and New Orleans; also a rare winter 
visitor on the coast of Louisiana west of the Mississippi 
River. It breeds from April to July; and there is a record 
of young in the nest as late as July 23. </p>

<p>A. M. Bailey reports this sparrow as breeding on Bre¬ 
ton Island, Brush Island, and Chandeleur Island. E. R. 
Kalmbach collected three specimens on Freemason Island, 
June 7, 1919, and one south of Lake Catherine, May 23, 
1919. E. G. Wright took a specimen on Breton Island, 
June 3, 1930; and A. M. Bailey another on North Island, 
June 11, 1930. Examples from New Orleans were collected 
by T. D. Burleigh on April 19, August 21 and 24, 1935. 
H. H. Kopman found a nest containing young on Battle¬ 
dore Island, July 23, 1908; and the writer observed it on 
North Island, June 4, 1933; on Grassy Island in Lake 
Borgne, and Isle au Pitre, June 3, 1933; and on Curlew 
Island, June 5, 1933. </p>

<p>West of its breeding range where it wanders after the 
nesting season, there is but a single record for the State 
of Louisiana, that of a specimen in the museum of Tulane 
University, collected at Grand Isle, September 8, 1900, by 
George E. Beyer. </p>

<p>LOUISIANA SEASIDE SPARROW </p>

<p>Thryospiza maritima fisheri (Chapman) 280 </p>

<p>This is an inconspicuous sparrow of moderate size, 
brownish above with blackish streaks; a yellowish line over 
the eye, and dull grayish white below, the breast and sides 
more or less streaked with brown. </p>

<p>Ammospiza maritima howtUi of the 1031 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List </p>

<p>**° Ammogpiza maritima fUheri of the 1081 edition of the A. O. U. Check-List </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Louisiana Seaside Sparrow </p>

<p>
655 </p>

<p>
It is an inhabitant of the salt marshes and is rarely seen 
elsewhere, living much on the ground and in the grass and 
other vegetation, though sometimes seen on bushes and 
even low trees. It is a rather shy bird, remaining much 
out of sight in the vegetation of the marsh unless flushed, 
and then flying but a short distance and dropping again 
into the grass. Its flight is rather strong, but often it 
does not fly far, although it is capable of sustained flight. </p>

<p>Its song is a rather weak, not particularly musical per¬ 
formance. While ordinarily this song is uttered from the 
top of a reed or low bush, the bird sometimes gives forth a 
short flight song. </p>

<p>The food of this bird reflects the character of its habi¬ 
tat—marine worms, crustaceans, dragonflies, grasshoppers, 
moths, beetles, bugs, and spiders, with some mollusks. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Seaside Sparrow breeds in the marshes, 
where it places its nest on or in the marsh grass or low 
bushes, or on a tangle of grass, and usually at least a few 
inches above the ground. It is composed of marsh grass, 
and lined with finer material of the same kind. The three 
to four eggs are whitish, spotted with reddish brown. </p>

<p>This sparrow is one of the interesting inhabitants of 
the areas on the coastal marshes that harbor relatively few 
different kinds of birds. Its retiring habits are the reason 
for its being so little known, except to those who make a 
special study of birds. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Seaside Sparrow is an abundant perma¬ 
nent resident on the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana, 
from the Mississippi River westward, and from Sabine 
Pass, Cameron, Chenier au Tigre, Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary, Marsh Island, Lake Barre, Grand Isle, Ronquille Bay, 
and the Mississippi River Delta, north to Four Bayou, Grand 
Caillou Bayou near Dulac, Bayou Cutler, Dupres Canal, New 
Orleans, and Junior. It breeds from April to July, and 
there is a record of eggs as early as April 8. </p>

<p>The Louisiana Seaside Sparrow was originally described 
as a new subspecies by Frank M. Chapman from a sped- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>656 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
men taken at Grand Isle, Louisiana, June 9, 1886. 281 The 
writer has examined specimens from Sabine Pass, collect¬ 
ed, May 19, 1907, by H. H. Kopman; New Orleans, Febru¬ 
ary 5, 1925; also others taken by T. D. Burleigh, April 19, 
August 21, and September 14, 1935; Grand Pass, June 8, 
1919, A. M. Bailey; Grand Isle, June 2 and 9, 1933, Am¬ 
brose Daigre; September 8, 1900, George E. Beyer; June </p>

<p>21, July 5 and 15, 1937, S. Ward; April 13, 1937, and Sep¬ 
tember 17, 1935, T. D. Burleigh; and in the museum of 
Tulane University, June —, 1866. A. K. Fisher gathered 
many specimens at Grand Isle from June 6 to 9, 1886. A. 
M. Bailey obtained ten specimens at the mouth of Main Pass 
in the Mississippi River Delta, on October 24, 1928; at 
Chenier au Tigre others on January 5, 1934, and May 25, 
1930; C. C. Sperry, at Quarantine Station (Cubit’s Gap), 
Mississippi River Delta, August 3, 1925, and on Marsh Is¬ 
land, July 20, 1925; E. G. Wright, in Cameron Parish, May 
23, 1930; G. K. Cherrie at Buras, February 2, 1896; and S. 
Ward, at Bassa Bassa, July 27, 1937. </p>

<p>H. H. Kopman reported this sparrow common in the 
tidal marsh at Junior, August 4 and 5, 1917; and the writer 
found it particularly numerous in the marshes bordering 
Four Bayou, Little Go-to-Hell Bayou, and Big Go-to-Hell 
Bayou, in Terrebonne Parish, June 22, 1933. He noted it 
also on Tortillon Bayou in southern Terrebonne Parish, 
and Grand Caillou Bayou, south of Dulac, June 22, 1933; 
on Ronquille Bay, June 8, 1933; along Bayou Cutler, and 
Dupres Canal in Jefferson Parish, June 10, 1933. At Cam¬ 
eron, W. L. McAtee saw many individuals on November 
29, 1910; and on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Charles 
W. Townsend recorded it in December, 1925. The writer 
detected it on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, January </p>

<p>22, 1928; and about Lake Barre, very common on Decem¬ 
ber 23, 1932. </p>

<p>2S1 The Auk, Vol. XVI, No. 1, January, 1899, p. 10. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
8-1*0 X.'lf'F QF LOUISIANA </p>

<p>
Plate 45 </p>

<p>
Original frt&gt;m . ‘ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY .OF MICHIGAN </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Vesper Sparrow </p>

<p>
657 </p>

<p>
EASTERN VESPER SPARROW </p>

<p>Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The Eastern Vesper Sparrow in general appearance 
is very much like the Savannah Sparrow, but larger, and 
has conspicuous white spots on the outer tail-feathers, by 
which it can be easily distinguished when in flight it 
spreads its tail. </p>

<p>It is a bird of the meadows, fields, and other grassy 
areas, of roadsides, fence rows, and similar places. Other 
names for this bird are ‘bay-winged bunting’, in allusion 
to the rather inconspicuous chestnut patch on the bend of 
the wing, ‘grass finch’, or ‘ground bird’, which, of course, 
relate to its habits. It lives chiefly on or near the ground, 
but often is to be seen on trees, wires, or fences, particu¬ 
larly during migration. </p>

<p>Its song is not unlike that of the Song Sparrow, al¬ 
though it is not quite so emphatic, and is more rapidly 
uttered. It has a habit of occasionally indulging in a flight 
song, particularly in the evening, whence its name Vesper 
Sparrow. </p>

<p>The food of this bird is, like many of the sparrows, 
partly insect and partly vegetable. At certain times of the 
year it feeds largely on insects, and disposes of such pests 
as army worms, cutworms, and other caterpillars, locusts, 
grasshoppers, and weevils. It eats also some earthworms 
and snails. The vegetable part of its diet is composed 
chiefly of weed seeds, seeds of grass, and grain, though 
the last is mostly waste; and the bird, therefore, is very 
beneficial. </p>

<p>Its'nest is built on the ground, usually sunk below the 
surface, and is not usually so well concealed as the nests 
of some of the other sparrows. It is placed in a grain 
field, or in almost any other place where grass and weeds 
are to be found. It is composed of grass, weed-stalks, and 
rootlets, and lined with finer materials of similar char¬ 
acter. The four to five eggs are greenish white or grayish 
white, with markings of reddish or purplish brown, usually 
in the form of blotches and dots, or with scrawls of dark </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>658 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
color. The incubating female sits very closely, and usually 
will not leave the nest until almost trodden upon. The 
young remain in the nest usually for about eight to twelve 
days and are well taken care of by the parents for a while 
thereafter. </p>

<p>The Eastern Vesper Sparrow is a fairly common but 
local winter resident, from September, casually from Aug¬ 
ust 5, to April 30, throughout most of Louisiana; reported 
north to Lake Providence, West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, 
Monroe, Ruston, and Bienville Parish; west to Mansfield, 
Natchitoches, and Cameron Farm in Cameron Parish 14 
miles south of Vinton; south to Cameron, Grand Chenier, 
Crowley, and Southwest Reef at the mouth of Atchafa- 
laya Bay; and east to New Orleans, Slidell, Mandeville, 
Covington, Hammond, Lobdell, West Feliciana Parish, and 
near Tallulah. </p>

<p>Specimens of this race have been determined from 
Natchitoches, January 17, 18, and 21, 1908, and Mansfield, 
January 23, 1908, all collected by A. H. Howell; New Or¬ 
leans, January 11, and February 17, 1937, by T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh; Southwest Reef Lighthouse at the entrance to At- 
chafalaya Bay, April 21, 1907, S. Jones; and a specimen in 
the museum of Tulane University, taken at Hammond, De¬ 
cember 19, 1878. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister found this species common about Mer 
Rouge, February 11, 1904, and noted it also between Tal¬ 
lulah and Eldorado in Madison Parish, March 15, 1904. 
A. H. Howell saw several at Monroe, January 2, 1908; and 
observed it also at Slidell, November 1, 1908. H. H. Kop- 
man reported it from Hammond, January 24 and 25, J 1918; 
from Oaklawn near Lacombe in Saint Tammany Parish, Feb¬ 
ruary 24, 1918; and at New Orleans, March 28, 1896. 
George E. Beyer met with it at New Orleans, August 5, 
1893; and Andrew Allison, at Lobdell, March 20, 1903. E. 
R. Kalmbach noticed it at Cameron Farm, April 30, 1919; 
and W. L. McAtee at Cameron, November 30, 1910. The 
writer ascertained its presence at Grand Chenier, Decem¬ 
ber 31, 1932; and at Crowley, December 29, 1932. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Vesper Sparrow </p>

<p>
659 </p>

<p>
WESTERN VESPER SPARROW </p>

<p>Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird </p>

<p>The Western Vesper Sparrow is a casual winter visitor 
in northern Louisiana. There is but a single record for the 
State, that of an individual taken by A. H. Howell at 
Natchitoches, January 17, 1908. 282 </p>

<p>EASTERN LARK SPARROW </p>

<p>Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say) </p>

<p>The Eastern Lark Sparrow is a rare and local perma¬ 
nent resident, though less numerous in winter, in most parts 
of Louisiana; reported north to Monroe and Bienville; west 
to Mansfield and Iowa (La.); south to near Gueydan, Saint 
Martinville, Saint Mary Parish, and Buras; and east to 
Diamond, Saint James Parish, Caldwell Parish, and Thomas- 
town; also at least an occasional winter resident in the 
northwestern part of the State, near Bienville; in migra¬ 
tion south also to Grand Isle. It breeds in May and June; 
and there is record of eggs on May 20. </p>

<p>Specimens examined from Louisiana indicate that the 
breeding bird of the State is the eastern race of the Lark 
Sparrow. The writer has seen examples from Bienville, 
collected on July 18, 1933, by J. S. Campbell; from Monroe, 
June 24, 1933, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; from Buras, Feb¬ 
ruary 1, 1896, by George K. Cherrie; and in the museum of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation at New Orleans, 
taken at Grand Isle, April 6, 1931. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell considers it a common summer resident 
at Bienville, where it breeds in May. H. H. Kopman has 
recorded it from Caldwell, Saint James, Plaquemines, and 
Saint Mary parishes; and he observed several individuals at 
Thomastown in Madison Parish, July 22, 1896. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., reports it fairly common at Monroe in 
summer, and as seen in Alexandria, July 30, 1931. The 
writer also saw it at Monroe on June 17,1933. A. H. How- </p>

<p>Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXVII, May 11, 1914, p. 101. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;. 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>660 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
ell obtained a specimen at Mansfield, May 2, 1907; and 
found it fairly common at that locality, from April 26 to 
May 3 of the same year. Vernon Bailey noticed one at 
Iowa (La.), April 9, 1899; and E. R. Kalmbach, one at a 
point nine miles southwest of Gueydan, September 20, 1925. 
H. H. Kopman noted it at Saint Martinville, between August 
9 and 12, 1917; and H. L. Ballowe, a few individuals at 
Diamond on July 20, 1902. </p>

<p>The only winter record for Louisiana is a flock of 50 
to 76 birds seen by J. S. Campbell near Bienville, on Jan¬ 
uary 12, 1934. </p>

<p>WESTERN LARK SPARROW </p>

<p>Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson </p>

<p>The Western Lark Sparrow, although a common breed¬ 
ing bird of Texas, is apparently of but casual appearance 
in Louisiana. The sole record for the State is a specimen 
collected at New Orleans on September 15, 1935, by Thomas 
D. Burleigh. </p>

<p>BACHMAN SPARROW </p>

<p>Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii (Audubon) 283 </p>

<p>Little is known of the occurrence of this bird in Louisi¬ 
ana, since most of the State at least is occupied by the Illi¬ 
nois Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis illinoensis. Two birds, 
which apparently represented a mated pair of the Bach¬ 
man Sparrow were collected by George H.‘Lowery, Jr., 
on April 20, 1937, at Pine Grove, in Saint Helena Parish. It 
is possible that they represent the breeding form in that 
part of Louisiana, which is one of the northernmost parishes 
of the southeastern end of the state. </p>

<p>It apparently winters south to the coast region in the 
southeastern part of the State, since the writer has exam¬ 
ined a specimen obtained by Winston E. Nolan at Slidell, on 
January 29, 1938. </p>

<p>2S3 Aimophila aestivalis bachmani of the 1931 edition of the A. O. U. Check- List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Illinois Sparrow </p>

<p>
661 </p>

<p>
ILLINOIS SPARROW </p>

<p>Peucaea aestivalis illinoensis Ridgway </p>

<p>The Illinois Sparrow is a rare and local permanent 
resident in the pine and mixed woodlands of northern and 
southeastern Louisiana, reported north to Quimby, Monroe, 
Lucky, and Castor; west to Mansfield; south to Baton 
Rouge; and east to Madisonville, Hammond, Clinton, and 
Quimby. It breeds in May and June; and there are records 
of eggs in late May and early June. </p>

<p>Specimens of this bird have been identified from Mans¬ 
field, collected, April 27, 1907, by A. H. Howell; in the 
museum of Tulane University from Hammond, March 4, 
1876; Clinton, June 11, 1888; and from Beauvoir, Missis¬ 
sippi, taken, September 8 and 11, 1896. George H. Low¬ 
ery, Jr., considers it a common permanent resident of the 
pine woodlands about Baton Rouge; and observed it at 
Monroe on December 27, 1934. At Mansfield A. H. Howell 
found this sparrow numerous about old pastures where 
there were occasional young pines, April 26 to May 3, 1907. 
George E. Beyer reported in 1891 that it bred at Madison¬ 
ville ; and J. K. Strecker found it about Frierson in De Soto 
Parish. The writer observed a single individual four miles 
north of Quimby on June 16,1933. J. S. Campbell says that 
it is common at Lucky, Castor, and Saline, and wherever 
else in Bienville Parish there are pine woodlands. </p>

<p>Birds of this species from Iowa, Illinois, and the Missis¬ 
sippi valley south to Louisiana and Texas differ from 
Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii of South Carolina and adja¬ 
cent states in their paler, more extensively rufous upper 
parts, and in restriction of the black streaks on the back. 
These characters seem to be sufficiently consistent to war¬ 
rant separation of the Mississippi valley bird as a differ¬ 
ent subspecies, which is, of course, the form found in Lou¬ 
isiana. This race has already received a name, however, 
as it was long ago described as Peucaea illinoensis by Rob¬ 
ert Ridgway 284 from specimens taken at Mount Carmel, Il¬ 
linois. </p>

<p>=** Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, No. 4, October, 1879, p. 219. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Origiral from ^ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>662 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
SLATE-COLORED JUNCO </p>

<p>Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>A bird about the size of the Song Sparrow, slate-col¬ 
ored, except for the posterior lower parts, and with a con¬ 
siderable amount of white in the outer tail-feathers, is one 
of the common and conspicuous inhabitants of the country¬ 
side during the winter. It is the Slate-colored Junco, or 
‘slate-colored snowbird’, of the north. </p>

<p>It is fond of undergrowths of woodlands, edges of wood¬ 
lands, brushy pastures, thickets, and bushes, everywhere, 
even in the streets of the towns. It is to be found in all 
situations, from the ground to the tops of the highest 
trees, although it prefers bushes and the ground. It is a 
bird of rather jerky, though sometimes prolonged flight, 
and often assembles into companies of considerable size, 
with which there may be associated several other kinds of 
sparrows. </p>

<p>Its ordinary note is a rather weak ‘chip’, and its ordi¬ 
nary song is a rather monotonous trill of not very musical 
character. </p>

<p>The food of this well-known bird consists of such in¬ 
sects as leaf beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, bee¬ 
tles, and bugs, with a few spiders and similar inverte¬ 
brates. It eats also great numbers of weed seeds, such as 
those of the chickweed, sorrel, sedges, wild sunflower, 
lamb’s quarters, and even Russian thistle, and wild fruits 
and berries. </p>

<p>The nest of this bird is placed in woodlands, edges of 
woodlands, in thickets, or even in fields, usually on the 
ground, on si slope, often concealed by rocks or roots. It 
is composed of various kinds of weeds, grasses, bark, and 
roots, and lined with rootlets, fine grasses, and animal 
hair. The eggs are commonly four to five, bluish or greenish 
white, with many spots of brown and lilac. </p>

<p>The Junco is often a familiar visitor about houses, in both 
country and town, and owing to its fondness for seeds of </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Tree Sparrow </p>

<p>
663 </p>

<p>
various kinds it is easily attracted to a feeding shelf, par¬ 
ticularly in the winter, when its ordinary supplies of food 
may be more or less unavailable. </p>

<p>The Slate-colored Junco is a winter resident, from Oc¬ 
tober 10 to May 16, common in northern, uncommon in 
southeastern Louisiana, and apparently not recorded from 
the southwestern part of the State. It has been reported 
north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Par¬ 
ish, Monroe, Bienville, and Shreveport; west to Mansfield 
and Lecompte; south to New Orleans; and east to Mande- 
ville, Covington, Hackley, Saint Francisville, Jackson, Tallu¬ 
lah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined from Mansfield, Janu¬ 
ary 23, 1908, and Clarks, January 7, 1908, both collected 
by A. H. Howell; and New Orleans, January 16, 1936, by 
T. D. Burleigh. This junco was taken by him also at Le¬ 
compte on January 13,. 1908, but he did not find many at 
that point. J. S. Campbell has noted it at Bienville, Octo¬ 
ber 10, 1931, and April 26, 1932; and H. H. Kopman, at 
Shreveport, March 31, 1928. E. L. Moseley noticed it in 
Richland Parish from March 31 to April 3, 1923; and Ned 
Hollister observed it in large numbers in many places in 
Morehouse, East Carroll, West Carroll, and Madison par¬ 
ishes between February 11 and March 20, 1904. George 
H. Lowery, Jr., considers it a fairly common winter bird 
at Saint Francisville, Jackson, Melville, and Carr’s Creek in 
West Feliciana Parish. H. H. Kopman reported it at Pon- 
chatoula, March 26, 1918; and at Covington, November 28 
to December 2, 1899. A. H. Howell met with only a few 
at Hackley, February 20 to 24, 1912. Andrew Allison saw 
it at New Orleans, March 29, 1896; and H. H. Kopman, 
on November 20, 1916. </p>

<p>
EASTERN TREE SPARROW </p>

<p>Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Eastern Tree Sparrow is a rare winter visitor in 
northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>664 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The only record that we have been able to find is by 
Ned Hollister, who reported the species common about Mer 
Rouge, February 11 to 16, 1904; but it apparently disap¬ 
peared from that locality soon after the latter date, since 
he did not find it on the occasion of his later visit to Mer 
Rouge. </p>

<p>
EASTERN CHIPPING SPARROW </p>

<p>Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein) </p>

<p>The Chipping Sparrow has received its name from its 
monotonous note, and the same name frequently is short¬ 
ened into ‘chippy’. Its other name of ‘hair bird’ comes 
from the frequent use of horsehair in its nest. </p>

<p>The Eastern Chipping Sparrow is a small brown spar¬ 
row with a conspicuously chestnut head, dark streaked 
back, a pale gray eyebrow, and plain grayish white under 
parts. </p>

<p>It is one of the most familiar of our native sparrows, 
is fond of the vicinity of houses and other buildings, 
and is even one of the inhabitants of city parks and streets. 
Beyond the habitations of man it lives about the fields, 
along fencerows, and in brushy areas, in thickets, and 
along the edges of woodlands, and even along the shores 
of streams and lakes. It has a rather strong, somewhat 
quick flight, and frequently gathers into flocks of consider¬ 
able size, often associating with Juncos, and Field and 
other sparrows. </p>

<p>Its ordinary note is a rather sharp ‘chip’, and its com¬ 
mon song is a rather unmusical succession of similar notes. </p>

<p>In food habits it is much like other small sparrows, for 
it lives on insects and seeds. It is also a beneficial species 
in that it destroys a great many injurious insects, such as 
the cabbage and canker worms, army worms, locusts, grass¬ 
hoppers, and weevils, and it takes great numbers of seeds 
of common weeds, such as ragweed, of grasses, and also 
berries, usually those of wild species. </p>

<p>Its nest is a very well constructed dwelling composed of 
grass and rootlets, and lined with various kinds of animal </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Chipping Sparroio </p>

<p>
665 </p>

<p>
hair, often horsehair, or even downy vegetable fibers. 
The three to four eggs are bluish green, spotted with black 
and brown and lilac. The nest is often in close proximity 
to a human dwelling, and the birds seem to be practically 
undisturbed by the presence of man. </p>

<p>This is another of the birds that is attracted to a feed¬ 
ing shelf at certain times of the year. </p>

<p>The Eastern Chipping Sparrow is a permanent resident, 
uncommon during the summer, locally common in the winter, 
in northern, southwestern, and southeastern Louisiana; re¬ 
ported north to Tallulah, Richland Parish, Monroe, and 
Caddo Lake; west to Cross Lake, Mansfield, ten miles south 
of Crichton, Hagewood, Robeline, Florien, and Anacoco; 
south to Iowa (La.), Trout, Bayou Sara, Hammond, Pon- 
chatoula and Mandeville; and east to Mandeville, Madison- 
ville, Covington, Amite, Hackley, West Feliciana Parish, 
Clarks, and Tallulah. It it apparently absent from the 
Mississippi valley in central southern Louisiana; but it is 
a winter resident, though not common, in the southwestern 
part of the Gulf Coast region, south to the lower Vermil¬ 
ion River, the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, and Gueydan. 
It'breeds mostly in May and June. </p>

<p>Specimens of this sparrow in the collection in the mu¬ 
seum of Tulane University at New Orleans have been iden¬ 
tified from Hammond, March 14, 1876; Madisonville, 
April, 1886; and Mandeville, March 28, 1875; and in the 
Biological Survey from New Orleans, January 15, 1936, 
collected by T. D. Burleigh. A. H. Howell found it fairly 
common at Mansfield, April 26 to May 3, 1907, and col¬ 
lected two birds on January 23, 1908, at this place. E. R. 
Kalmbach saw a single individual south of Tallulah, June </p>

<p>17, 1924; and E. L. Moseley met with some in Richland 
Parish, April 4, 1923. J. S. Campbell considers it an abun¬ 
dant permanent resident in Bienville Parish. At Clarks, 
A. H. Howell noted a few, January 3 to 8, 1908; and the 
writer observed the Eastern Chipping Sparrow at Caddo 
Lake, Cross Lake, and ten miles south of Crichton, June </p>

<p>18, 1933; at Hagewood, Robeline, Florien, and Anacoco on </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>666 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
June 19, 1933. Vernon Bailey noticed a few birds at Iowa 
(La.), April 6 to 9, 1899; and the writer listed it at the 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary and near Abbeville on the 
lower Vermilion River, January 22, 1928. E. R. Kalmbach 
obtained a single individual south of Gueydan, March 9, 
1926. George H. Lowery, Jr., gives it as a fairly common 
permanent resident at Baton Rouge. The writer saw it 
at Trout, in central Louisiana, June 16, 1933. H. H. Kop- 
man reported it from Amite, March 27, 1918; from Ham¬ 
mond, April 26, 1918, and January 24 to 25, 1918; Pon- 
chatoula, March 25 to 27, 1918; and Covington, November 
11, 1899. A. H. Howell encountered a flock of about 50 or 
60 feeding in a grassy cornfield at Hackley, February 20 
to 24, 1912. </p>

<p>
EASTERN FIELD SPARROW </p>

<p>Spizella pusilla pvsilla (Wilson) </p>

<p>Of the general size and shape of the Chipping Sparrow, 
the Eastern Field Sparrow is usually to be distinguished 
from that bird by its reddish bill and more reddish upper 
surface, and lack of the light gray eyebrow of the othfer 
bird. It is much the same in general behavior as the Chip¬ 
ping Sparrow, but it lives less about human habitations. 
Its favorite places are fields, pastures, fencerows, thickets, 
and the edges of woodlands. It is found often in flocks, 
associated with Chipping Sparrows and Juncos. </p>

<p>Its ordinary call note is a weak ‘tsip\ but its song is 
clear and musical, the ordinary performance beginning 
slowly and increasing in rapidity of the notes until they 
run together. </p>

<p>Insects such as the May beetle, grasshoppers, bugs, 
ants, flies, plant lice, and caterpillars, with spiders, form the 
chief part of its animal food, but it feeds also largely on 
the seeds of weeds and grasses, together with a small quan¬ 
tity of grain. Like the Chipping Sparrow it is a useful 
bird about the farm and garden. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Eastern Field Sparrow </p>

<p>
667 </p>

<p>
It builds its nest on the ground or in bushes, in fields, 
gardens, in the more open lands, or on the edges of the for¬ 
est. It lays three to five eggs of a grayish or bluish white, 
with spots of reddish brown and lavender. The young 
sometimes leave the nest when they are six days old, but 
usually remain longer, and are cared for by the parents 
for a while after they leave the nest. </p>

<p>The Eastern Field Sparrow is a permanent resident in 
northern, central, and southeast central Louisiana, rare in 
summer, common in winter; reported north to Lake Provi¬ 
dence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, 
Monroe, Bienville Parish, and Belcher; west to Caddo Par¬ 
ish, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Alexandria, and Lecompte; 
south to West Baton Rouge Parish, Hohen Solms, and East 
Baton Rouge Parish; and east to Bayou Sara, Bains, Sim- 
mesport, Clarks, and Tallulah. It is also a rare winter 
resident in southeastern and central southern Louisiana, 
south to New Orleans, Oneida (near Convent), Houma, 
Terrebonne Bayou, Avery Island, and Vermilion Bay. It 
breeds in May and June. </p>

<p>Specimens have been seen from Belcher, February 3 
and 6, 1908; Natchitoches, January 17, 1908; Mansfield, 
January 24, 1908; Alexandria, January 9, 1908; Clarks, 
January 6, 1908; and Lecompte, January 13, 1908; all col¬ 
lected by A. H. Howell; Kisatchie, November 11, 1936, Ba¬ 
ton Rouge, January 16, 1937, New Orleans, January 9, 
1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Carr’s Creek in Jackson Parish, 
June 6, 1937, by George H. Lowery, Jr.; and Avery Island, 
February 9, 1896, by George E. Beyer. </p>

<p>Ned Hollister found it common about Mer Rouge, 
February 11 to 16, and March 16 to 20, 1904; and E. R. 
Kalmbach saw several individuals, June 14, 1924, south of 
Tallulah. J. S. Campbell regards it as a common perma¬ 
nent resident in Bienville Parish. K. Geist listed it as 
breeding at Hohen Solms in 1916 and 1916; Andrew Allison 
noted it abundant in East Baton Rouge Parish; and both 
he and H. H. Kopman say that it breeds in West Baton 
Rouge Parish. C. W. Beckham recorded its breeding at </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>668 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bayou Sara in 1887; and Edward Butler remarked its 
breeding at Bains in 1916. H. H. Kopman saw a single 
individual near the mouth of Bayou des Glaizes, between 
August 31 and September 2, 1917; and he met with the 
species at New Orleans, February 6 and 8, 1918. The 
writer saw it at Houma, December 22, 1932; and on Terre¬ 
bonne Bayou near Houma on the same day. </p>

<p>
WESTERN FIELD SPARROW </p>

<p>Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne </p>

<p>The Western Field Sparrow is a rare winter visitor, 
from January 17 to March 30, in northern and southeast¬ 
ern Louisiana; recorded north to Belcher; west to Natchi¬ 
toches; south to New Orleans; and east to Mandeville. </p>

<p>.This race was first recorded from Louisiana by Frank 
M. Chapman, 285 on the basis of a specimen taken during 
the winter of 1890 to 1891 by C. S. Galbraith at Mandeville, 
Louisiana. A. H. Howell also placed on record a single 
specimen from Belcher, February 6, 1908, and another from 
Natchitoches, January 17, 1908 ; 280 and the writer has ex¬ 
amined these three examples. The fourth and only other 
record for the State is a single bird collected at Mandeville, 
March 30, 1876, by Gustave Kohn. It is interesting to note 
that, though the last to be recorded, this was the first spec¬ 
imen to be taken in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
HARRIS SPARROW </p>

<p>Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall) </p>

<p>The Harris Sparrow is a casual winter visitor in cen¬ 
tral Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record for the State, that of a 
specimen taken at Urania in La Salle Parish on January 
25, 1916, by Stanley C. Arthur. 287 </p>

<p>* 8S The Auk, Vol. VIII, No. 3, 1891. p. 318 . </p>

<p>2 se proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, April II, 1908, p. 122. 
as7 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 5, January, 1918, p. 62. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-crowned Sparrow </p>

<p>
669 </p>

<p>
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW </p>

<p>Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster) </p>

<p>The White-crowned Sparrow is a rare winter visitor, 
from October 8 to May 12, in northern, central, and south¬ 
eastern Louisiana; reported north to Monroe, Bienville, and 
Foster; west to Shreveport and Natchitoches; south to 
Terrebonne Bayou and New Orleans; and east to Coving¬ 
ton. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens from Natchitoches, 
collected, January 17, 1908, by A. H. Howell; and from 
Bienville, taken, October 20, 1932, by J. S. Campbell, who 
reports it as present at Bienville also on October 8 and 10, 
1931. George H. Lowery, Jr., noted it near Monroe, April 
26, 1931, also on April 27, 1936; and A. H. Howell obtained 
it on January 17, 1908, at Natchitoches, where two small 
flocks were seen along the roadside between January 16 
and 21, 1909. He observed it also at Foster, five miles east 
of Shreveport, between January 27 and 31, 1908. H. H. 
Kopman met with it at Covington, November 25, 1899; at 
New Orleans, April 27,1924; and he states that it sometimes 
occurs there as late as May 12. Andrew Allison reported 
it at New Orleans, April 30 and May 2, 1897. The writer 
saw a single individual on Terrebonne Bayou, between 
Bourg and Houma on January 26, 1932. </p>

<p>
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW </p>

<p>Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas) </p>

<p>The Golden-crowned Sparrow is merely an accidental 
visitor in Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is only a single record for the State, that of an 
adult male collected by Ambrose Daigre at Grand Isle on 
April 20, 1936. This specimen is now in the collection of 
the museum of the Department of Conservation at New 
Orleans, and has been examined by the writer. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Origiral from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>670 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW </p>

<p>Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>This is one of the larger brown sparrows with black 
markings or streakings on the back, black and white stripes 
on the head, a yellow spot in front of the eye, and with a 
distinctly white throat, whence its name. </p>

<p>The White-throated Sparrow is a well-known bird in 
the eastern United States, although it does not breed except 
in the more northern parts of its range. It is fond of 
all kinds of bushes and thickets, is to be found almost 
everywhere in the country, and even in the parks and door- 
yards of towns. </p>

<p>It remains mostly near the ground and may be seen 
slipping through the thickets, in brush heaps, or on the 
ground scratching among the leaves. At times it visits the 
cornfields and areas grown up to weeds. Sometimes it 
gathers into considerable companies, but usually not into 
dense flocks. When alarmed it does not fly far, ordinarily 
to the nearest bush, and while it has a rather strong flight, 
this is commonly not prolonged, except on migration. </p>

<p>Its ordinary alarm note is a rather metallic ‘chip’; but 
its song is a very clear, musical repetition of notes that 
in part sound like ‘peabody’, from which it has received 
the name ‘peabody bird’. </p>

<p>The food of this bird consists of seeds of weeds and of 
grasses, a very little grain, most of it waste, and some 
berries, such as those of the poison ivy, smilax, wild cherry, 
blueberry, dogwood, and blackberry. In its animal food it 
is notably beneficial, since it consumes a great many 
injurious insects, such as beetles, grasshoppers, locusts, 
ants, the boll weevil, and other weevils. </p>

<p>Its nest is rather bulky, placed on the ground, either 
under a bush or in a pile of brush, either in the open or 
in woodlands, occasionally a short distance above the ground 
in a low tree or bush. It is composed of grasses, leaves, 
rootlets, bark strips, and moss, and lined with hair, fine </p>

<p>
ty Google </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>White-throated. Sparrow </p>

<p>
671 </p>

<p>
grass, and similar materials. The usually four to five eggs 
are whitish, with spots of various shades of brown and lilac. </p>

<p>Not only on account of its song, but by reason of its 
beneficial food habits, and particularly on account of its 
willingness to frequent the vicinity of dwellings, both in 
the country and in towns, the White-throated Sparrow is 
one of our most welcome birds. </p>

<p>The White-throated Sparrow is a fairly common, locally 
common, winter resident, from October 8 to May 30, through¬ 
out most of Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, 
Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, Monroe, 
Ruston, Bienville, Foster, and Belcher; west to Shreveport, 
Mansfield, and Natchitoches; south to Grand Chenier, Jen¬ 
nings, New Iberia, Avery Island, Avoca Island, and South 
Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Harvey 
Canal No. 2 in La Fourche Parish, Harvey Canal in Jef¬ 
ferson Parish, Marrero, New Orleans, Lake Catherine, Man- 
deville, Madisonville, Covington, Hackley, Bains, New 
Roads, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has determined specimens from Mer Rouge, 
collected, February 13, 1904, by Ned Hollister; Mansfield, 
January 23, 1908, by A. H. Howell; Avery Island, January 
16, 1894, by George E. Beyer; Marrero, February, 1932, 
by Winston E. Nolan; Mandeville, December 7, 1877, by 
Gustave Kohn; also in the State Capitol at Baton Rouge, 
from Mandeville, February 23, 1933; New Orleans, Novem¬ 
ber 28, 1932, and January 1, 1933; and in the museum 
of Tulane University, from Saint James, January 1, 1894; 
Lewisburg, November 8, 1874; and Jefferson Parish, 
March 12, 1895. A bird sent from the South Pass Light¬ 
ship off the Mississippi River Delta, struck there on De¬ 
cember 23, 1903. Specimens have been taken also by A. 
H. Howell at Foster, January 30, 1908; Belcher, February 
4, 5, and 6, 1908; Clarks, January 6 and 7, 1908; Le- 
compte, January 11 and 14, 1908, and February 11, 1908; 
Natchitoches, January 17, 18, and 20, 1908; by J. Fairie 
at Prairie Mer Rouge in 1853; by J. H. Carruth in West 
Baton Rouge Parish, January 24, 1903; by A. M. Bailey </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHlf \N </p>



<p>672 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
at Chenier au Tigre, March 10, 1931; and by A. K. Fisher 
at Madisonville, May 30, 1886. </p>

<p>J. S. Campbell reported its arrival at Bienville, October 
10, 1931, and noted it as late as May 15, 1932. H. H. Kop- 
man saw it at Shreveport, April 4, 1929; at Jennings a 
few in the hardwood bottomland forests, January 30 to 31, 
1918; at New Roads, December 15, 1917; at Oneida near 
Convent, common, December 23, 1893, and January 1, 
1894; at Ponchatoula, March 25 to 27, 1918; and at Cov¬ 
ington, October 8 and November 30, 1885. George H. 
Lowery, Jr., gives it as an abundant winter visitor at 
Baton Rouge, arriving from the north about October 10, 
and seen, April 26, 1936. Andrew Allison has observed 
it also at New Orleans, October 27, 1894; and Robert 
Butler, at Bains, December 10, 1929. A. H. Howell saw 
one individual at Hackley, between February 20 and 24, 
1912; and Ned Hollister found it abundant in the parishes 
of Morehouse, West Carroll, East Carroll, and Madison, 
February 11 to March 20, 1904. The writer met with the 
White-throated Sparrow on the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary, January 22, 1928; at Avery Island, December 28, 
1932; at Grand Chenier, December 31, 1932; common at 
Avoca Island, January 27, 1932; and along the Harvey 
Canal in Jefferson Parish, and Harvey Canal No. 2 in La 
Fourche Parish, on January 26, 1932. </p>

<p>EASTERN FOX SPARROW </p>

<p>Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem) </p>

<p>The Eastern Fox Sparrow is a winter resident, from 
November 1 to April 6, rare in southeastern, but fairly 
common in northern Louisiana; and reported north to Oak 
Grove in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and 
Belcher; west to Foster and Natchitoches; south to New 
Orleans; and east to Mandeville, West Feliciana Parish, 
and Bear Lake eight miles northwest of Tallulah. </p>

<p>The writer has seen specimens of this species from 
Natchitoches, obtained January 21, 1908, by A. H. Howell; 
in the museum of Tulane University from New Orleans, </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Lincoln Sparrow </p>

<p>
673 </p>

<p>
November 26, 1891, and from Mandeville, December 23, 
1878. It was collected also at Clarks, January 7, 1908; 
at Foster, January 28 and 30, 1908; and at Belcher, Feb¬ 
ruary 6, 1908, by A. H. Howell; and at Baton Rouge 
on January 27, 1933, by George H. Lowery, Jr. Mr. 
Lowery records it also from Melville in December, and 
Carr’s Creek, West Feliciana Parish, in January. Ned 
Hollister noted it in small numbers at Bear Lake, eight 
miles northwest of Tallulah, February 17 to March 6,1904; 
George H. Lowery, Jr., reported it common at Monroe, 
where he observed it, December 26, 1931; and J. S. Camp¬ 
bell its arrival at Bienville on November 1, 1932. Andrew 
Allison found several and took one specimen near New 
Orleans on February 22, 1897; and George E. Beyer saw 
it at New Orleans on April 6, 1894; but the bird appears 
to be rare in this region. </p>

<p>LINCOLN SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii (Audubon) </p>

<p>The Lincoln Sparrow is a very rare winter visitor, from 
November 30 to April 29, in northern and southwestern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>The first published record of this bird from the State 
is that by A. H. Howell, 288 who obtained a single individual 
at Mansfield in De Soto Parish, January 24, 1908. He 
collected still another at the same place, April 29, 1907, but 
this specimen, through some oversight, was not recorded 
with the other taken a year later. W. L. McAtee also noted 
a few birds of this species at Cameron in Cameron Parish 
on November 30, 1910. J. S. Campbell observed one at 
Bienville on April 6, 1934; two between April 6 and May 
31, 1934, and collected one on May 30, 1934, which the 
writer has examined. H. H. Kopman at Shreveport saw 
this sparrow on April 22, 23, 28, and 29, 1934. E. L. 
Moseley recorded one supposed to have been seen early in 
January, 1928, in West Carroll Parish, 289 but he now writes 
me that he is not certain of this identification. </p>

<p>shh p r0 c. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXT, April 11, 1908, p. 122. </p>

<p>2 *° Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XL, No. 2, June, 1928, p 116. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHICj^N </p>



<p>674 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
EASTERN SWAMP SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza georgiana georgiana (Latham) </p>

<p>The Eastern Swamp Sparrow is a common winter resi¬ 
dent, from September 26 to May 7, throughout most of 
Louisiana; reported north to Lake Providence, Oak Grove 
in West Carroll Parish, Monroe, Bienville, and Foster; 
west to Foster, Mansfield, Natchitoches, and Black Bayou 
in northwestern Cameron Parish; south to southwestern 
Cameron Parish, Jennings, Indian Bayou, New Iberia, 
Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, Chenier au Tigre, Marsh 
Island, Bayou Black west of Houma, Terrebonne Bayou, 
Houma, and Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; 
and east to Diamond, Savoie, Phoenix, Carlisle, Westwego, 
New Orleans, Caernovan, Chef Menteur, Lake Catherine, 
Rigolets, Slidell, Mandeville, Covington, Bayou Sara, Hack- 
ley, Tallulah, and East Carroll Parish. </p>

<p>The writer has identified specimens from Natchitoches, 
January 18, 1908, taken by A. H. Howell; Point Maronne, 
February 5, 1916, and Chenier au Tigre, January 2, 1934, 
A. M. Bailey; New Orleans, February 11, 1896, collected 
by George K. Cherrie; January 12, 1932, December 6, 
1932, and April 12, 1890; Jefferson Parish, March 12, 
1895; Indian Bayou, January 8, 1900; Lobdell, January </p>

<p>22, 1903; Rigolets, April 5, 1870; and Westwego, without 
date. It has been obtained also by A. H. Howell at Le- 
compte, January 14 and February 11, 1908; Clarks, Janu¬ 
ary 6 and 7, 1908; and at Foster, January 30, 1908; addi¬ 
tionally by George K. Cherrie at Chef Menteur, January 21, </p>

<p>23, 24, and 25, 1896. </p>

<p>Since this seems, from the information available, to be 
about as common as the other race of this species in Louisiana, 
there are included here all the sight records of the species, 
notwithstanding that some of these probably belong under 
the other form. J. S. Campbell says that in Bienville Parish 
it is an abundant winter resident from October 6 to May 7. 
Ned Hollister found it numerous in flocks along fences of 
dry fields at Prairie Mer Rouge, February 11 to 16, 1904; 
and noted it also in East Carroll Parish, between March </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Western Swamp Sparroiv </p>

<p>
675 </p>

<p>
6 and 13, 1904. J. S. Campbell listed it at Bienville, October 
20, 1932; and H. H. Kopman at Port Allen, December 14, 
1917; Belair, October 21, 1917; Caernovan, November 4, 
1917; Savoie, April 14, 1918; Phoenix, October 23, 1917; 
Carlisle, October 4 and 5, 1917; Chef Menteur, December 
23, 1917; Covington, October 7, 1899; and Jennings, Jan¬ 
uary 30 to 31, 1918. H. L. Ballowe noted it at Diamond, 
October 20, 1902, and April 3, 1902. A. H. Howell con¬ 
sidered it common at Hackley about the patches of broom- 
sedge in dry flats and on the borders of swamps, February 
20 to 24, 1912; and at Slidell, October 28 and November 
1, 1908. At New Orleans Andrew Allison chronicled its 
autumn arrival on September 26, 1895; and observed it as 
late as May 3, 1898. The writer met with this sparrow 
at several localities along Black Bayou in the northwestern 
part of Cameron Parish, January 24 to 27, 1928, and near 
the Orange-Cameron Land Company’s club house in the 
southwestern part of Cameron Parish, January 25, 26, and 
27,1928. He saw it also on Terrebonne Bayou below Houma, 
December 22,1932; and along Bayou Black between Houma, 
and the mouth of Bayou Chene, January 27, 1932. He also 
found a single individual near the Delta Duck Club on 
Octave Pass in the Mississippi River Delta, December 19, 
1932. </p>

<p>
WESTERN SWAMP SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza georgiana ericrypta Oberholser, new subspecies </p>

<p>Subspecific characters. —Similar to Melospiza georgiana 
georgiana, from Ohio and the rest of eastern North Ameri¬ 
ca, but somewhat smaller; upper parts lighter and brighter, 
the light edgings also more whitish. </p>

<p>Measurements. —Average of ten males; wing, 61.4 mm.; 
tail, 57.5; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 21.3; middle toe 
without claw, 15.3. </p>

<p>Type. —Adult male, No. 283543, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bio¬ 
logical Survey collection; Fort McMurray, Alberta, May 6, 
1921; J. A. Loring, original No. 970. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>676 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Geographic distribution. —Breeds from Alberta and 
Manitoba south to North Dakota; and winters south to 
Florida, Louisiana, and Tamaulipas, Mexico. </p>

<p>This new race is readily recognizable by the lighter and 
brighter color of the upper parts. All the names that have 
been applied to the species refer to the eastern race, so that 
the western bird has been apparently hitherto without a 
designation. </p>

<p>The Western Swamp Sparrow is doubtless a com¬ 
mon winter resident in Louisiana, from October 12, to April 
25, occurring in most if not all of the State. It has been 
reported north to Mer Rouge and Belcher; and south to 
Buras and Chef Menteur. </p>

<p>The writer has examined specimens of this sparrow 
from Belcher, February 4, 1908, collected by A. H. Howell; 
Mer Rouge, February 12, 1904, taken by Ned Hollister; 
Baton Rouge, April 25, 1937, by S. Ward, also January 15, 
1937, by T. D. Burleigh; Chenier au Tigre, December 10 
and 12, 1925, and State Wild Life Refuge, November 25, </p>

<p>1916, by A. M. Bailey; Marrero, October 12, 1932, Winston 
E. Nolan; Mandeville, April 16, 1889, C. S. Galbraith; Bel- 
air, April 5, 1904, Ned Hollister; Plaquemines Parish, Feb¬ 
ruary 4, 1863; Marrero, December 12, 1932; New Orleans, 
December 2 and 12,1882, by R. W. Shufeldt; April 23, 1936, 
and March 19, 1936, by T. D. Burleigh; February 25, </p>

<p>1917, by A. M. Bailey; March 21, 1891, by E. J. Schaefer; 
and February 11, 14, and 15, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie; 
Buras, February 1, 1896, by G. K. Cherrie; Chef Menteur, 
January 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25, 1896, by the same collector: 
and from Louisiana without specific locality, February 1, 
1932, and November 22, year unknown. </p>

<p>EASTERN SONG SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Eastern Song Sparrow is a winter visitor, from 
October 6 to February, in northern, central, and south¬ 
eastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Mississippi Song Sparrow </p>

<p>
677 </p>

<p>
The following specimens are referred to this race not 
because they represent the typical Melospiza melodia melo- 
dia, but because they are not Melospiza melodia beata, and 
in the present unsatisfactory condition of the eastern races 
of the Song Sparrow they cannot be certainly referred to 
any other subspecies. These specimens are from Clarks, 
collected, January 7, 1908; two at Mansfield, January 24, 
1908; and Natchitoches, January 17 and 18, 1908; also by 
A. H. Howell; Kisatchie, November 11, 1936, T. D. Bur¬ 
leigh; New Orleans, December 6, 1937, T. D. Burleigh; 
Alexandria, December —, 1932, in the collection of the 
Louisiana Department of Agriculture at Baton Rouge; and 
three specimens in the museum of Tulane University, taken 
at Spanish Fort near New Orleans, October 6 and 21, 1888, 
respectively, and another with no data other than “Louis¬ 
iana, obtained in February”. </p>

<p>MISSISSIPPI SONG SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza melodia beata Bangs </p>

<p>The Mississippi Song Sparrow is a winter resident, 
from October 10 to April 30, in most parts of Louisiana, 
fairly common in the northern, and rare in the southern 
part of the State. It has been reported north to Lake 
Providence, Oak Grove in West Carroll Parish, Mer Rouge, 
Monroe, Ruston, Bienville Parish, and Belcher; west to 
Shreveport, Mansfield, Natchitoches, Alexandria, and Jen¬ 
nings: south to Grand Chenier, Avery Island, Rainey Wild 
Life Sanctuary, New Iberia, Baldwin, Bayou Black near 
Houma, Houma, Little Caillou Bayou, Boudreaux Lake, and 
Main Pass in the Mississippi River Delta; and east to Belair, 
New Orleans, Mandeville, Madisonville, Hackley, New 
Roads, and Tallulah. It is also at least a casual summer 
resident in northeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>Specimens of this Song Sparrow have been identified 
from Belcher, February 3, 1908; and Natchitoches, Jan¬ 
uary 18, 1908, collected by A. H. Howell; Monroe, Decem¬ 
ber 24, 1937, taken by George H. Lowery, Jr.; New Or¬ 
leans, December 18, 1937, by T. D. Burleigh, and Alex- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>678 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
andria, taken in December, 1932, by Ambrose Daigre. On 
the assumption that the prevailing winter Song Sparrow of 
Louisiana is the Mississippi Song Sparrow, Melospiza melo - 
dia beata, all the sight records for the State appear under 
this race. </p>

<p>A. H. Howell obtained one individual and saw several 
more in a grassy field near Clarks, January 7, 1908; noted 
several at Foster five miles east of Shreveport, January 
27 to 31, 1908; and observed the species also at Hackley, 
February 20 to 24, 1912. H. H. Kopman reported it from 
Shreveport, April 19, 1929; from Jennings, January 30 to 
31, 1918; from New Roads, December 15, 1917; also from 
New Orleans on April 30, 1915. Ned Hollister found it 
fairly common about Mer Rouge, February 11 to 16, 1904. 
J. S. Campbell regards it as a fairly common winter resi¬ 
dent in Bienville Parish from October 10 to late March. 
The writer has observed Song Sparrows presumably of this 
race at Grand Chenier, December 31,1932; at Avery Island, 
December 28, 1932; and on Bayou Black between Houma 
and the mouth of Bayou Chene, January 27, 1932; on 
Bayou Des Allemands near Mud Lake, December 24, 1932; 
on Little Caillou Bayou between Bush Canal and Terre¬ 
bonne Bayou, December 24, 1932; and at Boudreaux Lake 
in Terrebonne Parish on the same day; at Houma, Decem¬ 
ber 22, 1932; along Harvey Canal No. 2 in La Fourche 
Parish, January 26, 1932; and along Main Pass in the Mis¬ 
sissippi River Delta, December 19, 1932. </p>

<p>The only summer record of the Mississippi Song Spar¬ 
row for Louisiana is a bird seen by E. R. Kalmbach, June 
14, 1924, south of Tallulah. </p>

<p>DAKOTA SONG SPARROW </p>

<p>Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop </p>

<p>The Dakota Song Sparrow is a rare, perhaps but casual 
winter visitor in Louisiana. There are but two records 
for the State, one of an adult female taken by Arthur H. 
Howell at Natchitoches on January 18, 1908, the other of </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Lapland Long spur </p>

<p>
679 </p>

<p>
a male collected by T. D. Burleigh at Lake Charles on Jan¬ 
uary 11, 1938. These specimens are now in the Biological 
Survey collection in the United States National Museum. </p>

<p>
LAPLAND LONGSPUR </p>

<p>Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Lapland Longspur is a casual winter visitor in 
northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>The first records for the State are those by George H. 
Lowery, Jr. 290 He observed this longspur only in the month 
of December. It was seen first, December 19, 1932 on the 
flats bordering Lake Beulah in the town of Monroe. On De¬ 
cember 21, two additional individuals were discovered in 
another locality at some distance from the town. On De¬ 
cember 22, he found a flock of 2000 of these birds in the 
cotton fields along the Ouachita River south of Monroe, 
and collected several specimens. One of these, an adult 
male, the writer has examined and finds it to be referable to 
the eastern race of this species. Mr. Lowery saw a small 
flock of about 35 in the same locality on December 23, 
1932; another flock in December, 1933; and 27 birds on 
December 27, 1934. </p>

<p>A female example now in the museum of the Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation at New Orleans was collected by 
Ambrose Daigre on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain at 
New Orleans, December 20, 1936. </p>

<p>
EASTERN SNOW BUNTING </p>

<p>Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Eastern Snow Bunting is an accidental winter vis¬ 
itor in southeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>There is but a single record for the State; that of a 
specimen taken by George E. Beyer at Covington on an 
unknown date, which specimen is now in the Louisiana 
State Museum at New Orleans. </p>

<p>*®° The Auk, Vol. L, No. 2, April 10, 1933, p. 226. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>HYPOTHETICAL LOUISIANA BIRDS </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Under this heading there are included such birds as 
have been reported from Louisiana, but which do not seem 
to be sufficiently well authenticated to be placed in the 
State list. Some of these have been mistakenly recorded 
from the State, but may at some future time be actually 
found within its borders; the others are forms which no 
longer are recognized as distinct, are hybrids, or subspecies 
the ranges of which are now found not to include Louis¬ 
iana. </p>

<p>
AMERICAN BRANT </p>

<p>Branta bernicla hrota (Muller) </p>

<p>The American Brant is accredited to Louisana by sev¬ 
eral authors, but the writer fails to find an occurrence 
definite enough to entitle it to a place in the Louisiana 
list. The small races of Canada Geese and the other geese 
are so commonly called ‘brant’ in the Mississippi valley 
that no dependence can be placed on any records other 
than those of actual specimens taken. </p>

<p>
GREATER SNOW GOOSE </p>

<p>Chen hyperborea atlantica Kennard </p>

<p>The Greater Snow Goose has been reported from Louis¬ 
iana, but there are no specimens available, and the state¬ 
ments are probably mistakes for the Lesser Snow Goose. </p>

<p>
BLACK-BELLIED TREEDUCK </p>

<p>Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The Black-bellied Treeduck, although several times 
accredited to Louisiana, has apparently no definite record. </p>

<p>680 </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hypothetical Louisiana Birds </p>

<p>
681 </p>

<p>
SOUTHERN BLUE-WINGED TEAL </p>

<p>Querquedida discors albinucha Kennard </p>

<p>The Southern Blue-winged Teal, described by Frederic 
H. Kennard, 291 was apparently based on individual varia¬ 
tion in specimens of the Blue-winged Teal. If it ever should 
prove to be a recognizable race, the breeding Blue-winged 
Teals of Louisiana would, of course, belong here. It orig¬ 
inally came from Grand Chenier in Cameron Parish, Louis¬ 
iana. </p>

<p>
EASTERN GOSHAWK </p>

<p>Astur atricapillus atrieapiUus (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Eastern Goshawk is reported by John James Au¬ 
dubon 292 as seen by him in Louisiana, but he gives neither 
date nor definite locality. There is apparently no other 
record for the State. </p>

<p>RING-NECKED PHEASANT </p>

<p>Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin </p>

<p>Attempts to introduce this species into Louisiana have 
apparently so far been unsuccessful, as the bird has not 
yet been fully established in any locality. It is, therefore, 
not to be considered as a part of the State fauna. The birds 
have been introduced on Marsh Island, also in La Salle Par¬ 
ish, and on the State Forest, but so far as the writer is 
aware there are no breeding birds in the wild state now 
left at any of these localities. </p>

<p>CARIBBEAN CLAPPER RAIL </p>

<p>Rallus longirostris caribaeus Ridgway </p>

<p>All specimens of the Caribbean Clapper Rail identified 
from Louisiana are to be referred to the Louisiana Clapper 
Rail, which is the common breeding bird of the State. The 
Caribbean Clapper Rail does not occur anywhere in the 
United States. </p>

<p>=**The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, No. 4. October 31, 1910, p. 459. </p>

<p>Ornith. Bioff., Vol. II, 1835, p. 241. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>682 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
BRIDLED TERN </p>

<p>Sterna anaethetus melanoptera Swainson </p>

<p>Although the Bridled Tern has recently been recorded 
from Louisiana, 298 it seems better not to place this on the 
regular list until a specimen shall have been obtained in the 
State. </p>

<p>
MAYNARD CUCKOO </p>

<p>Coccyzus minor maynardi Ridgway </p>

<p>The Maynard Cuckoo is reported to have occurred in 
southern Louisiana, but the writer has been able to discover 
no specific record or specimen. </p>

<p>SOUTHERN SCREECH OWL 
Otus asio asio (Linnaeus) </p>

<p>The range of the Southern Screech Owl has been said 
to include the State of Louisiana, but as already explained 
in the previous pages of the main list of the birds of Lou¬ 
isiana, all Louisiana Screech Owls are to be referred to the 
Florida subspecies, Otus asio floridanus. </p>

<p>GILDED FLICKER </p>

<p>Colaptes chrysoides (Malherbe) </p>

<p>The Gilded Flicker, a Louisiana specimen of which has 
been recorded, 294 the writer has been unable to find in the 
Kohn collection in the museum of Tulane University. This 
specimen probably, however, is a hybrid between the Red- 
shafted Flicker and the Yellow-shafted Flicker. It was 
taken on the Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish. </p>

<p>LITTLE FLYCATCHER </p>

<p>Empidonax traUlii brewsteri Oberholser </p>

<p>The Little Flycatcher, although accredited to Louisiana, 
is not certainly of occurrence in the State. The difficulty 
of identifying this small flycatcher makes it impossible to </p>

<p>La. Cons. Review, Vol. Ill, No. 8 f July, 1938, p. 32. </p>

<p>804 Bull. La. Dept. Cons., No. 10, December, 1921, p. 163. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hypothetical Louisiana Birds </p>

<p>
683 </p>

<p>
be certain of the records without specimens for examina¬ 
tion, which in this case the writer has been unable to ob¬ 
tain. This bird might occur, particularly in the northwest¬ 
ern part of the State, as an occasional transient. </p>

<p>PRAIRIE HORNED LARK </p>

<p>Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw </p>

<p>Although the Prairie Horned Lark has several times 
been said to visit Louisiana, all the records that it has been 
possible to authenticate by specimens prove to belong to 
other races. There is, however, reason to believe that it 
may appear occasionally in winter, at least in northern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
PLUMBEOUS CHICKADEE </p>

<p>Penthestes carolinensis agilis (Sennett) </p>

<p>All the Louisiana records of this subspecies are found 
not to belong to this race, but to the Louisiana Chickadee, 
Penthestes guilloti carolinensis, described on a preceding 
page of the present bulletin. </p>

<p>WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH </p>

<p>Sitta carolinensis cookei Oberholser 298 </p>

<p>All the Louisiana birds of this species prove to belong 
to the Florida race, Sitta carolinensis carolinensis . 2# ® </p>

<p>WESTERN ROBIN </p>

<p>Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway </p>

<p>The Western Robin has been recorded by T. Gilbert 
Pearson 297 on the basis of two birds seen by Charles W. 
Townsend on the Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary near Abbe¬ 
ville on December 6, 1926. Doctor Townsend, however, so 
he personally informed the writer, did not feel sure enough 
of his sight identification to place this robin in the Louis¬ 
iana list. </p>

<p>,M Sitta carolinensis carolinensis of the 1981 A. 0. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>*** Sitta carolinensis atkinsi of the 1981 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>307 Circ. Nat. Asso. And. 8oc. t No. 11, February 15, 1928, p. 8. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>684 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
BREWSTER WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora leucobronchialis (Brewster) </p>

<p>A single specimen of this bird was taken in the spring 
of 1891 at Mandeville, and recorded by Frank M. Chap¬ 
man. 298 The bird, however, is now considered a hybrid be¬ 
tween the Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus, and the 
Golden-winged Warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera. </p>

<p>LAWRENCE WARBLER </p>

<p>Vermivora lawrencei (Herrick) </p>

<p>The interesting hybrid called the Lawrence Warbler is 
evidently of only casual or accidental occurrence in Louisi¬ 
ana. A single female now in the Biological Survey collec¬ 
tion of the United States National Museum was taken by 
Thomas D. Burleigh at New Orleans on September 13, 
1935. </p>

<p>NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER </p>

<p>Compsothlypis americana pusiUa (Wilson) </p>

<p>The Northern Parula Warbler has been reported several 
times from Louisiana, but the writer has been able to ex¬ 
amine no specimens of this race. It undoubtedly occurs in 
the State, at least occasionally during migration. </p>

<p>NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH </p>

<p>Seiurus noveboracenis noveboracensis (Gmelin) </p>

<p>The eastern form of this waterthrush, although record¬ 
ed from Louisiana, has apparently no satisfactory record 
for the State. It is, however, possibly a rare transient, 
since it occurs in neighboring states. </p>

<p>R1DGWAY CRACKLE </p>

<p>Quiscalus quiscula ridgwayi Oberholser </p>

<p>This bird, which now must be regarded as a hybrid be¬ 
tween the Bronzed Grackle, Quiscalus aeneus, and either the 
eastern Purple Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula stonei Chap- </p>

<p>*•* The Auk, Vol. XX, No. 3, July, 1891, p. 318. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Hypothetical Louisiana Birds </p>

<p>
685 </p>

<p>
man, 290 or the Florida Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula, 
is liable to be found in southern Louisiana wherever the 
ranges of these two species overlap. </p>

<p>It has been recorded north to Olive Branch, Lindsay, 
Moreauville, Meeker, and Boyce; west to Boyce, Bunkie, 
Melville, and Livonia; south to 15 miles south of Livonia, 
New Orleans, and at least occasionally to Deer Range Plan¬ 
tation, Avery Island, and Morgan City; and east to New 
Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Olive Branch. Specimens from 
the southernmost of these localities are probably not to be 
considered breeding birds. </p>

<p>Specimens have been examined by the writer from West 
Baton Rouge Parish, where taken on May 4, 1903, by A. 
Allison; Deer Range Plantation in Plaquemines Parish, 
February 10, 1883, G. Kohn; and New Orleans, April 15, 
1888, also by G. Kohn, and December 12, 1936, by T. D. 
Burleigh. F. M. Chapman has recorded 800 this bird from 
the following localities: Avery Island; Morgan City; Ope¬ 
lousas ; six miles south of Olive Branch; Boyce, May 20-22, 
1935; Moreauville, May 7, 1935; Woodside, May 15, 1935; 
15 miles southeast of Livonia, March 5, April 15 and 18, and 
May 20 and 21, 1903; two miles south of Livonia, May 16, 
1936; False River, between New Roads and Port Allen, 
May 6, 1935; Baton Rouge, May 24, 1936; and four miles 
north of Lindsay, May 4, 1935. </p>

<p>MACGILLIVRAY SEASIDE SPARROW </p>

<p>Thryospiza maritima macgillivraii (Audubon) 801 </p>

<p>The MacGillivray Seaside Sparrow has been erroneous¬ 
ly accredited to Louisiana by misidentification for the 
Louisiana Seaside Sparrow, Thryospiza maritima fisheri, 
or the Howell Seaside Sparrow, Thryospiza maritima how- 
elli. </p>

<p>399 The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 1, January 8, 1935, p. 25 (“Lnkehurst, N. J.*’). </p>

<p>300 The Auk, Vol. LIII, No. 4, October 8, 1936, pp. 408-410. </p>

<p>301 Ammospiza maritima macr/iUivraii of the 1931 A. O. U. Check-List. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>BIBLIOGRAPHY </p>

<p>
EXPLANATION </p>

<p>The subjoined bibliography is intended to contain refer¬ 
ences to all the important publications concerning the birds 
of Louisiana, and to most of the others. While much care 
has been exercised in its preparation, it is probably not 
complete, since the articles on the birds of this State are 
widely scattered, and in not a few instances are difficult 
to find. No attempt has been made to list all the editions 
of books that include no additional records in the subse¬ 
quent issues, nor are there cited here such publications as 
state lists in which the range of various birds is given as 
including Louisiana, unless such works present unpublished 
information from this State. This bibliography comprises 
477 titles, in the gathering of which the writer has been 
much aided by the files of the United States Biological 
Survey. </p>

<p>In order better to show the history of the development 
of the literature concerning the birds of Louisiana, this 
bibliography has been arranged chronologically, although 
alphabetically by authors under each year. For further 
convenience of reference, however, all these titles will be 
found in the Index at the end of the present bulletin, listed 
under the names of the authors. </p>

<p>
LIST OF TITLES </p>

<p>1758.— Du Pratz, Le Page. Histoire de la Louisiane, Vols. 
I-III, 1768 (Oiseaux, Vol. II, pp. 109-150). </p>

<p>Contains a detailed list of species of birds occurring in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
687 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
688 Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>1760.— Brisson, Mathurin Jacques. Ornithologia, Vols. 
I-VI, 1760. </p>

<p>Contains early descriptions of several Louisiana birds, 
such as the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. </p>

<p>1765.—D’Aubenton, Edme Louis. Planches Enluminees 
d’Histoire Naturelle, 1765, pis. I-MVIII. </p>

<p>A few birds from Louisiana are figured. </p>

<p>1766-1768.— Linnaeus, Carolus. Systema Naturae , Edi- 
tio XII, Vols. I-III, 1766-1768. </p>

<p>Contains the original technical description of our Rose¬ 
breasted Grosbeak and Loggerhead Shrike, with other refer¬ 
ences to Louisiana birds. </p>

<p>1768. — Bossu, Jean Bernard. Nouveaux Voyages aux 
Indes Occidentals, 1768; Vol. I, pp. i-xx, 1-244, pi. 
I; Vol. II, pp. 1-262, pis. I-II. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds noted near New Or¬ 
leans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1770-1783.— Buffon, Georg Louis Leclerc. Histoire Nat¬ 
urelle, Oiseaux, Vols. I-IX, 1770-1783. </p>

<p>Includes a description of the Carolina Wren from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1788-1793.— Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, Caroli a Linne 
Systema Naturae, Vols. I-III, 1788-1793. </p>

<p>First technically describes the Louisiana Parakeet, and 
has some other mention of Louisiana birds. </p>

<p>1790.— Latham, John. Index Omithologicus, Vols. I-II, 
1790. </p>

<p>Contains the original technical description of our Caro¬ 
lina Wren, with other references to birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1808-1814.— Wilson, Alexander. American Ornithology; 
or the Natural History of the Birds of the United 
States, Vols. I-IX, 1808-1814. </p>

<p>Contains references to birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
689 </p>

<p>
1817.— Brackenridge, Henry Marie. Views of Louisiana; 
Containing Geographical, Statistical, and Historical 
Notices of That Vast and Important Portion of 
America, 1817, pp. 1-323 (Birds, pp. 118-119). </p>

<p>Mentions the abundance of wild fowl and “a bird called 
prairie hen.” </p>

<p>1824. —Audubon, John James [La Forest]. Facts and 
Observations Connected with the Permanent Resi¬ 
dence of Swallows in the United States. Annals of 
the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Vol. 
I, 1824, pp. 166-168. </p>

<p>Includes some interesting migration data of the swallows, 
with mention of their occurrence in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1827-1838.— Audubon, John James [LaForest]. Birds 
of America, folio, Vols. I-IV, 1827-1838, pis. I- </p>

<p>ccccxxxv. </p>

<p>Figures of several birds obtained in Louisiana are in¬ 
cluded in this work. </p>

<p>1831- 1839.— Audubon, John James [La Forest]. Orni¬ </p>

<p>thological Biography, or an Account of the Habits 
of the Birds of the United States of America; Vol. 
I, 1831, pp. i-xxiv, 1-612, 1-16; Vol. II, 1834, pp. 
i-xxxii, 1-588; Vol. Ill, 1835, pp. i-xvi, 1-638; Vol. 
IV, 1838, pp. i-xxviii, 1-618; Vol. V, 1839, pp. i- 
xxxix, 1-664. </p>

<p>Contains many important references to birds in Louisi¬ 
ana, including descriptions of new species from this State. </p>

<p>1832- 1834.— Nuttall, Thomas. A Manual of the Orni¬ </p>

<p>thology of the United States and of Canada; The 
Land Birds, 1832, pp. i-viii, 1-683; The Water Birds, 
1834, pp. i-viii, 1-627. </p>

<p>Contains references to birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1840-1844. —Audubon, John James [La Forest]. The 
Birds of America, from Drawings Made in the Uni- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHK </p>



<p>690 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ted States and Their Territories, Vols. I-VII, 1840- 
1844. </p>

<p>Includes many references to birds in Louisiana, mostly 
the same as those in the ‘Ornithological Biography’. </p>

<p>I860.— [Gambel, William.] [Anas Rafflesii in Louisiana.'] 
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, Vol. IV, August 21, 1849 [1860], p. 
196. </p>

<p>Records a specimen of Anas rafflesii (Cinnamon Teal) 
from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1850.— [Wilson, Thomas Bellerly.] Donations to Mu¬ 
seum: August 21, 1849. Proceeding of the Acad¬ 
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, VoL IV, 
August 21, 1849 [1850], p. 205. </p>

<p>Mention is made of a specimen of Anas rafflesii (Quer- 
quedula cyanoptera) from Opelousas, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1868.— Moore, N. B. [A Pebble in the Stomach of a Com¬ 
mon Nighthawk.] Proceedings of the Boston So¬ 
ciety of Natural History, Vol. XII, October 7,1868, 
p. 127. </p>

<p>A note on the finding of a pebble of considerable size in 
the stomach of a nighthawk shot in Iberville Parish, Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>1870.— [Anonymous.] A Rare Duck. American Naturalist, 
Vol. IV, No. 2, April, 1870, p. 126. </p>

<p>An account of a specimen of Dendroeygna fulva kelva 
killed in New Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1872.— Coues, Elliott. Key to North American Birds, 
October, 1872, pp. [1-8,] 1-861, pis. I-VI. </p>

<p>Many references are made to birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1874.—Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas 
Mayo; and Ridgway, Robert. A History of North 
American Birds, Land Birds, Vol. I, pp. i-xxviii, 1- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
691 </p>

<p>
696, i-vi, pis. I-XXVI; Vol. II, pp. [i-vi,] 1-590, i-vi, 
pis. XXVII-LVI; Vol. Ill, pp. [i-vi,] 1-560, i-xxviii, 
pis. LVII-LXIV; March, 1874. </p>

<p>Contains many references to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1874. — Coues, Elliott. Birds of the Northwest, 1874, </p>

<p>pp. i-xi, 1-791. </p>

<p>Includes several Louisiana records. </p>

<p>1874-1898.— Sharpe, Richard Bowdler, et al. Catalogue 
of the Birds in the British Museum, Vols. I-XXVII, 
1874-1898. </p>

<p>Records of specimens from Louisiana are to be found in 
these volumes. </p>

<p>1875. — Ridgway, Robert. Studies of the American Fal- </p>

<p>conidae; Monograph of the Polybori. Bulletin of 
the Geological and Geographical Surveys of the Ter¬ 
ritories (Hayden), Vol. I, No. 6, 1875, pp. 451-473. </p>

<p>A specimen of Polyborua cheriway audubonii is record¬ 
ed from Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1877. — Kumlien, Ludovic. Ornithological Notes from </p>

<p>Texas. Field and Forest, Vol. II, No. 8, February, </p>

<p>1877, pp. 128-132. </p>

<p>Records Corvus oaaifragua, Quiscalua, Larua argantatua 
smithsonianua, Larua delawarensia, and Lama Philadelphia 
at Bayou Boeuf and Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1878. —Henshaw, Henry Wetherbee. Report on the Or¬ </p>

<p>nithology of Portions of Nevada and California. 
Appendix I, Appendix NN, Annual Report of the 
Chief of Engineers for 1877, in the Annual Report 
of the Secretary of War for 1877, Vol. II, Part 2, </p>

<p>1878, pp. 1303-1322. </p>

<p>Mention is made of a specimen of Dendrocygna bicolor 
helva from New Orleans, Louisiana (p. 1313). </p>

<p>1880.— Allen, Joel Asaph. Destruction of Birds by Light- 
Houses. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 
Vol. V, No. 2, April, 1880, pp. 131-138. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>692 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Mentions a few species of birds killed at West Rigolets 
Lighthouse, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1880. —Bicknell, Eugene Pintard. Dendroica palmarum </p>

<p>palmarum in New York. Bulletin of the Nuttall 
Ornithological Club, Vol. V, No. 2, April, 1880, p. 
182. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of Dendroica palmarum hypochry - 
sea collected on the banks of the Mississippi River in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1881. — Frazar, Martin Abbott. Destruction of Birds by </p>

<p>a Storm while Migrating. Bulletin of the Nuttall 
Ornithological Club, Vol. VI, No. 4, October, 1881, </p>

<p>pp. 260-262. </p>

<p>Mentions the destruction of a number of species ol 
birds by a storm about 30 miles south of the mouth of the 
Mississippi River. </p>

<p>1881. —Langdon, Frank Warren. Field Notes on Louis¬ </p>

<p>iana Birds. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of 
Natural History, Vol. IV, No. 2, July, 1881, pp. 145- 
165. </p>

<p>A list of 83 species of birds observed in West Baton 
Rouge Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1882. —Beckham, Charles Wickliffe. Short Notes on </p>

<p>Birds of Bayou Sara, Louisiana. Bulletin of the 
Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. VII, No. 3, July, 
1882, pp. 169-166. </p>

<p>A list of 86 species of birds noted at Bayou Sara, Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1883. —Killbird, Kit. Our Goat-stickers. American Field, </p>

<p>Vol. XX, No. 7, August 18, 1883, p. 163. </p>

<p>An account of the habits of these birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1884. —Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas </p>

<p>Mayo ; and Ridgway, Robert. The Water Birds of 
North America, Vol. I, June, 1884, pp. i-xi, 1-637; 
Vol. II, August, 1884, pp. [i-vi,] 1-552. </p>

<p>Contains many references to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
693 </p>

<p>
1884. — Byrne. Colonel Brackett on the Cranes. American </p>

<p>Field, Vol. XXI, No. 26, June 21, 1884, pp. 592-693. </p>

<p>An account of the habits of the Sandhill Crane, the 
Whooping Crane, the Great Blue Heron, and the bitterns, 
as noted in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1886.— Alexander, G. D. The Rain Crow and Log Cock. 
American Field, Vol. XXIV, No. 11, September 12, 
1885, pp. 246-248. </p>

<p>An account of the habits of these birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1885. — Kohn, Joseph Gustave. Harelda gladalis at New </p>

<p>Orleans. American Naturalist, Vol. XIX, No. 9, 
September, 1885, p. 896. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of Clangula hyemalis shot on Lake 
Catherine, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1885. — Wurzlow, E. C. Sketches from Terrebonne Parish, </p>

<p>Louisiana. Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. X, No. 
12, December, 1885, pp. 190-191. </p>

<p>Some notes on several species of birds from Terrebonne 
Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1886. — Norris, Joseph Parker. Nesting of the Mississippi </p>

<p>Kite. The Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XI, No. 
9, September, 1886, p. 142. </p>

<p>Notes on the nesting of the Mississippi Kite in West 
Carroll Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1887. — Beckham, Charles Wicklippe. Additions to the </p>

<p>Avifauna of Bayou Sara, Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. 
IV, No. 4, October, 1887, pp. 299-306. </p>

<p>A list of 27 species of birds observed at Bayou Sara, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1887.— Colburn, William Wallace. Names of a Wood¬ 
pecker. Forest and Stream, Vol. XXVIII, No. 12, 
April 14, 1887, p. 248. </p>

<p>The vernacular name of Colaptes auratns is given as 
Pique-bois-jaune in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>694 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana , </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1887.— Lawrence, George Newbold. The Rediscovery of 
Bachman’s Warbler, Helminthophila bachmani 
(And.) in the United States. The Auk, Vol. IV, 
No. 4, January, 1887, pp. 36-37. </p>

<p>A short account of specimens of the Bachman Warbler 
and Swainson Warbler taken by C. S. Galbraith in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1887. — Lawrence, George Newbold. Additional Speci¬ </p>

<p>mens of Bachman’s and Swainson’s Warblers Ob¬ 
tained by Mr. Chas. S. Galbraith, in the Spring of </p>

<p>1887. The Auk, Vol. IV, No. 8, July, 1887, pp. 262- 
263. </p>

<p>An account of additional specimens of these species taken 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1888. — Allen, Joel Asaph. Notes on Louisiana Birds. </p>

<p>The Auk, Vol. V, No. 3, July, 1888, pp. 324-325. </p>

<p>A short account of some interesting species of birds 
taken at Mandeville, Louisiana, including a pair of Red 
Crossbills. </p>

<p>1888.— COOKE, Wells Woodbridge. Report on Bird Migrxv- 
tion in the Mississippi Valley in the Years 1881 and 
1885. Bulletin Division of Economic Ornithology 
and Mammalogy, United States Department of Ag¬ 
riculture, No. 2, November 24, 1888, pp. 1-313. </p>

<p>Contains records of several species of birds from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1888.— Fisher, Albert Kenrick. Rallus longirostris crep¬ 
itans Breeding on the Coast of Louisiana. The Auk, 
Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1888, p. 108. </p>

<p>Mentions securing an adult and two young of what is 
really the Louisiana Clapper Rail at the entrance to Bara- 
taria Bay, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1888.— Fisher, Albert Kenrick. Megascops asio florida- 
nus in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. 6, No. 1, January, </p>

<p>1888, p. 111. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of this screech owl taken near 
New Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
695 </p>

<p>
1888.— Fisher, Albert Kenrick. Quiscalus quiscvla a- 
glaeus in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. V, No. 1, Janu¬ 
ary, 1888, p. 113. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of the Florida Grackle taken near 
New Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1888. —Galbraith, Charles S. Bachman’s Warbler (HeU </p>

<p>minthophila backmani) in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. 
V, No. 3, July, 1888, p. 323. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of Vermivora bachmani and Limno- 
thlypia awainsonU from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1889. —Barrows, Walter Bradford. The English Spar¬ </p>

<p>row (Parser domesticus) in North America, espec¬ 
ially in Its Relations to Agriculture. Bulletin Divis¬ 
ion of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, Uni¬ 
ted States Department of Agriculture, No. 1, June 
24, 1889, pp. 1-405, pis. [I-II.] </p>

<p>Includes a number of records of this species from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1889.— Davie, Oliver. Nests and Eggs of North American 
Birds, Third Edition, 1889, pp. 1-455. </p>

<p>Contains many Louisiana records. </p>

<p>1889.— Kohn, Joseph Gustave. Saxicola oenanthe in Louis¬ 
iana. The Auk, Vol. VI, No. 1, January, 1889, p. 76. </p>

<p>Mentions a mounted male specimen in winter plumage 
from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1889. — Kohn, Joseph Gustave. Brewer’s Blackbird near </p>

<p>New Orleans. The Auk, Vol. VI, No. 2, April, 1889, 
p. 190. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of this species from near New 
Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1890. — Dwight, Jonathan, Jr. The Homed Larks of </p>

<p>North America. The Auk, Vol. VII, No. 2, April, 
1890, pp. 138-168. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of Otocoris alpeatria alpeatria from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>696 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1891.— Chapman, Frank Michler. On Two Birds New to 
Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. VIII, No. 3, July, 1891, 
p. 318. </p>

<p>An account of Vermivora leucobronchialis and Spizella 
pusilla arenacea from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1891.— Hasbrouck, Edwin Marble. The Present Status 
of the Ivory-hilled Woodpecker (Campephilus prin¬ 
cipalis). The Auk, Vol. VIII, No. 2, April, 1891, 
pp. 174-186. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the former and present distribu¬ 
tion of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1892.— Allen, Joel Asaph. The North American Species 
of the Genus Colaptes, Considered with Special Ref¬ 
erence to the Relationships of C. auratus and C. 
cafer. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natu¬ 
ral History, Vol. IV, Article II, May 8, 1892, pp. 
21-44, pi. II. </p>

<p>A number of Louisiana specimens are mentioned in this 
paper. </p>

<p>
1892.— Chapman, Frank Michler. A Preliminary Study 
of the Grackles of the Subgenus Quiscalus. Bulletin 
of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 
IV, Article I, February 26, 1892, pp. 1-20, pi. I. </p>

<p>Includes record of specimens of Quiscalus quiscula 
ridgwayi and of Quiscalus quiscula quiscula ( =aglacus ) 
from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1892.—Coombs, Frank E. Notes on a Few Louisiana Birds. 
The Auk, Vol. IX, No. 2, April, 1892, pp. 204-206. </p>

<p>A list of 25 species of birds noted in Saint Mary Parish, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1893. —Ballowe, H. L. The Carolina Wren. The Oologist, 
Vol. X, No. 8, August, 1893, p. 236. </p>

<p>Mentions an early date for a set of eggs of the Caro¬ 
lina Wren in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
697 </p>

<p>
1893.— Bendire, Charles Emil. Description of a New 
Prairie Hen. Forest and Stream, Vol. XL, No. 20, 
May 18, 1893, p. 425. </p>

<p>The original description of Tympanuchua attwateri, in¬ 
cluding its occurrence in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1893.— Bendire, Charles Emil. An Attractive Addition 
to the Avifauna of the United States—Icterus gu- 
laris yucatanensis von Berlepsch. The Auk, Vol. 
X, No. 4, October, 1893, pp. 366-367. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of this species taken at Avery 
Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1893.— Fisher, Albert Kenrick. The Hawks and Owls of 
the United States in Their Relation to Agriculture. 
Bulletin Division of Economic Ornithology and 
Mammalogy, United States Department of Agricul¬ 
ture, No. 3, 1893 [before April], pp. 1-210, pis. 
I-XXVI. </p>

<p>Includes a few Louisiana records. </p>

<p>1893. —Hasbrouck, Edwin Marble. The Geographical </p>

<p>Distribution of the Genus Megascops in North 
America. The Auk, Vol. X, No. 3, July, 1893, pp. 
250-264. </p>

<p>Contains reference to specimens of Otu* asio floridanua 
from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1894. —Kohn, Joseph Gustave. Missouri Titlark in Louis¬ </p>

<p>iana. The Auk, Vol. XI, No. 2, April, 1894, p. 181. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of Anthus spragueii taken at Avery 
Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1895. —Ballowe, H. L. The Mockingbird. The Oologist, </p>

<p>Vol. XII, No. 11, November, 1895, pp. 163-164. </p>

<p>An account of the habits of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1895.— Bendire, Charles Emil. The Cowbirds. Report 
of the United States National Museum for 1893 
[September 6, 1895], pp. 589-624. </p>

<p>Contains a Louisiana breeding record of the Cowbird. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from M </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>698 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1896. —Blakemore, Allen Bruce. The Hooded Warbler, </p>

<p>Sylvania mitrata. The Oologist, Vol. XII, No. 6, 
June, 1895, pp. 119-121. </p>

<p>An account of personal observations of this species in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1895.—Chapman, Frank Michler. Handbook of Birds of 
Eastern North America, February 22, 1895, pp. 
i-xiv, 1-421, pis. [I-XX.] </p>

<p>Contains many references to the distribution of birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897. — Allison, Andrew. Late Spring Migrants. The </p>

<p>Osprey, Vol. I, Nos. 11-12, July-August, 1897, p. 
149. </p>

<p>Some notes on late migration at New Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897.— Ballowe, H. L. Rallidae of Southern Louis¬ 
iana. The Oologist, Vol. XIV, No. 10, October, 
1897, pp. 90-92. </p>

<p>A short description of the nesting habits of the common 
rails and the Purple Gallinule. </p>

<p>1897.— Beta. Three Birds of a Louisiana Marsh. The 
Oologist, Vol. XIV, No. 8, August, 1897, pp. 75-77. </p>

<p>An account of the nesting of Ixobryehus exilia, Porphy- 
rula martinica, and Caaaidix mexicav.ua major in southern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897.— Dryobates. The Red Cockaded Woodpecker. The 
Oologist, Vol. XIV, No. 9, September, 1897, pp. 85- 
86 . </p>

<p>A short account of the habits of this bird in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897.— Harding, E. Mockingbirds and Gnatcatchers. The 
Oologist, Vol. XIV, No. 6, June, 1897, pp. 57-58. </p>

<p>An account of the habits of the Mockingbird, the Blue- 
gray Gnatcatcher, and the Cowbird near Shreveport, Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
699 </p>

<p>
1897. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Pine Siskins far South. 
The Nidologist, Vol. IV, No. 8, April, 1897, p. 96. </p>

<p>Note on the occurrence of Pine Siskins and early dates 
of arrival of several other species of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. A List of the Species 
of Anseres, Paludicolae, and Limicolae Occurring in 
the State of Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XIV, No. 8, 
July, 1897, pp. 286-289. </p>

<p>A list of 73 species and subspecies of these birds occur¬ 
ring in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897. —Townsend, Charles Haskins. Descriptions of a 
New Eagle from Alaska and a New Squirrel from 
Lower California. Proceedings of the Biological 
Society of Washington, Vol. XI, June 9, 1897, pp. 
145-146. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of Halioeetus leucocephalua leu~ 
cocephalus from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1897. —[Widmann, Otto.] Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus. Bul¬ </p>

<p>letin of the Wilson Ornithological Chapter, No. 14, 
May 31, 1897, p. 30. </p>

<p>A short account of the migration of the Pine Siskin in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1898. —Allison, Andrew. Louisiana Tanager and Sprague’s </p>

<p>Pipit in Louisiana. Bulletin of the Michigan 
Ornithological Club, Vol. II, Nos. 3-4, July-Decem- 
ber, 1898, p. 39. </p>

<p>An account of the collecting of specimens of these birds 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1898. —Davie, Oliver. Nests and Eggs of North American 
Birds, Fifth Edition, February 10, 1898, pp. 1-609, 
1-18, i-xxi, pis. I-V. </p>

<p>Contains several references to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1898. —Oberholser, Harry Church. A Revision of the 
Wrens of the Genus Thryomanes Sclater. Proceed- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC- </p>



<p>700 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ings of the United States National Museum, Vol. 
XXI, November 19, 1898, pp. 421-450. </p>

<p>Mentions the type locality of Thryomanes bewickii be- 
wickii as Saint Francisville, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1899. —Bangs, Outram. The Florida Meadowlark. Pro¬ 
ceedings of the New England Zoological Club, Vol. 
I, February 28, 1899, p. 21. </p>

<p>Mentions its occurrence in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1899. —Chapman, Frank Michler. The Distribution and </p>

<p>Relationships of Ammodramus maritimus and Its 
Allies. The Auk, Vol. XVI, No. 1, January, 1899, </p>

<p>pp. 1-12. </p>

<p>Includes the original technical description of Thryospiza 
maritima fisheri, from specimens taken in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1900. —Allison, Andrew. The Cinnamon Teal in Louisi¬ </p>

<p>ana. The Auk, Vol. XVII, No. 2, April, 1900, p. 
170. </p>

<p>Mentions several records of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1900. —Allison, Andrew. Louisiana and Mississippi Bird 
Notes. The Auk, Vol. XVII, No. 3, July, 1900, p. 
297. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of the Louisiana Tanager taken in 
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1900. —Beyer, George Eugene. The Avifauna of Louisi¬ 
ana, with an Annotated List of the Birds of the 
State. Proceedings of the Louisiana Society of 
Naturalists, for 1897-1899 (1900), pp. 75-120. </p>

<p>This is an annotated list of 323 species and subspecies 
of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1900. —Beyer, George Eugene. The Ivory-billed Wood¬ 
pecker in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XVII, No. 2, 
April, 1900, pp. 97-99. </p>

<p>A short account of the habits of the Ivory-billed Wood¬ 
pecker as noted in Franklin Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
701 </p>

<p>
1900. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Notes on Bird Migra¬ 
tion, 1898. Proceedings of the Louisiana Society 
of Naturalists, 1897-1899 (1900), pp. 65-66. </p>

<p>Includes several notes on the late occurrence at West 
Pointe a la Hache, Plaquemines Parish, of water birds that 
would ordinarily be expected to have migrated north. </p>

<p>1900. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Turning Points in the </p>

<p>Spring Migration of 1899. Proceedings of the Lou¬ 
isiana Society of Naturalists, 1897-1899 (1900), 
pp. 133-135. </p>

<p>Discusses migration data of birds at New Orleans in 
relation to the weather. </p>

<p>1901. —Widmann, Otto. A Visit to Audubon's Birthplace. </p>

<p>The Auk, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1901, pp. 150- 
151. </p>

<p>An account of the birds noted at Mandeville, Louisiana, 
during February and March, 1897. </p>

<p>1901-1919. —Ridgway, Robert. The Birds of North and 
Middle America. Bulletin of the United States Na¬ 
tional Museum, No. 50, Parts I-VIII, 1901-1919. </p>

<p>Contains numerous references to birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1902. —Howe, Reginald Heber. Notes on Various Florida </p>

<p>Birds. Contributions to North American Ornithol¬ 
ogy, Vol. I, May 21, 1902, pp. 25-32. </p>

<p>Includes remarks on specimens of Cerchneis sparveria 
paula and Thryospiza maritima fisheri from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1902. — Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Winter Notes from </p>

<p>Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XIX, No. 2, April, 1902, </p>

<p>pp. 210-211. </p>

<p>A short account of a number of birds that winter at New 
Iberia, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1903. —Bangs, Outram. The Louisiana Cardinal. Pro¬ </p>

<p>ceedings of the New England Zoological Club, Vol. 
IV, March 24, 1903, pp. 5-7. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
702 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
The original technical description of Cardinalis [=Rick- 
mondena] cardinalis magnirostris, from specimens collected 
in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1903.— COOKE, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, First Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. V, No. 6, Decem¬ 
ber 1, 1903, pp. 188-193. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the American 
Redstart, and the Blackburnian and Prothonotary Warblers 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1903.— Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Louisiana Migration 
Notes. The Auk, Vol. XX, No. 3, July, 1903, pp. 
309-310. </p>

<p>Contains some late records for several species of warblers 
near New Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1903.— Oberholser, Harry Church. Description of a New 
Telmatodytes. Proceedings of the Biological Society 
of Washington, Vol. XVI, November 12, 1903, pp. 
149-150. </p>

<p>Mentions the distribution of Telmatodytes palustris 
thryophilus in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1903.— Sanford, Leonard Cutler; Bishop, Louis Ben¬ 
nett; and Van Dyke, Theodore Strong. The 
Water-fowl Family, 1903, pp. i-x, 1-598. </p>

<p>Contains many distribution references to birds in Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>
1904.— Allison, Andrew. The Birds of West Baton Rouge 
Parish, Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XXI, No. 4, Octo¬ 
ber, 1904, pp. 472-484. </p>

<p>An annotated list of 130 species from West Baton Rouge 
Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Second Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VI, No. 1, 
February 1,1904, pp. 21-26. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Hooded War¬ 
bler and the Yellow-breasted Chat in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
703 </p>

<p>
1904. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Third Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VI, No. 2, April 
1, 1904, pp. 57-60. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the Black-throated 
Green Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Fourth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VI, No. 3, 
June 1, 1904, pp. 91-92. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Blue-winged 
Warbler and the Golden-winged Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Sixth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VI, No. 5, Octo¬ 
ber 1, 1904, pp. 162-163. </p>

<p>Record is made of the migration of the Chestnut-sided 
Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Seventh Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VI, No. 6, 
December 1, 1904, pp. 199-200. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Magnolia 
Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. Distribution and Mi¬ 
gration of North America Warblers. Bulletin of the 
Division of Biological Survey, United States Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, No. 18, December 1, 1904, pp. 
1-142. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the occurrence of warblers 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1904. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Bird Migration Phe¬ </p>

<p>nomena in the extreme Lower Mississippi Valley. 
The Auk, Vol. XXI, No. 1, January, 1904, pp. 45-50. </p>

<p>Some unusual species of birds mentioned as occurring in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ </p>

<p>blers, Eighth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 1, 
February 1, 1905, pp. 32-35. </p>

<p>Mentions the migration of the Yellow Warbler in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHK </p>



<p>704 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1905.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Ninth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 2, 
April 1, 1905, pp. 135-136. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Kentucky 
Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Tenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 3, 
June 1, 1905, pp. 169-170. </p>

<p>Mention is made of the migration of the Mourning War¬ 
bler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Eleventh Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 4, 
August 1, 1905, pp. 203-206. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Black-and- 
White Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Twelfth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VII, No. 5, 
October 1, 1905, pp. 237-239. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Tennessee 
Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905.—Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. List of Birds Seen in 
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, April 1, 190U. The 
Auk, Vol. XXII, No. 2, April, 1905, pp. 140-145. </p>

<p>An annotated list of 64 species of birds noted in Jeffer¬ 
son Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1905.— Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. A Killdeer’s Mishap. 
The Auk, Vol. XXII, No. 2, April, 1905, pp. 209-210. </p>

<p>Mentions a flock of Killdeers near New Orleans, Louis¬ 
iana. </p>

<p>1905.— Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Warbler Migration in 
Southern Louisiana and Southern Mississippi. The 
Auk, Vol. XXII, No. 3, July, 1905, pp. 289-296. </p>

<p>A number of species of warblers noted as occurring in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN i </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
705 </p>

<p>
1905.— [Miller, Frank M.] [ Report of the Audubon So¬ </p>

<p>ciety of the State of Louisiana .] Bird-Lore, Vol. 
VIII, No. 6, December 1, 1905, pp. 320-322. </p>

<p>An account of what had been acomplished for the pro¬ 
tection of birds by the State Audubon Society. </p>

<p>1905. — Oates, Eugene William; and Reid, Savile Grey. </p>

<p>Catalogue of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the 
British Museum, Vol. IV, 1905, pp. i-xviii, 1-352. </p>

<p>Eggs of Mimua polyglottos from Louisiana are recorded. </p>

<p>1906. —Beyer, George Eugene. Bird-Lore’s Sixth Christ¬ </p>

<p>mas Bird Census, Lake Catherine, La. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. VIII, No. 1, February 1, 1906, pp. 21-22. </p>

<p>A list of 49 species of birds observed at Lake Catherine, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Fourteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VIII, No. 
1, February 1, 1906, pp. 26-27. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Bachman 
Warbler, Swainson Warbler, and Worm-eating Warbler in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Sixteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VIII, No. 3, 
June 1, 1906, pp. 100-102. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Ovenbird and 
Louisiana Waterthrush in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. Distribution and Mi¬ 
gration of North American Ducks, Geese, and 
Swans. Bulletin of the Biological Survey, United 
States Department of Agriculture, No. 26, Septem¬ 
ber, 1906, pp. 1-87. </p>

<p>Includes references to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Eighteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VIII, No. 
5, October 1, 1906, pp. 168-169. </p>

<p>Mention is made of the migration of the Parula War¬ 
bler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>706 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1906.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of War¬ 
blers, Nineteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. VIII, No. 
6, December 1, 1906, pp. 203-204. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Cerulean 
Warbler in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; and Wraight, Mrs. Per- 
cival. Bird-Lore’8 Sixth Christmas Bird Census, 
New Orleans, La. Bird-Lore, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Feb¬ 
ruary 1, 1906, p. 21. </p>

<p>A list of 39 species of birds noted at New Orleans, Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1906. —Miller, Frank M. [ Report of the Audubon Society 
of the State of Louisiana.'] Bird-Lore, VoL VIII, 
No. 6, December 1, 1906, pp. 258-260. </p>

<p>An account of work done during the year by the State 
Audubon Society of Louisiana. </p>

<p>1906. —Taverner, Percy Algernon. Tagging Migrants. </p>

<p>The Auk, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1906, p. 232. </p>

<p>Mentions the taking of a Flicker (Colaptes avratus 
luteu8) at Many, Sabine Parish, Louisiana, which had been 
banded at Keota, Iowa. </p>

<p>1906-1908. —Beyer, George Eugene; Allison, Andrew; 
and Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. List of Birds of 
Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, January, 
1906, pp. 1-15; No. 3, July, 1906, pp. 275-282; Vol. 
XXIV, No. 3, July, 1907, pp. 314-321; Vol. XXV, 
No. 2, April, 1908, pp. 173-180; No. 4, October, 
1908, pp. 439-448. </p>

<p>An annotated list of 186 species and subspecies of birds 
from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Allison, Andrew. Notes on the Spring Birds of </p>

<p>Tishomingo County, Mississippi. The Auk, Vol. 
XXIV, No. 1, January, 1907, pp. 12-25. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds as occurring in Louis¬ 
iana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
707 </p>

<p>
1907. —Chapman, Frank Michler. The Warblers of North 
America, 1907, pp. i-ix, 1-306, pis. I-XXIV. </p>

<p>Contain* many references to warblers in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of 
Thrushes, First Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 1, 
February 1, 1907, pp. 32-84. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the Wood Thrush 
and Veery in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of 
Thrushes, Third Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 8, 
June 1, 1907, pp. 121-126. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Gray-cheeked, 
Olive-backed, and Hermit Thrushes in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ 
catchers, First Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 6, 
December 1, 1907, pp. 264-266. </p>

<p>Mention is made of the migration of the Sdssor-tailed 
Flycatcher in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Aspects of Bird Distri¬ 
bution in Louisiana and Mississippi. The Auk, Vol. 
XXIV, No. 2, April, 1907, pp. 169-181. </p>

<p>A detailed account of the birds that are found in vari¬ 
ous types of habitat in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1907. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Report of Exploration 
of Seabird Colonies. Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 6, Oc¬ 
tober 1, 1907, pp. 233-240. </p>

<p>A report of the conditions of sea bird life observed dur¬ 
ing a cruise along the coast of Louisiana between the Sabine 
River and Pass a Loutre, Mississippi River, May 16 to June 
21, 1907. </p>

<p>1907. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Report of Special Agent 
H. H. Kopman. Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 6, Decem¬ 
ber 1, 1907, pp. 806-806. </p>

<p>An account of a cruise along the Louisiana coast, with 
detailed information concerning the breeding colonies of birds 
found. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>708 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1907. —Miller, Frank M. [ Report of the Audubon Society 
of the State of Louisiana.'] Bird-Lore, Vol. IX, No. 
6, December 1, 1907, pp. 339-340. </p>

<p>A short account of the activities of the State Audubon 
Society of Louisiana during the year. </p>

<p>1907. —Nehrling, Henry. Die Gesangskbnigin der Nord- </p>

<p>amerikanischen Vogelwelt. Ornithologische Mon- 
atsschrift, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, January, 1907, pp. 
56-69. </p>

<p>Mentions the Wood Thrush in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ </p>

<p>catchers, Fourth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, No. 3, 
June 1, 1908, pp. 114-117. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Yellow- 
bellied Flycatcher, the Acadian Flycatcher, and the Least 
Flycatcher, in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ 
catchers, Fifth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, No. 4, 
August 1, 1908, pp. 166-170. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Eastern King¬ 
bird and the Eastern Wood Pewee in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ 
catchers, Sixth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, No. 5, 
October 1, 1908, pp. 210-212. </p>

<p>Mention is made of the migration of the Eastern Phoebe 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ 
catchers, Seventh Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, No. 6, 
December 1, 1908, pp. 258-259. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Olive-sided 
Flycatcher in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Howell, Arthur Holmes. Notes on the Winter 
Birds of Northern Louisiana. Proceedings of the 
Biological Society of Washington, Vol. XXI, April 
11, 1908, pp. 119-124. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
709 </p>

<p>
A list of 70 kinds of birds noted in the northern part 
of Louisiana during January and February, 1908. </p>

<p>1908. —Job, Herbert Keightley. Reservation News; Bat¬ 
tledore Island, Louisiana. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, No. 
4, August 1, 1908, pp. 187-189 (illustr. p. 188); No. 
6, December 1, 1908, illustr. p. 276. </p>

<p>Contains a description of the bird life of this island. </p>

<p>1908. —Knight, Ora Willis. The Birds of Maine, Septem¬ 
ber 29, 1908, pp. i-xvii, 19-693, pis. I-II. </p>

<p>Reference is made to some species of birds from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Inspection of Breton Is¬ 
land Reservation, Louisiana. Bird-Lore, Vol. X, 
No. 5, October 1, 1908, pp. 229-231. </p>

<p>Contains a detailed list of the birds on each island of 
this reservation in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1908. —Louisiana State Museum Board of Curators. 
Natural History Exhibit . First Biennnial Report 
of the Board of Curators, Louisiana State Museum, 
1908, pp. 55-63. </p>

<p>Includes a list of 201 Louisiana birds in the Natural 
History Exhibit collected by the Louisiana Commission for 
the Saint Louis World’s Fair. </p>

<p>1908. —Louisiana State Museum Board of Curators. </p>

<p>Audubon Society's Bird Breeding Islands. First 
Biennial Report of the Board of Curators, Louisi¬ 
ana, State Museum, 1908, pp. 77-78. </p>

<p>A short description of Breton Island and Battledore 
Island reservations with a list of the breeding birds. </p>

<p>1909. —Bowdish, Beecher Scoville. Ornithological Mis¬ </p>

<p>cellany from Audubon Wardens. The Auk, Vol. 
XXVI, No. 2, April, 1909, pp. 116-128. </p>

<p>Contains some interesting items on birds from reports of 
the wardens of East Timbalier Island, Breton Island, and 
Tern Island reservations, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>710 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1909. — Cole, Leon Jacob. The Tagging of Wild Birds as 
a Means of Studying their Movements. The Auk, 
Vol. XXVI, No. 2, April, 1909, pp. 137-143. </p>

<p>Mentions the taking of a Northern Flicker at Many, 
Sabine Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1909. — Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Fly¬ 
catchers, Eighth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. XI, No. 1 , 
February 1, 1909, pp. 12-14. </p>

<p>Mention is made of the migration of the Crested Fly¬ 
catcher in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1909. — Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Vir- 
eos, First Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. XI, No. 2, April 
1, 1909, pp. 78-82. </p>

<p>Records of the migration of the Philadelphia Vireo, the 
Warbling Vireo, and the Red-eyed Vireo are given for Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1909. — Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of Vir- 
eos. Third Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. XI, No. 4, Aug¬ 
ust 1, 1909, pp. 165-168. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Yellow- 
throated Vireo in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1909. —Howell, Arthur Holmes. Agelaius phoenxceus </p>

<p>fortis in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, 
April, 1909, p. 192. </p>

<p>A record of this subspecies from Belcher, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1910. —[Bent, Arthur Cleveland.] Report of Arthur C. </p>

<p>Bent on the Breton Island Reservation. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XII, No. 6, December 1, 1910, pp. 280-282. </p>

<p>A detailed account of conditions at the various water 
bird colonies on the coast of Louisiana. </p>

<p>1910. — Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Second Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XII, No. 1, February 1, 1910, pp. 12-15. </p>

<p>Records of the migration of the Grasshopper Sparrow 
and Leconte Sparrow are given for Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
711 </p>

<p>
1910. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Fourth Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XII, No. 3, June 1, 1910, pp. 111-112. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Nelson Spar¬ 
row in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1910. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Fifth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. </p>

<p>XII, No. 4, August 1, 1910, pp. 139-141. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Eastern Gold¬ 
finch in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1910. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. Distribution and Mi¬ 
gration of North American Shorebirds. Bulletin of 
the Biological Survey, United States Department of 
Agriculture, No. 35, October 6, 1910, pp. 1-100, pis. 
I-IV. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of species of birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1910. —Louisiana State Museum Board op Curators. 
Additions to Collections by Gift. Second Biennial 
Report of the Board of Curators, Louisiana State 
Museum, 1910, pp. 51-52. </p>

<p>Includes some additional species of Louisiana birds do¬ 
nated to the Museum. </p>

<p>1910. —McAtee, Waldo Lee. Notes on Chen caerulescens, </p>

<p>Chen rossi and Other Waterfowl in Louisiana. The 
Auk, Vol. XXVII, No. 3, July, 1910, pp. 337-339. </p>

<p>A short account of the abundance of the Blue Goose and 
other species of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North </p>

<p>American Sparrows, Ninth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. </p>

<p>XIII, No. 2, April 1,1911, pp. 83-88. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Dickcissel and 
Eastern Vesper Sparrow in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
4 American Sparrows, Tenth Paper. Bird-Lore, Vol. 
XIII, No. 3, June 1,1911, pp. 144-146. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>712 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Mention is made of the migration of the Eastern Sa¬ 
vannah Sparrow in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Eleventh Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XIII, No. 4, August 1, 1911, pp. 198-201. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Eastern Blue 
Grosbeak and Indigo Bunting in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Twelfth Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XIII, No. 5, October 1, 1911, pp. 248-249. </p>

<p>Contains records of the migration of the Painted Bunt¬ 
ing in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1911. —Gault, Benjamin True. A Private Bird Preserve. 
The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, March, 
1911, pp. 59-60. </p>

<p>A note on the nesting species of birds at Avery Island, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Howell, Arthur Holmes. Birds of Arkansas. 
Bulletin of the Biological Survey, United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, No. 38, October 12, 1911, 
pp. 1-100, pis. I-VII. </p>

<p>Several references are made to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911. —Job, Herbert Keightley, The Blue Goose Chase. 
A Camera-Hunting Adventure in Louisiana. 1911, 
pp. 1-331. </p>

<p>Contains references to several species of birds in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1911.—McAtee, Waldo Lee. Winter Ranges of Geese on 
the Gulf Coast; Notable Bird Records for the Same 
Region. The Auk, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1911, 
pp. 272-274. </p>

<p>Some unusual records of birds for Louisiana, including 
the only State record of the American Flamingo. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
713 </p>

<p>
1911.—McAtee, Waldo Lee. Local Names of Waterfowl 
and Other Birds. Forest and Stream, Vol. LXXVII, 
No. 5, July 29, 1911, pp. 172-174, 196. </p>

<p>A list of 96 local names, including many species from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1911.—Ward, Charles Willis. The Ward-Mcllkenny 
Wildfowl Refuge. Forest and Stream, Vol. LXXVII, 
No. 6, July 29, 1911, pp. 167-170. </p>

<p>An account of the history of this refuge, including the 
species of birds found there. </p>

<p>1911. — Wright, Albert Hazen. Other Early Records of </p>

<p>the Passenger Pigeon. The Auk, Vol. XXVIII, No. 
4, October, 1911, pp. 427-449. </p>

<p>Mentions several records of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1912. — Chapman, Frank Michler. Handbook of Birds of </p>

<p>Eastern North America, June 5, 1912, pp. i-xxix, 
1-530, pis. I-XXIV. </p>

<p>Contains references to the distribution of birds in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1912.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Fourteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XIV, No. 1, February 1, 1912, pp. 45-47. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Red Crossbill 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1912.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Fifteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XIV, No. 2, April 1, 1912, pp. 98-105. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the White-crowned 
Sparrow and White-throated Sparrow in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1912.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. Distribution and Mi¬ 
gration of North American Shorebirds. Bulletin 
of the Biological Survey, United States Department 
of Agriculture, No. 35, May 18, 1912, pp. 1-100, 
pis. I-IV. </p>

<p>Includes many references to shorebirds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>714 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1912. —COOKE, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Sixteenth Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XIV, No. 3, June 1, 1912, pp. 158-161. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Rose-breasted 
Grosbeak in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1912. —Forbush, Edward Howe. Game Birds, Wild- 
Fowl, and Shore Birds. 1912, pp. i-xvi, 1-622. </p>

<p>Contains a few references to birds in Louisiana, par¬ 
ticularly the Passenger Pigeon. </p>

<p>1912. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. How I Made a Bird 
City. Country Life in America, Vol. XXII, No. 9, 
September 1, 1912, pp. 23-28. </p>

<p>The story of a colony of herons and other birds in south¬ 
ern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1912. —Ogllvie-Grant, William Robert. Catalogue of the 
Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the British Museum, 
Vol. V., 1912, pp. i-xxiii, 1-547, 1-30, pis. I-XXII. </p>

<p>Eggs of Icterus apuriue are recorded from Louisiana on 
p. 890. </p>

<p>1912. —Wright, Albert Hazen. Early Records of the </p>

<p>Carolina Paroquet. The Auk, Vol. XXIX, No. 8, 
July 6, 1912, pp. 344-357. </p>

<p>Contains references to this species as occurring is 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Bangs, Outram. An Unnamed Race of the Caro¬ 
lina Paroquet. Proceedings of the New England 
Zoological Club, Vol. IV, November 26, 1913, pp. 
93-94. </p>

<p>Includes Louisiana in the distribution of this subspecies, 
the Louisiana Parakeet </p>

<p>1913. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. Distribution and Mi¬ </p>

<p>gration of North American Herons and Their Allies. 
Bulletin of the Biological Survey, United States De- </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
715 </p>

<p>
partment of Agriculture, No. 45, May 24, 1913, pp. 
1-70. </p>

<p>Includes many references to these birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1913.— Cooke, Wells Woodbmdge. The Migration of North 
American y Sparrows , Twenty-third, Paper. Bird- 
Lore, Vol. XV, No. 4, August 1, 1913, pp. 236-240. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Swamp Spar¬ 
row in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1913.— Fisher, Albert Kenrick. Recovery of a Banded 
Pintail Duck. The Auk, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, for Jan¬ 
uary, 1914 [December 31, 1913], p. 100. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of the Pintail killed at Cubit’s 
Gap, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. </p>

<p>1913.— Howell, Arthur Holmes. Descriptions of Two 
New Birds from Alabama. Proceedings of the Bio¬ 
logical Society of Washington, Vol. XXVI, October 
23, 1913, pp. 199-202. </p>

<p>Mentions the distribution of the Southern Crow, Corvus 
brachyrhynchos paulus, in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1913. — McAtee, Waldo Lee. Two Ornithological Fables </p>

<p>from Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XXX, No. 2, for 
April [March 31], 1913, p. 282. </p>

<p>Two fables about the Wood Ibis and the dove, heard in 
Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1914. — Conservation Commission op Louisiana. Game </p>

<p>Birds, Non Game Birds. Report of the Conserva¬ 
tion Commission of Louisiana for September 1, 
1912, to April 1, 1914 (1914), pp. 51-62. </p>

<p>An article on game protection in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1914. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Twenty-sixth Paper. Bird- 
Lore, Vol. XVI, No. 1, February 1, 1914, pp. 19-23. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Eastern Pur¬ 
ple Finch in Lou i siana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>716 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1914. —Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Sparrows, Thirty-first Paper. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XVI, No. 6, December 1, 1914, pp. 438-442. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Slate-colored 
Junco in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1914. —Louisiana State Museum Board of Curators. 
Department of Natural History — Accessions, Birds. 
Fourth Biennial Report of the Board of Curators, 
Louisiana State Museum, 1914, pp. 102-103. </p>

<p>Includes mention of several Louisiana birds donated to 
the museum. </p>

<p>
1914. —McAtee, Waldo Lee. Birds Transporting Food 
Supplies. The Auk, Vol. XXXI, No. 3, June 29, 
1914, pp. 404-405. </p>

<p>Mentions several specimens of the Upland Plover taken 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1914. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. The Wild Turkey and 
Its Hunting, 1914, pp. i-xi, 1-245. </p>

<p>This is based largely on the notes, manuscript, and 
plates of Charles L. Jordan, manager of the Morris Game 
Preserve near Hammond, Louisiana, and contains a picture 
of nest and eggs of the Eastern Turkey located in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1914.—Oberholser, Harry Church. A Monograph of the 
Genus Chordeiles Swainson, Type of a New Family 
of Goatsuckers. Bulletin of the United States Na¬ 
tional Museum, No. 86, April 6,1914, pp. i-vi, 1-123. </p>

<p>Contains records of Chordeiles minor ehapmani from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1914. —Oberholser, Harry Church.' Pooecetes gramineus 
confinis in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Biological 
Society of Washington, Vol. XXVII, May 11, 1914, </p>

<p>p. 101. </p>

<p>Record of a specimen of this bird taken at Natchitoches, 
Louisiana, which is its easternmost appearance. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
717 </p>

<p>
1914. — Wright, Albert Hazen. Early Records of the Wild </p>

<p>Turkey. The Auk, Vol. XXXI, No. 8, June 29, 
1914, pp. 334-358. </p>

<p>Contains a reference to this bird in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1915. — [Arthur, Stanley Clisby.] New Duck Species </p>

<p>Breeding in Louisiana. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 
XXVII, No. 3, September, 1915, pp. 412-413. </p>

<p>A general account of the Louisiana breeding of Anas 
platyrhyncha, Chaulelasmus streperus, Mareca americana, 
and Numenius americanus americanus. </p>

<p>1915.— Coale, Henry Kelso. The Present Status of the 
Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator). The Auk, Vol. 
XXXII, No. 1, January 1, 1915, pp. 82-90. </p>

<p>Mentions the status of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1915.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Kinglets. Bird-Lore, Vol. XVII, No. 2, 
April 1, 1915, pp. 118-125. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the Golden-crown¬ 
ed and Ruby-crowned Kinglets in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1915.— Cooke, Wells Woodbridge. The Migration of North 
American Birds. Bird-Lore, Vol. XVII, No. 3, June 
1, 1915, pp. 199-203. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Blue-gray 
Gnatcatcher in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1915.— [Job, Herbert Keightley; and Arthur, Stanley 
Clisby.] A New Louisiana Bird. The Wilson Bul¬ 
letin, Vol. XXVII, No. 92, September, 1915, pp. 
411-412. </p>

<p>Note on the occurrence of the Wilson Petrel (Oceanites 
oceanicus) off the Louisiana coast west of the Mississippi 
River. </p>

<p>
1915.—Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. List of the Birds of 
Louisiana, Part VI. The Auk, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>718 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
January 1,1916, pp. 15-29. Part VII. The Auk, Vol. 
XXXII, No. 2, April 1, 1915, pp. 183-194. </p>

<p>This is the continuation and completion of the list of 
Louisiana birds by Beyer, Allison, and Kopman, and includes 
137 species and subspecies. </p>

<p>1916.— Wright, Albert Hazen. Early Records of the Wild 
Turkey. The Auk, Vol. XXXII, April 1, 1916, pp. 
213-214. </p>

<p>Includes records of the Wild Turkey in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1916.— Arthur, Stanley Clisby. Conservation of Wild 
Bird Life. Report of the Conservation Commission 
of Louisiana, for April 1, 1914, to April 1, 1916 
[1916], pp. 9-35. </p>

<p>An article on the status of the game, song:, and insec¬ 
tivorous birds of Louisiana. </p>

<p>1916.— Louisiana State Museum Board of Curators. 
Accessions to the Museum by Gifts, Loans, and Ex¬ 
changes, 1911-1915, Zoology. Fifth Biennial Report 
of the Board of Curators, Louisiana State Museum, 
1916, pp. 76-81. </p>

<p>Mentions several Louisiana species of birds donated to 
the museum. . </p>

<p>1916. — Phillips, John Charles. A Note on the Mottled </p>

<p>Duck. The Auk, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, October 11, 
1916, pp. 432-433. </p>

<p>Mentions a series of specimens of the Mottled Duck 
taken at Avery Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1917. — Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. The Agricultural Value </p>

<p>of Bird-Life in Louisiana. Modern Farming, Vol. 
XLVH, No. 12, June 26, 1917, pp. 8-4. </p>

<p>Includes a list of breeding birds near Maringpuin in 
Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1917 .—Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Valuable Insectivorous 
Birds of Louisiana (Cuckoos and Woodpeckers). </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
719 </p>

<p>
Modern Farming, Vol. XLVII, No. 14, July 25, 
1917, pp. 2-3. </p>

<p>Contains facts on the food habits of these birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1917. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Valuable Insectivorous 
Birds of Louisiana. Modern Farming, Vol. XLVII, 
No. 16, August 25, 1917, pp. 2-3. </p>

<p>An account of the food habits of the Nighthawk. </p>

<p>1917. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Valuable Insectivorous 
Birds of Louisiana: Species of General Import¬ 
ance. Modern Farming, Vol. XLVII, No. 17, Sep¬ 
tember 10, 1917, pp. 2-4. </p>

<p>An account of the food habits of the Bobwhite and 
Meadowlark. </p>

<p>1917. —Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Insectivorous Birds of 
Louisiana. Modern Farming, Vol. XLVII, No. 18, 
September 25, 1917, pp. 2-3. </p>

<p>An account of the food habits of the Red-winged Black¬ 
bird. </p>

<p>1917. —Louisiana Department op Conservation. A Brief 
Survey of the Natural Resources of Louisiana. Bul¬ 
letin of the Louisiana Department of Conservation, 
No. 2, January, 1917, pp. 1-16. </p>

<p>A few Louisiana birds are mentioned. </p>

<p>1917. —Martin, De Loach. Bird Life around Lake Heyes 
[sic], Louisiana, June 7th and 8th, 1917. The Oolo- 
gist, Vol. XXXIV, No. 7, July 15, 1917, p. 129. </p>

<p>Mentions the birds seen at Lake Hayes, an artificial 
lake on the Texas and Pacific Railroad in Caddo Parish, 
ten miles west of Shreveport, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1917. —Oberholser, Harry Church. Critical Notes on the 
Eastern Subspecies of Sitta carotinensis Latham. 
The Auk, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, March 81, 1917, pp. 
181-187. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of this species from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>720 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1917. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; I, Five Swal¬ 
lows. Bird-Lore, Vol. XIX, No. 6, December 1, 
1917, pp. 320-330. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Cliff Swal¬ 
low, Tree Swallow, and Rough-winged Swallow in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1917. —Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. Hosts of Water-fowl </p>

<p>in Louisiana. Bird-Lore, Vol. XIX, No. 2, April 1, </p>

<p>1917, p. 117. </p>

<p>An account of the birds on the State preserves in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Arthur, Stanley Clisby. The Birds of Louisiana. </p>

<p>Bulletin of the Department of Conservation of 
Louisiana, No. 5, January, 1918, pp. 1-80. </p>

<p>A list of 368 species and subspecies accredited to Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Arthur, Stanley Clisby. Report of the Ornithol¬ 
ogist. Biennial Report of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation for April 1, 1916, to April 1, 
1918 [1918], pp. 99-134. </p>

<p>A detailed report of research, and a compilation of 
statistical data regarding the bird life of Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Report on the Field 
Collecting Trips for Birds and Mammals. Sixth 
Biennial Report of the Board of Curators of the 
Louisiana State Museum, January 1, 1916, to De¬ 
cember 31, 1917 (1918), pp. 60-64. </p>

<p>A report on various collecting trips in Louisiana, in¬ 
cluding a short.account of the collecting of a Bald Eagle’s 
nest and young. </p>

<p>1918. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Louisiana Bird Ref¬ 
uges. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXX, No. 1, March, </p>

<p>1918, pp. 11-15. </p>

<p>A description of the protected heronries of Louisiana, 
enumerating the species of birds inhabiting them. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
721 </p>

<p>
1918.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Brown Pelican .— 
A Good Citizen. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXX, 
No. 3, September, 1918, pp. 65-68. </p>

<p>An account of the nesting habits of the Eastern Brown 
Pelican in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918.— Hunt, Chreswell John. Notes on the February 
Birdlife of Southern Mississippi and Louisiana. The 
Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXX, No. 3, September, 1918, 
pp. 68-75. </p>

<p>Contains a number of observations of birds made in 
February at Mandeville, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918.— Kennard, Frederic Hedge. Ferruginous Stains on 
Waterfowl. The Auk, Vol. XXXV, No. 2, April 6, 
1918, pp. 123-132. </p>

<p>Contains references to several species of ducks from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1918.—Louisiana State Museum Board of Curators. 
Natural Science Department. Sixth Biennial Re¬ 
port of the Board of Curators, Louisiana State 
Museum, January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1917 
(1918), pp. 53-59. </p>

<p>Includes a list of some of the Louisiana birds mounted 
for the exhibition collection. </p>

<p>1918.—McAtee, Waldo Lee. Food Habits of the Mallard 
Ducks of the United States. Bulletin of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, No. 720, Decem¬ 
ber 23, 1918, pp. 1-36. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of Anas platyrhyncha taken at 
Hamburg, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918.—Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; II, The Scar¬ 
let and Louisiana Tanagers. Bird-Lore, Vol. XX, 
No. 1, February 1, 1918, pp. 16-19. </p>

<p>Records are given of the Scarlet Tanager in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>722 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1918. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; III, The 
Summer and Hepatic Tanagers, Martins and Bam 
Swallows. Bird-Lore, Vol. XX, No. 2, April 1, 
1918, pp. 145-152. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Sommer Tan- 
ager, Purple Martin, and Barn Swallow in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Oberholser, Harry Church. Notes on the Sub¬ 
species of Numenius americanus Bechstein. The 
Auk, Vol. XXXV, No. 2, April 6, 1918, pp. 188-195. </p>

<p>Contains reference to a specimen of Numenius ameri¬ 
canus occidentalis from Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; IV, The Wax- 
wings and Phainopepla. Bird-Lore, Vol. XX, No. 
3, June 1, 1918, pp. 219-222. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Cedar Wax¬ 
wing in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1918. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of </p>

<p>North American Birds, Second Series; VI, Homed 
Larks. Bird-Lore, Vol. XX, No. 5, October 1, 1918, 
pp. 345-349. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Horned Lark 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1919. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Birds and Mammals. </p>

<p>Annual Report of the Board of Curators, Louisiana 
State Museum, for 1918 (January, 1919), pp. 35-42. </p>

<p>Includes a list of Louisiana bird mounts made, and an 
account of breeding birds seen on a survey of islands along 
the Louisiana Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>1919. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Observations on the 
Water Birds of Louisiana. Natural History, Vol. 
XIX, No. 1, January, 1919, pp. 45-56. </p>

<p>Contains notes on the habits and haunts of the water 
birds of Louisiana, with a series of photographs. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
723 </p>

<p>
1919.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. A Series of Duotone 
Reproductions Showing the Protected Bird Life of 
Our Louisiana Coast. Natural History, Vol. XIX, 
No. 1, January, 1919, pp. 57-72. </p>

<p>Contains 16 photographs of species of birds that are pro¬ 
tected on the Louisiana coast. </p>

<p>1919.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Bald Eagle in Lou¬ 
isiana. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, 
June, 1919, pp. 52-55. </p>

<p>An account of the nesting habits of the Southern Bald 
Eagle in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1919.—Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Diving Birds, Order Pygopodes. Bulle¬ 
tin of the United States National Museum, No. 107, 
August 1, 1919, pp. i-xiii, 1-245, pis. I-LV. </p>

<p>Contains references to the distribution of these birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1919. — Cory, Charles Barney. Catalogue of Birds of the 
Americas and the Adjacent Islands in Field Mu¬ 
seum of Natural History, Part II, No. 2. Zoological 
Series, Field Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIII, 
December 31, 1919, pp. 317-607. </p>

<p>Records several specimens of Cocoyzus americanut ameri¬ 
canut, Phloeotomus pUeatus pUeatus, Centuru* carolinus, and 
Dryobatet pubescent pubescent tram Louisiana. </p>

<p>1919.— Kennard, Frederic Hedge. Notes on a New Sub¬ 
species of Blue-winged Teal. The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, 
No. 4, October 31, 1919, pp. 456-460. </p>

<p>Includes the description of a supposed new subspecies, 
Querquedula diteors albinucka, from Grand Chenier, Cameron 
Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1919.— Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Some Notes on the 
Plumage of the Male Florida Red-wing (Agelaius p. 
floridanvs). Proceedings of the Biological Society 
of Washington, Vol. XXXII, December 31, 1919, pp. 
196-197. </p>

<p>Mentions its occurrence in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>724 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1919.— Oberholser, Harry Church. Notes on the Wrens 
of the Genus Nannus BiUberg. Proceedings of the 
United States National Museum, Vol. LV, May 2, </p>

<p>1919, p. 236. </p>

<p>The occurrence of Nannus troglodytes hiemalis in Louisi¬ 
ana is mentioned. </p>

<p>1919. — Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. Wild Life Conserva¬ </p>

<p>tion along the Gulf Coast. Natural History, Vol 
XIX, No. 1, January, 1919, pp. 41-43. </p>

<p>An account of the history of wild life conservation in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1920. — Arthur, Stanley Clisby. A note on the “Southern </p>

<p>Teal”. The Auk, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, January 20, </p>

<p>1920, pp. 126-127. </p>

<p>Mentions this form as a possible new subspecies of the 
Blue-winged Teal. </p>

<p>1920.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Brown Pelicans. 
Natural History, Vol. XX, No. 2, March-April, 1920, 
pp. 197-201. </p>

<p>A series of previously unpublished photographs of the 
breeding Eastern Brown Pelicans on the Louisiana Gulf 
coast, with notes on their haunts and habits. </p>

<p>1920.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Silver-winged Sea 
Birds. Natural History, VoL XX, No. 3, May-June, 
1920, pp. 329-333. </p>

<p>Observations on habits made while photographing the 
breeding birds of the Louisiana Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>1920.— Douglas, Elizabeth Newman. Mouse and Blue 
Jay. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXII, No. 3, June 1, 1920, </p>

<p>p. 161. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Blue Jay and the Car¬ 
dinal at Bains in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1920.— Griscom, Ludlow; and Nichols, John Treadwell. 
A Revision of the Seaside Sparrows. Proceedings </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
725 </p>

<p>
of the Linnaean Society of New York, Vol. XXXIII, 
November 3, 1920, pp. 18-30. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens, including young of Thryospiza 
maritima fisheri, from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1920. —Helmuth, William Tod. Extracts from Notes 
Made while in Naval Service. The Auk, Vol. 
XXXVII, No. 2, April 15, 1920, pp. 255-261. __ </p>

<p>Contains notes on many species of birds from the Mis¬ 
sissippi Delta. </p>

<p>1920.— Oberholser, Harry Church. A Synopsis of the 
Genus Thryomanes. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 
XXXII, No. 1, March, 1920, p. 19. </p>

<p>Mentions the type locality of Thryomanes bewickii be- 
vrickii in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1920.— Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XIII, Euro¬ 
pean Starling and the Bobolink. Bird-Lore, Vol. 
XXII, No. 4, August 1, 1920, pp. 213-216. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Bobolink in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1920. —Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. Exploring for New </p>

<p>Bird Colonies. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXII, No. 4, August 
1, 1920, pp. 255-262. </p>

<p>Includes some notes on several species of birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1921. —Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North </p>

<p>American Gulls and Terns, Order Longipennes. 
Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 
113, August 27, 1921, pp. i-x, 1-345, pis. I-XCIII. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the distribution of these 
birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1921.— Kopman, Henry Hazlitt. Wild Life Resources of 
Louisiana. Bulletin of the Louisiana Department 
of Conservation, No. 10, December, 1921, pp. 9-164. 
A popular account of the birds of Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGjE^ </p>



<p>726 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1921. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XVII, Rusty 
Blackbird and Brewer Blackbird. Bird-Lore, Vol. 
XXIII, No. 6, December 1, 1921, pp. 296-299. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the Rusty Black¬ 
bird in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1921. —Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. Notes on the Bird-Life </p>

<p>of Southeastern Texas. The Auk, Vol XXXVIII, 
No. 4, December 16, 1921, pp. 515-616. </p>

<p>Mentions Eastern Brown Pelicans at Timbalier Pass, and 
a colony of breeding Roseate Spoonbills in Cameron Parish, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1922. —Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North </p>

<p>American Petrels and Pelicans and Their Allies, 
Order Tubinares and Order Steganopodes. Bulletin 
of the United States National Museum, No. 121, 
October 19, 1922, pp. i-xii, 1-343, pis. I-LXIX. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the distribution of these 
birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1922. —Carey, Walter C. The Starling in Louisiana. 
Bird-Lore, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, April 1, 1922, p. 95. </p>

<p>Mentions the Starling on the Mississippi River about 25 
miles above Baton Rouge, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1922. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of </p>

<p>North American Birds, Second Series; XX, Balti¬ 
more Oriole. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXIV, No. 6, Decem¬ 
ber 1, 1922, pp. 339-341. </p>

<p>Records are given of the migration of the Baltimore 
Oriole in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1923. —Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North </p>

<p>American Wild Fowl, Order Anseres (Part). Bulle¬ 
tin of the United States National Museum, No. 126, 
May 25,1923, pp. i-ix, 1-260, pis. I-XLVI. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the distribution of these 
birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
727 </p>

<p>
1923. —Figgins, Jesse Dade. The Breeding Birds of the 
Vicinity of Black Bayou and Bird Island, Cameron 
Parish, Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XL, No. 4, Octo¬ 
ber 10, 1923, pp. 667-677. </p>

<p>A list of 42 species of breeding birds. </p>

<p>1923.— McAtee, Waldo Lee. Local Names of Migratory 
Game Birds. Miscellaneous Circular, United States 
Department of Agriculture, No. 13, October [No¬ 
vember 2], 1923, pp. 1-96. </p>

<p>Includes many vernacular names of game birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1923. — Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of </p>

<p>North American Birds, Second Series; XXI, Or¬ 
chard Oriole. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXV, No. 2, March 
31, 1923, pp. 119-120. </p>

<p>Some records are given of the migration of the Orchard 
Oriole in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1923-1926.— Phillips, John Charles. A Natural History 
of the Ducks, Vol. II, November 16, 1923, pp. i-xii, 
1-409, pis. XIX-XLIV; Vol. Ill, July 24, 1926, pp. 
i-ix, 1-383, pis. XLV-LXX; Vol. IV, April 2, 1926, 
pp. i-ix, 1-489, pis. LXXI-CII. </p>

<p>These volumes include records of ducks in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924. —Howell, Arthur Holmes. Birds of Alabama, 1924, </p>

<p>pp. 1-384, pis. I-Vn. </p>

<p>Reference is made to several species of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924.— Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Returns from 
Banded Birds, 1920-1923. Department Bulletin, 
United States Department of Agriculture, No. 1268, 
October 16, 1924, pp. 1-66. </p>

<p>A number of banding records from Louisiana are 
included. </p>

<p>1924. —[Lloyd, Hoyes.] Official Canadian Record of Bird- 
Banding Returns. The Canadian Field Naturalist, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHir\N </p>



<p>728 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Vol. XXXVIII, No. 5, May, 1924, pp. 92, 93; No. 
7, September, 1924, pp. 133-135; No. 8, October, 
1924, p. 157. </p>

<p>Contains records of banded birds taken in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Shrike 
or Butcherbird. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol. 
II, No. 4, April, 1924, p. 8. </p>

<p>Gives the food habits of the Loggerhead Shrike. </p>

<p>1924.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Wood¬ 
peckers. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol. II, No. 
4, April, 1924, p. 8. </p>

<p>Mentions the Ivory-billed Woodpecker and the Pileated 
Woodpecker in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Wood¬ 
cock. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol II, No. 5, 
May, 1924, p. 7. </p>

<p>Notices the Woodcock in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Young 
Birds and Their Bill of Fare. Louisiana Conserva¬ 
tion News, Vol. II, No. 6, June, 1924, p. 7. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] The 
Rain Crow. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol II, 
No. 7, July, 1924, p. 8. </p>

<p>Describes the Cuckoo as abundant in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Stop 
Slaughter of Ducks. Louisiana Conservation News, 
Vol. II, No. 9, September, 1924, p. 8. </p>

<p>Mentions the abundance of ducks in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Feed¬ 
ing Habits of Ducks. Louisiana Conservation News, 
Vol. II, No. 10, November, 1924, p. 7. </p>

<p>Includes the feeding habits of the Baldpate, Wigeon, 
Green-winged Teal, and Mallard. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
729 </p>

<p>
1924.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] How 
to Call Wild Ducks. Louisiana Conservation News, 
Vol. II, No. 10, November, 1924, p. 7. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of ducks found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924.— Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XXIV, Ruby- 
throated, Black-chinned, and Calliope Humming¬ 
birds. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, April 1, 1924, </p>

<p>pp. 108-110. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Ruby-throated 
Hummingbird in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1924. — Reed, Chester Albert. North American Birds’ </p>

<p>Eggs, April 9, 1924, pp. i-x, 1-356. </p>

<p>Contains several references to nests and eggs of Louisi¬ 
ana birds. </p>

<p>1925. — Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Delta Ducks. Outdoor </p>

<p>Life, Vol. LV, No. 1, January, 1925, pp. 18-19. </p>

<p>An account of the ducks noted in October in the delta 
of the Mississippi River. </p>

<p>1925.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The White-winged 
Scoter in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XLII, No. 3, 
July 6, 1925, p. 442. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen taken in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1925.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. A Day with the Blue 
Geese. Field and Stream, Vol. XXX, November, 
1925, pp. 34-35. </p>

<p>An account of hunting Blue Geese at Chenier au Tigre, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1925.— Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Wild Fowl, Order Anseres (Part). Bulle¬ 
tin of the United States National Museum, No. 130, 
June 27, 1925, pp. i-x, 1-376, pis. I-LX. </p>

<p>Contains many references to these birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>730 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1926.— Cooke, May Thacher. Spread of the European 
Starling in North America, Circular United States 
Department of Agriculture, No. 336, March, 1926, 
pp. 1-8, pi I. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Starling 25 miles north 
of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— [Lloyd, Hoyes.] Official Canadian Record of Birdr- 
Banding Returns. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 
Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, January, 1926, p. 39; No. 2, 
February, 1926, p. 66; No. 4, April, 1926, p. 83; 
No. 6, May, 1926, p. 120; No. 7, October, 1926, p. 
169; No. 8, November, 1926, p. 192. </p>

<p>Contains records of banded birds taken in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— SCHIOLER, Eiler Lehn. Danmarks Fugle, VoL I, 
1926, pp. 1-552, pis. I-XCVIII. </p>

<p>Includes records of the American White-fronted Goose 
(Anser albifrona gambeUi) and Lesser Snow Goose from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Winter Days on the 
Louisiana Gulf Coast. Outdoor Life, Vol LVII, 
No. 2, February, 1926, pp. 99-100. </p>

<p>An account of hunting and collecting wild fowl about 
Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Blocher, Arthur. Large Sets. The Oologist, Vol. 
XLIII, No. 4, April, 1926, pp. 49-50. </p>

<p>Mentions eggs of the Southern Bald Eagle from Avery 
Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Grand Isle, Louisiana. 
The Oologist, Vol. XLIII, No. 5, May, 1926, pp. 
66 - 66 . </p>

<p>Observations on the birds noted on a trip to Grand Isle, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XXIX, The </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
731 </p>

<p>
Swifts. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, February 
4, 1926, pp. 9-13. </p>

<p>Reference is made to the migration of the Chimney Swift 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XXXI, The 
Nighthawks. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXVIII, No. 4, July 
26, 1926, pp. 255-261. </p>

<p>Record is given of the migration of the Nighthawk in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926.— Smith, Earl R. Springtime in Dixie Land. The 
Oologist, Vol. XLIII, No. 6, June, 1926, pp. 74-78. </p>

<p>Includes a list of birds noted in the spring near New 
Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1926. — Worthington, Willis Woodford; and Todd, Wal¬ </p>

<p>ter Edmond Clyde. The Birds of the Choctaw - 
hatchee Bay Region of Florida. The Wilson Bulle¬ 
tin, Vol. XXXVTII, No. 4, December, 1926, pp. 204- 
229. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of Vtreo griaeut griaeua from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1927. — Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Pelicans at Home. </p>

<p>American Forests and Forest Life, Vol. XXXIII, 
No. 398, February, 1927, pp. 87-92. </p>

<p>An illustrated article on the Eastern Brown Pelicans of 
the Mud Lumps at the mouth of the Mississippi River. </p>

<p>1927.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Habits of the Purple 
Gallinvle (Ionomis martinicus). The Auk, Vol. 
XLIV, No. 4, October 19, 1927, p. 560. </p>

<p>Comprises comments on the habits of this species as 
noted at Avery Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Marsh Birds, Orders Odontoglossae, He- 
rodiones, and Paludicolae. Bulletin of the United </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>732 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
States National Museum, No. 135, 1926 [March 11, 
1927], pp. i-xii, 1-490, pis. I-XCVIII. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the distribution of these 
birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Shore Birds, Order Limicolae (Part I). 
Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 
142, December 31, 1927, pp. i-ix, 1-420, pis. I-LV. </p>

<p>Includes many references to the occurrence of these birds 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Cory, Charles Barney; and Hellmayr, Charles 
Eduard. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and 
the Adjacent Islands in Field Museum of Natural 
History. Zoological Series, Field Museum of Nat¬ 
ural History, Vol. XIII, Part V, April 11, 1927, pp. 
i-vi, 1-517. </p>

<p>Includes records of Sayornis phoebe from Buras, Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>1927.— Forbush, Edward Howe. [Passenger Pigeon in 
Louisiana.'] Birds of Massachusetts and Other New 
England States, Vol. II, December 12, 1927, pp. 
i-xlix, 1-461, pis. XXXIV-LXII. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Passenger Pigeon at 
Mandeville and Rayne Station, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Starlings. The Oologist, 
Vol. XLIV, No. 3, March, 1927, p. 39. </p>

<p>Records a male European Starling collected near New 
Orleans, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Albinos. The Oologist, 
Vol. XLIV, No. 4, April, 1927, p. 53. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of an albino Mourning Dove, a Bob- 
white, and an observation of a Tree Swallow, from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Sage Thrush in Louisi¬ 
ana. The Oologist, Vol. XLIV, No. 6, June, 1927, 
p. 72. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
733 </p>

<p>
Mentions collecting a male specimen of Oreoscoptes 
montanus in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, about 100 yards 
from the Gulf of Mexico. </p>

<p>1927. —Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Returns from 
Banded Birds, 1923 to 1926. Technical Bulletin of 
the United States Department of Agriculture, No. 
32, December, 1927, pp. 1-96. </p>

<p>Contains many references to birds banded, and retaken 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927. —[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] Sea 
Birds Have Increased on Louisiana Gulf Island 
Refugees {sic]. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol. 
Ill, No. 1, September-October, 1927, pp. 3-4. </p>

<p>Mentions gulls, terns, skimmers and pelicans in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Quail 
and Chickens Make Friends. Louisiana Conserva¬ 
tion News, Vol. Ill, No. 2, November-December, 
1927, p. 6. </p>

<p>Mentions young quails at Eunice, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927. —[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] To 
Take Censuses of Country’s Waterfowl. Louisiana 
Conservation News, Vol. Ill, No. 1, September- 
October, 1927, p. 9. </p>

<p>Announcement of Louisiana’s part in the United States 
Biological Survey’s waterfowl census. </p>

<p>1927. —Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. Glossy Ibises Reported 
. Breeding in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XLIV, No. 3, 
July 12, 1927, p. 418. </p>

<p>A colony of 1000 ibises nesting at Broussard Lake, Cam¬ 
eron Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1927. —Smith, Earl R. Grassy Island, Louisiana. The 
Oologist, Vol. XLIV, No. 5, May, 1927, pp. 61-66; 
No. 6, June, 1927, pp. 78-79. </p>

<p>A detailed list of birds noted on a day’s trip to Grassy 
Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGi®^ </p>



<p>734 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
1928. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Notes on Variations 
in the White-fronted Goose. The Condor, Vol. 
XXX, No. 2, March 15, 1928, p. 165. </p>

<p>This article includes a description of ten specimens of the 
White-fronted Goose shot in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1928. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Notes on the Winter 
Birds of Chenier au Tigre, Louisiana. The Auk, 
Vol. XLV, No. 3, July 6, 1928, pp. 271-282. </p>

<p>A list with annotations of 88 species of winter birds from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1928. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. A Study of the Snowy 
Herons of the United States. The Auk, Vol. XLV, 
No. 4, October 10, 1928, pp. 480-440. </p>

<p>Mentions several specimens of this species from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1928.— Cooke, May Thacher. The Spread of the European 
Starling in North America (to 1928). Circular 
United States Department of Agriculture, No. 40, 
November, 1928, pp. 1-10, pL I, Map. </p>

<p>Mentions several records of this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1928. —Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Bird Migrants on Grand 
Isle. Eighth Biennial Report of the Department of 
Conservation of the State of Louisiana for 1926- 
1928 [1928, after May 1], pp. 276-283. </p>

<p>A list of 102 species noted on Grand Isle during March, 
April, and May, 1927. </p>

<p>1928.—Howell, Arthur Holmes. Birds of Alabama, 
Second Edition, 1928, pp. 1-384, pis. I-V1L </p>

<p>Reference is made to several apecfes of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1928.—Howell, Arthur Holmes; and van Rossem, Ad- 
riaan Joseph. A Study of the Red-vnnged Black¬ 
birds of Southeastern United States. The Auk, Vol. 
XLV, No. 2, April 16, 1928, pp. 165-168. </p>

<p>Includes several specimens of Agelaiue phoeniceus lit- 
toralis from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
735 </p>

<p>
1928. —Kalmbach, Edwin Richard. The European Star¬ 
ling in the United States. Farmers’ Bulletin United 
States Department of Agriculture, No. 1571, Decem¬ 
ber, 1928, pp. 1-27. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Starling in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1928. —Lincoln, Frederick Charles. The Migration of 
Young North American Herring Gulls. The Auk, 
Vol. XLV, No. 1, January 19, 1928, pp. 49-59. </p>

<p>Mentions the capture of several American Herring Gulls 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1928. —[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] Pheas¬ 
ants at State Forests. Louisiana Conservation 
News, Vol. Ill, No. 3, January-February, 1928, p. 8. </p>

<p>Mentions pheasants at Woodworth, 15 miles south of 
Alexandria, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1928. —[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] Fed¬ 
eral Official Studies Wild Waterfowl. Louisiana 
Conservation News, Vol. Ill, No. 4, March-April, 
1928, p. 12. </p>

<p>Comments on the United States Biological Survey's 
waterfowl census in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1928. —Moseley, Edwin Lincoln. The Abundance of 
Woodpeckers and Other Birds in Northeastern Lou¬ 
isiana. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XL, No. 2, June, 
1928, pp. 115-116. </p>

<p>Includes a number of birds noted in West Carroll Parish, 
Louisiana, January 1-6, 1928. </p>

<p>
1928. —Oberholser, Harry Church. The Migration of 
North American Birds, Second Series; XXXVII, 
Yellow-bellied and Red-breasted Sapsuckers. Bird- 
Lore, Vol. XXX, No. 4, July 31, 1928, pp. 253-257. </p>

<p>Record is given of the migration of the Yellow-bellied 
Sapsucker in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>736 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1928.— Pearson, Thomas Gilbert. The Rainey Wild Life 
Sanctuary. Circular National Association of Audu¬ 
bon Societies, No. 11 [February 16, 1928], pp. 1-8. </p>

<p>Includes a list of 131 birds that have been identified on 
this sanctuary. </p>

<p>1928.— Robertson, John McBrair. Some Returns of 
Banded Mallards. The Condor, Vol. XXX, No. 5, 
September 28, 1928, p. 321. </p>

<p>Mentions a Louisiana return of a banded Mallard. </p>

<p>1928. — Strecker, John Kern. Notes on Summer Birds of </p>

<p>the Northwestern Parishes of Louisiana. Contri¬ 
butions from the Baylor University Museum, No. 14, 
July 2, 1928, pp. 1-13. </p>

<p>Includes a list of 82 species of birds Observed in Caddo, 
Bossier, and De Soto parishes in April, August, and Septem¬ 
ber, 1925; April and September, 1926; April and May, 1927; 
and June, 1928. </p>

<p>1929. — Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Fall Flight of </p>

<p>Geese to Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. XLVI, No. 2, 
April 11, 1929, pp. 225-226. </p>

<p>An account of several species of geese noted at the mouth 
of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1929.— Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Wings along the Gulf. 
Natural History, Vol. XXIX, No. 3, May-June, 1929, 
pp. 227-240. </p>

<p>Includes accounts of the birds that inhabit the swamps 
and islands of the Louisiana coast—herons, egrets, pelicans, 
terns, geese, gulls, and others. </p>

<p>1929.— Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Shore Birds, Order Limicolae (Part 2). 
Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 
146, March 27, 1929, pp. i-ix, 1-412, pis. LXVI. </p>

<p>Contains many references to the occurrence of these birds 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
737 </p>

<p>
1929. —Friedmann, Herbert. The Cowbirds. April 10, 
1929, pp. i-xvii, 1-421, pis. I-XXVIII. </p>

<p>Contains references to the parasitism of cowbirds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1929.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Annual 
Study of Bird Migration on Grand Isle Recently 
Completed. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol. 4, 
No. 3, May-June, 1929, pp. 8, 16. </p>

<p>Includes a list of birds collected on Grand Isle, Louisiana, 
in April. </p>

<p>1929. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Num¬ 
bered Bands to Trace Sea Birds of State to Their 
Winter Homes. Louisiana Conservation News, Vol. 
IV, No. 4, July-August, 1929, pp. 10, 11. </p>

<p>An account of bird banding in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1929.— Louisiana Department of Conservation. Birds 
of Louisiana. Ninth Biennial Report of the Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation of the State of Louisiana for 
1928-1929 (1929), pp. 103-118. </p>

<p>A list of 252 species of birds noted in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1929. — Nelson, Edward William. The Whooping Crane </p>

<p>Continues to Visit Louisiana. The Condor, Vol. 
XXXI, No. 4, July 16, 1929, pp. 146-147. </p>

<p>An account of the wintering of the Whooping Crane in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1930. — [Bailey, Alfred Marshall.] Louisiana Field </p>

<p>Trip. Program of Activities of the Chicago Acade¬ 
my of Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 4, October, 1930 [p. 42]. </p>

<p>Mentions the collecting of a Derby Flycatcher on Chenier 
au Tigre, and the observing of a few other species on the 
Louisiana Gulf Coast. </p>

<p>1930.— Bangs, Outram. Types of Birds now in the Mu¬ 
seum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin* of the Mu¬ 
seum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LXX, No. 4, 
March, 1930, pp. 147-426. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>738 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Lists the types of Querquedzda discors albinucka and 
Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1930. —Louisiana Department op Conservation, Bureau 
op Education. Louisiana Bird Primer, 1930, pp. 
1-46. </p>

<p>Contains a list of Louisiana birds. </p>

<p>1930. —Lowery, George Hines, Jr. The Starling in North¬ 
ern Louisiana. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLII, No. 
3, September, 1930, p. 213. </p>

<p>Mentions a flock of about 100 European Starlings noted 
near Monroe, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1930. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Bird-Banding in Lou¬ 
isiana Discloses Interesting Returns. Louisiana 
Conservation Review, Vol. I, No. 3, December, 1930, </p>

<p>p. 10. </p>

<p>An account of Borne birds banded at Avery Island, Lou¬ 
isiana, and where they were taken. </p>

<p>1930. —Taber, William Brewster, Jr. The Fall Migration </p>

<p>of Mourning Doves. The Wilson Bulletin, VoL 
XLII, No. 1, March, 1930, pp. 17-28. </p>

<p>Mentions the recovery in Louisiana of several banded 
Mourning Doves. </p>

<p>1931. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall; and Wright, Earl </p>

<p>Grover. Birds of Southern Louisiana. The Wilson 
Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 2, June, 1931, pp. 114-142; 
No. 3, September, 1931, pp. 190-219. </p>

<p>A list of 215 species and subspecies of birds noted on the 
islands and territory bordering the Gulf of Mexico in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1931. —Foster, Marion Hope. Propagation of Pheasants 
in Lpuisiana. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
I, No. 8, May, 1931, pp. 7-9, 40. </p>

<p>Information concerning the propagation of pheasants 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
739 </p>

<p>
1931.— Godsey, Townsend. Winter Feeding of Birds. 
Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. I, No. 5, Feb¬ 
ruary, 1931, pp. 3-4, 30. </p>

<p>Contains photographs of water birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. Summary of Bird Ob¬ 
servation and Collection (1980-1981) for the De¬ 
partment’s Museum under the Direction of the Wild 
Life Division. Tenth Biennial Report of the De¬ 
partment of Conservation of the State of Louisiana 
for 1930-1931 (1931), pp. 325-333. </p>

<p>A list of 162 species of birds noted during this period in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Lindsey, Hooker Oliver. Where is Home. Avi¬ 
culture, Series 2, Vol. Ill, No. 1, January, 1931, pp. 
2 - 6 . </p>

<p>Includes a list of 103 species of birds from Grand Isle, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— [Lloyd, Hoyes.] Official Canadian Record of Bird- 
Banding Returns. Canadian Field Naturalist, Vol. 
XLV, No. 6, 1931, pp. 150-154. </p>

<p>Includes a few banding records from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Louisiana Department of Conservation. Wild 
Life Resources. Bulletin of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation, No. 13, 1931, pp. 68-79. </p>

<p>Includes a short account of some of the important game 
birds of Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— [Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Hunt¬ 
ing in Louisana. Louisiana Conservation Review, 
Vol. I, No. 4, January, 1931, pp. 14-15, 26, 28. </p>

<p>Contains a list of the game birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Louisiana Department of Conservation. The 
Birds of Louisiana. Bulletin of the Louisiana De¬ 
partment of Conservation, No. 20, December, 1931, 
pp. 1-598, pis. I-VII. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN- </p>



<p>740 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
This is a popular account of the 353 species and sub¬ 
species of birds given as occurring in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Louisiana Department op Conservation: Bureau 
op Education. Louisiana Bird Primer, Revised , 
1931, pp. 1-68. </p>

<p>Contains a list of 252 kinds of birds noted in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Bird-Lore's Thirty- 
first Christmas Census; Monroe, Louisiana. Bird- 
Lore, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, February 2, 1931, pp. 
69-70. </p>

<p>A list of 59 species of birds noted at Monroe, Louisiana, 
December 21, 1930. </p>

<p>1931.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Notes on Spring Mi¬ 
gration through Louisiana. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXXIII, 
No. 5, October 3, 1931, p. 322. </p>

<p>A detailed account of the birds noted during the spring 
migration of 1931 in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Birds of North Lou¬ 
isiana. Bulletin of the Louisiana Polytechnic In¬ 
stitute, Vol. XXIX, No. 4, November, 1931, pp. 1-62. </p>

<p>A list of 252 species of birds recorded from northern 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. A Probable Extension 
of the Breeding Range of the Prairie Warbler. 
The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, No. 4, December, 
1931, p. 308. </p>

<p>A resume of observations of this species in June in the 
region about Monroe, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1931.— Wright, Earl Grover; and Bailey, Alfred Mar¬ 
shall. Two Species of Birds New to Louisiana. 
The Auk, Vol. XLVIII, No. 1, January 4, 1931, p. 
123. </p>

<p>Mentions a Derby Flycatcher taken at Chenier au Tigre, 
and three male Howell Seaside Sparrows collected from small 
islands off the eastern coast of Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
741 </p>

<p>
1932. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Snowy Egret. 
American Forests, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, January, 
1932, pp. 10-13, 46. </p>

<p>An account of the breeding habits of this species at 
Avery Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. The Snowy Egret. 
Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. II, No. 6, 
March, 1932, pp. 3-6. </p>

<p>A description of the nesting habits of the Snowy Egret 
as noted at Avery Island. </p>

<p>1932. —Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of North 
American Gallinaceous Birds, Orders GaUiformes 
and Columbiformes. Bulletin of the United States 
National Museum, No. 162, May 25, 1932, pp. i-xi, 
1-490, pis. XCIII. </p>

<p>Contains references to the distribution of these birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Bird, Aldine R. The Ivory-bill is still King. 
American Forests, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 12, December, 
1932, pp. 634-635; 667. </p>

<p>Mentions a specimen of this species taken in Madison 
Parish, Louisiana, and describes this bird's nesting habits. </p>

<p>1932. —Coogan, Margaret Albertine. The Ivory-billed 
Woodpecker. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
II, No. 10, July, 1932, p. 3. </p>

<p>Some notes on this species in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Cope, Edmund Bernard. The Wild Turkey: Its 
Hunting and Future in Louisiana. Louisiana Con¬ 
servation Review, Vol. II, No. 10, July, 1932, pp. 
5-7, 32-33. </p>

<p>An account of the history, propagation, and habits of this 
bird in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Durand, Forrest Vicknair. # Observations on the 
Loggerhead Shrike in Louisiana. Louisiana Con- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>742 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
servation Review, Vol. II, No. 7, April, 1932, pp. 
29-30, 40. </p>

<p>An account of the general habits, the nesting, and food 
habits of the Loggerhead Shrike in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.—Hicks, Lawrence Emerson: and Hicks, Thyra 
Jane. Bird-Lore’s Thirty-second Christmas Cen¬ 
sus; Lake Providence, La. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXXIV, 
No. 1, February 2, 1932, pp. 68-69. </p>

<p>A list of birds observed at Lake Providence, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.— Hicks, Lawrence Emerson. Bird-Lore’s Thirty- 
second Christmas Census; New Iberia, La. Bird- 
Lore, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, February 2, 1932, pp. 
69-70. </p>

<p>This is a list of birds observed at New Iberia, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.— Hopkins, Edward Stiles. A Visit to Our Bird Is¬ 
lands. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. II, No. 
10, July, 1932, pp. 18-23, 38-39. </p>

<p>A list of 168 species of birds observed during 1930 and 
1931 in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.— LaFleur, Joseph delta. Bird-Banding. Louisi¬ 
ana Conservation Review, Vol. II, No. 5, 1932, pp. 
6-7, 23. </p>

<p>A notice of the capture of a banded Double-crested Cor¬ 
morant in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Bird-Lore’s Thirty- 
second Christmas Census; Monroe, La. Bird-Lore, 
Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, February 2, 1932, p. 69. </p>

<p>Consists of a list of birds noted at Monroe, Louisiana </p>

<p>1932.—Lowery, George Hines, Jr. A New Hawk for the 
Louisiana List. The Auk, XLIX, No. 4, October 4, 
1932, p. 463. </p>

<p>Records Buteo borealis ealurus from Ruston, Louisiana; 
but the specimens now prove to belong to the Eastern Red¬ 
tailed Hawk. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
743 </p>

<p>
1932. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. The Blue Goose in 
Its Winter Home. The Auk, Vol. XLIX, No. 3, July 
2, 1932, pp. 279-306, pis. IX-XI. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932.—P [earson] , Thomas G [ilbert] . Blue Geese in Lou¬ 
isiana. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, February 2, 
1932, p. 112. </p>

<p>Mentions several birds found in Louisiana, including 
Blue Geese. </p>

<p>1932. —Roberts, Thomas Sadler. The Birds of Minnesota. 
Vol. I, June 6, 1932, pp. i-xxii, 1-691, pis. I-XLIX; 
Vol II, June 6, 1932, pp. i-xv, 1-821, pis. L-XC. 
Contains a number of references to birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Shiras, George, Third. Wild Life of the Atlantic 
and Gulf Coasts. The National Geographic Maga¬ 
zine, Vol. LXII, No. 3, September, 1932, pp. 261- 
309; 63 illustrations. </p>

<p>Contains a short account of the Rainey Wild Life Sanc¬ 
tuary of Louisiana, and the habits of the Blue Goose. </p>

<p>1932. —Sondekegger, Victor Hugo. Occurrence of the 
Wild Turkey in Louisiana. Louisiana Conservation 
Review, Vol. II, No. 10, July, 1932, pp. 8-9, 37. </p>

<p>An account of the present distribution of this species in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1932. —Strabala, “Tony” [=Lonu] Balthasar; and </p>

<p>Stewart, Paul Alva. Bird-Lore’s Thirty-second 
Christmas Census; Paradis , La. Bird-Lore, Vol. 
XXXIV, No. 1, February 2, 1982, p. 70. </p>

<p>Consists of a list of birds observed at Paradis, Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>1933. —[Anonymous.] Rare Ivory-biUed Woodpeckers </p>

<p>Found in Madison Parish Trip. [New Orleans] 
Times-Picayune, December 29, 1938. </p>

<p>Report of the finding of this bird in Madison Parish, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>744 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1933. —Brodkorb, Pierce. Remarks on the Genus Limno- 
dromus Wied. Proceedings of the Biological Society 
of Washington, Vol. XLVI, June SO, 1933, pp. 128- 
128. </p>

<p>Mentions specimens of Limnodromus griseus seolopaceu* 
from Cameron Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1933. —Campbell, John Sherman. American Redstart 
Breeding in North Louisiana. The Auk, VoL L, No. 
4, October 11, 1933, pp. 441-442. </p>

<p>Evidence of the breeding of this species in northern 
Louisiana is presented in this article. </p>

<p>1933. —Daspit, Armand Pierre. Annual Report of Fur 
and Wild Life Division, Year 1932. Louisiana Con¬ 
servation Review, Vol. Ill, No. 3, July, 1933, pp. 
29-32. </p>

<p>Includes waterfowl data and records of some of the 
banded birds killed in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Friedmann, Herbert. Critical Notes on American 
Vultures. Proceedings of the Biological Society of 
Washington, Vol. XLVI, October 26, 1933, pp. 187- 
190. </p>

<p>Mentions the distribution of Cathartes aura septan* 
trionalis as including Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Gates, William Hazen. Hailstone Damage to 
Birds. Science, New Series, Vol. LXXVIII, No. 
2021, September 22, 1933, pp. 263, 264. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of species of birds killed by a hail¬ 
storm on April 20, 1938, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —[Gowanloch, James Nelson.] New Bird Is Dis¬ 
covered in Louisiana. Louisiana Conservation Re¬ 
view, Vol. Ill, No. 3, July, 1933, p. 32. </p>

<p>A sight record of Sterna anaethetus melanoptera in Lou¬ 
isiana is given; also the first breeding record of Sterna 
fuseata fuseata for the State. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
745 </p>

<p>
1933. —Gowanloch, James Nelson. Department of Con¬ 
servation to Receive Valuable Land. Louisiana Con¬ 
servation Review, Vol. Ill, No. 3, July, 1933, pp. 
35-37. </p>

<p>An account of the breeding home of several species of 
birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Gowanloch, James Nelson. Conservation alone 
Can Prevent “Last Post” for Wild Life. Louisiana 
Conservation Review, Vol. Ill, No. 4, October, 1933, 
pp. 18-20, 40. </p>

<p>A brief statement of the present and past status of sev¬ 
eral species of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Gowanloch, James Nelson. Louisiana Birds for 
Hunters and Others. Louisiana Conservation Re¬ 
view, Vol. Ill, No. 4, October, 1933, pp. 47-48. </p>

<p>Mentions several unusual species of birds that are found 
in Louisiana. Contains also a photograph of the Eastern 
Sooty Tern at her nest on Curlew Island, Chandeleur Sound, 
Louisiana, June 5, 1933. </p>

<p>1933. —Guillot, James Perrier. New Orleans Conserva¬ 
tion Center of the Southland. Louisiana Conserva¬ 
tion Review, Vol. Ill, No. 4, October, 1933, pp. 
13-17. </p>

<p>Mentions Louisiana’s game preserves and some of the 
birds that frequent them. </p>

<p>1933. —Holt, Ernest Golsan. A Record Colony of Yellow- 
crowned Night Herons. The Auk, Vol. L, No.3, 
July, 1933, pp. 350-351. </p>

<p>Description of a heron colony at Gros-bec Lake in Pointe 
Coupee Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Holt, Ernest Golsan. Definite Breeding of the 
Glossy Ibis in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. L, No. 3, 
July 6, 1933, pp. 351-352. </p>

<p>An account of the breeding of the Eastern Glossy Ibis in 
Cameron Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>746 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1933. —HOLT, Ernest Golsan. Golden Eagle in Louisiana. 
The Auk, Vol. L, No. 3, July 6, 1933, p. 355. </p>

<p>Some records of this bird in Louisiana are noted. </p>

<p>1933. —Lincoln, Frederick Charles. State Distribution 
of Returns from Banded Ducks, Third Paper — Lou¬ 
isiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, 
and Missouri. Bird Banding, Vol. IV, No. 2, April, 
1933, pp. 88-89. </p>

<p>Mentions ducks banded in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Lapland Longspur: 
An Addition to the Louisiana List. The Auk, Vol. 
L, No. 2, April 10, 1933, pp. 226-227. </p>

<p>Mentions taking a specimen near Monroe, Louisiana, with 
other records of occurrence of this bird in the same portion 
of the State. </p>

<p>1933. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Golden Eagle (Aquila 
chrysaetos canadensis) in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. 
L, No. 4, October 11, 1933, pp. 431-432. </p>

<p>Comments on the records of the Golden Eagle in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Robins Nesting in 
extreme Southern Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. L, No. 
4, October 11, 1933, pp. 439-440. </p>

<p>A nest with eggs found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933 .—Oberholser, Harry Church. Waterfowl in Lou¬ 
isiana. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. Ill, 
No. 2, April, 1933, pp. 13-15. </p>

<p>An account of the present waterfowl conditions in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1933.— Perkins, Samuel Elliott, Third. Indiana Bronzed 
Grackle Migration. Indiana Audubon Year Book 
for 1933 [August, 1933], pp. 40-47. </p>

<p>Includes records of birds recovered in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1933. —Redington, Paul Goodwin. Keep Marshlands for 
Wild Fowl. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
Ill, No. 4, October, 1933, pp. 3-6, 38. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
747 </p>

<p>
Mentions wild geese and ducks in the Louisiana wild life 
sanctuaries. </p>

<p>1933. —Test, Louis Agassiz. Returns from Mourning 
Doves in Indiana. Indiana Audubon Year Book, for 
1933 [August, 1933], pp. 68-71. </p>

<p>Mentions two Louisiana records. </p>

<p>1933. —Thompson, Benjamin Hunter. History and Pres¬ </p>

<p>ent Stattis of the Breeding Colonies of the White 
Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in the United 
States. Occasional Paper, Wild Life Division Nat¬ 
ional Park Service, No. 1, August, 1933, pp. [1-10] 
1-85. </p>

<p>Includes records of the White Pelican in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934. —Bailey, Alfred Marshall. Additional Notes on </p>

<p>the Wintering Birds of Chenier au Tigre, Louisiana. 
The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 3, June 28, 1934, pp. 398-400. </p>

<p>This article contains a number of winter bird records 
from southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934. —Campbell, John Sherman. The Golden Eagle in 
Northern Louisiana. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 
XLVI, No. 2, June, 1934, p. 116. </p>

<p>Records the occurrence of the Golden Eagle near Pioneer, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—Campbell, John Sherman. Golden Eagle in North 
Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 3, June 28, 1934, 
pp. 370-371. </p>

<p>Records the occurrence of a Golden Eagle near Pioneer, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—Campbell, John Sherman. Western House Wren 
in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LI, 
No. 1, January 8, 1934, p. 88. </p>

<p>Gives a few records of the Western House Wren in 
Bienville Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.—Campbell, John Sherman; Kuhn, Joseph Jen¬ 
kins; Lowery, George Hines, Sr.; and Lowery, </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHK </p>



<p>748 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
George Hines, Jr. Bird-Lore’s Thirty - fourth 
Christmas Census; Tallulah, La. Bird-Lore, Vol. 
XXXVI, No. 1, February 1, 1934, p. 55. </p>

<p>A list of winter birds observed at Tallulah, Louisiana, 
in December, 1933. </p>

<p>1934.— Cottman, Mrs. Estelle Verjie. The Relation of 
Education to Conservation. Bulletin of the Louisi¬ 
ana Department of Conservation, No. 25, 1934, pp. 
95-104. </p>

<p>Mentions the Ivory-billed Woodpecker and several other 
birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—Daspit, Armand Pierre. Report of the Fur and 
Wild Life Division. Eleventh Biennial Report of 
the Department of Conservation, State of Louisi¬ 
ana, 1932-1933 (1934), pp. 249-282. </p>

<p>Includes an article on the Birds of Louisiana, also a 
record of some banded birds that were killed in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.— Eaton, Richard Jefferson. The Migratory Move¬ 
ments of Certain Colonies of Herring Gulls in East¬ 
ern North America. Bird-Banding, Vol. V, No. 2, 
April, 1934, pp. 70-84. </p>

<p>Includes one record of the recovery of an American Her¬ 
ring Gull at “Chandeleur”, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—Guillot, James Perrier. Our Louisiana Wild Life 
and Sanctuaries—A National Asset. Bulletin of 
the Louisiana Department of Conservation, No. 25, 
1934, pp. 63-79. </p>

<p>Notes a few birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—Holt, Ernest Golsan. Playing Big Brother to the 
Birds. (From Rock-hound Maine to Mesquite- 
grown Texas). Natural History, Volume XXXIV. 
No. 1, January-February, 1934, pp. 53-66. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Yellow-crowned Night 
Heron, Blue Goose, Brown Pelican, Snow Goose, and Roseate 
Spoonbill in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
749 </p>

<p>
1934.— Kalmbach, Edwin Richard. Field Observation in 
Economic Ornithology. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 
XLVI, No. 2, June, 1934, pp. 73-90. </p>

<p>A discussion of the food of the Red-winged Blackbird 
as found in southwestern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.—[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] Know 
Your Bird Neighbors. Louisiana Conservation Re¬ 
view, Vol. IV, No. 3, July, 1934, p. 2. </p>

<p>Mentions the nesting of the Blue Goose in Baffin Land 
and Southampton Island, also the nesting of terns and 
pelicans in the Chandeleur Islands. </p>

<p>1934.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. The Alabama Towhee, 
an Addition to the Louisiana List. The Auk, Vol. 
LI, No. 1, Jafiuary 8, 1934, pp. 92-93. </p>

<p>A record of the Alabama Towhee, from a specimen taken 
at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.— Lowery, George Hines, Jr. Additional Notes on 
the Birds of Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 1, 
January 8, 1934, p. 99. </p>

<p>Gives records of several birds for Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.— Manners, Grace. The Great Migration of Birds 
Begins in Spring at Grand Isle. Louisiana Conser¬ 
vation Review, Vol. IV, No. 2, April, 1934, pp. 36-38. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of species of birds seen at Grand 
Isle in migration. </p>

<p>1934 .—McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Twenty-two Years of 
Banding Migratory Wild Fowl at Avery Island, Lou¬ 
isiana. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. IV,. 
No. 2, April, 1934, pp. 3-8. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of species of birds banded at Avery 
Island, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934 .—McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Twenty-two Years of 
Banding Migratory Wild Fowl at Avery Island, Lou¬ 
isiana. The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 3, June 28, 1934, pp. 
328-337. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>750 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Comprises a list of the waterfowl banded from January, 
1912, to December 31, 1933; and the returns from these in 
all parts of North America. </p>

<p>1934. —McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Bird City. 1934 
(previous to Aug. 16), pp. 1-203; pis. [I-XCVTIL] </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds as occurring in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Louisiana Wild Life 
Conservation. Bulletin of the Louisiana Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation, No. 25, 1934, pp. 175-186. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of several species of birds in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934. —Myers, Hu Blakemore; and Gowanloch, James 
Nelson. Report of the Bureau of Scientific Re¬ 
search and Statistics. Eleventh Biennial Report 
of the Department of Conservation, State of Lou¬ 
isiana, 1932-1933 (1934), pp. 63-127. </p>

<p>Includes an account of an ornithological survey made of 
the State of Louisiana in 1933, with records of Eastern 
Sooty Tern and other birds. </p>

<p>1934 .—Oberholser, Harry Church. A Revision of the 
North American House Wrens. The Ohio Journal 
of Science, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, March 25, 1934, 
pp. 86-96. </p>

<p>Includes Louisiana records of all three subspecies of the 
North American House Wren. </p>

<p>1934. —Otero, Richard Blache. Report of the Bureau of 
Education. Eleventh Biennial Report of the De¬ 
partment of Conservation, State of Louisiana, 1932- 
1933 (1934), pp. 23-28. </p>

<p>Records a specimen of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker and 
of the Eastern Sooty Tern from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1934. —Ward, William Bethea. Owls on a Louisiana High¬ 
way. The Auk, Vol. LI, No. 2, April 4, 1934, p. 236. ' </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Great Horned Owl and 
Florida Barred Owl in Louisiana. I </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
751 </p>

<p>
1935. —[Anonymous.] The Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary. 
Bird-Lore, XXXVII, No. 2, March 30, 1935, pp. 
114-118. </p>

<p>Mentions great flocks of Lesser Snow Geese and Blue 
Geese, also several species of ducks and other birds found 
in this sanctuary. </p>

<p>1935. —[Bailey, Alfred Marshall.] Photographic Expe¬ 
dition Successful. Program of Activities of the Chi¬ 
cago Academy of Sciences, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 
2, 1935, p. 3. </p>

<p>Wild Turkeys reported plentiful in northern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —[Bailey, Alfred Marshall.] Bird City. Program 
of Activities of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2, 1935, p. 7. </p>

<p>A review of ‘Bird City’ by Edward Avery Mcllhenny, 
in which he mentioned the occurrence of egrets in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Campbell, Sam Houston; and Campbell, John 
Sherman. Bird-Lore’s Thirty-fifth Christmas Cen¬ 
sus; Oak Grove, La. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXXVII, No. 
1, February 1, 1935, p. 60. </p>

<p>A list of 67 species (13,969 individuals) observed at Oak 
Grove, Louisiana, December 23, 1934. </p>

<p>1935. —Chapman, Frank Michler. Further Remarks on 
the Relationships of the Grackles of the Subgenus 
Quiscalus. The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 1, January 8, 
1935, pp. 21-29. </p>

<p>Records specimens of the Florida and Purple Grackles 
from southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935 —Chapman, Frank Michler. Quiscalus quiscula in 
Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 4, October 11, 
1935, pp. 418-420. </p>

<p>Mentions the occurrence of the Purple Grackle at several 
localities in southern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Daigre, Ambrose. Some Helpful Suggestions to 
Birdhouse Builders. Louisiana Conservation Re¬ 
view, Vol. IV, No. 5, January, 1935, pp. 47-48. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>752 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Notes on the Purple Martin and the English Sparrow in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Daigre, Ambrose. Why Birds Fear Man. Louisi¬ 
ana Conservation Review, Vol.- IV, No. 6, April, 
1935, pp. 46-47. </p>

<p>Mentions the Lesser Scaup Duck and swans from Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Daigre, Ambrose. A Rare Bird With Rare Char¬ 
acteristics. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
IV, No. 7, July, 1935, pp. 31-32. </p>

<p>Records the capture of a specimen of the Groove-billed 
Ani at Grand Isle, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Darling, Jay Norwood. The Wildlife Situation in 
the United States and Its Remedies. Louisiana Con¬ 
servation Review, Vol. IV, No. 6, April, 1935, pp. 
5-8, 48. </p>

<p>Contains pictures of ducks and geese from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Dickinson, Francis Reynolds. The Bayous of the 
Tensas. Program of Activities of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2, 
1935, pp. 10, 11. </p>

<p>Reports a few birds from northeastern Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —[Louisiana Department op Conservation.] New 
Light on Duck Behavior. Louisiana Conservation 
Review, Vol. IV, No. 6, March, 1935, pp. 1, 24. </p>

<p>Mentions the recovery of birds in Louisiana that had 
been banded in Nebraska. </p>

<p>1935. —Flanagan, Val. Hunting and Fishing. The Times- 
Picayune-New Orleans States, November 24, 1935. </p>

<p>Includes notes on hunting of migratory wild fowl in </p>

<p>1935. </p>

<p>1935. —Gowanloch, James Nelson. The Gulls, Terns, 
and Skimmers of Louisiana. Part One. Louisiana </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
753 </p>

<p>
Conservation Review, Vol. IV, No. 6, April, 1935, 
pp. 11-17. </p>

<p>Discusses several species of gulls and terns that are 
found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1935. —Gowanloch, James Nelson. The Gulls, Terns, 
and Skimmers of Louisiana. Part Two. Louisiana 
Conservation Review, Vol. IV, No. 8, October, 1935, 
pp. 28-31. </p>

<p>An account of three species of gulls found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1935. —Guillot, James Perrier. New Orleans — Conserva¬ 
tion Center of the Southland. Bulletin of the Lou¬ 
isiana Department of Conservation, No. 25, 1934 
(1935), pp. 11-22. </p>

<p>Calls attention to the game preserves in Louisiana, and 
to the fact that they harbor many migratory waterfowl. </p>

<p>1935. —Holt, Ernest Golsan. Golden Eagle in Louisiana: 
A Correction and a Reaffirmation of a Positive 
Record. The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 2, April 13, 1935, 
p. 183. </p>

<p>Discusses a record of the Golden Eagle in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Keefe, William McG. Geese, Geese, Geese. The 
Times-Picayune-New Orleans States, November 24, 
1935. </p>

<p>Mentions the thousands of geese along the Louisiana 
coast. </p>

<p>1935. —[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] New 
Light on Duck Behavior. Louisiana Conservation 
Review, Vol. IV, No. 6, April, 1935, pp. 1, 24. </p>

<p>Records the recovery of Mallards in Louisiana which 
had been banded as ducklings in Nebraska. </p>

<p>1935.—Low, Seth Haskell. Notes on the Survival, Win¬ 
ter Distribution, and Migration Speed of Eastern 
Mourning Doves. Bird Banding, Vol. VI, No. 2, 
April, 1935, pp. 61-65. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHK </p>



<p>754 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Records the taking of Mourning Doves at Geismar and . 
Echo, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Lowery, George Hines, Jr. The Ivory-biUed Wood¬ 
pecker in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Louisiana 
Academy of Sciences, Vol. II, No. 1, March, 1935, 
pp. 59-60. </p>

<p>Records the Ivory-billed Woodpeckers and a few other 
birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935. —Lowery, Mrs. George Hines, Sr. ; Lowery, George 
Hines, Sr.; Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; McCor¬ 
mack, Joe; Reitzell, John; and Stubbs, Barry. 
Bird-Lore’s Thirty-fifth Christmas Census; Monroe, 
La. Bird-Lore, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, January-Feb- 
ruary, 1935, p. 59. </p>

<p>A list of 67 species and subspecies observed at Monroe, 
Louisiana, December 27, 1934. </p>

<p>1935. —Marston, Bulow W. Tensas River. Louisiana 
Conservation Review, Vol. IV, No. 6, April, 1935, 
pp. 3-4, 24. </p>

<p>Mentions seeing Wild Turkeys and Mallards in Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>1935 .—McIlhenny, Edward Avery. The Vermilion Fly¬ 
catcher in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LII, No. 2, 
April 13, 1935, p. 187. </p>

<p>Note on a specimen of this species from Avery Island, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1935 . —Shiras, George, Third. Wild Fowl and Animal Life </p>

<p>of the Louisiana Marshes. Hunting Wild Life with 
Camera and Flashlight, Vol. II, November 7, 1935, 
pp. 229-244. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of wild fowl as occurring in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. — [Anonymous,] Brown Pelicans, Falsely Accused, </p>

<p>Killed in Texas. The Seattle Wren, Vol. Ill, No. 3, 
April, 1936, pp. 3-4. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
755 </p>

<p>
Mentions the occurrence of Yellow-crowned Night Herons 
in the Atchafalaya River Swamp, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Brand, Albert Rich. Bird Voices in the South¬ 
land. Natural History, Vol. 37, No. 2, February, 
1936, pp. 127-138. </p>

<p>Mentions birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Chapman, Frank Michler. Further Remarks on 
Quiscalus with a Report on Additional Specimens 
from Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. LIII, No. 4, Octo¬ 
ber 8, 1936, pp. 406-417. </p>

<p>Includes additional records of specimens of the genus 
Quiscalus from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Crystal, John Adler. Bird Banding. Bulletin 
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, No. 1, Febru¬ 
ary 1, 1936, pp. 12-14. </p>

<p>Includes a few records of birds banded in Canada, and 
recovered in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Daigre, Ambrose. Whooping Crane Receives Warm 
Welcome in Our Exhibit. Louisiana Conservation 
Review, Vol. V, No. 1, January 25, 1936, pp. 31-32. </p>

<p>Record of a Whooping Crane taken near Gueydan, Ver¬ 
milion Parish, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Daigre, Ambrose. Inca Dove is Added to the Lou¬ 
isiana Avifauna. Louisiana Conservation Review, 
Vol. V, No. 2, April, 1936, pp. 27-28. </p>

<p>Gives the first record of the Inca Dove for Louisiana, 
and mentions the occurrence of the Passenger Pigeon in the 
State. </p>

<p>1936. —Daigre, Ambrose. Report of the Taxidermic Di¬ 
vision. Twelfth Biennial Report of the Department 
of Conservation, State of Louisiana, for 1934-35 
[June, 1936], pp. 291-295. </p>

<p>Includes records of specimens of birds taken in Louisi¬ 
ana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSETY OF Ml&lt; </p>



<p>756 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1936. —[Daigre, Ambrose.] Mallard-Pintail Hybrid. Lou¬ 
isiana Conservation Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, July, 
1936, p. 25. </p>

<p>Picture of a specimen of a hybrid between the Common 
Mallard and the American Pintail, taken at Avoca Island, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —[Daigre, Ambrose.] The Whooping Crane (Grus 
americana.) Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
V, No. 3, July, 1936, p. 29. </p>

<p>Picture of a specimen of Whooping Crane taken at 
Gueydan, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— Daigre, Ambrose. Bird Migration at Grand Isle. 
Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. V, No. 4, Oc¬ 
tober, 1936, pp. 59-61. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of birds that occur in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Daspit, Armand P. Report of the Fur and Wildlife 
Division. Twelfth Biennial Report of the Depart¬ 
ment of Conservation, State of Louisiana, for 1934- 
35 [June, 1936], pp. 261-290. </p>

<p>Mentions the presence of large numbers of geese and 
ducks in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936. —Ford, Edward Russell. The Western Pigeon Hawk 
in Louisiana, Florida and Illinois. The Auk, Vol. 
LIII, No. 2, April 9, 1936, p. 210. </p>

<p>Cites a record of two specimens of the Western Pigeon 
Hawk from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.—Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Recoveries of Band¬ 
ed Birds of Prey. Bird-Banding, Vol. VII, No. 1, 
January, 1936, pp. 38-45. </p>

<p>Includes a number of records of both banding and re¬ 
coveries of birds in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.—Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Returns of Banded 
Birds: Second Paper. Bird-Banding, Vol. VII, No. 
3, July, 1936, pp. 121-128. </p>

<p>Includes several records of bird banding returns from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
757 </p>

<p>
1936.— Lincoln, Frederick Charles. Returns of Banded 
Birds: Third Paper. Bird-Banding, Vol. VII, No. 
4, October, 1936, pp. 139-148. </p>

<p>Includes records of the American Pintail and Green- 
winged Teal banded in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Purple GaUinules 
(Ionomis martinica) are Predatory. The Auk, Vol. 
LIII, No. 3, July 3, 1936, p. 327. </p>

<p>Mentions Purple Gallinules in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Are Starlings a Men¬ 
ace to the Food Supply of Our Native Birds? The 
Auk, Vol. LIII, No. 3, July 3, 1936, p. 338. </p>

<p>Notices several species of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Unusual Feeding 
Habits of Some of the Ardeidae. The Auk, Vol. 
LIII, No. 4, October 8, 1936, pp. 439-440. </p>

<p>Mentions several species of birds that occur in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. The American Wood¬ 
cock (Philohela minor Gmelin). Memoirs of the 
Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. IX, No. 2, 
April, 1936, pp. 169-391, pis. XIII - XXI. </p>

<p>Includes several records of the American Woodcock in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— [Richards, Ruth.] Bird Migration Memorandum 
No. 1 . Biological Survey, United States Department 
of Agriculture, April 1, 1936. </p>

<p>Includes a few bird migration records from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— Williams, George Guion. The Report. The Gulf 
Coast Migrant, No. 1, for February, 1936 [March 14, 
1936], pp. 1-3. </p>

<p>Contains notes on birds from Lake Charles, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1936.— Williams, George Guion. The Report. The Gulf 
Coast Migrant, No. 2, for March, 1936 [April 12, 
1936], pp. 1-4. </p>

<p>Includes a number of records of birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF \ </p>



<p>758 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
1936.— Williams, George Guion. The Report. The Gulf 
Coast Migrant, No. 3, for April, 1936 [May 16, 
1936], pp. 1-5. </p>

<p>Includes records of birds from several localities in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1936 . —Williams, George Guion. The Report. The Gulf </p>

<p>Coast Migrant, No. 4, for May, 1936 [June 15,1936], 
pp. 1-4. </p>

<p>Mention is made of a number of birds from localities in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937 . —Allen, Arthur Augustus; and Kellogg, Peter </p>

<p>Paul. Recent Observations on the Ivory-billed 
Woodpecker. The Auk, Vol. LIV, No. 2, April 8, 
1937, pp. 164-184. </p>

<p>Discusses the habits of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.—Arthur, Stanley Clisby. Audubon; An Intimate 
Life of the American Woodsman, 1937, pp. 1-517. 
Published [April] 1937. </p>

<p>Includes a number of records of birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.—Bass, Charles Cassedy. Rearing Bobwhite Quail 
in Confinement for Restocking Purposes. Louisiana 
Conservation Review, Vol. VI, No. 2, August 1, 
1937, pp. 37-41. </p>

<p>Comments on the Louisiana State Quail Hatchery at 
La Combe, Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.—Crystal, John Adler. Bird Banding 1936 . Bul¬ 
letin Bowdoin College, No. 3, February 1, 1937, pp. 
34-37. </p>

<p>Includes records of several American Herring Gulls from 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.—Gowanloch, James Nelson. Biological Natural 
Resources. Louisiana Conservation Review, Vol. 
VI, No. 3, November 1, 1937, pp. 44-45 ; 63-64. 
Mentions several species of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Bibliography </p>

<p>
759 </p>

<p>
1937.— Griscom, Ludlow. A Monographic Study of the 
Red Crossbill. Proceedings of the Boston Society 
of Natural History, Vol. XLI, No. 5, January 29, 
1937, pp. 77-209. </p>

<p>Includes a record of the Sitka Crossbill from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.— Grosvenor, Gilbert, and Wetmore, Alexander 
(Editors). The Book of Birds. Vol. I, June 25, 
1937, pp. 1-356; Vol. II, June 25, 1937, pp. 1-374; 
204 colored plates and many other illustrations. </p>

<p>Includes records of birds found in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.—[Louisiana Department of Conservation.] Ducks 
Unlimited. Louisiana’s Share in the Duck Restora¬ 
tion Program. Louisiana Conservation Review, 
Vol. VI, No. 2, August 1, 1937, p. 49. </p>

<p>Mentions great flocks of waterfowl wintering in Lou¬ 
isiana. </p>

<p>1937.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Alligators Interfere 
with Duck-Banding. Bird-Banding, Vol. VIII, No. 
1, January, 1937, pp. 34-35. </p>

<p>Mentions a number of ducks banded at Avery Island, 
Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. Life History of the 
Boat-tailed Grackle in Louisiana. The Auk, Vol. 
LIV, No. 3, July 2, 1937, pp. 274-295. </p>

<p>Comments on the abundance of the Boat-tailed Grackle 
in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937.— McIlhenny, Edward Avery. A Hybrid Between 
Turkey Vulture and Black Vulture. The Auk, Vol. 
LIV, No. 3, July 2, 1937, p. 384. </p>

<p>Record of a hybrid between the Turkey Vulture and the 
Black Vulture, trapped in Louisiana. </p>

<p>
1937 .—Oberholser, Harry Church. A Revision of the 
Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris Boddaert). Pro- </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go&gt;, 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHK </p>



<p>760 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
ceedings of the United States National Museum, 
Vol. LXXXIV, June 30, 1937, pp. 313-354. </p>

<p>Includes several records of Clapper Rails from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1937. — [Richards, Ruth.] Bird Migration Memorandum </p>

<p>No. 2. Biological Survey, United States Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, March 1, 1937. </p>

<p>Includes some records of birds from Louisiana. </p>

<p>1938. —Fortier, James J. A. Natural History in Bounteous </p>

<p>Louisiana; Part 1, Audubon, The Creole Naturalist, 
February 20, 1938, pp. 1-71. </p>

<p>Contains a number of references to Louisiana birds. </p>

<p>1938.— Gowanloch, James Nelson. Some Aspects of 
Louisiana Wildlife. Louisiana Conservation Review, 
Vol. VI, No. 4, March 1, 1938, pp. 40-43, 53, 59, 66. 
Mentions a few birds as occurring in Louisiana. </p>

<p>1938.— [Louisiana Department op Conservation.] New 
Bird Added to Louisiana List. Louisiana Conserva¬ 
tion Review, Vol. VI, No. 4, March 1, 1938, p. 27. 
Records a Louisiana specimen of the Holboell Grebe. </p>

<p>1938.—Peters, James Lee; and Griscom, Ludlow. Ge¬ 
ographical Variation in the Savannah Sparrow. Bul¬ 
letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 
LXXX, No- 13, January 19, 1938, pp. 445-478, 
Pi. [I-] </p>

<p>In this article there are reported several Louisiana 
specimens of the Churchill Savannah Sparrow, Passerculus 
sandvnchenais oblitus. </p>

<p>
1938. —Tanner, James Taylor. Bird-Lore’s Thirty-eighth 
Christmas Census; Singer Tract, Madison Parish, 
La. Bird-Lore, Vol. XL, No. 1, February 1, 1938, 
p. 54. </p>

<p>A list of 34 species of birds noted on the Singer Wild Life 
Refuge (Singer Preserve), Louisiana, in December, 1937. </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>INDEX </p>

<p>
The following index is intended to comprise all bird 
names in this bulletin—those of orders, families, genera, 
species, and subspecies. It includes all mention of such 
names in the table of contents, list of illustrations, intro¬ 
duction, and the preliminary chapters, as well as the main 
text, the hypothetical list, and both the titles and com¬ 
ments in the bibliography. All general headings, such as 
foreword and contents, are also entered, with inclusive 
pages. Both common and technical names of species and 
subspecies are indexed; and the reference to the inclusive 
pages of the principal account of each is printed in bold¬ 
faced type. Plural and singular bird names are indexed 
separately. Important items, other than the names of 
birds, in the introduction and in the chapters on bird 
migration and bird protection, are also indexed. All 
entries, including those of specific and subspecific names 
of birds, are fully cross-referenced. </p>

<p>Since the titles in the bibliography are there arranged 
chronologically, they are, for purposes of convenient 
reference, here indexed under authors’ names, and the 
titles are arranged alphabetically under each, in this 
arrangement disregarding the words ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’. 
All titles are included, except in a few cases where titles 
by the same author are identical, in which instances only 
the page reference to each additional title is given. Series 
of papers by the same titles are arranged by the number 
of the paper. Those by two or more authors are cross- 
referenced under each. All the bibliographical refer¬ 
ences are indicated by the abbreviation (bibliog.). </p>

<p>
761 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Go^ 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>762 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Acadian flycatcher, 16, 18, 394- 
396, 708 </p>

<p>sharp-tailed sparrow, 651, 652 
acadica, Cryptoglaux acadica, 343 
acadica acadica, Cryptoglaux, 343 
Accipiter cooperii, 160-162 
velox velox, 159-160 
Accipitriidae, 155-181 
achrusterus, Turdus migratorius, 
463-465 </p>

<p>Acknowledgments, 4-5 
Actitis macularia, 241-243 
acuflavidus, Thalasseus sandvicen- 
sis, 303-305 </p>

<p>acuta tzitzihoa, Dafila, XI, 109- 
113, pi. 19 </p>

<p>aedon, Troglodytes, 436 
Troglodytes aedon, 436 
aedon aedon, Troglodytes, 436 
parkmani, Troglodytes, 437 
Aegialitis melodus circumcinctus, 
216 </p>

<p>aeneus, Quiscalus, 606-610, 684 
Quiscalus quiscula, 606 
aestiva, Dendroica aestiva, 528- 
530, 531 </p>

<p>aestiva aestiva, Dendroica, 528- 
530, 531 </p>

<p>amnicola, Dendroica, 530-531 
rubiginosa, Dendroica, 531- 
532 </p>

<p>aestivalis bachmani, Aimophila, 
660 </p>

<p>bachmanii, Peucaea, 660, 661 
illinoensis, Peucaea, 660, 661 
affinis, Fulix, 133-135 
Nyroca, 133 </p>

<p>Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus, 
587-588 
floridanus, 723 
fortis, 588, 710 
littoralis, 584-587, 734 
phoeniceus, 582-584 
agilis, Oporornis, 558 </p>

<p>Penthestes carolinensis, 426, 
428, 683 </p>

<p>
aglaeus, Quiscalus quiscula, 602, 
695, 696 </p>

<p>Aimophila aestivalis bachmani, 660 
Aix sponsa, 122-125 
Ajaia ajaja, 81-85 
Alabama towhee, 640, 641, 642. 
644, 749 </p>

<p>Alaska yellow warbler, 531-532 
Alaudidae, 401-402 
alba, Crocethia, 271-273 
Guara, XI, 79-81, pi. 16 
alba pratincola, Tyto, 329-331 
albeola, Charitonetta, 136-138 
Alberta dowitcher, 265 
albicaudatus hypospodius, Buteo, 
172 </p>

<p>Tachytriorchis, 172 
albicollis, Zonotrichia, 670-672 
albifrons, Petrochelidon albifrons, 
412-413 
Stemula, 299 </p>

<p>albifrons albifrons, Petrochelidon, </p>

<p>412-413 </p>

<p>antillarum, Sternula, XII, 296- 
299, pi. 29 </p>

<p>browni, Sternula, 299-300 
gambelli, Anser, 89-91, 730 
albilora, Dendroica dominica, 541- 
543 </p>

<p>albinucha, Querquedula discors, 
118, 681, 723, 738 
albus egretta, Casmerodius, XI, 49- 
52, pi. 7, pi. 8 
Alcedinidae, 357-359 
alcyon, Megaceryle alcyon, 357- 
359 </p>

<p>alcyon alcyon, Megaceryle, 357- 
359 </p>

<p>Alder flycatcher, 396-397 
Alexander, G. D.; The Rain Crow 
and Log Cock (bibliog.), 693 
alexandrinus, Charadrius, 217 
alexandrinus tenuirostris, Chara¬ 
drius, 216-217 </p>

<p>aliciae, Hylocichla minima, 473 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
763 </p>

<p>
Allen, Arthur Augustus; and 
Kellogg, Peter Paul; Recent 
Observations on the Ivory¬ 
billed Woodpecker (bibliog,), 
758 </p>

<p>Allen, Joel Asaph; Destruction 
of Birds by Lighthouses 
(bibliog.), 691 </p>

<p>Joel Asaph; The North Ameri¬ 
can Species of the Genus 
Colaptes, Considered with 
Special Reference to the Re¬ 
lationships of C. auratus and 
C. cafer (bibliog.), 696 
Joel Asaph; Notes on Louisiana 
Birds (bibliog.), 694 
alleni, Buteo lineatus, 169 
Porphyrula, 208 
Strix varia, 340, 342 
Allison, Andrew; The Birds of 
West Baton Rouge Parish, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 702 
Andrew; The Cinnamon Teal 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 700 
Andrew; Late Spring Migrants 
(bibliog.), 698 </p>

<p>Andrew; Louisiana and Missis¬ 
sippi Bird Notes (bibliog.), 
700 </p>

<p>Andrew; Louisiana Tanager 
and Sprague's Pipit in Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 699 
Andrew; Notes on the Spring 
Birds of Tishomingo County, 
Mississippi (bibliog.), 706 
Allison, Andrew; and Kopman, 
Henry Hazlitt; Beyer, 
George Eugene; List of 
Birds of Louisiana (bibliog.), 
706 </p>

<p>Alma thrush, 472 
almae, Hylocichla ustulata, 472 
alpestris, Otocoris alpestris, 401, 
402, 695 </p>

<p>alpestris alpestris, Otocoris, 401, 
402, 695 </p>

<p>giraudi, Otocoris, 402 </p>

<p>
alpestris hoyti, Otocoris, 402 
praticola, Otocoris, 683 
alpina sakhalina, Pelidna, 261-263 
altera, Ammospiza caudacuta, 652 
Altitude of migration of birds, 9 
American avocet, 273-275 
bank swallow, 405-407 
bittern, 70-72, 73 
brant, 680 
coot, 211-213 
dunlin, 261 </p>

<p>egret, XI, 15, 17, 49-52, 53, 
60, pi. 8 </p>

<p>egrets, XI, 39, 43, 48, 61, 78, 
pl. 7, </p>

<p>flamingo, 85, 712 
golden plover, 222-224, 225 
plovers, 183, 225 
goldeneye, 135-136 
greater scaup duck, 132-133 
hawk owl, 336 </p>

<p>herring gull, 277-280, 281, 283, 
748 </p>

<p>gulls, 735, 758 
house wren, North, 750 
knot, 253-254 
laughing gull, North, 286 
least tern, 299 
long-eared owl, 342 
merganser, 144-146 
osprey, 175, 179-181 
oystercatcher, 213-215 
pintail, 100, 109-113, 756, 757 
pipit, 17, 485-488 
pochard, 125 </p>

<p>redstart, 13, 16, 18, 569-572, 
573, 702, 744 
redstarts, 572 
robin, 460 </p>

<p>rough-legged hawk, 171-172 
scoter, 139 </p>

<p>white-fronted geese, 91 
goose, 89-91, 730 
wigeon, 107 
woodcock, 229-232, 757 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>764 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
americana, Certhia familiaris, 
435-436 </p>

<p>Compsothlypis americana, 524 
Fulica americana, 211-213 
Glaucionetta clangula, 135-136 
Grus, 194, 756 
Mareca, 107-109, 717 
Mycteria, 75-77 
Nyroca, 125-127 
Oidemia, 139 
Recurvirostra, 273-275 
Spiza, 632-635 </p>

<p>americana americana, Compsothly¬ 
pis, 524 
Fulica, 211-213 
pusilla, Compsothlypis, 527, 
528, 684 </p>

<p>ramalinae, Compsothlypis, 
524-528 </p>

<p>americanus, Coccyzus americanus, 
325-327, 723 
Limnogeranus, 194-195 
Mergus merganser, 144-146 
Numenius, 722 </p>

<p>Numenius americanus, 235- </p>

<p>236, 717 </p>

<p>Tympanuchus cupido, 190 
americanus americanus, Coccyzus, 
325-327, 723 
Numenius, 235-236, 
717 </p>

<p>occidentalis, Numenius, 236- </p>

<p>237, 722 </p>

<p>Ammodramus caudacutus diversus, 
652 </p>

<p>maritimus, 700, 701 
savannarum australis, 648 
bimaculatus, 648 
perpallidus, 648-650 
Ammospiza caudacuta altera, 652 
caudacuta, 652 
diversa, 651-652 
nelsoni, 652, 653 
subvirgata, 652 
maritima fisheri, 654 
howelli, 654 </p>

<p>
Ammospiza maritima macgillivraii, 
685 </p>

<p>amnicola, Dendroica aestiva, 530- 
531 </p>

<p>anaethetus melanoptera, Sterna, 
682, 744 </p>

<p>Anas fulvigula maculosa, XI, 104- 
106, pi. 18 </p>

<p>platyrhyncha, 717, 721 
platyrhyncha platyrhyncha, XI, 
97-100, pi. 17 
rafflesii, 690 </p>

<p>rubripes rubripes, 100-103 
tristis, 103-104 
Anatidae, 85-148 
anatum, Falco peregrinus, 182 
Rhynchodon peregrinus, 182- 
184 </p>

<p>Anhinga, XI, 41-44, 54, 61, pL 5, 
pi. 6 </p>

<p>anhinga, Anhinga, XI, 41-44, pi. 5, 
pi. 6 </p>

<p>Anhinga anhinga, XI, 41-44, pL 5, 
pi. 6 </p>

<p>Anhingas, IX, 39, 48, 61, 83 
Anhingidae, 41-44 
ani, Crotophaga, 328 
Ani, groove-billed, 328-329, 752 
smooth-billed 328 
Anonymous; Brown Pelicans, 
Falsely Accused, Killed in 
Texas (bibliog.), 754 
The Rainey Wild Life Sanctu¬ 
ary (bibliog.), 751 
A Rare Duck (bibliog.), 690 
Rare Ivory-billed Woodpeckers 
Found in Madison Parish 
Trip (bibliog.), 743 
Anoiis stolidus stolidus, 311 
Anser albifrons gambelli, 89-91, 
730 </p>

<p>Anseres, 699, 726, 729 
Anseriformes, IX, 85-148 
anthinus, Passerculus sandwichen- 
sis, 647 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
765 </p>

<p>
Anthus spinoletta rubescens, 485- 
488 </p>

<p>spragueii, 488, 697 
antillarum, Sterna antillarum, 296 
Stemula albifrons, XII, 296- 
299, pi. 29 </p>

<p>antillarum antillarum, Sterna, 296 
browni, Sterna, 299 
Antrostomus carolinensis, XII, 
343-345, pi. 35 </p>

<p>vociferus vociferus, XII, 345, 
pi. 36 </p>

<p>Aquila chrysaStos canadensis, 173- 
175, 746 
Aramidae, 197 
Aramus pictus pictus, 197 
aranea, Gelochelidon nilotica, 289 
arborea, Spizella arborea, 663-664 
arborea arborea, Spizella, 663-664 
Archilochus colubris, 353-356 
Arctic tern, 8 </p>

<p>arctolegus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 
587-588 </p>

<p>Ardea herodias herodias, 46 
wardi, 46-49 
Ardeidae, 46-75, 759 
arenacea, Spizella pusilla, 668, 696 
Arenaria interpres morinella, 227- 
229 </p>

<p>argentatus smithsonianus, Laras, 
277-280, 691 </p>

<p>argutula, Sturnella magna, 577- 
581 </p>

<p>Aristonetta valisineria, 129-132 
Arkansas kingbird, 385-386 
artemisiae, Molothrus ater, 610- 
611 </p>

<p>Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Audubon, 
An Intimate Life of the 
American Woodsman (bib- 
liog.), 758 </p>

<p>Stanley Clisby; The Birds of 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 720 
Stanley Clisby; Conservation 
of Wild Bird Life (bibliog.), 
718 </p>

<p>
Arthur, Stanley Clisby; New Duck 
Species Breeding in Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 717 
Stanley Clisby; A Note on the 
Southern Teal (bibliog.), </p>

<p>724 </p>

<p>Stanley Clisby; Report of the 
Ornithologist (bibliog.), 720 
Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Job, Her¬ 
bert Keightley, and; A New 
Louisiana Bird (bibliog.), </p>

<p>717 </p>

<p>asiatica, Melopelia asiatica, 321 
asiatica asiatica, Melopelia, 321 
asio, Otus asio, 333, 682 
asio asio, Otus, 333, 682 </p>

<p>floridanus, Megascops, 694 </p>

<p>Otus, 331-334, 682, 
697 </p>

<p>naevius, Otus, 333 
Asio flammeus flammeus, XII, 
343, pi. 34 
otus, 342 </p>

<p>otus wilsonianus, 342 
wilsonianus, 342 </p>

<p>Astur atricapillus atricapillus, 681 
ater, Molothrus ater, 610, 611, 614 
ater artemisiae, Molothrus, 610- 
611 </p>

<p>ater, Molothrus, 610, 611, 614 
buphilus, Molothrus, 611-615 
obscurus, Molothrus, 611 
Athens yellowthroat, 561 
atkinsi, Sitta carolinensis, 431, 
433, 683 </p>

<p>Atlantic blue-faced booby, 36 
atlantica, Chen hyperborea, 680 
atratus, Coragyps atratus, 152-155 
atratus atratus, Coragyps, 152-155 
atricapillus, Astur atricapillus, 681 
atricapillus atricapillus, Astur, 681 
atricilla, Larus, 283, 286 
atricilla megalopterus, Larus, XII, 
283-286, pi. 28. </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>766 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
atrothorax, Picus, 374 </p>

<p>Sphyrapicus varius, 372-374 
Attwater prairie chicken, 190-191 
attwateri, Tympanuchus, 697 
Tympanuchus cupido, 190-191 
Audubon, John James (LaForest); 
Birds of America (bibliog.), 
689 </p>

<p>John James (LaForest); The 
Birds of America, from 
Drawings Made in the 
United States and Their 
Territories (bibliog.), 689 
John James (LaForest); Facts 
and Observations Connected 
with the Permanent Resi¬ 
dence of Swallows in the 
United States (bibliog.), 689 
John James (LaForest); Orni¬ 
thological Biography, or an 
Account of the Habits of the 
Birds of the United States of 
America (bibliog.), 689 
Audubon caracara, 182 
audubonii, Dryobates villosus, 375- 
377 </p>

<p>Polyborus cheriway, 182, 691 
aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 
148-152, 744 
teter, Cathartes, 152 
auratus, Colaptes, 693, 696 
Colaptes auratus, 360-363 
auratus auratus, Colaptes, 360-363 
borealis, Colaptes, 364 
luteus, Colaptes, 363-364, 706 
auritus, Colymbus, 27-28 </p>

<p>Phalacrocorax auritus, 37-40 
auritus auritus, Phalacrocorax, 
37-40 </p>

<p>floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 40 
aurocapillus, Seiurus aurocapillus, 
550-553 </p>

<p>aurocapillus aurocapillus, Seiurus, 
550-553 </p>

<p>Austral Life-zone, Lower, 2 </p>

<p>
australis, Ammodramus savanna- 
rum, 648 </p>

<p>Austroriparian Fauna, 2 
autumnalis, Dendrocygna autum- 
nalis, 680 </p>

<p>autumnalis autumnalis, Dendrocyg¬ 
na, 680 
Aveque, 626 
Avocet, 275 </p>

<p>American, 273-275 
Ayers Fisher Preserve, 73 
Aythya marila nearctica, 133 </p>

<p>B </p>

<p>Bachman sparrow, 660 </p>

<p>warbler, 13, 516, 521-522, 694, 
695, 705 </p>

<p>bachmani, Aimophila aestivalis, 
660 </p>

<p>Helminthophila, 694, 695 
Vermivora, 695 
bachmanii, Peucaea aestivalis, </p>

<p>660, 661 </p>

<p>Vermivora, 521-522 
Back, calico, 227 
red, 261 </p>

<p>Baeolophus bicolor, 429-430 
Bailey, Alfred Marshall; Addi¬ 
tional Notes on the Winter¬ 
ing Birds of Chenier au 
Tigre, Louisiana (bibliog.), 
747 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; The Bald 
Eagle in Louisiana (bibliog.), 
723 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Bird City 
(bibliog.), 751 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Birds and 
Mammals (bibliog.), 722 
Alfred Marshall; The Brown 
Pelican — A Good Citizen 
(bibliog.), 721 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; The Brown 
Pelicans (bibliog.), 724 
Alfred Marshall; A Dav with 
the Blue Geese (bibliog.), 
729 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
767 </p>

<p>
Bailey, Alfred Marshall; Delta 
Ducks (bibliog.), 729 
Alfred Marshall; The Fall 
Flight of Geese to Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 736 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Habits of the 
Purple Gallinule (Ionomis 
martinicus) (bibliog.), 731 
Alfred Marshall; Louisiana Bird 
Refuges (bibliog.), 720 
Alfred Marshall; Louisiana 
Field Trip (bibliog.), 737 
Alfred Marshall; Notes on 
Variations in the White- 
fronted Goose (bibliog.), 734 
Alfred Marshall; Notes on the 
Winter Birds of Chenier au 
Tigre, Louisiana (bibliog.), 
734 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Observations 
on the Water Birds of Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 722 
Alfred Marshall; The Pelicans 
at Home (bibliog.), 731 
Alfred Marshall; Photographic 
Expedition Successful 
(bibliog.), 761 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Report on 
the Field Collecting Trips 
for Birds and Mammals 
(bibliog.), 720 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; A Series 
of Duotone Reproductions 
Showing the Protected Bird 
Life of Our Louisiana Coast 
(bibliog.), 723 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; The Silver¬ 
winged Sea Birds (bibliog.), 
724 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; The Snowy 
Egret (bibliog.), 741 
Alfred Marshall; A Study of 
the Snowy Herons of the 
United States (bibliog.), 734 </p>

<p>
Bailey, Alfred Marshall; The 
White-winged Scoter in 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 729 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Wings Along 
the Gulf (bibliog.), 736 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Winter Days 
on the Louisiana Gulf Coast 
(bibliog.), 730 </p>

<p>Bailey, Alfred Marshall; and 
Wright, Earl Grover; Birds 
of Southern Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 738 </p>

<p>Alfred Marshall; Wright, Earl 
Grover, and; Two Species 
of Birds New to Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 740 </p>

<p>Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, 
Thomas Mayo; and Ridgway, 
Robert; A History of North 
American Birds, Land Birds 
(bibliog.), 690 </p>

<p>Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, 
Thomas Mayo; and Ridgway, 
Robert; The Water Birds of 
North America (bibliog.), 
692 </p>

<p>Baird sandpiper, 258-259 
bairdii, Pisobia, 258-259 
Bald eagle, 173, 176, 179, 720, 723 
northern, 175, 177 
southern, 175-177, 723, 730 
| Baldpate, 107-109, 120, 728 
baldwini, Troglodytes domesticus, 
437 </p>

<p>Ballowe, H. L.; The Carolina Wren 
(bibliog.), 696 </p>

<p>H. L.; The Mockingbird 
(bibliog.), 697 </p>

<p>H. L.; Rallidae of Southern 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 698 
Baltimore oriole, 13, 16, 18, 588, 
589, 592-596, 726 
Band-tailed pigeon, 320 
Bangs, Outram; The Florida 
Meadowlark (bibliog.), 700 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>768 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bangs, Outram; The Louisiana 
Cardinal (bibliog.), 701 
Outram; Types of Birds now in 
the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology (bibliog.), 737 
Outram; An Unnamed Race 
of the Carolina Paroquet 
(bibliog.), 714 
Bank swallow, 407, 408 </p>

<p>American, 405-407 
European, 407 
Barn owl, 329-331 </p>

<p>swallow, 12, 14, 410-412, 413, 
722 </p>

<p>swallows, 722 </p>

<p>Barred owl, 334, 338, 340, 342 </p>

<p>Florida, 339, 340-342, 
750 </p>

<p>northern, 338-340 
owls, 342 </p>

<p>Barrows, Walter Bradford; The 
English Sparrow (Passer do- 
mesticus) in North America, 
especially in Its Relations to 
Agriculture (bibliog.), 695 
Bartramia longicauda, 239-241 
Bartramian sandpiper, 239 
Bass, Charles Cassedy; Rearing 
Bobwhite Quail in Confine¬ 
ment for Restocking Pur¬ 
poses (bibliog.), 758 
bassana, Moris, 37 
Bat, bull, 347 </p>

<p>Bay-breasted warbler, 16, 18, 544 
Bay-winged bunting, 657 
Beach bird, 271 
plover, 271 </p>

<p>Bear River Refuge, 22 
beata, Melospiza melodia, 677-678 
Bee k ciseaux, 311 
Beckham, Charles Wickliffe; Ad¬ 
ditions to the Avifauna of 
Bayou Sara, Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 693 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Beckham, Charles Wickliffe; Short 
Notes on Birds of Bayou 
Sara, Louisiana (bibliog.), 
692 </p>

<p>Bee bird, 383 
martin, 383 
Beetle head, 225 
Bell vireo, 503 
bellii, Vireo bellii, 503 
bellii bellii, Vireo, 503 
Belly, speckled, 89 
Belted kingfisher, eastern, 357-359 
piping plover, 215-216 
Bendire, Charles Emil; An At¬ 
tractive Addition to the Avi¬ 
fauna of the United States 
—Icterus gularis yucat&amp;nen- 
sis von Berlepsch (bibliog.), 
697 </p>

<p>Charles Emil; The Cowbirds 
(bibliog.), 697 </p>

<p>Charles Emil; Description of a 
New Prairie Hen (bibliog.), 
697 </p>

<p>bendirei, Falco columbarius, 186 
Tinnunculus columbarius, 186 
Bent, Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Diving Birds, Order Pygo- 
podes (bibliog.), 723 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Gallinaceous Birds, Orders 
Galliformes and Columbi- 
formes (bibliog.), 741 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Gulls and Terns, Order 
Longipennes (bibliog.), 725 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Marsh Birds, Orders Odon- 
toglossae, Herodiones, and 
Paludicolae (bibliog.), 731 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
769 </p>

<p>
Bent, Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Petrels and Pelicans and 
Their Allies, Order Tubi- 
nares and Order Stegano- 
podes (bibliog.), 726 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Shore Birds, Order Limi- 
colae, Part I (bibliog.), 732 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Shore Birds, Order Limi- 
colae, Part II (bibliog.), 736 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Wild Fowl, Order Anseres 
(Part [I] (bibliog.), 726 
Arthur Cleveland; Life His¬ 
tories of North American 
Wild Fowl, Order Anseres 
(Part [II] bibliog.), 729 
Arthur Cleveland; Report of 
Arthur C. Bent on the 
Breton Island Reservation 
(bibliog.), 710 
bernicla hrota, Branta, 680 
Beta; Three Birds of a Louisiana 
Marsh (bibliog.), 698 
Bewick wren, 440-441 
bewickii, Thryomanes bewickii, 
440 - 441 , 700, 726 
bewickii bewickii, Thryomanes, 
440 - 441 , 700, 725 
Beyer, George Eugene; The Avi¬ 
fauna of Louisiana, with an 
Annotated List of the Birds 
of the State (bibliog.), 700 
George Eugene; Bird-Lore's 
Sixth Christmas Bird Cen¬ 
sus, Lake Catherine, La. 
(bibliog.), 706 </p>

<p>George Eugene; The Ivory¬ 
billed Woodpecker in Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 700 </p>

<p>
Beyer, George Eugene; Allison, 
Andrew; and Kopman, Henry 
Hazlitt; List of Birds of Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 706 
Bibliography, 687-760 
Bicknell, Eugene Pintard; Dend- 
roica palmarum palmarum in 
New York (bibliog.), 692 
Bicknell thrush, 472-473 
bicolor, Baeolophus, 429-430 
Iridoprocne, XII, 402-405 
bicolor helva, Dendrocygna, 96 - 97 , 
691 </p>

<p>Big sapsucker, 375 
bimaculatus, Ammodramus savan- 
narum, 648 </p>

<p>Bird, Aldine R.; The Ivory-bill is 
Still King (bibliog.), 741 
Bird, beach, 271 
bee, 383 </p>

<p>butcher, 492, 728 </p>

<p>cherry, 489 </p>

<p>diving, 101 </p>

<p>fish-eating, 180 </p>

<p>game, 193, 229, 231, 232 </p>

<p>ground, 657 </p>

<p>hair, 664 </p>

<p>jay, 416 </p>

<p>peabody, 670 </p>

<p>phoebe, 391 </p>

<p>pink, 82 </p>

<p>rice, 575 </p>

<p>sea, 707 </p>

<p>song, 460 </p>

<p>teacher, 550 </p>

<p>thistle, 636 </p>

<p>upland game, 191 </p>

<p>water, 1, 710 </p>

<p>yellow, 528 </p>

<p>Bird Migration in Louisiana, Calen¬ 
dar of, 12-18 </p>

<p>observers in Louisiana, 2-3 
of Louisiana, State 33 
of paradise, Texas, 386 
protection in Louisiana, 20-23 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHK </p>



<p>770 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bird Refuge, Delta Migratory, 23 
Lacassine Migratory, 23 
Sabine Migratory, 23 
refuges, 22-23 
sanctuaries, 22-23 
sanctuaries in Louisiana, 22-23 
scavengers, 149 </p>

<p>Birds, altitude of migration of, 9 
definition of migration of, 7 
distances of migration of, 8 
diving, 723 
gallinaceous, IX, 741 
game, 22, 178, 203, 320, 330 
334, 339, 340, 714, 715, 718, 
727, 739 </p>

<p>hazards of migration of, 10 
hypothetical Louisiana, 680- 
685 </p>

<p>instinct of migration of, 10 
land, 680 </p>

<p>manner of migration of, 8 
marsh, 211, 731 
migration of, 7-11 
perching, X 
non-game, 715 
protection of, 19-23 
routes of migration of, 8 
sea, 7, 724, 733, 737 
sentinel, 130 </p>

<p>song, 22, 170, 178, 183, 187, 
334, 344, 416, 417, 607, 718 
speed of migration of, 9 
times of migration of, 7 
water, 22, 31, 41, 47, 49, 206, 
209, 211, 282, 689, 692, 701, 
722, 739 </p>

<p>Birds in Louisiana, distribution of, 
713 </p>

<p>migration of, 10-11 
number of, 4 
ranges of, 6 </p>

<p>of Louisiana, IX-X, 2-4, 25-679 
collections of, 3 
sources of information re¬ 
garding, 3-4 
prey, 155 </p>

<p>
Bittern, 71, 73 </p>

<p>American, 70 - 72 , 73 
eastern least, XI, 72 - 75 , pi. 15 
Bitterns, 693 </p>

<p>Bishop, Louis Bennett; and Van- 
Dyke, Theodore Strong; San¬ 
ford, Leonard Cutler; The 
Waterfowl Family (bibliog.), 
702 </p>

<p>Black duck, 97, 102, 104 </p>

<p>common, 102, 103-104 
red-legged, 100 - 103 , 104 
ducks, 102, 103 
mallard, 101 
rail, 205-206 
skimmer, 307, 311-314 
skimmers, XII, 296, 304, pi. 31 
tern, 308-310 
vulture, 152 - 155 , 759 
vultures, 149 </p>

<p>Black-and-white warbler, 13, 15, 
511 - 513 , 570, 704 
Black-bellied plover, 223, 224-227, 
228 </p>

<p>plovers, 225 
tree duck, 680 </p>

<p>Black-billed cuckoo, 325, 327-328 
Blackbird, 582 
boat-tailed, 598 
Brewer, 597 , 695, 726 
eastern red-winged, 582-584 
Florida crow, 602 
giant red-winged, 578-588 
Gulf Coast red-winged, 584 - 
587 </p>

<p>red-winged, 583, 584, 611, 719, 
748 </p>

<p>rusty, 14, 596 - 597 , 726 
thick-billed red-winged, 588 
yellow-headed, 581 
Blackbirds, 159, 577, 589, 596, 
598, 602, 606, 612 
crow, 606 </p>

<p>red-winged, 574, 575, 586, 597, 
598, 606, 612, 734 
rusty, 597, 598 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
771 </p>

<p>
Blackburnian warbler, 13, 15, 16, 
18, 540 - 541 , 702 
Black-capped chickadee, 427 
Black-chinned hummingbird, 729 
Black-crowned night heron, 65 - 68 , </p>

<p>80 </p>

<p>herons, 78 </p>

<p>Black-necked stilt, XII, 275-277, 
pi. 26, pi. 27 </p>

<p>Black-polled warbler, 534, 545 
Black-throated blue warbler, 533 
bunting, 632 
green warbler, 15, 16, 18, 
538 , 539, 703 </p>

<p>Blakemore, Allen Bruce; The 
Hooded Warbler, Sylvania 
mitrata (bibliog.), 698 
Blocher, Arthur; Large Sets 
(bibliog.), 730 
Blue crane, 47 </p>

<p>geese, 95, 729, 743, 751 
goose, 91, 92, 93 - 95 , 183, 711, 
712, 743, 748, 749 
grosbeak, eastern, 13, 16, 625 - 
626 , 712 </p>

<p>heron, great, 43, 46 , 48, 67, 
195, 693 </p>

<p>little, XII, 15, 17, 43, 51, 
52, 58, 59 - 63 , 66, 80, pi. 
13 </p>

<p>herons, great, 46 
little, 54, 58, 61 
jay, 416, 417, 419, 451, 724 
Florida, 416-418 
northern, 418, 419 
southern, 419 
peter, 211 
pop, 626 </p>

<p>warbler, black-throated, 533 </p>

<p>Bluebird, 476, 497 
eastern, 475-478 
Blue-faced booby, Atlantic, 36 </p>

<p>Blue-gray gnatcatcher, 13, 16, 18, 
478 - 481 , 698, 717 
Blue-headed vireo, 505-506 </p>

<p>
Blue-winged teal, 113, 114, 116- </p>

<p>118 , 681, 723, </p>

<p>724 </p>

<p>southern, 681 
teals, 681 </p>

<p>warbler, 13, 16, 18, 
520 - 521 , 684, 703 </p>

<p>Boat-tailed blackbird, 598 
grackle, XII, 598 - 602 , 606, 
607, 759, pi. 40 
Bobolink, 13, 14, 574 - 577 , 725 
Bobolinks, 582 </p>

<p>Bobwhite, 191, 192, 334, 719, 732 
eastern, 191-193 
Bobwhite quail, 758 
Bombycillidae, 488-491 
Bombycillidae, 488- 491 
Bonaparte gull, 283, 287-288 
sandpiper, 257 
bonapartii, Muscicapa, 569 
Boobies, IX, 44 
Booby, 140 </p>

<p>Atlantic blue-faced, 36 
white-bellied, 37 
Boreal flicker, 364 
borealis, Buteo borealis, 162 </p>

<p>jamaicensis, 162-165, 
166 </p>

<p>Colaptes auratus, 364 
Dryobates, 379 
Phaeopus, 239 
Phrenopicus, 379-380 
borealis borealis, Buteo, 162 
calurus, Buteo, 742 
cooperi, Nuttallornis, 400 
harlani, Buteo, 167 
krideri, Buteo, 165 
boreus, Myiarchus crinitus, 390 - 
391 </p>

<p>Bossu, Jean Bernard; Nouveaux 
Voyages aux Indes Occiden- 
tales (bibliog.), 688 
Botaurus lentiginosus, 70-72 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>772 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Bowdish, Beecher Scoville; Orni¬ 
thological Miscellany from 
Audubon Wardens (bibliog.), 
709 </p>

<p>brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas, </p>

<p>561 </p>

<p>brachyrhynchos, Corvus brachy- 
rhynchos, 419-421 
brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, 
Corvus, 419-421 
paulus, Corvus, 421 - 422 , 715 
Brackenridge, Henry Marie; Views 
of Louisiana, Containing 
Geographical, Statistical, and 
Historical Notices of That 
Vast and Important Portion 
of America (bibliog.), 689 
Brand, Albert Rich; Bird Voices 
in the Southland (bibliog.), 
755 </p>

<p>Brant, 89, 680 
American, 660 
Branta bernicla hrota, 680 </p>

<p>canadensis canadensis, 86-88 
hutchinsii, 89 
leucopareia, 88-89 
breviunguis, Dendroica, 545 
Brewer, Thomas Mayo; and Ridg- 
way, Robert; Baird, Spencer 
Fullerton; A History of 
North American Birds, Land 
Birds (bibliog.), 690 
Thomas Mayo; and Ridgway, 
Robert; Baird, Spencer Ful¬ 
lerton; The Water Birds of 
North America (bibliog.), 
692 </p>

<p>Brewer blackbird, 597 , 695, 726 
Brewster egret, 55-56 
warbler, 684 </p>

<p>brewsteri, Egretta thula, 55-56 
Empidonax traillii, 397, 682 - 
683 </p>

<p>Bridge pewee, 391 
Bridled tern, 682 </p>

<p>
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques; Orai- 
thologia (bibliog.), 688 
Broad-winged hawk, 169-171 
Brodkorb, Pierce; Remarks on the 
Genus Limnodromus W i e d 
(bibliog.), 744 </p>

<p>bromia, Cyanocitta cristata, 419 
Bronzed grackle, 244, 602, 603 
606-610, 612, 684, 746 
grackles, 598 
Brown creeper, 435-436 
creepers, 481 </p>

<p>pelican, 31, 35, 36, 721, 748 
eastern, XI, 33-36, 721, 
731, pi. 3 </p>

<p>pelicans, 45, 724, 754 
eastern, 724, 726 
tern, 299-300 </p>

<p>thrasher, 451, 456, 458, 459, 
460 </p>

<p>eastern, 456-459 
western, 459-460 
thrush, 456 </p>

<p>Brown-headed nuthatch, 433-434 
browni. Sterna antillarum, 299 
Sternula albifrons, 299-300 
Bubo, 334 </p>

<p>Bubo virginianus virginianus, 
334-336 </p>

<p>Bubonidae, 331-343 
buccinator, Cygnus, 85-86 
Olor, 717 </p>

<p>Buff-breasted sandpiper, 270 
Bufflehead, 136-138 
Buff on, Georg Louis Leclerc; His- 
toire Naturelle, O i s e a u x 
(bibliog.), 688 
Bull, Johnny, 140 
Bull bat, 347 
Bullhead, 225 
Bullneck, 140 
Bunting, 628 </p>

<p>bay-winged, 657 
black-throated, 632 
eastern snow, 679 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
773 </p>

<p>
Bunting, indigo, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
626-629, 630, 712 
painted, 15, 16, 626, 626, 629- 
632, 712 </p>

<p>buphilus, Molothrus ater, 611-615 
Burrowing owl, 336 </p>

<p>Florida, 338 
western, 336-338 </p>

<p>owls, 338 </p>

<p>Butcher bird, 492, 728 
Buteo albicaudatus hypospodius, 
172 </p>

<p>borealis borealis, 162 
calurus, 742 
harlani, 167 
krideri, 165 
harlani, 167, 172 
jamaicensis borealis, 162-165, 
166 </p>

<p>calurus, 166 
fuertesi, 165-166 
kriderii, 165 </p>

<p>lagopus s. johannis, 171-172 
lineatus alieni, 169 
lineatus, 167-168 
platypterus platypterus, 169- 
171 </p>

<p>regalis, 172 </p>

<p>Butorides virescens virescens, XI, 
63-65, pi. 14 
Butterball, 136, 140 
Buzzard, 148 
turkey, 148 </p>

<p>Byrne; Colonel Brackett on the 
Cranes (bibliog.), 693 </p>

<p>C </p>

<p>Cabot tern, 302, 303-305 
terns, 301, 305 </p>

<p>cachinnans, Gallinula chloropus, </p>

<p>208-211 </p>

<p>caerulea, Florida caerulea, XI, 59- 
63, pi. 13 </p>

<p>Guiraca caerulea, 625-626 
Polioptila caerulea, 478-481 </p>

<p>
caerulea caerulea, Florida, XI, 59- 
63, pi. 13 
Guiraca, 625-626 
Polioptila, 478-481 
caerulescens, Chen, 93-95, 711 </p>

<p>Dendroica caerulescens, 533 
caerulescens caerulescens, Dendro¬ 
ica, 533 </p>

<p>cafer, Colaptes, 696 
Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus, </p>

<p>679 </p>

<p>Calendar of bird migration in Lou¬ 
isiana, 12-18 
Calico back, 227 
Calidris canutus rufus, 253-254 
Calliope hummingbird, 729 
calurus, Buteo borealis, 742 
jamaicensis, 166 </p>

<p>Campbell, John Sherman; Ameri¬ 
can Redstart Breeding in 
North Louisiana (bibliog.), 
744 </p>

<p>John Sherman; Golden Eagle in 
North Louisiana (bibliog.), 
747 </p>

<p>John Sherman; The Golden 
Eagle in Northern Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 747 </p>

<p>John Sherman; Western House 
Wren in Bienville Parish, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 747 </p>

<p>Campbell, John Sherman; Camp¬ 
bell, Sam Houston, and; Bird- 
Lore's Thirty-fifth Christ¬ 
mas Census, Oak Grove, La. 
(bibliog.), 751 </p>

<p>Campbell, John Sherman; Kuhn, 
Joseph Jenkins; Lowery, 
George Hines, Sr.; and 
Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; 
Bird-Lore’s Thirty - fourth 
Christmas Census, Tallulah, 
La. (bibliog.), 747-748 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>774 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Campbell, Sam Houston; and 
Campbell, John Sherman; 
Bird-Lore’s Thirty -fifth 
Christmas Census, Oak 
Grove, La. (bibliog.), 751 
Campephilus principalis, XI, 380- 
382, 696, pi. 1 
Canada geese, 91, 680 </p>

<p>goose, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91 
common, 86-88, 89 
lesser, 88-89 </p>

<p>canadensis, Aquila chrysaetos, 
173-175, 746 
Branta canadensis, 86-88 
Columba, 321 
Ectopistes, XII, 319-321 
Sitta, 433 
Wilsonia, 568-569 
canadensis canadensis, Branta, 
86-88 </p>

<p>hutchinsii, Branta, 89 
leucopareia, Branta, 88-89 
pratensis, Grus, 196-197 
tabida, Grus, 195-196 
Canadian warbler, 16, 18, 568-569 
Canary, wild, 636 
canaster, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 
641, 642, 644 </p>

<p>canutus rufus, Calidris, 253-254 
Canvasback, 21, 108, 125, 126, </p>

<p>129-132 </p>

<p>caparoch, Surnia ulula, 336 
Cape May warbler, 532-533 
Capella delicata, 232 </p>

<p>gallinago delicata, 232-234 
Caprimulgidae, 343-347 
Caprimulgiformes, X, 343-350 
Caracara, Audubon, 182 
Cardinal, 442, 618, 724 </p>

<p>Louisiana, XI, 621-624, 701, pi. 
43, pi. 44 </p>

<p>Cardinalis cardinalis magnirostris, 
702 </p>

<p>
cardinalis magnirostris, Cardinalis, 
702 </p>

<p>Richmondena, XI, 
621-624, 702, 738, 
pi. 43, pi. 44 </p>

<p>Cardinals, 621 </p>

<p>Carey, Walter C.; The Starling in 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 726 
caribaeus, Rallus longirostris, 681 
Caribbean clapper rail, 681 
Carolina, Porzana, 203-205 
Carolina parakeet, 323, 324 
paroquet, 714 
rail, 203 </p>

<p>wren, 441-444, 556, 621, 688, 
696 </p>

<p>carolinense, Nettion, 113-116 
carolinensis, Antrostomus, XII, 
343-345, pi. 35 
Dumetella, 453-456 
Pandion haliaetus, 179-181 
Parus, 426 </p>

<p>Pelecanus occidentals, XI, 33- 
36, pi. 3 </p>

<p>Penthestes carolinensis, 425, 
426 </p>

<p>Sitta, 433, 719 </p>

<p>Sitta carolinensis, 431-433, 683 
Zenaidura macroura, XII, 315- 
318 </p>

<p>carolinensis agilis, Penthestes, 426, 
428, 683 </p>

<p>atkinsi, Sitta, 431, 433, 683 
carolinensis, Penthestes, 425, 
426 </p>

<p>Sitta, 431-433,683 
cookei, Sitta, 683 
guilloti, Penthestes, 425-428, 
683 </p>

<p>impiger, Penthestes, 425, 426 
ludoviciana, Conuropsis, 323- 
325 </p>

<p>carolinus, Centurus, 367-369, 723 
Euphagus, 596-597 
Carpodacus purpureus purpureus, 
635 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
775 </p>

<p>
Casmerodius albus egretta, XI, 
49-52, pi. 7, pi. 8 
caspia imperator, Hydroprogne, 
XII, 305-308, pi. 30 
Caspian tern, XII, 303, 305-308, 
pi. 30. </p>

<p>terns, 296, 300, 301, 303, 304 
Cassidix mexicanus major, XII, 
598-602, 698, pi. 40 
castanea, Dendroica, 544 
Catbird, 16, 18, 453-456, 457, 491 
catesbyi, Phaethon lepturus, 30-31 
Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 
148-152, 744 
teter, 152 </p>

<p>Cathartidae, 148-155 
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inor- 
natus, 248- 
249 </p>

<p>semipalmatus, 
XII, 245-248, 
pi. 25 </p>

<p>caudacuta, Ammospiza caudacuta, 
652 </p>

<p>caudacuta altera, Ammospiza, 652 
caudacuta, Ammospiza, 652 
diversa, Ammospiza, 651-652 
nelsoni, Ammospiza, 652, 653 
subvirgata, Ammospiza, 652 
caudacutus, Passerherbulus, 650- 
651 </p>

<p>caudacutus diversus, Ammodra- 
mus, 652 </p>

<p>Cedar waxwing, 14, 488-491, 722 
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 488-491 
celata, Vermivora celata, 523-524 
celata celata, Vermivora, 523-524 
Centurus carolinus, 367-369, 723 
Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus, 365 
Cerchneis sparveria paula, 189- 
190, 701 </p>

<p>sparveria, 186-188 
Certhia familiaris americana, 435- 
436 </p>

<p>Certhiidae, 435-436 
cerulea, Dendroica, 539-540 </p>

<p>
Cerulean warbler, 13, 539-540, 706 
Chaetura pelagica, 351-353 
Chapman, Frank Michler; The Dis¬ 
tribution and Relationships 
of Ammodramus maritimus 
and Its Allies (bibliog.), 700 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; Further Re¬ 
marks on Quiscalus, with a 
Report on Additional Speci¬ 
mens from Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 765 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; Further Re¬ 
marks on the Relationships 
of the Grackles of the Sub¬ 
genus Quiscalus (bibliog.), 
751 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; Handbook of 
Birds of Eastern North 
America, 1895 (bibliog.), 
698 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; Handbook of 
Birds of Eastern North 
America, 1912 (bibliog.), 
713 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; On Two Birds 
New to Louisiana (bibliog.), 
696 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; A Preliminary 
Study of the Grackles of the 
Subgenus Quiscalus (bib¬ 
liog.), 696 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; Quiscalus qui- 
scula in Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 751 </p>

<p>Frank Michler; The Warblers 
of North America (bibliog.), 
707 </p>

<p>chapmani, Chordeiles minor, 348- 
350, 716 </p>

<p>Charadriidae, 215-229 
Charadriiformes, IX, 213-314 
Charadrius alexandrinus, 217 </p>

<p>alexandrinus tenuirostris, 216- 
217 </p>

<p>melodus, 216 </p>

<p>melodus circumcinctus, 215-216 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>776 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Charadrius melodus melodus, 215 
nivosus tenuirostris, 216 
semipalmatus, 217-219 
Charitonetta albeola, 136-138 
Chat, 664 </p>

<p>yellow-breasted, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
564-566, 702 </p>

<p>Chaulelasmus streperus, 106-107, 
717 </p>

<p>Chen caerulescens, 93-95, 711 
hyperborea atlantica, 680 
hyperborea, 91-93 
rossi, 96, 711 </p>

<p>cheriway audubonii, Polyborus, 
182, 691 
Cherry bird, 489 </p>

<p>Chestnut-sided warbler, 15, 16, 
543, 703 
Chewink, 639 </p>

<p>Chickadee, 426, 427, 482, 514, 525 
black-capped, 427 
Louisiana, 425-428, 429, 683 
plumbeous, 428, 683 
Chickadees, 431, 455, 481 
Chicken, Attwater prairie, 190-191 
greater prairie, 190 
meadow, 203 
Chickens, 161 
childreni, Sylvia, 529 
Chimney swallow, 361 </p>

<p>European, 412 
sweep, 351 </p>

<p>swift, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 351- 
353, 731 
swifts, 353 </p>

<p>Chipping sparrow, 521, 546, 664, 
666 </p>

<p>eastern, 664-666 </p>

<p>Chippy, 664 </p>

<p>Chlidonias nigra surinamensis, </p>

<p>308-310 </p>

<p>chloropus cachinnans, Gallinula, 
208-211 </p>

<p>Chock, 606 </p>

<p>
Chondestes grammacus gramma- 
cus, 659-660 
strigatus, 660 </p>

<p>Chordeiles, 716 </p>

<p>Chordeiles minor chapmani, 348- 
350, 716 
hesperis, 350 
minor, 347-348 
sennetti, 350 
Chordeilidae, 347-350 
Chordeilinae, 347 
Chouette, 332 </p>

<p>chrysaetos canadensis, Aquila, 
173-175, 746 
chrysoides, Colaptes, 682 
chrysoptera, Vermivora, 519-520, 
684 </p>

<p>Chuckwillswidow, XII, 343-345, 
347, pi. 35 </p>

<p>Churchill Savannah sparrow, 647- 
648, 760 
Ciconiidae, 75-77 
Ciconiiformes, IX, 46-85 
cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 245 
Cinnamon teal, 119, 690, 700 
circumcinctus, Aegialitis melodus, 
216 </p>

<p>Charadrius melodus, 215-216 
Circus cyaneus hudsonius, 178-179 
hudsonius, 178 
ciris, Passerina, 629 </p>

<p>Passerina ciris, 629-632 
ciris ciris, Passerina, 629-632 
Ciseaux, bee k, 311 
Cistothorus stellaris, 448-450 
citrea, Protonotaria, XII, 513-516, 
pi. 39 </p>

<p>citrina, Wilsonia, 566-568 
clangula americana, Glaucionetta, 
135-136 </p>

<p>Clangula hyemalis, 138, 693 
Clape, 360 </p>

<p>Clapper rail, 197, 198, 200 
Caribbean, 681 
Louisiana, 200-202, 681, 
694 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
777 </p>

<p>
Clapper rails, 759, 760 
Cliff swallow, 720 </p>

<p>northern, 14, 412-413 
Clivicola riparia maximiliani, 407 
clypeata, Spatula, 119-122 
Coale, Henry Kelso; The Present 
Status of the Trumpeter 
Swan ( 0 1 o r buccinator), 
(bibliog.), 717 </p>

<p>Coccyzus americanus americanus, 
325-327, 723 
erythropthalmus, 327-328 
minor maynardi, 682 
Cock, log, 693 </p>

<p>cock of the woods, 365 
Colaptes, 696 </p>

<p>Colaptes auratus, 693, 696 
auratus auratus, 360-363 
borealis, 364 
luteus, 363-364, 706 
cafer, 696 
chrysoides, 682 </p>

<p>Colburn, William Wallace; Names 
of a Woodpecker (bibliog.), 
693 </p>

<p>colchicus torquatus, Phasianus, </p>

<p>681 </p>

<p>Cole, Leon Jacob; The Tagging of 
Wild Birds as a Means of 
Studying Their Movements 
(bibliog.), 710 </p>

<p>Colinus virginianus virginianus, </p>

<p>191-193 </p>

<p>collaris, Nyroca, 127 </p>

<p>Perissonetta, XI, 127-129, pi. 
20 </p>

<p>Collections of birds of Louisiana, 
3 </p>

<p>colubris, Archilochus, 353-356 
Columba canadensis, 321 
livia livia, 314-315 
migratoria, 321 </p>

<p>columbarius, Falco columbarius, 
184 </p>

<p>Tinnunculus columbarius, 184- 
186 </p>

<p>
columbarius bendirei, Falco, 186 
Tinnunculus, 186 
columbarius, Falco, 184 
Tinnunculus, 184-186 
columbianus, Cygnus, 85 
Columbidae, 314-322 
Columbiformes, IX, 314-322, 741 
Columbigallina passerina passeri- 
na, 322 </p>

<p>Colymbidae, 27-30 
Colymbiformes, IX, 27-30 
Colymbus auritus, 27-28 
grisegena holbdllii, 27 
Common black duck, 102, 103-104 
Canada goose, 86 - 88 , 89 
crow, 419, 423, 424 
loon, 25-26 
mallard, 97-100, 756 
tern, 290, 293-295, 296 
Compsothlypidae, 511-573 
Compsothlypis americana ameri- </p>

<p>cana, 524 
pusilla, 527, 
528, 684 
ramalinae, 
524-528 </p>

<p>confinis, Pooecetes gramineus, 659, 
716 </p>

<p>Connecticut warbler, 8, 558 
Conservation Commission of Lou¬ 
isiana; Game Birds, Non 
Game Birds (bibliog.), 715 
Contents, IX-X </p>

<p>Conuropsis carolinensis ludovici- 
ana, 323-325 </p>

<p>Coogan, Margaret Albertine; The 
Ivory-billed Woodpecker 
(bibliog.), 741 </p>

<p>Cooke, May Thacher; Spread of 
the European Starling in 
North America (bibliog.), 
730 </p>

<p>May Thacher; The Spread of 
the European Starling in 
North America (to 1928), 
(bibliog.), 734 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC- igte- </p>



<p>778 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge; Distri¬ 
bution and Migration of 
North American Ducks, 
Geese, and Swans (bibliog.), 
705 </p>

<p>Wells W oodbridge; Distribu¬ 
tion and Migration of North 
American Herons and Their 
Allies (bibliog.), 714 
W ells W oodbridge; Distribu¬ 
tion and Migration of North 
American Shore birds, 1910 
(bibliog.), 711 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; Distribu¬ 
tion and Migration of North 
American Shorebirds, 1912 
(bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; Distribu¬ 
tion and Migration of North 
American Warblers (bib¬ 
liog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Mi¬ 
gration of Flycatchers, First 
Paper (bibliog.), 707 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Flycatchers, Fourth 
Paper (bibliog.), 708 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Flycatchers, Fifth 
Paper (bibliog.), 708 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Flycatchers, Sixth 
Paper (bibliog.), 708 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Flycatchers, Seventh 
Paper (bibliog.), 708 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Flycatchers, Eighth 
Paper (bibliog.), 710 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Birds (bibliog.), 717 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Kinglets (bibliog.), 717 </p>

<p>
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge; The 
Migration of North Ameri¬ 
can Sparrows, Second Paper 
(bibliog.), 710 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Fourth Paper 
(bibliog.), 711 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Fifth Paper (bib¬ 
liog.), 711 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrow, Ninth Paper (bib¬ 
liog.), 711 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Tenth Paper (bib¬ 
liog.), 711 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Eleventh Paper 
(bibliog.), 712 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Twelfth Paper 
(bibliog.), 712 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Fourteenth Paper 
(bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Fifteenth Paper 
(bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Sixteenth Paper 
(bibliog.), 714 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Twenty-third Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 715 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
779 </p>

<p>
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge; The 
Migration of North Ameri¬ 
can Sparrows, Twenty-sixth 
Paper (bibliog.)&gt; 715 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of North American 
Sparrows, Thirty-first Paper 
(bibliog.), 716 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Thrushes, First Paper 
(bibliog.), 707 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Thrushes, Third Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 707 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Vireos, First Paper 
(bibliog.), 710 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Vireos, Third Paper 
(bibliog.), 710 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, First Paper 
(bibliog.), 702 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Second Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 702 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Third Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Fourth Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Sixth Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Seventh 
Paper (bibliog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Eighth Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 703 </p>

<p>Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Ninth Pa¬ 
per (bibliog.), 704 </p>

<p>
Cooke, Wells Woodbridge; The 
Migration of Warblers, 
Tenth Paper (bibliog.), 704 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Eleventh 
Paper (bibliog.), 704 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Twelfth 
Paper (bibliog.), 704 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Fourteenth 
Paper (bibliog.), 705 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Sixteenth 
Paper (bibliog.), 705 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Eighteenth 
Paper (bibliog.), 705 
Wells Woodbridge; The Migra¬ 
tion of Warblers, Nineteenth 
Paper (bibliog.), 706 
Wells Woodbridge; Report on 
Bird Migration in the Missis¬ 
sippi Valley in the Years 
1884 and 1885 (bibliog.), 
694 </p>

<p>cookei, Sitta carolinensis, 683 
Coombs, Frank E.; Notes on a Few 
Louisiana Birds (bibliog.), 
696 </p>

<p>Cooper hawk, 160-162, 170 
cooperi, Nuttallornis borealis, 400 
cooperii, Accipiter, 160-162 
Coot, 108, 212, </p>

<p>American, 211-213 
Coots, IX </p>

<p>Cope, Edmund Bernard; The Wild 
Turkey: Its Hunting and Fu¬ 
ture in Louisiana (bibliog.), 
741 </p>

<p>Coraciiformes, X, 357-359 
Coragyps atratus atratus, 152-155 
Cormorant, 39, 40, 41 </p>

<p>double-crested, 37-40, 41, 742 
Florida, 40 
Mexican, 40-41 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>780 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Cormorants, IX, 31, 39, 40, 42, 44, 
48, 83, 87, 282, 294 
double-crested, 41 
coronata, Dendroica coronata, 533- 
537 </p>

<p>Zonotrichia, 669 </p>

<p>coronata coronata, Dendroica, 533- 
537 </p>

<p>hooveri, Dendroica, 537-538 
Corthylio calendula calendula, </p>

<p>483-485 </p>

<p>Corvidae, 416-425 
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachy- 
rhynchos, 419-421 
paulus, 421-422, 715 
ossifragus, 423-425, 691 
Cory, Charles Barney; Catalogue 
of Birds of the Americas and 
the Adjacent Islands in Field 
Museum of Natural History, 
Part II, No. 2 (bibliog.), 723 
Cory, Charles Barney; and Hell- 
mayr, Charles Eduard; Cata¬ 
logue of Birds of the Amer¬ 
icas and the Adjacent Islands 
in Field Museum of Natural 
History (bibliog.), 732 
Cottman, Mrs. Estelle Verjie; The 
Relation of Education to 
Conservation (bibliog.), 748 
Coturnicops noveboracensis, 205 
Coues, Elliott; Birds of the North¬ 
west (bibliog.), 691 
Elliott; Key to North American 
Birds (bibliog.), 690 
Cowbird, 629, 610, 611, 612, 613, 
616, 622, 697, 698 
eastern, 610, 614 
Louisiana, 611-615 
Nevada, 610-611 </p>

<p>Cowbirds, 575, 582, 598, 610, 612, 
614, 697, 737 
Crane, 196 
blue, 47 </p>

<p>Florida, 196-197 
sandhill, 21, 195-196, 693 </p>

<p>
Crane, whooping, 21, 194-195, 693, 
737, 755, 756 
Cranes, IX, 196, 693 
whooping, 195 
Creaker, 254 </p>

<p>Creciscus jamaicensis stoddardi, 
see Laterallus jamaicensis 
stoddardi </p>

<p>Creeper, brown, 435-436 
Creepers, 511 
brown, 481 </p>

<p>crepitans, Rallus longirostris, 694 
Crested flycatcher, 12, 710 
great, 388 </p>

<p>northern, 15, 17, 390- 
391 </p>

<p>southern, 388-390 
crinitus, Myiarchus crinitus, 388- </p>

<p>390 </p>

<p>crinitus boreus, Myiarchus, 390- </p>

<p>391 </p>

<p>crinitus, Myiarchus, 388-390 
cristata, Cyanocitta cristata, 416- 
418, 419 </p>

<p>cristata bromia, Cyanocitta, 419 
cristata, Cyanocitta, 416-418. 
419 </p>

<p>florincola, Cyanocitta, 416 
Crocethia alba, 271-273 
Crossbill, red, 713, 759 
Sitka, 638-639, 759 
Crossbills, 639 
red, 694 </p>

<p>Crotophaga ani, 328 </p>

<p>sulcirostris sulcirostris, 328- 
329 </p>

<p>Crow, 63, 157, 161, 163, 170, 185, 
335, 365, 419, 420, 422, 425 
common, 419, 423, 424 
eastern, 419-421 
fish, 419, 423-425 
rain, 325, 693, 728 
southern, 421-422, 423, 715 
Crow blackbird, Florida, 602 
blackbirds, 606 </p>

<p>Crows, 383, 386, 416, 422, 423 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
781 </p>

<p>
Cryptoglaux acadica acadica, 343 
Crystal, John Adler; Bird Banding 
(bibliog.), 755 </p>

<p>John Adler; Bird Banding 1936 
(bibliog.), 758 </p>

<p>Cuban snowy plover, 216*217 
Cuckoo, 728 </p>

<p>black-billed, 325, 327-328 
European, 326 
Maynard, 682 </p>

<p>yellow-billed, 15, 17, 325-327, </p>

<p>337 </p>

<p>Cuckoos, IX, 718 
Cuculidae, 325-329 
Cuculiformes, IX, 325-329 
cucullatus, Lophodytes, 142-144 
cunicularia floridana, Speotyto, </p>

<p>338 </p>

<p>hypugaea, Speotyto, 336-338 
cupido americanus, Tympanuchus, </p>

<p>190 </p>

<p>attwateri, Tympanuchus, ISO- </p>

<p>191 </p>

<p>Curlew, 235, 237 
Eskimo, 8, 239 
Hudsonian, 237-239 
long-billed, 235-236, 237 
northern, 236-237 
pink, 82 </p>

<p>Curlews, Eskimo, 239 
curvirostra minor, Loxia, 638-639 
sitkensis, Loxia, 638 
cyanea, Passerina, 626-629 
cyaneus hudsonius, Circus, 178- 
179 </p>

<p>cyanocephalus, Euphagus, 597 
Euphagus cyanocephalus, 597 
cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, Eu¬ 
phagus, 597 </p>

<p>Cyanocitta cristata bromia, 419 </p>

<p>cristata, 416-418, 419 
florincola, 416 </p>

<p>cyanoptera, Querquedula, 690 
Querquedula cyanoptera, 119 
cyanoptera cyanoptera, Querqued¬ 
ula, 119 </p>

<p>
Cygnus buccinator, 85-86 
columbianus, 85 </p>

<p>D </p>

<p>Dabchick, 28 </p>

<p>dactylatra, Sula dactylatra, 36 
dactylatra dactylatra, Sula, 36 
Dafila acuta tzitzihoa, XI, 109-113, 
pi. 19 </p>

<p>Daigre, Ambrose; Bird Migration 
at Grand Isle (bibliog.), 756 
Ambrose; Inca Dove is Added 
to the Louisiana Avifauna 
(bibliog.), 755 </p>

<p>Ambrose; Mallard-Pintail Hy¬ 
brid (bibliog.), 756 
Ambrose; A Rare Bird with 
Rare Characteristics (bib¬ 
liog.), 762 </p>

<p>Ambrose; Report of the Taxi- 
dermic Division (bibliog.), 
755 </p>

<p>Ambrose; Some Helpful Sug¬ 
gestions to Birdhouse Build¬ 
ers (bibliog.), 751 
Ambrose; The Whooping Crane 
(G r u s americana), (bib¬ 
liog.), 756 </p>

<p>Ambrose; Whooping Crane Re¬ 
ceives Warm Welcome in 
Our Exhibit (bibliog.), 755 
Ambrose; Why Birds Fear 
Man (bibliog.), 752 
Dakota song sparrow, 678-679 
Darling, Jay Norwood; The Wild¬ 
life Situation in the United 
States and Its Remedies 
(bibliog.), 762 
Darter, 41 </p>

<p>Daspit, Armand Pierre; Annual 
Report of Fur and Wild Life 
Division, Year 1932 (bib¬ 
liog.), 744 </p>

<p>Armand Pierre; Report of the 
Fur and Wild Life Division 
(bibliog.), 748, 756 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICMK^L. </p>



<p>782 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
D’Aubenton, Edme Louis; Planches 
Enlumin6es d’Histoire Na- 
turelle (bibliog.), 688 
Davie, Oliver; Nests and Eggs of 
North American Birds, 
Third Edition (bibliog.), 695 
Oliver; Nests and Eggs of 
North American Birds, Fifth 
Edition (bibliog.), 699 
Definition of migration of birds, 7 
deglandi, Melanitta, 139 
delawarensis, Larus, 281-283, 691 
&lt;lelicata, Capella, 232 </p>

<p>Capella gallinago, 232-234 
Delta Migratory Bird Refuge, 23 
Dendrocygna autumnal is autum- 
nalis, 680 </p>

<p>bicolor helva, 96-97, 691 
fulva helva, 690 </p>

<p>Dendroica aestiva aestiva, 528-530, 
531 </p>

<p>amnicola, 530*531 
rubiginosa, 531-532 
breviunguis, 545 
caerulescens caerulescens, 533 
castanea, 544 
cerulea, 539-540 
•coronata coronata, 533-537 
hooveri, 537,538 
discolor discolor, 548 
•dominica albilora, 541-543 
dominica, 541 
fusca, 540-541 
magnolia, 532 </p>

<p>palmarum hypochrysea, 549- 
550, 692 </p>

<p>palmarum, 549, 550, 692 
pensylvanica, 543 
pinus pinus, 546-548 
striata, 545 
tigrina, 532-533 
virens virens, 538 
waynei, 539 </p>

<p>&gt;derbianus, Pitangus sulphuratus, </p>

<p>388 </p>

<p>Derby flycatcher, 388, 737, 740 </p>

<p>
Deutscher, 263 </p>

<p>Dichromanassa rufescens rufes- 
cens, 56 </p>

<p>Dickcissel, 13, 16, 632-635, 711 
Dickinson, Francis Reynolds; The 
Bayous of the Tensas (bib¬ 
liog.), 762 
Dipper, 140 </p>

<p>discolor, Dendroica discolor, 548 
discolor discolor, Dendroica, 548 
discors, Querquedula, 116-118 
discors albinucha, Querquedula, 
118, 681, 723, 738 
dissaeptus, Telmatodytes palus- 
tris, 444, 448 </p>

<p>Distances of migration of birds, 8 
Distribution of birds in Louisiana, 
713 </p>

<p>Diurnal migration, 171 
Diver, 26, 127, 130, 137, 140, 145, 
147 </p>

<p>great northern, 25 
hell, 28 
sawbill, 142 </p>

<p>diversa, Ammospiza caudacuta, </p>

<p>651-652 </p>

<p>diversus, Ammodramus caudacutus 
652 </p>

<p>Diving bird, 101 
birds, 723 </p>

<p>Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 574-577 
Domestic ducks, 97 
fowl, 272 
pigeon, 314, 315 
pigeons, 161 
poultry, 163 
domestics, Sylvia, 436 
domesticus, Passer, 695 </p>

<p>Passer domesticus, 573-574 
Troglodytes domesticus, 436 
domesticus baldwini, Troglodytes, 
437 </p>

<p>domesticus, Passer, 573-574 
Troglodytes, 436 
parkmanii, Troglodytes, 437- 
439 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
783 </p>

<p>
dominica, Dendroica dominica, 541 
Pluvialis dominica, 222-224 
dominica albilora, Dendroica, 541- 
543 </p>

<p>dominica, Dendroica, 541 
Pluvialis, 222-224 
Double-crested cormorant, 37-40, 
41, 742 </p>

<p>dougallii, Sterna dougallii, 295 
dougallii dougallii, Sterna, 295 
Douglas, Elizabeth Newman ; 
Mouse and Blue Jay (bib¬ 
liog.), 724 </p>

<p>Dove, 315, 316, 497, 715 
eastern ground, 322 
mourning, XII, 315-318 
white-winged, 321 
Inca, 322, 755 </p>

<p>mourning, 315, 317, 318, 319, 
320, 732 
rock, 314-315 
turtle, 315 </p>

<p>western mourning, 318 
Doves, 161 </p>

<p>eastern mourning, 738, 747, 
753, 754 </p>

<p>Dowitcher, 263, 264, 265, 266 
Alberta, 265 
eastern, 263-265 
long-billed, 264, 265-266 
western, 264 </p>

<p>Downy woodpecker, 375, 377 
southern, 377-379 
Driver, stake, 71 </p>

<p>“Dryobates”; The Red-cockaded 
Woodpecker (bibliog.), 698 
Dryobates borealis, 379 </p>

<p>pubescens pubescens, 377-379, 
723 </p>

<p>villosus audubonii, 375-377 
Duck, 96, 97, 99, 101, 105, 108, 
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 
116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 
125, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 
136, 137, 140, 211, 287, 690, 
717, 752, 753, 759 </p>

<p>
Duck, American greater scaup, </p>

<p>132- 133 </p>

<p>black, 97, 102, 104 
black-bellied tree, 680 
common black, 102, 103-104 
dusky, 101 </p>

<p>eastern harlequin, 138-139 
fish, 144 </p>

<p>fresh water, 122, 127 
lesser scaup, 127, 128, 132, </p>

<p>133- 135, 752 </p>

<p>mottled, XI, 104-106, 718, pL 
18 </p>

<p>pintail, 715 </p>

<p>red-legged black, 100-103, 104 
ring-necked, XI, 127-129, pi. 20 
ruddy, 21, 140-142 
salt water, 113 
spirit, 136 
summer, 122 
tree, 123 
wood, 122-125 
Duck hawk, 182-184 
Ducks, IX, XI, 21, 22, 87, 97, 98, 
100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 
110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 
120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 
127, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137, 
140, 141, 142, 145, 173, 175, 
225, 334, 705, 721, 727, 728, 
729, 746, 747, 751, 752, 756 r 
759, pi. 17 
black, 102, 103 
domestic, 97 
fresh water, 119 
greater scaup, 132 
mallard, 721 </p>

<p>surface-feeding, 113, 116, 120, 
126 </p>

<p>wood, 124 </p>

<p>Dumetella carolinensis, 453-456 
Dunlin, American, 261 
DuPratz, LePage; Histoire de la 
Louisiane (bibliog.), 687 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OFMICHH </p>



<p>784 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Durand, Forrest Vicknair; Obser¬ 
vations on the Loggerhead 
Shrike in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 741 </p>

<p>Dusky duck, 101 </p>

<p>Dwight, Jonathan, Jr.; The Horned 
Larks of North America 
(bibliog.), 696 </p>

<p>E </p>

<p>Eagle, 174, 179, 183, 699 </p>

<p>bald, 173, 176, 179, 720, 723 
golden 173-175, 746, 747, 753 
northern bald, 176, 177 
southern bald, 175-177, 723, 
730 </p>

<p>Eagles, IX, 149, 176, 180 </p>

<p>Eastern belted kingfisher, 357-359 
blue grosbeak, 13, 16, 625-626, 
712 </p>

<p>bluebird, 475-478 
bobwhite, 191-193 
brown pelican, XI, 33-36, 721, 
731, pi. 3 
pelicans, 724, 726 
thrasher, 456-459 
chipping sparrow, 664-666 
cowbird, 610, 614 
crow, 419-421 
dowitcher, 263-265 
field sparrow, 666-668 
Forster tern, 289, 290-293 
fox sparrow, 17, 672-673 
glossy ibis, 77-78, 745 
golden-crowned kinglet, 14, 17, 
481-483 </p>

<p>goldfinch, 14, 636-638, 711 
goshawk, 681 
grasshopper sparrow, 648 
green heron, XI, 15, 17, 63-65, 
pi. 14 </p>

<p>ground dove, 322 
narlequin duck, 138-139 
hermit thrush, 13, 14, 468-470 
house wren, 436 
kingbird, XII, 15, 17, 382-385, 
708, pi. 37 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Eastern lark sparrow, 659-660 
least bittern, XI, 72-75, pi. 15 
meadowlark, 577 
mockingbird, 450-453 
mourning dove, XII, 315-318 
doves, 753 </p>

<p>nighthawk, 14, 347-348 
olive-sided flycatcher, 400 
phoebe , 13, 14, 17, 391-394, 
708 </p>

<p>pigeon hawk, 184-186 
piping plover, 215 
purple finch, 14, 635, 715 
red-headed woodpecker, 369- 
372 </p>

<p>red-tailed hawk, 162-165, 166, 
742 </p>

<p>red-winged blackbird, 582-584 
robin, 460-463, 464 
ruby-crowned kinglet, 14, 17, </p>

<p>483-485 </p>

<p>Savannah sparrow, 14, 644- 
647, 712 
Screech owl, 333 
snow bunting, 679 
solitary sandpiper, 243-245 
song sparrow, 676-677 
sooty tern, 296, 745, 750 
sparrow hawk, 186-188, 189 
swamp sparrow, 674-675 
tree sparrow, 663-664 
turkey, 193-194, 716, 717 
turkey vulture, 148-152, 154 
vesper sparrow, 14, 657-658, 
711 </p>

<p>warbling vireo, 13, 16, 18, 510- 
511 </p>

<p>whippoorwill, XII, 345-347 
white-winged dove, 321 
willet, XII, 245-248, pi. 25 
winter wren, 439-440 
wood pewee, 16, 18, 398-400 
708 </p>

<p>yellow warbler, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
528-530, 531 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
785 </p>

<p>
Eaton, Richard Jefferson; The 
Migratory Movements o f 
Certain Colonies of Herring 
Gulls in Eastern North 
America (bibliog.), 748 
Ectopistes canadensis, XII, 319- 
321 </p>

<p>migratorius, XII, 319, pi. 33 
Egret, 52, 54 </p>

<p>American, XI, 15, 17, 49-52, 
53, 60, pi. 8 
Brewster, 55*56 
reddish, 56 </p>

<p>snowy, XI, 43, 51, 52-55, 58, 
60, 61, 67, 80, 741, pi. 9 
Egrets, 51, 736, 751 </p>

<p>American, XI, 39, 43, 48, 61, 
78, pi. 7 </p>

<p>snowy, XI, 50, 54, 55, 61, 78, 
pi. 10, pi. 11 </p>

<p>egretta, Casmerodius albus, XI, 49- 
52, pi. 7, pi. 8 </p>

<p>Egretta thula brewsteri, 55-56 </p>

<p>thula, XI, 52-55, pi. 9, 
pi. 10, pi. 11 </p>

<p>Elanoides forficatus forficatus, </p>

<p>155-157 </p>

<p>Elanus leucurus majusculus, 155 
elasson, Gavia immer, 26-27 
elegans, Rallus elegans, XI, 197- 
200 , pi. 21 </p>

<p>elegans elegans, Rallus, XI, 197- 
200 , pi. 21 </p>

<p>Empidonax flaviventris, 394 
minimus, 397 </p>

<p>traillii brewsteri, 397, 682-683 
traillii, 396-397 
virescens, 394-396 
English snipe, 232, 263 </p>

<p>sparrow, 497, 573-574,695, 752 
Ereunetes mauri, 269-270 
pusillus, 267-269 
ericrypta, Melospiza georgiana, 
675-676 </p>

<p>Erismatura jamaicensis rubida, </p>

<p>140-142 </p>

<p>
erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 369 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 
369-372 </p>

<p>erythrocephalus erythrocephalus, 
Melanerpes, 369-372 
erythrogaster, Hirundo, 410 
erythrogastris, Hirundo rustica, </p>

<p>410-412 </p>

<p>erythromelas, Piranga, 616, 617 
erythrophthalmus, P i p i 1 o ery- 
throphthalmus, 639-641, 642 
erythrophthalmus canaster, Pipilo, 
641, 642, 644 </p>

<p>erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 639- 
641, 642 </p>

<p>leptoleucus, Pipilo, 641-644 
erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus, 327- 
328 </p>

<p>erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 31-33, 
747 </p>

<p>Eskimo curlew, 8, 239 
curlews, 239 </p>

<p>Euphagus carolinus, 596-597 
cyanocephalus, 597 
cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, </p>

<p>597 </p>

<p>European bank swallow, 407 
chimney swallow, 412 
cuckoo, 326 </p>

<p>golden-crested wren, 483 
green sandpiper, 244 
little tern, 299 
starling, 725, 730, 732, 734, </p>

<p>735 </p>

<p>starlings, 738 
wigeon, 107 
wren, 440 </p>

<p>Exanthemops rossii, 96 
excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus,. </p>

<p>495-496 </p>

<p>exilis, Ixobrychus, 698 </p>

<p>Ixobrychus exilis, XI, 72-75, 
pi. 15 </p>

<p>exilis exilis, Ixobrychus, XI, 72- 
75, pi. 15 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICH </p>



<p>786 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
F </p>

<p>falcinellus, Plegadis falcinellus, </p>

<p>77-78 </p>

<p>falcinellus falcinellus, Plegadis, </p>

<p>77-78 </p>

<p>Falco columbarius bendirei, 186 
columbarius, 184 
peregrinus anatum, 182 
sparverius paulus, 189 
sparverius, 186 
Falcon, 183 </p>

<p>peregrine, 182 
Falconidae, 182-190, 691 
Falconiformes, IX, 148-190 
Falcons, IX </p>

<p>Fall flight of geese, 736 </p>

<p>migration in Louisiana, 14-18 
familiaris americana, Certhia, 435- 
436 </p>

<p>Fauna, Austroriparian, 2 
faxoni, Hylocichla guttata, 468- 
470 </p>

<p>fedoa, Limosa, 271 
Ferruginous rough-legged hawk, </p>

<p>172 </p>

<p>Field plover, 239 </p>

<p>sparrow, eastern, 666-668 
western, 668 
sparrows, 664 </p>

<p>Figgins, Jesse Dade; The Breeding 
Birds of the Vicinity of 
Black Bayou and Bird Island, 
Cameron Parish, Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 727 </p>

<p>Finch, eastern purple, 14, 635, 715 ' 
grass, 657 
purple, 625 
Finches, purple, 635 
Fish crow, 419, 423-425 
duck, 144 
hawk, 180 </p>

<p>Fish-eating bird, 180 
Fisher, Albert Kenrick, The Hawks 
and Owls of the United 
States in Their Relation to 
Agriculture (bibliog.), 697 </p>

<p>
Fisher, Albert Kenrick; Megascops 
asio floridanus in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 694 </p>

<p>Albert Kenrick; Quiscalus 
quiscula aglaeus in Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 695 
Albert Kenrick; Rallus longi- 
rostris crepitans Breeding on 
the Coast of Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 694 </p>

<p>Albert Kenrick; Recovery of 
a Banded Pintail Duck 
(bibliog.), 715 </p>

<p>fisheri, Ammospiza maritima, 654 
Thryospiza maritima, 654-656, 
685, 700, 701, 725 
Flamingo, American, 85, 712 
Flamingos, IX </p>

<p>flammeus, Asio flammeus, XII, 
343, pi. 34 </p>

<p>flammeus flammeus, Asio, XII, 
343, pi. 34 </p>

<p>Flanagan, Val.; Hunting and Fish¬ 
ing (bibliog.), 752 
flavifrons, Lanivireo, 503-505 
Vireo, 503 </p>

<p>flavipes, Totanus, 251-253 
flaviventris, Empidonax, 394 
Fleuve, goeland du, 277 
Flicker, 360, 362, 365. 375, 706 
boreal, 364 
gilded, 682 </p>

<p>northern, 362, 363-364, 710 
red-shafted, 682 
southern, 360-363 
yellow-shafted, 360, 682 
Flickers, 334, 362 
Flight, speed of, 159, 161 
Flight of geese, fall, 736 
Flinthead, 75 </p>

<p>Florida barred owl, 339, 340-342, 
750 </p>

<p>blue jay, 416-418 
burrowing owl, 338 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
78T </p>

<p>
Florida caerulea caerulea, XI, 59* 
63, pi. 13 </p>

<p>Florida cormorant, 40 
crane, 196*197 
crow blackbird, 602 
gallinule, 208*211 
grackle, 602*604, 605, 609, 
685, 695 
grackles, 751 
meadowlark, 700 
nighthawk, 12, 15, 17, 348*350 
nuthatch, 431*433 
red-shouldered hawk, 168, 169 
red-wing, 723 
screech owl, 331-334 
yellowthroat, 562*563 
floridana, Speotyto cunicularia, 
338 </p>

<p>floridanus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 
723 </p>

<p>Megascops asio, 694 
Otus asio, 331*334, 682, 697 
Phalacrocorax auritus, 40 </p>

<p>florincola, Cyanocitta cristata, 416 
Flycatcher, 383, 386, 391, 399, 
479, 489, 669, 682 
Acadian, 16, 18, 394*396, 708 
alder, 396*397 
crested, 12, 710 
Derby, 388, 737, 740 
eastern olive-sided, 400 
great crested, 388 
green-crested, 394 
least, 12, 397, 708 
little, 397, 682*683 
northern crested, 15, 17, 390- 
391 </p>

<p>olive-sided, 708 </p>

<p>scissor-tailed, 12, 386-387, 707 
southern crested, 388-390 
vermilion, 401, 754 
yellow-bellied, 394, 708 
Flycatchers, 391, 394, 398, 707, 
708, 710 </p>

<p>
Forbush, Edward Howe; Game 
Birds, Wildfowl, and Shore 
Birds (bibliog.), 714 
Edward Howe; Passenger Pig¬ 
eon in Louisiana (bibliog.), 
732 </p>

<p>Ford, Edward Russell; The West¬ 
ern Pigeon Hawk in Louisi¬ 
ana, Florida, and Illinois 
(bibliog.), 756 
Foreword, V-VII 
forficata, Muscivora, 386-387 
forficatus, Elanoides forficatus, 
155-157 </p>

<p>forficatus forficatus, Elanoides, </p>

<p>155-157 </p>

<p>formosus, Oporomis, 555-557 
Forster tern, 289, 290 </p>

<p>eastern, 289, 290-293 
western, 289 
terns, 290 </p>

<p>forsteri, Sterna forsteri, 289, 290 
forsteri forsteri. Sterna, 289, 290 
litoricola, Sterna, 290-293 
Fortier, James J. A.; Natural His¬ 
tory in Bounteous Louisi¬ 
ana, Part 1, Audubon, The 
Creole Naturalist (bibliog.), 
760 </p>

<p>fortis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 588, 
710 </p>

<p>Foster, Marion Hope; Propagation 
of Pheasants in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 738 
Fowl, domestic, 272 </p>

<p>wild, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. 320, 
689, 713, 714, 726, 729, 730, 
746, 749, 762, 754 
Fox sparrow, eastern, 17, 672-673 
Franklin gull, 286-287 
Frazar, Martin Abbott; Destruc¬ 
tion of Birds by a Storm 
while Migrating (bibliog.), 
692 </p>

<p>Fregata magnificens, 44 </p>

<p>magnificens rothschildi, 44-46 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>788 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Fregatidae, 44-46 
French mockingbird, 456 
Fresh water duck, 122, 127 
ducks, 119 
marsh hen, 198 </p>

<p>Friedmann, Herbert; The Cow- 
birds (bibliog.), 737 
Herbert; Critical Notes 
on American Vultures 
(bibliog.) i 744 
Frigatebird, 44, 45, 46 
Frigatebirds, IX, 46 
Fringillidae, 621-679 
Fuertes red-tailed hawk, 16S-166 
fuertesi, Buteo jamaicensis, 165- 
166 </p>

<p>Fulica americana americana, 211 - 
213 </p>

<p>Fulix affinis, 133-135 </p>

<p>marila nearctica, 132-133 
fulva helva, Dendrocygna, 690 
fulvigula maculosa, Anas, XI, 104- 
106, pi. 18 </p>

<p>Fulvous tree duck, 96-97 
fusca, Dendroica, 540-541 
fuscata, Sterna fuscata, 296, 744 
fuscata fuscata, Sterna, 296, 744 
fuscescens, Hylocichla fuscescens, 
473-474 </p>

<p>fuscescens fuscescens, Hylocichla, </p>

<p>473-474 </p>

<p>salicicola, Hylocichla, 474-475 
fuscicollis, Pisobia, 257-258 </p>

<p>G </p>

<p>Gadwall, 21, 106-107 
Galbraith, Charles S.; Bachman’s 
Warbler (Helminthophila 
bachmani) in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 695 
galbula, Icterus, 592-596 
Galliformes, IX, 190-194, 741 
Gallinaceous birds, IX, 741 
gallinago delicata, Capella, 232- 
234 </p>

<p>
Gallinula chloropus cachinnans, 
208-211 
Gallinule, 208 </p>

<p>Florida, 208-211 
purple, XI, 206-208, 698, 731, 
pi. 22 </p>

<p>Gallinules, IX, 209 
purple, 767 </p>

<p>gallopavo silvestris, Meleagris, </p>

<p>193-194 </p>

<p>Gambel, William; Anas rafflesii 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 690 
gambelli, Anser albifrons, 89-91, 
730 </p>

<p>Game bird, 193, 229, 231, 232 
upland, 191 </p>

<p>birds, 22, 178, 203, 320, 330, 
334, 339, 340, 714, 715, 718, 
727, 739 </p>

<p>preserve, Northwest, 23 
Theo Terzia, 23 
protection, 715 
Gannet, 37, 75 </p>

<p>Gates, William Hazen; Hailstone 
Damage to Birds (bibliog;.), 
744 </p>

<p>Gault, Benjamin True; A Private 
Bird Preserve (bibliog.), 712 
Gavia immer elasson, 26-27 
immer, 25-26 
Gaviidae, 26-27 
Gaviiformes, IX, 25-27 
Geese, IX, 22, 86, 88, 89, 90, 173, 
680, 705, 712, 736, 762, 763, 
756 </p>

<p>American white-fronted, 91 
blue, 95, 729, 743, 761 
Canada, 91, 680 
fall flight of, 736 
lesser snow, 751 
white-fronted, 90 
wild, 747 </p>

<p>Gelochelidon nilotica aranea, 289 
Geographical position of Louisi¬ 
ana, 1 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
789 </p>

<p>
georgiana, Melospiza georgiana, </p>

<p>674- 675 </p>

<p>georgiana ericrypta, Melospiza, </p>

<p>675- 676 </p>

<p>georgiana, Melospiza, 674-675 
georgica, Strix, 342 
Strix varia, 340-342 
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, </p>

<p>561 </p>

<p>ignota, 562-563 
trichas, 558-561 
typhicola, 561 
German snipe, 263 
Giant red-winged blackbird, 587- 
588 </p>

<p>Gilded flicker, 682 
gilva, Vireosylva gilva, 510-511 
gilva gilva, Vireosylva, 510-511 
gilvns, Vireo gilvus, 510 
gilvus gilvus, Vireo, 510 
giraudi, Otocoris alpestris, 402 
glacialis, Harelda, 693 
Glaucionetta clangula americana, 
135-136 </p>

<p>Glossy ibis, 79, 745 </p>

<p>eastern, 77-78, 745 
white-faced, 78, 79 
ibises, 733 </p>

<p>Gmelin, Johann Friedrich; Caroli 
a Linn6 Systema Naturae 
(bibliog.), 688 </p>

<p>Gnatcatcher, blue-gray, 13, 16, 18, 
478-481, 698, 717 
Gnatcatchers, 698 
Goatsucker, 346 
Goatsuckers, 343, 692, 716 
Godsey, Townsend; Winter Feed¬ 
ing of Birds (bibliog.), 739 
Godwit, Hudsonian, 271 
marbled, 21, 271 
Goeland du fleuve, 277 
Golden eagle, 173-175, 746, 747 
753 </p>

<p>plover, 8, 21 </p>

<p>American, 222-224, 225 
plovers, American, 183, 225 </p>

<p>
Golden-crested wren, European, 
483 </p>

<p>Golden-crowned kinglet, 14, 482, 
484, 717 
eastern, 14, 17, </p>

<p>481-483 </p>

<p>sparrow, 669 
thrush, 550 </p>

<p>Goldeneye, American, 135-136 
Golden-winged warbler, 14, 15, 
519-520, 684, 703 
woodpecker, 360 
Goldfinch, 637, 638 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 636-638, 711 
Goosander, 144 </p>

<p>Goose, 25, 40, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 
94, 96 </p>

<p>American white-fronted, 89-91, 
730 </p>

<p>blue, 91, 92, 93-95, 183, 711, 
712, 743, 748, 749 
Canada, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91 
common Canada, 86 - 88 , 89 
greater snow, 680 
Hutchins, 89 
Irish, 37 
laughing, 90 
lesser Canada, 88-89 
lesser snow, 91-93, 94, 680, 730 
nigger, 37 
Ross, 96 
snow, 89, 748 
tule, 91 </p>

<p>white-fronted, 89, 91, 734 
Goshawk, eastern, 681 
Gowanloch, James Nelson; Biologi¬ 
cal Natural Resources 
(bibliog.), 758 </p>

<p>James Nelson; Conservation 
Alone Can Prevent Last 
Post for Wild Life (bibliog.), 
745 </p>

<p>James Nelson; Department of 
Conservation to Receive 
Valuable Land (bibliog.), 
745 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>790 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gowanloch, James Nelson; The 
Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers 
of Louisiana (bibliog.), 752 
James Nelson; The Gulls, 
Terns, and Skimmers of Lou¬ 
isiana, Part Two (bibliog.), 
763 </p>

<p>James Nelson; Louisiana Birds 
for Hunters and Others 
(bibliog.)* 745 </p>

<p>James Nelson; New Bird is 
Discovered in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 744 </p>

<p>James Nelson; Some Aspects of 
Louisiana Wildlife (bibliog.), 
760 </p>

<p>Gowanloch, James Nelson; Myers, 
Hu Blakemore, and; Report 
of the Bureau of Scientific 
Research and Statistics 
(bibliog.), 750 </p>

<p>Grackle, 599, 600, 601, 602, 605, 
607, 608, 609 </p>

<p>boat-tailed, XII, 598-602, 606, 
607, 759, pi. 40 
bronzed, 244, 602, 603, 606- 
610, 612, 684, 746 
Florida, 602 604, 605, 609, 
685, 695 </p>

<p>purple, 604-606, 684, 751 
Ridgway, 684-685 </p>

<p>Grackles, 76, 159, 582, 598, 602, 
603, 604, 606, 609, 612, 696, 
751 </p>

<p>bronzed, 598 
Florida, 751 
purple, 751 </p>

<p>gramineus, Pooecetes gramineus, </p>

<p>657-658 </p>

<p>gramineus confinis, Pooecetes, 
659, 716 </p>

<p>gramineus, Pooecetes, 657-658 </p>

<p>grammacus, Chondestes gramma- 
cus, 659-660 </p>

<p>
grammacus grammacus, Chondes¬ 
tes, 659-660 </p>

<p>strigatus, Chondestes, 660 
Grass finch, 657 
Grassbird, 254 </p>

<p>Grasshopper sparrow, 13, 645, 710 
eastern, 648 
western, 648-650 
Gray snipe, 263 </p>

<p>Gray-cheeked thrush, 12, 13, 473, 
707 </p>

<p>Great blue heron, 43, 46, 48, 67, 
195, 693 
herons, 46 </p>

<p>crested flycatcher, 388 
horned owl, 334-336, 338, 339, 
750 </p>

<p>owls, 336 
northern diver, 25 
Greater prairie chicken, 190 </p>

<p>scaup duck, American, 132-133 
ducks, 132 
snow goose, 680 
yellowlegs, 239, 249-251, 252 
Grebe, Holboell, 27, 760 
horned, 27-28 </p>

<p>pied-billed, XI, 28-30, pi. 2 
Grebes, IX </p>

<p>Green heron, 63, 66, 67 </p>

<p>eastern, XI, 15, 17, 63- 
65, pi. 14 </p>

<p>sandpiper, European, 244 
warbler, black-throated, 15, 16, 
18, 538, 539, 703 
Green-crested flycatcher, 394 
Greenland wheatear, 478 
Green-winged teal, 113-116, 728. 
767 </p>

<p>Grinnell waterthrush, 553-554 
Griscom, Ludlow; A Monographic 
Study of the Red Crossbill 
(bibliog.), 759 </p>

<p>Griscom, Ludlow; and Nichols, 
John Treadwell; A Revision 
of the Seaside Sparrows 
(bibliog.), 724 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
791 </p>

<p>
Griscom, Ludlow; Peters, James 
Lee; and; Geographical Vari¬ 
ation in the Savannah Spar¬ 
row (bibliog.), 760 
^risegena holbollii, Colymbus, 27 
^riseus, Limnodromus griseus, 263- 
265 </p>

<p>Vireo, 502 </p>

<p>Vireo griseus, 499-502, 731 
griseus griseus, Limnodromus, </p>

<p>263-265 </p>

<p>Vireo, 499-502, 731 
hendersoni, Limnodromus, 265 
maynardi, Vireo, 502 
noveboracensis, Vireo, 502-503 
scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 
265-266, 744 </p>

<p>Grooved-billed ani, 328-329, 752 
Grosbeak, 624, 625 </p>

<p>eastern blue, 13, 16, 625-626, 
712 </p>

<p>rose-breasted, 14, 624, 688, </p>

<p>714 </p>

<p>Grosvenor, Gilbert, and Wetmore, 
Alexander (Editors); The 
Book of Birds (bibliog.), 
759 </p>

<p>Ground bird, 657 </p>

<p>dove, eastern, 322 
owl, 336 </p>

<p>Grouse, 161, 173, 183 
Gruidae, 194-197 
Gruiformes, IX, 194-213 
Grus americana, 194, 756 </p>

<p>canadensis pratensis, 196-197 
tabida, 195-196 
Guara alba, XI, 79-81, pi. 16 
rubra, 81 </p>

<p>gruarauna, Plegadis, 79 
Guillot, James Perrier; New Or¬ 
leans, Conservation Center 
of the Southland (bibliog.), 
745 </p>

<p>James Perrier; New Orleans— 
Conservation Center of the 
Southland (bibliog.), 753 </p>

<p>
Guillot, James Perrier; Our Louisi¬ 
ana Wild Life and Sanctu¬ 
aries—A National Asset 
(bibliog.), 748 </p>

<p>guilloti, Penthestes carolinensis, 
425-428, 683 </p>

<p>Guiraca caerulea caerulea, 625- 
626 </p>

<p>gularis yucatanensis, Icterus, 697 
Gulf coast red-winged blackbird, </p>

<p>584-587 </p>

<p>Gull, 66, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 
285, 287, 288 </p>

<p>American herring, 277-280, </p>

<p>281, 283, 748 
Bonaparte, 283, 287-288 
Franklin, 286-287 
laughing, XII, 278 283-286, </p>

<p>pi. 28 </p>

<p>North American laughing, 286 
ring-billed, 278, 281-283 
sea, 277, 281 
Gull-billed tern, 289 
Gulls, IX, 31, 44, 87, 277, 278, </p>

<p>282, 283, 284, 287, 294, 298, 
312, 725, 733, 736, 752, 753 </p>

<p>American herring, 735, 758 
herring, 748 
laughing, 285, 301, 304 
guttata faxoni, Hylocichla, 468- 
470 </p>

<p>H </p>

<p>haemastica, Limosa, 271 
Haematopodidae, 213-215 
Haematopus palliatus palliatus, 
213-215 
Hair bird, 664 </p>

<p>Hairy woodpecker, 375, 376, 377, 
378 </p>

<p>northern, 375 
southern, 375-377 
Hairycrown, 146 </p>

<p>Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucoce- 
phalus, 175-177, 699 
haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, </p>

<p>179-181 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICMIG^^ </p>



<p>792 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Hammer, yellow, 360 
Harding, E.; Mockingbirds and 
Gnatcatchers (bibliog.), 698 
Harelda glacialis, 693 
Harlan hawk, 167 
harlani, Buteo, 167 , 172 
Buteo borealis, 167 
Harlequin duck, eastern, 138-139 
Harporhynchus longicauda, 460 
Harris hawk, 172-173 
sparrow, 668 </p>

<p>harrisi, Parabuteo unicinctus, 172- 
173 </p>

<p>Hasbrouck, Edwin Marble; The 
Geographical Distribution of 
the Genus Megascops in 
North America (bibliog.), 
697 </p>

<p>Edwin Marble; The Present 
Status of the Ivory-billed 
Woodpecker (Campephilus 
principalis), (bibliog.), 696 
havelli, Sterna, 289, 290 
Hawk, 169, 161, 162, 166, 167, 
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178, 
179, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 
316, 336, 340, 347, 612, 742 
American rough-legged, 171- 
172 </p>

<p>broad-winged, 169-171 
Cooper, 160 - 162 , 170 
duck, 182-184 
eastern pigeon, 184-186 </p>

<p>red-tailed, 162 - 165 , 166, 742 
sparrow, 186 - 188 , 189 
ferruginous rough-legged, 172 
fish, 180 </p>

<p>Florida red-shouldered, 168, </p>

<p>169 </p>

<p>Fuertes red-tailed, 165-166 
Harlan, 167 
Harris, 172-173 
Krider, 165 </p>

<p>little sparrow, 187, 188, 189- 
190 </p>

<p>marsh, 17, 178-179 </p>

<p>
Hawk, northern red-shouldered, </p>

<p>167-168 </p>

<p>red-shouldered, 168, 169, 170, 
183, 416 </p>

<p>red-tailed, 148, 163, 165, 166, 
167, 168, 169, 170 
Sennett white-tailed, 172 
sharp-shinned, 159 - 160 , 161, 
170 </p>

<p>sparrow, 187, 188, 190 
western pigeon, 186 , 756 
red-tailed, 166 
Hawk owl, American, 336 
Hawks, IX, 148, 169, 162, 168, 
170, 178, 182, 186, 383, 386, 
416, 697 
sparrow, 190 </p>

<p>Hazards of migration of birds, 10 
Hedymeles ludovicianus, 624 
Hell diver, 28 </p>

<p>Hellmayr, Charles Eduard; Cory, 
Charles Barney, and; Cata¬ 
logue of Birds of the 
Americas and the Adjacent 
Islands in Field Museum of 
Natural History (bibliog.), 
732 </p>

<p>Helminthophila bachmani, 694, 695 
Helmitheros vermivorus, 518-519 
Helmuth, William Tod; Extracts 
from Notes Made while in 
Naval Service (bibliog.), 725 
helva, Dendrocygna bicolor, 96 - 97 , 
691 </p>

<p>fulva, 690 </p>

<p>Hen, 198 </p>

<p>fresh water marsh, 198 
marsh, 200 
meadow, 198 
mud, 211, 212 
prairie, 689, 697 
salt water marsh, 200 
hendersoni, Limnodromus griseus, 
265 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
793 </p>

<p>
Henshaw, Henry Wetherbee; Re¬ 
port on the Ornithology of 
Portions of Nevada and 
California (bibliog.), 691 
Henslow sparrow, western, 651 
henslowi, Passerherbulus henslowi, 
651 </p>

<p>henslowi henslowi, Passerherbulus, 
651 </p>

<p>henslowii, Nemospiza henslowii, </p>

<p>651 </p>

<p>henslowii henslowii, Nemospiza, </p>

<p>651 </p>

<p>Hepatic tanager, 722 
Hermit thrush, 468, 469, 470, 471, 
707 </p>

<p>eastern, 13, 14, 468-470 
herodias, Ardea herodias, 46 
herodias herodias, Ardea, 46 
wardi, Ardea, 46-49 
Herodiones, 731 </p>

<p>Heron, 47, 49, 56, 60, 63, 64, 66, 
745 </p>

<p>black-crowned night, 65 - 68 , 78, 
80 </p>

<p>eastern green, XI, 15, 17, 63 - 
65 , pi. 14 </p>

<p>great blue, 43, 46 , 48, 67, 195, 
693 </p>

<p>green, 63, 66, 67 
little blue, XI, 15, 17, 43, 51, 
52, 58, 59 - 63 , 66, 80, pi. 13 
Louisiana, XI, 51, 54, 56 - 59 , 
80, pi. 12 
night, 66, 68 
Ward, 46-49 </p>

<p>yellow-crowned night. 58, 61, 
67, 68 - 70 , 748 </p>

<p>Herons, IX, 22, 38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 
51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 
63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 79, 
80, 82, 83, 149, 312, 714. 
736 </p>

<p>black-crowned night, 78 
great blue, 46 </p>

<p>
Herons, little blue, 54, 58, 61 
Louisiana, 50, 60, 61, 78 
night, 70 
snowy, 734 
Ward, 50 </p>

<p>yellow-crowned night, 745, 755 
Herring gull, American, 277-280, 
281, 283, 748 
Herring gulls, 748 </p>

<p>American, 735, 758 
hesperis, Chordeiles minor, 350 
Hicks, Lawrence Emerson; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-second Christ¬ 
mas Census, New Iberia, La. 
(bibliog.), 742 </p>

<p>Hicks, Lawrence Emerson; and 
Hicks, Thyra Jane; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-second Christ¬ 
mas Census, Lake Provi¬ 
dence, La. (bibliog.), 742 
Hicks, Thyra Jane; Hicks, Law¬ 
rence Emerson, and; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-second Christ¬ 
mas Census, Lake Provi¬ 
dence, La. (bibliog.), 742 
hiemalis, Nannus hiemalis, 439 </p>

<p>troglodytes, 439 - 440 , 
724 </p>

<p>hiemalis hiemalis, Nannus, 439 
Highhole, 360 </p>

<p>himantopus, Micropalama, 266-267 
Himantopus mexicanus, XII, 275 - 
277 , pi. 26, pi. 27 
Hirundinidae, 402-415 
hirundo, Sterna hirundo, 293-295 
Hirundo erythrogaster, 410 
hirundo hirundo, Sterna, 293-295 
Hirundo rustica, 412 </p>

<p>rustica erythrogastris, 410 - 
412 </p>

<p>histrionicus, Histrionicus histrioni- 
cus, 138-139 </p>

<p>Histrionicus histrionicus histrioni¬ 
cus, 138-139 </p>

<p>hoactli, Nycticorax nycticorax, OS¬ 
es </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>794 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Holboell grebe, 27 , 760 
holbollii, Colymbus grisegena, 27 
Holt, Ernest G o 1 s a n; Definite 
Breeding of the Glossy Ibis 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 745 
Ernest Golsan; Golden Eagle 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 746 
Ernest Golsan; Golden Eagle in 
Louisiana; A Correction and 
a Reaffirmation of a Posi¬ 
tive Record (bibliog.), 753 
Ernest Golsan; Playing Big 
Brother to the Birds (From 
Rock - bound Maine to 
Mesquite - grown Texas) 
(bibliog.), 748 </p>

<p>Ernest Golsan; A Record 
Colony of Yellow - crowned 
Night Herons (bibliog.), 745 
Hooded merganser, 142-144 
mergansers, 143 
sheldrake, 142 </p>

<p>warbler, 13, 15, 16, 18, 556, 
566 - 568 , 698, 702 
hoopesi, Sturnella magna, 581 
Hoot owl, 339 
Hoover warbler, 537-538 
hooveri, Dendroica coronata, 537 - 
538 </p>

<p>Hopkins, Edward Stiles; Albinos 
(bibliog.), 732 </p>

<p>Edward Stiles; Bird Migrants 
on Grand Isle (bibliog.), 734 
Edward Stiles; Grand Isle, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 730 
Edward Stiles; Sage Thrush in 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 732 
Edward Stiles; Starlings 
(bibliog.), 732 </p>

<p>Edward Stiles; Summary of 
Bird Observation and Collec¬ 
tion (1930-1931) for the 
Department's Museum under 
the direction of the Wild 
Life Division (bibliog.), 739 </p>

<p>
Hopkins, Edward Stiles; A Visit 
to Our Bird Islands (bib¬ 
liog.), 742 </p>

<p>Horned grebe, 27-28 
lark, 486 , 722 
Hoyt, 402 
northern, 401 , 402 
prairie, 401, 683 
Texas, 402 </p>

<p>larks, 401, 402, 695, 722 
owl, great, 334-336, 338, 339. 
750 </p>

<p>owls, great , 336 
House wren, 439, 445 
eastern, 436 
North American, 750 
Ohio, 437 </p>

<p>western, 437 - 439 , 747 
wrens, 439 </p>

<p>Howe, Reginald Heber; Notes 
on Various Florida Birds 
(bibliog.), 701 </p>

<p>Howell, Arthur Holmes; Agelaius 
phoeniceus fortis in Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 710 
Arthur Holmes; Birds of Ala¬ 
bama (bibliog.), 727 
Arthur Holmes; Birds of 
Alabama, Second Edition 
(bibliog.), 734 </p>

<p>Arthur Holmes; Birds of Arkan¬ 
sas (bibliog.), 712 
Arthur Holmes; Descriptions 
of Two New Birds from Ala¬ 
bama (bibliog.), 715 
Arthur Holmes; Notes on the 
Winter Birds of Northern 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 708 
Howell, Arthur Holmes; and van 
Rossem, Adriaan Joseph; A 
Study of the Red - winged 
Blackbirds of Southeastern 
United States (bibliog.), 734 
Howell seaside sparrow, XI , 654 , 
685, pi. 45 
sparrows, 740 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
795 </p>

<p>
howelli, Ammospiza maritima, 654 
Thryospiza maritima, XI, 654, 
685, pL 45 </p>

<p>Hoyt horned lark, 402 
hoyti, Otocoris alpestris, 402 
hrota, Branta bernicla, 680 
Hudsonian curlew, 237*239 
godwit, 271 </p>

<p>hudsonicus, Phaeopus, 237-239 
hudsonius, Circus, 178 </p>

<p>Circus cyaneus, 178-179 
Humid Division of Lower Austral 
Life-zone, 2 </p>

<p>Hummingbird, 356, 481 
black-chinned, 729 
Calliope, 729 </p>

<p>ruby-throated, 12, 14, 15, 17, 
353-356, 479, 729 
rufous, 356-357 </p>

<p>Hummingbirds, IX, 8, 9, 344, 353 
Hunt, Chreswell John; Notes on 
the February Birdlife of 
Southern Mississippi and 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 721 
Hunters, plume, 49, 52 
Hunting Preserve, Pass a Loutre, 
23 </p>

<p>Hutchins Goose, 89 
hutchinsii, Branta canadensis, 89 
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, XI, 
56-59, pi. 12 
Hydrobatidae, 30 
Hydroprogne caspia imperator, 
XII, 305-308, pi. 30 
hyemalis, Clangula, 138, 693 
Junco hyemalis, 662-663 
hyemalis hyemalis, Junco, 662-663 
Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens, 
473-474 </p>

<p>salicicola, 474-475 
guttata faxoni, 468-470 
minima aliciae, 473 
minima, 472-473 
mustelina, 465-468 
ustulata almae, 472 
swainsoni, 470-472 </p>

<p>
hyperborea, Chen hyperborea, </p>

<p>91-93 </p>

<p>hyperborea atlantica, Chen, 680 
hyperborea, Chen, 91-93 
hypochrysea, Dendroica palmarum, 
549-550, 692 </p>

<p>hypospodius, Buteo albicaudatus, 172 
Tachytriorchis albicaudatus, </p>

<p>172 </p>

<p>Hypothetical Louisiana birds, 680- 
685 </p>

<p>hypugaea, Speotyto cunicularia, 
336-338 </p>

<p>I </p>

<p>Ibis, 77, 78, 79 </p>

<p>eastern glossy, 77-78, 745 
glossy, 79, 745 
scarlet, 81 </p>

<p>white, XI, 79-81, pi. 16 
white-faced glossy, 78, 79 
wood, 75-77, 85, 715 
Ibises, IX, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 149, 
733 </p>

<p>glossy, 733 </p>

<p>Icteria virens virens, 564-566 
Icteridae, 574-615 
Icterus galbula, 592-596 
gularis yucatanensis, 697 
spurius, 588-592, 714 
Ictinia misisippiensis, 157-158 
ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 562-563 
iliaca, Passerella iliaca, 672-673 
iliaca iliaca, Passerella, 672-673 
iliacus, Telmatodytes palustris, 
447-448 </p>

<p>illinoensis, Peucaea, 661 </p>

<p>Peucaea aestivalis, 660, 661 
Illinois sparrow, 660, 661 
Illustrations, list of, XI-XII 
immer, Gavia immer, 25-26 
immer elasson, Gavia 26-27 
immer, Gavia, 25-26 
imperator, Hydroprogne caspia, 
XII, 305-308, pi. 30 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>796 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
impiger, Penthestes carolinensis, 
425, 426 </p>

<p>inca, Scardafella inca, 322 
Inca dove, 322 , 755 
inca inca, Scardafella, 322 
Indigo bunting, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
626 - 629 , 630, 712 
inornatus, Catoptrophorus semi- 
palmatus, 248-249 
Instinct of migration of birds, 10 
interpres morinella, Arenaria, 
227-229 </p>

<p>Introduction, 1-6 
Ionornis, 208 </p>

<p>Ionornis martinica, 206, 208, 757 
martinicus, 731, 757 
Iridoprocne bicolor, XII, 402-405 
Irish goose, 37 
Ivory-bill, 741 </p>

<p>Ivory-billed woodpecker, XI, 365, 
380 - 382 , 696, 700, 728, 741, 
748, 750, 754, 758, pi. 1. 
woodpeckers, 743, 754 
Ixobrychus exilis, 698 </p>

<p>exilis exilis, XI, 72 - 75 , pi. 15 </p>

<p>J </p>

<p>Jackdaw, 598 
Jacksnipe, 232, 254 
Jaegers, 228 </p>

<p>jamaicensis borealis, Buteo, 162 - 
165 , 166 </p>

<p>calurus, Buteo, 166 
fuertesi, Buteo, 165-166 
kriderii, Buteo, 165 
rubida, Erismatura, 140-142 
stoddardi, Laterallus, 205-206 
Jaune, pique-bois, 693 
Jay, 416 </p>

<p>blue, 416, 417, 419, 451, 724 
Florida blue, 416-418 
northern blue, 418, 419 
southern blue, 419 
Jay bird, 416 </p>

<p>
Job, Herbert Keightley; The Blue 
Goose Chase, a Camera- 
Hunting Adventure in Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 712 
Herbert Keightley; Reserva¬ 
tion News, Battledore Island, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 709 
Job, Herbert Keightley; and Ar¬ 
thur, Stanley Clisby; A New 
Louisiana Bird (bibliog.), 
717 </p>

<p>Johnny bull, 140 
Joree, 639 </p>

<p>juddi, Melospiza melodia, 678-679 
Junco, 662, 663 </p>

<p>slate-colored, 14, 17, 662-663, 
716 </p>

<p>Junco hyemalis hyemalis, 662-663 
Juncos, 664, 666 </p>

<p>K </p>

<p>Kalmbach, Edwin Richard; The 
European Starling in the 
United States (bibliog.), 735 
Edwin Richard; Field Observa¬ 
tion in Economic Ornithology 
(bibliog.), 749 </p>

<p>Keefe, William McG.; Geese, 
Geese, Geese (bibliog.). 753 
Kellogg, Peter Paul; Allen, Arthur 
Augustus, and; Recent Ob¬ 
servations on the Ivor y- 
billed Woodpecker (bibliog.). 
758 </p>

<p>Kennard, Frederic Hedge; Ferru¬ 
ginous Stains on Waterfowl 
(bibliog.), 721 </p>

<p>Frederic Hedge; Notes on a 
New Subspecies of Blue¬ 
winged Teal (bibliog.), 723 
Kentucky warbler, 13, 15, 16, 18, </p>

<p>555 - 557 , 704 </p>

<p>Killbird, Kit; Our Goat-suckers 
(bibliog.), 692 </p>

<p>Killdeer, XII, 220-222, 704, pi. 24 
Killdeers, 704 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
797 </p>

<p>
King rail, XI, 197-200, pi. 21 
Kingbird, 244, 382, 383 
Arkansas, 385-386 
eastern, XII, 15, 17, 382-385, 
708, pi. 37 
Kingfisher, 357 </p>

<p>eastern belted, 357-359 
Kingfishers, IX 
Kinglet, 485 </p>

<p>eastern golden-crowned, 14, </p>

<p>17, 481-483 </p>

<p>ruby-crowned, 14, 17, 483- 
485 </p>

<p>golden-crowned, 14, 482, 484, 
717 </p>

<p>ruby-crowned, 14, 483, 717 
Kinglets, 426, 431, 435, 717 
Kite, 158 </p>

<p>Mississippi, 157 - 158 , 693 
swallow-tailed, 155-157 
w’hite-tailed, 155 
Kites, IX </p>

<p>Knight, Ora Willis; The Birds of 
Maine (bibliog.), 709 
Knot, American, 253-254 
Knots, 225 </p>

<p>Kohn, Joseph Gustave; Brewer’s 
Blackbird near New Orleans 
(bibliog.), 695 </p>

<p>Joseph Gustave; Harelda 
glacialis at New Orleans 
(bibliog.), 693 </p>

<p>Joseph Gustave; Missouri Tit¬ 
lark in Louisiana (bibliog.), 
697 </p>

<p>Joseph Gustave; S a x i c o 1 a 
oenanthe in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 695 </p>

<p>Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; The Agri¬ 
cultural Value of Bird-Life 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 718 
Henry Hazlitt; Aspects of Bird 
Distribution in Louisiana 
and Mississippi (bibliog.). 
707 </p>

<p>
Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; Bird 
Migration Phenomena in the 
Extreme Lower Mississippi 
Valley (bibliog.), 70S 
Henry Hazlitt; Insectivorous 
Birds of Louisiana (bibliog.), 
719 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Inspection of 
Breton Island Reservation, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 709 
Henry Hazlitt; A Killde-r’s 
Mishap (bibliog.), 704 
Henry Hazlitt; List of the 
Birds of Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 717 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; List of Birds 
Seen in Jefferson Parish, 
Louisiana, April 1, 1904 </p>

<p>(bibliog.), 704 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Louisiana Mi¬ 
gration Notes (bibliog.), 702 
Henry Hazlitt; Notes on Bird 
Migration, 1898 (bibliog.), 
701 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Pine Siskins far 
South (bibliog.), 699. </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Report of Ex¬ 
ploration of Seabird Colon¬ 
ies (bibliog.), 707 
Henry Hazlitt; Report of 
Special Agent H. H. Kopman 
(bibliog.), 707 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Turning Points 
in the Spring Migration of 
1899 (bibliog.), 701 
Henry Hazlitt; Valuable In¬ 
sectivorous Birds of Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 719 
Henry Hazlitt; Valuable In¬ 
sectivorous Birds of Louisi¬ 
ana (Cuckoos and Wood¬ 
peckers) (bibliog.), 718 
Henry Hazlitt; Valuable In¬ 
sectivorous Birds of Louisi¬ 
ana; Species of General Im¬ 
portance (bibliog.), 719 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from ^ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIC </p>



<p>798 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; Warbler 
Migration in Southern Lou¬ 
isiana and Southern Missis¬ 
sippi (bibliog.), 704 
Henry Hazlitt; Wild Life Re¬ 
sources of Louisiana (bi¬ 
bliog.), 725 </p>

<p>Henry Hazlitt; Winter Notes 
from Louisiana (bibliog.), 
701 </p>

<p>Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; Beyer, 
George Eugene; Allison, An¬ 
drew, and; List of Birds of 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 706 
Kopman, Henry Hazlitt; and 
Wraight, Mrs. Percival; 
Bird-Lore’s Sixth Christmas 
Bird Census, New Orleans, 
La. (bibliog.), 706 
Krider hawk, 165 
krideri, Buteo borealis, 165 
kriderii, Buteo jamaicensis, 165 
Kuhn, Joseph Jenkins; Lowery, 
George Hines, Sr.; and Low¬ 
ery, George Hines, Jr.; 
Campbell, John Sherman; 
Bird-Lore’s Thirty-fourth 
Christmas Census, Tallulah, 
La. (bibliog.), 747-748 
Kumlien, Ludovic; Ornithological 
Notes from Texas (bib¬ 
liog.), 691 </p>

<p>L </p>

<p>Lacassine Migratory Bird Refuge, 
23 </p>

<p>LaFleur, Joseph Delta; Bird-Band¬ 
ing (bibliog.), 742 
lagopus s. johannis, Buteo, 171- 
172 </p>

<p>Land birds, 690 </p>

<p>Langdon, Frank Warren; Field 
Notes on Louisiana Birds 
(bibliog.), 692 </p>

<p>
Laniidae, 491-496 </p>

<p>Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. </p>

<p>495-496 </p>

<p>ludovicianus, 491-494 
migrans, 494-495 
Lanivireo flavifrons, 503-505 
solitarius solitarius, 505-506 
Lapland longspur, 679 , 746 
lapponicus, Calcarius lapponicus, 
679 </p>

<p>lapponicus lapponicus, Calcarius. </p>

<p>679 </p>

<p>Laridae, 277-311 
Lark, horned, 486 , 722 
Hoyt horned, 402 
northern horned, 401 , 402 
prairie horned, 401, 683 
Texas horned, 402 
Lark sparrow, eastern, 659-660 
western, 660 
Larks, 159 </p>

<p>horned, 401, 402, 695, 722 
Larus argentatus smithsonianus. 
277-280, 691 
atricilla, 283, 286 
atricilla megalopterus, XII, 
283-286, pi. 28 
delawarensis, 281-283, 691 
megalopterus, 286 
Philadelphia, 287-288, 691 
pipixcan, 286-287 
Laterallus jamaicensis stoddardi, 
205-206 </p>

<p>Latham, John; Index Ornitholo- 
gicus (bibliog.), 688 
Laughing goose, 90 </p>

<p>gull, XII, 278, 283-286, pi. 28 
North American, 286 
gulls, 285, 301, 304 
Lawrence, George Newbold; Addi¬ 
tional Specimens of Bach¬ 
man’s and Swainson’s Warb¬ 
lers Obtained by Mr. Chas. 
S. Galbraith, in the Spring 
of 1887 (bibliog.), 694 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
799 </p>

<p>
Lawrence, George Newbold; The 
Rediscovery of Bachman's 
Warbler, Helminthophila 
bachmani (Aud.) in the 
United States (bibliog.), 694 
Lawrence warbler, 684 
lawrencei, Vermivora, 684 
Least bittern, eastern, XII, 72-75, 
pi. 15 </p>

<p>flycatcher, 12, 397, 708 
sandpiper, 259-261, 267 
tern, XII, 296-299, 308, pi. 29 
American, 299 </p>

<p>Leconte sparrow, 650-651, 710 
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 70-72 
leptoleucus, Pipilo erythrophthal- 
mus, 641-644 </p>

<p>lepturus catesbyi, Phaethon, 30-31 
Lesser Canada goose, 88-89 
loon, 26-27 
scaup, 120, 134 </p>

<p>scaup duck, 127, 128, 132, 
133-135, 752 
snow geese, 751 </p>

<p>goose, 91-93, 94, 680, 730 
yellowlegs, 243, 249, 251-253 
leucobronchialis, Vermivora. 684, 
696 </p>

<p>leucocephalus, Haliaeetus leucoce- 
phalus, 175-177, 699 
leucocephalus leucocephalus, Ha¬ 
liaeetus, 175-177, 699 
leucogaster, Sula leucogaster, 37 
leucogaster leucogaster, Sula, 37 
leucogastra, Sula leucogastra, 37 
leucogastra leucogastra, Sula, 37 
leucopareia, Branta canadensis, 
88-89 </p>

<p>leucophrys, Zonotrichia leuco- 
phrys, 669 </p>

<p>leucophrys leucophrys, Zonotri¬ 
chia, 669 </p>

<p>leucorhoa, Oenanthe oenanthe, </p>

<p>478 </p>

<p>
leucurus majusculus, Elanus, 155 
Levee walker, 60 
Life-zone, Humid Division of Low¬ 
er Austral, 2 
Lower Austral, 2 
Tropical, 2 </p>

<p>limicola, Rallus limicola, 202 
limicola limicola, Rallus, 202 
Limicolae, 699, 732, 736 
Limnodromus, 744 
Limnodromus griseus griseus, 263- 
265 </p>

<p>hendersoni, 265 
scolopaceus, 265- 
266, 744 </p>

<p>Limnogeranus americanus, 194- 
195 </p>

<p>Limnothlypis swainsonii, 516-518, 
695 </p>

<p>Limosa fedoa, 271 
haemastica, 271 
Limpkin, 197 </p>

<p>Lincoln, Frederick Charles; The 
Migration of Young North 
American Herring Gulls 
(bibliog.), 735 </p>

<p>Frederick Charles; Recoveries 
of Banded Birds of Prey 
(bibliog.), 756 </p>

<p>Frederick Charles; Returns 
from Banded Birds, 1920- 
1923 (bibliog.), 727 
Frederick Charles; Returns 
from Banded Birds, 1923 to 
1926 (bibliog.), 733 
Frederick Charles; Returns 
of Banded Birds; Second 
Paper (bibliog.), 756 
Frederick Charles; Returns 
of Banded Birds; Third 
Paper (bibliog.), 757 
Frederick Charles; Some Notes 
on the Plumage of the Male 
Florida Red-wing (Agelaius 
p. floridanus) (bibliog.), 723 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from ^ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>800 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Lincoln, Frederick Charles; State 
Distribution of Returns from 
Banded Ducks, Third Paper 
—Louisiana, Maine, Massa¬ 
chusetts, Michigan, Minne¬ 
sota, and Missouri (bib- 
liog.), 746 </p>

<p>Lincoln sparrow, 673 
lincolnii, Melospiza lincolnii, 673 
lincolnii lincolnii, Melospiza, 673 
Lindsey, Hooker Oliver; Where is 
Home (bibliog.), 739 
lineatus, Buteo lineatus, 167-168 
lineatus alleni, Buteo, 169 
lineatus, Buteo, 167-168 
Linnaeus, Carolus; Systema Na¬ 
turae (bibliog.), 688 
List of illustrations, XI-XII 
litoricola, Sterna forsteri, 290-293 
Little blue heron, XII, 15, 17, 43, 
51, 52, 58, 59-63, 66, 
80, pi. 13 
herons, 54, 58, 61 
flycatcher, 397, 682-683 
sapsucker, 377 </p>

<p>sparrow hawk, 187, 188, 189- 
190 </p>

<p>striker, 297 
tern, European, 299 
littoralis, Agelaius phoeniceus, </p>

<p>584-587, 734 </p>

<p>livia, Columba livia, 314-315 
livia livia, Columba, 314-315 
Lloyd, Hoyes; Official Canadian 
Record of Bird-Banding Re¬ 
turns (bibliog.), 727, 730, 
739 </p>

<p>Logcock, 365, 693 
Loggerhead shrike, 491-494, 688, 
728, 741, 742 </p>

<p>Long-billed curlew, 235-236, 237 
dowitcher, 264, 265-266 
marsh wren, 445 
Long-eared owl, 342 </p>

<p>American, 342 </p>

<p>
longicauda, Bartramia, 239-241 
Harporhynchus, 460 
Toxostoma rufa, 459-460 
Longipennes, 725 
longirostris, Rallus, 759 
longirostris caribaeus, Rallus, 681 
crepitans, Rallus, 694 
saturatus, Rallus, 200-202 
Longspur, 679 </p>

<p>Lapland, 679, 746 
Loon, 25, 27, 145 
common, 25-26 
lesser, 26-27 
Loons, IX </p>

<p>Lophodytes cucullatus, 142-144 
Louisiana, bird observers in, 2-3 
bird protection in, 20-23 
bird sanctuaries in, 22-23 
birds of, IX-X, 2-4, 25-679 
calendar of bird migration in, 
12-18 </p>

<p>collections of birds of, 3 
distribution of birds in, 713 
fall migration in, 14-18 
geographical position of, 1 
migration of birds in, 10-11 
number of birds in, 4 
ranges of birds in, 6 
sources of information regard¬ 
ing birds of, 3-4 
spring migration in, 12-17 
State bird of, 33 
types of country in, 1-2 
Louisiana birds, hypothetical, 680- 
685 </p>

<p>cardinal, XI, 621-624, 701, pi. 
43, pi. 44 </p>

<p>chickadee, 425-428, 429, 683 
clapper rail, 200-202, 681, 694 
cowbird, 611-615 </p>

<p>Louisiana Department of Conser¬ 
vation; Annual Study of 
Bird Migration on Grand 
Isle Recently Completed 
(bibliog.), 737 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
801 </p>

<p>
Louisiana Department of Conser¬ 
vation; Birds of Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 737 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
The Birds of Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 739 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
A Brief Survey of the Na¬ 
tural Resources of Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 719 
Department of Conservation; 
Bureau of Education, Lou¬ 
isiana Bird Primer (bib¬ 
liog.), 738 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Bureau of Education, Lou¬ 
isiana Bird Primer, Revised 
(bibliog.), 740 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Ducks Unlimited, Louisiana’s 
Share in the Duck Restora¬ 
tion Program (bibliog.), 759 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Federal Official Studies 
Wild Waterfowl (bibliog.), 
735 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Feeding Habits of Ducks 
(bibliog.), 728 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
How to Call Wild Ducks 
(bibliog.), 729 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Hunting in Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 739 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Know Your Bird Neighbors 
(bibliog.), 749 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
New Bird Added to Louisi¬ 
ana List (bibliog.), 760 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
New Light on Duck Behavior 
(bibliog.), 752, 753 </p>

<p>
Louisiana Department of Conser¬ 
vation; Numbered Bands to 
Trace Sea Birds of State to 
Their Winter Homes (bib¬ 
liog.), 737 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Pheasants at State Forests 
(bibliog.), 735 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Quail and Chickens Make 
Friends (bibliog.), 733 
Department of Conservation; 
The Rain Crow (bibliog.), 
728 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Sea Birds Have Increased 
on Louisiana Gulf Island 
Refugees [sic] (bibliog.), 
738 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Shrike or Butcherbird (bib¬ 
liog.), 728 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Stop Slaughter of Ducks 
(bibliog.), 728 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
To Take Censuses of Coun¬ 
try’s Waterfowl (bibliog.), 
733 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; 
Wild Life Resources (bib¬ 
liog.), 739 </p>

<p>Department of Conservation; </p>

<p>Woodcock (bibliog.), 728 
Department of Conservation; </p>

<p>Woodpeckers (bibliog.), 728 
Department of Conservation; 
Young Birds and Their Bill 
of Fare (bibliog.), 728 
Louisiana heron, XI, 51, 54, 56- 
59, 80, pi. 12 
herons, 50, 60, 61, 78 
marsh wren, 445-447, 448, 449 
parakeet, 323-325, 688, 714 
screech owls, 682 
seaside sparrow, 654-656, 685 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHlJ®^ </p>



<p>802 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Louisiana State Museum Board of 
Curators; Accessions to the 
Museum by Gifts, Loans, 
and Exchanges, 1914-1915 
Zoology (bibliog.), 718 
State Museum Board of Cura¬ 
tors ; Additions to Collec¬ 
tions by Gift (bibliog.), 711 
State Museum Board of Cura¬ 
tors; Audubon Society’s 
Bird Breeding Islands (bib¬ 
liog.), 709 </p>

<p>State Museum Board of Cura¬ 
tors; Department of Natural 
• History, Accessions, Birds 
(bibliog.), 716 </p>

<p>State Museum Board of Cura¬ 
tors; Natural History Exhi¬ 
bit (bibliog.), 709 
State Museum Board of Cura¬ 
tors; Natural Science De¬ 
partment (bibliog.), 721 
Louisiana tanager, 615, 699, 700, 
721, </p>

<p>waterthrush, 13, 554-555, 705 
waterthrushes, 555 
Low, Seth Haskell; Notes on the 
Survival, Winter Distribu¬ 
tion, and Migration Speed of 
Eastern Mourning Doves 
(bibliog.), 753 
Lower Austral Life-zone, 2 </p>

<p>Humid Division 
of, 2 </p>

<p>Lowery, George Hines, Jr., Addi¬ 
tional Notes on the Birds of 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 749 
George Hines, Jr.; The Ala¬ 
bama Towhee, An Addition 
to the Louisiana List (bib¬ 
liog.), 749 </p>

<p>George Hines, Jr.; Bird-Lore’s 
Thirty-first Christmas Cen¬ 
sus, Monroe, Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 740 </p>

<p>
Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-second Christ¬ 
mas Census, Monroe, La. 
(bibliog.), 742 </p>

<p>George Hines, Jr.; Birds of 
North Louisiana (bibliog.), 
740 </p>

<p>George Hines, Jr.; The Ivory¬ 
billed Woodpecker in Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 754 
George Hines, Jr.; Lapland 
Longspur, An Addition to 
the Louisiana List (bibliog), 
746 </p>

<p>George Hines, Jr.; A New 
Hawk for the Louisiana List 
(bibliog.), 742 </p>

<p>George Hines, Jr.; Notes on 
Spring Migration through 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 740 
George Hines, Jr.; A Probable 
Extension of the Breeding 
Range of the Prairie War¬ 
bler (bibliog.), 740 
George Hines, Jr.; The Starl¬ 
ing in Northern Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 738 </p>

<p>Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; Camp¬ 
bell, John Sherman; Kuhn, 
Joseph Jenkins; Lowery, 
George Hines, Sr., and; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-fourth Christ¬ 
mas Census, Tallulah, La. 
(bibliog.), 747-748 
George Hines, Jr.; McCor¬ 
mack, Joe; Reitzell, John; 
and Stubbs, Barry; Lowery, 
Mrs. George Hines, Sr.; 
Lowery, George Hines, Sr.; 
Bird-Lore’s T h i r t y-fifth 
Christmas Census, Monroe, 
La. (bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>
Index </p>

<p>
803 </p>

<p>
Lowery, George Hines, Sr.; and 
Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; 
Campbell, John Sherman; 
Kuhn, Joseph Jenkins; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-fourth Christ¬ 
mas Census, Tallulah, La. 
(bibliog.), 747-748 
George Hines, Sr.; Lowery, 
George Hines, Jr.; McCor¬ 
mack, Joe; Reitzell, John; 
and Stubbs, Barry; Lowery, 
Mrs. George Hines, Sr.; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-fifth Christ¬ 
mas Census, Monroe, La. 
(bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>Lowery, Mrs. George Hines, Sr.; 
Lowery, George Hines, Sr.; 
Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; 
McCormack, Joe; Reitzell, 
John; and Stubbs, Barry; 
Bird- Lore’s Thirty-fifth 
Christmas Census, Monroe, 
La. (bibliog.), 754 
Loxia curvirostra minor, 638-639 
sitkensis, 638 </p>

<p>ludoviciana, Conuropsis carolin- 
ensis, 323-325 
Piranga, 615 </p>

<p>ludovicianus, Hedymeles, 624 
Lanius ludovicianus, 491-494 
Thryothorus ludovicianus, 441- 
444 </p>

<p>ludovicianus excubitorides, Lanius, </p>

<p>495-496 </p>

<p>ludovicianus, Lanius, 491-494 
Thryothorus, 441-444 
migrans, Lanius, 494-495 
luteus, Colaptes auratus, 363-364, 
706 </p>

<p>M </p>

<p>macgillivraii, Ammospiza mariti- 
ma, 685 </p>

<p>Thryospiza maritima, 685 
MacGillivray seaside sparrow, 685 </p>

<p>
macroura carolinensis, Zenaidura, </p>

<p>XII, 315-318 </p>

<p>marginella, Zenaidura, 318 
macularia, Actitis, 241-243 
maculosa, Anas fulvigula, XI, 104- 
106, pi. 18 </p>

<p>magna, Sturnella magna, 577 
magna argutula, Sturnella, 577- 
581 </p>

<p>hoopesi, Sturnella, 581 
magna, Sturnella, 577 
magnificens, Fregata, 44 
magnificens rothschildi, Frege ta, </p>

<p>44-46 </p>

<p>magnirostris, Cardinalis cardinalis, 
702 </p>

<p>Richmondena cardinalis, XI, 
621-624, 702, 738, pi. 43, pi. 
44 </p>

<p>magnolia, Dendroica, 532 
Magnolia warbler, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
532, 703 </p>

<p>major, Cassidix mexicanus, XII, 
598-602, 698, pi. 40 
majusculus, Elanus leucurus, 155 
Mallard, 97, 98, 101, 102, 110, 
111, 120, 728, 736 
black, 101 </p>

<p>common, 97-100, 756 
summer, 104 
Mallard ducks, 721 
Mallard-pintail, 756 
Mallards, XI, 736, 753, 754, pi. 17 
Manner of migration of birds, 8 
Manners, Grace; The Great Mi¬ 
gration of Birds Begins in 
Spring at Grand Isle (bib¬ 
liog.), 749 </p>

<p>Man-o’-war-bird, 44-46 
Marbled god wit, 21, 271 
Mareca americana, 107-109, 717 
penelope, 107 </p>

<p>marginella, Zenaidura macroura, </p>

<p>318 </p>

<p>Marian marsh wren, 445 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>804 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
marianae, Telmatodytes palustris, </p>

<p>445 </p>

<p>marila nearctica, Aythya, 133 
Fulix, 132-133 
Nyroca, 132 </p>

<p>maritima fisheri, Ammospiza, 654 
Thryospiza, 654-656, 
685, 700, 701, 725 
howelli, Ammospiza, 654 </p>

<p>Thryospiza, XI, 654, 685, pi. </p>

<p>45 </p>

<p>macgillivraii, Ammospiza, 685 
Thryospiza, 685 </p>

<p>maritimus, Ammodramus, 700, 701 </p>

<p>Marsh birds, 211, 731 
hawk, 17, 178-179 
hen, 200 </p>

<p>fresh water, 198 
salt water, 200 
tern, 291 
wren, 444, 447 
long-billed, 445 
Louisiana, 445-447, 448, 449 
Marian, 445 
Massachusetts, 444 
prairie, 447-448 
short-billed, 448-450 
wrens, 448 </p>

<p>Marston, Bulow W.; Tensas River 
(bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>Martin, 413 
bee, 383 </p>

<p>Martin, DeLoach; Bird Life around 
Lake Heyes [sic], Louisiana, 
June 7th and 8th, 1917 (bib¬ 
liog.), 719 </p>

<p>Martin, purple, 12, 14, 16, 18, 413- 
415, 497, 722, 752 
sand, 406 </p>

<p>Martin pecheur, 357 </p>

<p>martinica, Ionornis, 206, 208, 757 
Porphyrula, XI, 206-208, 698, 
pi. 22 </p>

<p>martinicus, Ionornis, 731, 757 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Martins, 722 </p>

<p>Maryland yellowthroat, 16, 18, </p>

<p>558-561 </p>

<p>Massachusetts marsh wren, 444 
mauri, Ereunetes, 269-270 
maximiliani, Clivicola riparia, 407 
Riparia riparia, 405-407 
maximus, Thalasseus maximus, 
300-303 </p>

<p>maximus maximus, Thalasseus, </p>

<p>300-303 </p>

<p>Maynard cuckoo, 682 
maynardi, Coccyzus minor, 682 
Vireo griseus, 502 
McAtee, Waldo Lee; Birds Trans¬ 
porting Food Supplies (bib¬ 
liog.), 716 </p>

<p>Waldo Lee; Food Habits of the 
Mallard Ducks of the United 
States (bibliog.), 721 
Waldo Lee; Local Names of 
Migratory Game Birds (bib¬ 
liog.), 727 </p>

<p>Waldo Lee; Local Names of 
Waterfowl and Other Birds 
(bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>Waldo Lee; Notes on Chen 
caerulescens, Chen rossi, and 
Other Waterfowl in Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 711 
Waldo Lee; Two Ornithological 
Fables from Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 715 </p>

<p>Waldo Lee; Winter Ranges of 
Geese on the Gulf Coast; 
Notable Bird Records for the 
Same Region (bibliog.), 712 
McCormack, Joe; Reitzell, John; 
and Stubbs, Barry; Lowery, 
Mrs. George Hines, Sr.; Low¬ 
ery, George Hines, Sr.; 
Lowery, George Hines, Jr.; 
Bird- Lore's Thirty-fifth 
Christmas Census, Monroe, 
La. (bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
805 </p>

<p>
Mcllhenny, Edward Avery; Alli¬ 
gators Interfere with Duck- 
Banding (bibliog.), 759 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Are Starlings 
a Menace to the Food Sup¬ 
ply of Our Native Birds? </p>

<p>(bibliog.), 757 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Bird Banding 
in Louisiana Discloses Inter¬ 
esting Returns (bibliog.), 
738 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Bird City (bib¬ 
liog.), 750 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; The Blue 
Goose in its Winter Home 
(bibliog.), 743 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Golden Eagle 
(Aquila chrysaetos cana¬ 
densis) in Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 746 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; How I Made a 
Bird City (bibliog.), 714 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; A Hybrid be¬ 
tween Turkey Vulture and 
Black V ulture (bibliog.), 
759 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Life History of 
the Boat-tailed Grackle in 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 759 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; A List of the 
Species of Anseres, Paludi- 
colae, and Limicolae Occur¬ 
ring in the State of Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 699 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Louisiana Wild 
Life Conservation (bibliog.), 
750 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Purple Galli- 
nules (Ionornis martinica) 
are predatory (bibliog.), 757 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Robins Nesting 
in Extreme Southern Loui¬ 
siana (bibliog.), 746 </p>

<p>
Mcllhenny, Edward Avery; 
Twenty-Two Years of Band¬ 
ing Migratory Wild Fowl at 
Avery Island, Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 749 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; Unusual Feed¬ 
ing Habits of Some of the 
Ardeidae (bibliog.), 757 
Edward Avery; The Vermilion 
Flycatcher i n Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>Edward Avery; The Wild Tur¬ 
key and Its Hunting (bib¬ 
liog.), 716 </p>

<p>Meadow chicken, 203 
hen, 198 </p>

<p>Meadowlark, 577, 578, 719 
eastern, 577 
Florida, 700 
Rio Grande, 581 
southern, 577-581 
western, 581 </p>

<p>Megaceryle alcyon alcyon, 357-359 
megalopterus, Larus, 286 </p>

<p>Larus atricilla, XII, 283-286, 
pi. 28 </p>

<p>Megascops, 697 
Megascops asio floridanus, 694 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 369 
erythrocephalus erythrocepha¬ 
lus, 369-372 
Melanitta deglandi, 139 
perspicillata, 139 
melanoleucus, Totanus, 249-251 
melanoptera, Sterna anaethetus, 
682, 744 </p>

<p>melanota, Pisobia, 254-257 
melanotos, Pisobia, 254 
Meleagrididae, 193-194 
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris, 193- 
194 </p>

<p>melodia, Melospiza melodia, 676- 
677 </p>

<p>melodia beata, Melospiza, 677-678 
juddi, Melospiza, 678-679 
melodia, Melospiza, 676-677 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MIC </p>



<p>806 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
melodus, Charadrius, 216 
Charadrius melodus, 215 
melodus circumcinctus, Aegialitis, 
216 </p>

<p>Charadrius, 215-216 
melodus, Charadrius, 215 
Melopelia asiatica asiatica, 321 
Melospiza georgiana ericrypta, </p>

<p>675-676 </p>

<p>georgiana, 674-675 
lincolnii lincolnii, 673 
melodia beata, 677-678 
juddi, 678-679 
melodia, 676-677 
Mer, pigeon de, 291 
Merganser, 143, 145, 147, 148 
American, 144-146 
hooded, 142-144 
red-breasted, 144, 145, 146-148 
merganser americanus, Mergus, 
144-146 </p>

<p>Mergansers, 142, 144 
hooded, 143 </p>

<p>Mergus merganser americanus, </p>

<p>144-146 </p>

<p>serrator, 146 </p>

<p>serrator serrator, 146-148 
mesoleucus, Nuttallornis, 400 
Mexican cormorant, 40-41 
mexicanus, Himantopus, XII, 275- 
277, pi. 26, pi. 27 
Phalacrocorax olivaceus, 40-41 
Pyrocephalus rubinus; 401 
mexicanus major, Cassidix, XII, 
598-602, 698, pi. 40 
Micropalama himantopus, 266-267 
Micropodidae, 351-353 
Micropodiformes, X, 351-357 
migrans, Lanius ludovicianus, 494- 
495 </p>

<p>Migrant shrike, 493, 494-495 
Migration, diurnal, 171 
Migration in Louisiana, calendar 
of bird, 12-18 
fall, 14-18 
spring, 12-17 </p>

<p>
| Migration of birds, the, 7-11 
altitude of, 9 
definition of, 7 
distance of, 8 
hazards of, 10 
instinct of, 10 
manner of, 8 
routes of, 8 
speed of, 9 
times of, 7 </p>

<p>of birds in Louisiana, 10-11 
migratoria, Columba, 321 
migratorius, Ectopistes, XII, 319, 
pi. 33 </p>

<p>Turdus migratorius, 460-463, 
464 </p>

<p>migratorius achrusterus, Turdus, </p>

<p>463-465 </p>

<p>migratorius, Turdus, 460-463, 
464 </p>

<p>propinquus, Turdus, 683 
Migratory Bird Refuge, Delta, 23 
Lacassine, 23 
Sabine, 23 </p>

<p>Miller, Frank M.; Report of the 
Audubon Society of the 
State of Louisiana (bib- 
liog.), 705, 706, 708 
Mimidae, 450-460 
Mimus polyglottos, 705 </p>

<p>polyglottos polyglottos, 450- 
453 </p>

<p>minima, Hylocichla minima, 472- 
473 </p>

<p>minima aliciae, Hylocichla, 473 
minima, Hylocichla, 472-473 
minimus, Empidonax, 397 
minor, Chordeiles minor, 347-348 
Loxia curvirostra, 638-639 
Philohela, 229, 757 
Rubicola, 229-232 
Scolopax, 232 </p>

<p>minor chapmani, Chordeiles, 348- 
350, 716 </p>

<p>hesperis, Chordeiles, 350 
maynardi, Coccyzus, 682 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
807 </p>

<p>
minor minor, Chordeiles, 347-348 
sennetti, Chordeiles, 350 
minutilla, Pisobia, 259-261 
misisippiensis, Ictinia, 157-158 
Mississippi kite, 157-158, 693 
song sparrow, 677-678 
Wild Life Refuge, Upper, 22 
Missouri titlark, 697 
mitrata, Sylvania, 698 
Mniotilta varia, 511-513 
Mockingbird, 316, 450, 451, 453, 
454, 457, 491, 697, 698 
eastern, 450-453 
French, 456 
Mockingbirds, 698 
Molothrus ater artemisiae, 610-611 
ater, 610, 611, 614 
buphilus, 611-615 
obscurus, 611 
Monkey-faced owl, 329 
montanus, Oreoscoptes, 460, 733 
Moore, N. B.; A Pebble in the 
Stomach of a Common 
Nighthawk (bibliog.), 690 
morinella, Arenaria interpres, 227- 
229 </p>

<p>Moris bassana, 37 
Moseley, Edwin Lincoln; The 
Abundance of Woodpeckers 
and Other Birds in North¬ 
eastern Louisiana (bibliog.), 
735 </p>

<p>motacilla, Seiurus, 554-555 
Motacilla tricolora, 573 
Motacillidae, 486-488 
Mottled duck, XI, 104-106, 718, pi. 
18 </p>

<p>Mourning dove, 316, 317, 318, 319, 
320, 732 </p>

<p>eastern, XII, 315-318 
western, 318 
doves, 738, 747, 754 
eastern, 753 
warbler, 15, 558, 704 
Mud hen, 211, 212 </p>

<p>
Muscicapa bonapartii, 569 
noveboracensis, 503 
selbii, 568 </p>

<p>Muscivora forficata, 386-387 
mustelina, Hylocichla, 465-468 
Mycteria americana, 75-77 
Myers, Hu Blakemore; and Gow- 
anloch, James Nelson; Re¬ 
port of the Bureau of Scien¬ 
tific Research and Statistics 
(bibliog.), 760 </p>

<p>Myiarchus crinitus boreus, 390- 
391 </p>

<p>crinitus, 388-390 
Myiochanes virens, 398-400 
Myrtle warbler, 17, 18, 533-537 
warblers, 537 </p>

<p>N </p>

<p>naevius, Otus asio, 333 
Nannus, 724 </p>

<p>Nannus hiemalis hiemalis, 439 
troglodytes, 440 
troglodytes hiemalis, 439-440, 
724 </p>

<p>Nashville warbler, 524 
nearctica, Aythya marila, 133 
Fulix marila, 132-133 
neglecta, Sturnella neglecta, 581 
neglecta neglecta, Sturnella, 581 
Nehrling, Henry; Die Gesangsko- 
nigin der Nordamerikani- 
schen Vogelwelt (bibliog.), 
708 </p>

<p>Nelson, Edward William; The 
Whooping Crane Continues 
to Visit Louisiana (bibliog.), 
737 </p>

<p>Nelson sparrow, 652, 653, 711 
nelsoni, Ammospiza caudacuta, 
652, 653 </p>

<p>Nemospiza henslowii henslowii, </p>

<p>651 </p>

<p>Nettion carolinense, 113-116 
Nevada cowbird, 610-611 
New Orleans towhee, 641-644 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>808 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Newfoundland yellow warbler, 
530-531 </p>

<p>Nichols, John Treadwell; Griscom, 
Ludlow, and; A Revision of 
the Seaside Sparrows (bib- 
liog.), 724 
Nigger goose, 37 
Night heron, 66, 68 </p>

<p>black-crowned, 65-68, 78, 
80 </p>

<p>yellow-crowned, 68, 61, </p>

<p>67, 68-70, 748 
herons, 70 </p>

<p>black-crowned, 78 
yellow-crowned, 746, 755 
Nighthawk, 347, 348, 690, 719, 
731 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 347-348 
Florida, 12, 15, 17, 348-350 
Pacific, 350 
Sennett, 350 
Nighthawks, X, 731 
nigra, Rynchops nigra, XII, 311- 
314, pi. 31 </p>

<p>nigra nigra, Rynchops, XII, 311- 
314, pL 31 </p>

<p>surinamensis, Chlidonias, 308- 
310 </p>

<p>nilotica aranea, Gelochelidon, 289 
nivalis, Plectrophenax nivalis, 679 
nivalis nivalis, Plectrophenax, 679 
nivosus tenuirostris, Charadrius, 
216 </p>

<p>Noddy tern, 311 
Non-game birds, 715 
Nonpareil, 629 </p>

<p>Norris, Joseph Parker; Nesting of 
the Mississippi Kite (bib- 
liog.), 693 </p>

<p>North American herring gulls, 735 
house wren, 750 
laughing gull, 286 
Northern bald eagle, 175, 177 
barred owl, 338-340 
blue jay, 418, 419 
cliff swallow, 14, 412-413 </p>

<p>
Northern crested flycatcher, 15, 
17, 390-391 
curlew, 236-237 
diver, great, 25 
flicker, 362, 363-364, 710 
hairy woodpecker, 375 
horned lark, 401, 402 
parula warbler, 528, 684 
pine siskin, 636 
warbler, 546-548 
prairie warbler, 16, 18, 548 
red-shouldered hawk, 167-168 
waterthrush, 554, 684 
white-eyed vireo, 502-503 
yellow-bellied sapsucker, 372- 
374 </p>

<p>yellowthroat, 561 
Northwest Game Preserve, 23 
Northwestern Savannah sparrow, </p>

<p>647 </p>

<p>notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis, </p>

<p>553-554 </p>

<p>noveboracensis, Coturnicops, 205 
Muscicapa, 503 
Seiurus noveboracensis, 684 
Vireo griseus, 502-503 
noveboracensis notabilis, Seiurus, 
553-554 </p>

<p>noveboracensis, Seiurus, 684 
Number of birds in Louisiana, 4 
Numenius americanus, 722 </p>

<p>americanus americanus, 235- 
236, 717 </p>

<p>occidentals, 236-237, 722 
Nuthatch, 381, 434, 511 
brown-headed, 433-434 
Florida, 431-433 
red-breasted, 433 
white-breasted, 433, 683 
Nuthatches, 370, 426, 431, 481, 
511 </p>

<p>Nuttall, Thomas; A Manual of the 
Ornithology of the United 
States and of Canada, The 
Land Birds, The Water 
Birds (bibliog.), 689 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
809 </p>

<p>
Nuttallomis borealis cooperi, 400 
mesoleucus, 400 </p>

<p>Nyctanassa violacea violacea, 68- </p>

<p>70 </p>

<p>nyctea, Nyctea, 336 </p>

<p>Nyctea nyctea, 336 </p>

<p>nycticorax hoactli, Nycticorax, 65- </p>

<p>68 </p>

<p>Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli, 65- </p>

<p>68 </p>

<p>Nyroca affinis, 133 
americana, 125-127 
collaris, 127 
marila, 132 
valisineria, 129 </p>

<p>O </p>

<p>Oates, Eugene, William; and Reid, 
Savile Grey; Catalogue of 
the Collection of Birds' Eggs 
in the British Museum (bib¬ 
liog.), 705 </p>

<p>Oberholser, Harry Church; Critical 
Notes on the Eastern Sub¬ 
species of Sitta carolinensis 
Latham (bibliog.), 719 
Harry Church; Description of 
a New Telmatodytes (bib¬ 
liog.), 702 </p>

<p>Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; I, Five Swal¬ 
lows (bibliog.), 720 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; II, The Scar¬ 
let and Louisiana Tanagers 
(bibliog.), 721 </p>

<p>Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; III, The Sum¬ 
mer and Hepatic Tanagers, 
Martins and Barn Swallows 
(bibliog.), 722 </p>

<p>
Oberholser, Harry Church; The 
Migration of North Ameri¬ 
can Birds, Second Series; IV, 
The Wax-wings and Phaino- 
pepla (bibliog.), 722 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; VI, Horned 
Larks (bibliog.), 722 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XIII, Euro¬ 
pean Starling and the Bobo¬ 
link (bibliog.), 725 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XVII, Rusty 
Blackbird and Brewer Black¬ 
bird (bibliog.), 726 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XX, Balti¬ 
more Oriole (bibliog.), 726 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XXI, Or¬ 
chard Oriole (bibliog.), 727 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XXIV, Ruby- 
throated, Black-chinned, and 
Calliope Hummingbirds 
(bibliog.), 729 </p>

<p>Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XXIX, The 
Swifts (bibliog.), 730-731 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XXXI, The 
Nighthawks (bibliog.), 731 
Harry Church; The Migration 
of North American Birds, 
Second Series; XXXVII, Yel¬ 
low-bellied and Red-breasted 
Sapsuckers (bibliog.), 735 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF </p>



<p>810 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Oberholser, Harry Church; A 
Monograph of the Genus 
Chordeiles Swainson, Type 
of a New Family of Goat¬ 
suckers (bibliog.), 716 
Harry Church; Notes on the 
Subspecies o f Numenius 
americanus Bechstein (bib- 
liog.), 722 </p>

<p>Harry Church; Notes on the 
Wrens of the Genus Nannus 
Billberg (bibliog.), 724 
Harry Church; Pooecetes gra- 
mineus confinis in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 716 </p>

<p>Harry Church; A Revision of 
the Clapper Rails (Rallus 
longirostris Boddaert), (bib¬ 
liog.), 769 </p>

<p>Harry Church; A Revision of 
the North American House 
Wrens (bibliog.), 760 
Harry Church; A Revision of 
the Wrens of the Genus 
Thryomanes Sclater (bib¬ 
liog.), 699 </p>

<p>Harry Church; A Synopsis of 
the Genus Thryomanes (bib¬ 
liog.), 725 </p>

<p>Harry Church; Waterfowl in 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 746 
oblitus, Passerculus sandwichen- 
sis, 647-648, 760 
obscurus, Molothrus ater, 611 
occidentals, Numenius ameri¬ 
canus, 236-237, 722 
Pelecanus occidentals, 33 
occidentals carolinensis, Peleca¬ 
nus, XI, 33-36, pi. 3 
occidentals, Pelecanus, 33 
oceanicus, Oceanites, 30, 717 
Oceanites oceanicus, 30, 717 
Odontoglossae, 731 
oenanthe, Saxicola, 696 
Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa, 478 </p>

<p>
oenanthe leucorhoa, Oenanthe, </p>

<p>478 </p>

<p>Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert; 
Catalogue of the Collection 
of Birds’ Eggs in the BritSh 
Museum (bibliog.), 714 
Ohio house wren, 437 
Oidemia americana, 139 
Oldsquaw, 138 </p>

<p>olivacea, Piranga, XII, 616-617, 
pi. 42 </p>

<p>Vireosylva, 506-509 
olivaceus, Vireo, 506 
olivaceus mexicanus, Phalacroco- 
rax, 40-41 </p>

<p>Olive-backed thrush, 12, 470-472, 
707 </p>

<p>Olive-sided flycatcher, 708 </p>

<p>eastern, 400 
Olor buccinator, 717 
Ontario sharp-tailed sparrow, 652 
Oporornis agilis, 558 
formosus, 555-557 
Philadelphia, 558 </p>

<p>Orange-crowned warbler, 523-524 
Orchard oriole, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
588-592, 727 </p>

<p>Oreoscoptes montanus, 460, 733 
Oriole, 590, 592, 594, 595 </p>

<p>Baltimore, 13, 16, 18, 588, 589, 
592-596, 726 </p>

<p>orchard, 13, 15, 16, 18. 588- 
592, 727 </p>

<p>Orioles, 525, 577, 589 
oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 574-577 
Osprey, American, 175, 179-181 
ossifragus, Corvus, 423-425, 691 
Otero, Richard Blache; Report of 
the Bureau of Education 
(bibliog.), 760 </p>

<p>Otocoris alpestris alpestris, 401. </p>

<p>402, 695 
giraudi, 402 
hoyti, 402 
praticola, 683 
otus, Asio, 342 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
811 </p>

<p>
Otus asio asio, 333, 682 </p>

<p>floridanus, 331-334, 682, </p>

<p>697 </p>

<p>naevius, 333 </p>

<p>otus wilsonianus, Asio, 342 
Ovenbird, 13, 550-553, 640, 705 
Owl, 173, 330, 332, 334, 336, 339, 
340 </p>

<p>American hawk, 336 
long-eared, 342 
barn, 329-331 
barred, 334, 338, 340, 342 
burrowing, 336 
eastern screech, 333 
Florida barred, 339, 340-342, 
750 </p>

<p>burrowing, 338 
screech, 331-334 
great horned, 334-336, 338, </p>

<p>339, 750 
ground, 336 
hoot, 339 
long-eared, 342 
monkey-faced, 329 
northern barred, 338-340 
rain, 339 </p>

<p>round-headed, 339 
saw-whet, 343 
screech, 334 
shivering, 332 </p>

<p>short-eared, XII, 343, pi. 34 
snowy, 336 
southern screech, 682 
squinch, 332 </p>

<p>western burrowing, 336-338 
wood, 339 </p>

<p>Owls, X, 329, 331, 334, 338, 339, </p>

<p>340, 344, 416, 697, 750 
barred, 342 
burrowing, 338 </p>

<p>great horned, 336 
screech, 333, 340, 682 
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, XII, 
220-222, pi. 24 </p>

<p>Oystercatcher, American, 213-215 </p>

<p>
P </p>

<p>Pacific nighthawk, 350 
Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia, XI, 219- 
220, pi. 23 </p>

<p>Painted bunting, 15, 16, 625, 626, 
629-632, 712 </p>

<p>palliatus, Haematopus palliatus, </p>

<p>213-215 </p>

<p>palliatus palliatus, Haematopus, </p>

<p>213-215 </p>

<p>Palm warbler, 549, 550 </p>

<p>western, 549, 550 
yellow, 549-550 </p>

<p>palmarum, Dendroica palmarum, </p>

<p>549, 550, 692 </p>

<p>palmarum hypochrysea, Dendroica, 
549-550, 692 </p>

<p>palmarum, Dendroica, 549, </p>

<p>550, 692 </p>

<p>Paludicolae, 699, 731 
palustris dissaeptus, Telmatodytes, 
444, 448 </p>

<p>iliacus, Telmatodytes, 447-448 
marianae, Telmatodytes, 445 
thryophilus, Telmatodytes, 
445-447, 702 </p>

<p>Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, </p>

<p>179-181 </p>

<p>Pape rouge, 629 </p>

<p>Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi, 172- 
173 </p>

<p>Paradise, Texas bird of, 386 
Parakeet, Carolina, 323, 324 
Louisiana, 323-325, 688, 714 
Parakeets, 324 
Paridae, 425-430 </p>

<p>parkmani, Troglodytes aedon, 437 
parkmanii, Troglodytes domesti- 
cus, 437-439 
Paroquet, Carolina, 714 
Parrot, 323 
Parrots, IX 
Partridges, 161 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from ^ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN* </p>



<p>812 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Parula warbler, 526, 527, 705 
northern, 528, 684 
southern, 524 
western, 13, 16, 18, </p>

<p>524-528 </p>

<p>Parus carolinensis, 426 
Pass a Loutre Hunting Preserve, 
23 </p>

<p>Passenger pigeon, XII, 319-321, 
713, 714, 732, 755 
Passer domesticus, 695 </p>

<p>domesticus domesticus, 573- 
574 </p>

<p>Passerculus sandwichensis anthi- 
nus, 647 </p>

<p>oblitus, 647-648, 760 
savanna, 644-647 
Passerella iliaca iliaca, 672-673 
Passerherbulus caudacutus, 650- 
651 </p>

<p>henslowi henslowi, 651 
Passeriformes, X, 382-679 
passerina, Columbigallina passe- 
rina, 322 </p>

<p>Spizella passerina, 664-666 
Passerina ciris, 629 
ciris ciris, 629-632 
cyanea, 626-629 </p>

<p>passerina passerina, Columbigal¬ 
lina, 322 
Spizella, 664-666 </p>

<p>paula, Cerchneis sparveria, 189- 
190, 701 </p>

<p>paulus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 
421-422, 715 
Falco sparverius, 189 
Peabody bird, 670 
Pearson, Thomas Gilbert; Blue 
Geese in Louisiana (bib- 
liog.), 743 </p>

<p>Thomas Gilbert; Exploring for 
New Bird Colonies (bib- 
liog.), 725 </p>

<p>Thomas Gilbert; Glossy Ibises 
Reported Breeding in Lou¬ 
isiana (bibliog.), 733 </p>

<p>
Pearson, Thomas Gilbert; Hosts of 
Water-fowl in Louisiana 
(bibliog.), 720 </p>

<p>Thomas Gilbert; Notes on the 
Bird-Life of Southeastern 
Texas (bibliog.), 726 
Thomas Gilbert; The Rainey 
Wild Life Sanctuary (bib¬ 
liog.), 736 </p>

<p>Thomas Gilbert; Wild Life 
Conservation along the Gulf 
Coast (bibliog.), 724 
Pecheur, martin, 357 
Pectoral sandpiper, 254-257, 258, 
261 </p>

<p>Peep, 259, 267 
Peet-weet, 241 
pelagica, Chaetura, 351-353 
Pelecanidae, 31-36 
Pelecaniformes, IX, 30-46 
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 31-33, 
747 </p>

<p>occidentals carolinensis, XI, 
33-36, pi. 3 
occidentalis, 33 
Pelican, 34 </p>

<p>brown, 31, 35, 36, 721, 748 
eastern brown, XI, 33-36, 721, 
731, pi. 3 </p>

<p>white, 31-33, 34, 747 
Pelicans, IX, 284, 294, 726, 731, 
733, 736, 749 
brown, 45, 724, 754 
eastern brown, 724, 726 
Pelidna alpina sakhalina, 261-263 
penelope, Mareca, 107 
pensylvanica, Dendroica, 543 
Penthestes carolinensis agilis, 426, 
428, 683 
carolinensis, 425, </p>

<p>426 </p>

<p>guilloti, 425-428, 
683 </p>

<p>impiger, 425, 426 
Perching birds, X 
Perdicidae, 191-193 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
813 </p>

<p>
peregrina, Vermivora, 522-523 
Peregrine falcon, 182 
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 182 </p>

<p>Rhynchodon, 182-184 
Perissonetta collaris, XI, 127-129, 
pi. 20 </p>

<p>Perkins, Samuel Elliott, Third; 
Indiana Bronzed Grackle 
Migration (bibliog.), 746 
perpallidus, Ammodramus savan- 
narum, 648-650 
perspicillata, Melanitta, 139 
Peter, blue, 211 </p>

<p>Peters, James Lee; and Griscom, 
Ludlow; Geographical Varia¬ 
tion in the Savannah Spar¬ 
row (bibliog.), 760 
Petrel, Wilson, 30, 717 
Petrels, IX, 726 </p>

<p>Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons, </p>

<p>412-413 </p>

<p>Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr.; The 
American Woodcock (Philo- 
hela minor Gmelin), (bib¬ 
liog.), 767 </p>

<p>Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii, 660, 
661 </p>

<p>illinoensis, 660, 661 
illinoensis, 661 
Pewee, 391 
bridge, 391 </p>

<p>eastern wood, 16, 18, 398-400, 
708 </p>

<p>wood, 398 </p>

<p>Phaeopus borealis, 239 
hudsonicus, 237-239 
Phaethon lepturus catesbyi, 30-31 
Phaethontidae, 30-31 
Phainopepla, 722 
Phalacrocoracidae, 37-41 
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus, 37- 
40 </p>

<p>floridanus, 40 
olivaceus mexicanus, 40-41 </p>

<p>
phalarope, Wilson, 277 
Phalaropodidae, 277 
Phasianus colchicus torquatus, </p>

<p>681 </p>

<p>Pheasant, ring-necked, 681 
Pheasants, 736, 738 </p>

<p>Philadelphia, Larus, 287-288, 691 
Oporornis, 558 </p>

<p>Philadelphia vireo, 16, 509-510, 
710 </p>

<p>philadelphica, Vireosylva, 509-510 
philadelphicus, Vireo, 609 
Phillips, John Charles; A Natural 
History of the Ducks (bib¬ 
liog.), 727 </p>

<p>John Charles; A Note on the 
Mottled Duck (bibliog.), 
718 </p>

<p>Philohela minor, 229, 767 
Phloeotomus pileatus pileatus, 
365-367, 723 
Phoebe, 391, 392, 394 </p>

<p>eastern, 13, 14, 17, 391-394, 
708 </p>

<p>phoebe, Sayornis, 391-394, 732 
Phoebe bird, 391 </p>

<p>phoeniceus, Agelaius phoeniceus, </p>

<p>582-584 </p>

<p>phoeniceus arctolegus, Agelaius, 
587-588 </p>

<p>floridanus, Agelaius, 723 
fortis, Agelaius, 588, 710 
littoralis, Agelaius, 584-587, 
734 </p>

<p>phoeniceus, Agelaius, 582-584 
Phoenicopteridae, 85 
Phoenicopterus ruber, 85 
Phrenopicus borealis, 379-380 
Picidae, 360-382 
Piciformes, X, 360-382 
pictus, Aramus pictus, 197 
pictus pictus, Aramus, 197 
Picus atrothorax, 374 
Pied-billed grebe, XI, 28-30, pi. 2 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Origiral from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>814 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Pigeon, 315, 317, 320 
band-tailed, 320 
domestic, 314, 315 
passenger, XII, 319-321, 713, 
714, 732, 755 
tumbler, 225 
Pigeon de mer, 291 </p>

<p>hawk, eastern, 184-186 
western, 186, 756 
Pigeons, IX, 183 
domestic, 161 
wild, 321 </p>

<p>Pileated woodpecker, 365, 728 </p>

<p>southern, 365-367, 380 
pileatus, Ceophloeus pileatus, 365 
Phloeotomus pileatus, 365-367, 
723 </p>

<p>pileatus pileatus, Ceophloeus, 365 
Phloeotomus, 365-367, 
723 </p>

<p>Pine siskin, 699 </p>

<p>northern, 636 
siskins, 699 
warbler, 546 </p>

<p>northern, 546-548 
Pink bird, 82 
curlew, 82 </p>

<p>Pintail, 97, 109, 110, 120, 715 
American, 100, 109-113, 756, 
757 </p>

<p>Pintail duck, 715 
Pintails, XI, pi. 19 
pinus, Dendroica pinus, 546-548 
Spinus, 699 
Spinus pinus, 636 
Vermivora, 520-521, 684 
pinus pinus, Dendroica, 546-548 
Spinus, 636 </p>

<p>Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster, 
641, 642, 644 
erythrophthalmus. 639- 
641, 642 </p>

<p>leptoleucus, 641-644 
Piping plover, belted, 215-216 
eastern, 215 </p>

<p>
Pipit, 486 </p>

<p>American, 17, 485-488 
Sprague, 488, 699 
pipixcan, Larus, 286-287 
Pique-bois jaune, 693 
Piranga erythromelas, 616, 617 
ludoviciana, 615 
olivacea, XII, 616-617, pi. 42 
rubra rubra, XII, 618-621, pi. 
41 </p>

<p>Pisobia bairdii, 258-259 
fuscicollis, 257-258 
melanota, 254-257 
melanotos, 254 
minutilla, 259-261 
Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus, 
388 </p>

<p>Plataleidae, 81-85 </p>

<p>platypterus, Buteo platypterus. </p>

<p>169-171 </p>

<p>platypterus platypterus, Buteo, </p>

<p>169-171 </p>

<p>platyrhyncha, Anas, 717, 721 
Anas platyrhyncha, XI, 97-100, 
pi. 17. </p>

<p>platyrhyncha platyrhyncha. Anas, 
XI, 97-100, pi. 17 
Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis, 679 
Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus, </p>

<p>77-78 </p>

<p>guarauna, 79 
Ploceidae, 573-574 
Plover, 217, 220, 222, 223, 239, 
240 </p>

<p>American golden, 222-224, 225 
beach, 271 </p>

<p>belted piping, 215-216 
black-bellied, 223, 224-227, </p>

<p>228 </p>

<p>Cuban snowy, 216-217 
eastern piping, 215 
field, 239 
golden, 8, 21 
semipalmated, 217-219 
snowy, 217 </p>

<p>upland, 21, 239-241, 716 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
815 </p>

<p>
Plover, whistling, 225 </p>

<p>Wilson, XI, 219-220, 221, pi. 
23 </p>

<p>plovers, 217, 225, 227 </p>

<p>American golden, 183, 225 
black-bellied, 225 
Plumbeous chickadee, 428, 683 
Plume hunters, 49, 52 
Plumes, 52 </p>

<p>Pluvialis dominica dominica, 222- 
224 </p>

<p>Pochard, American, 125 
podiceps, Podilymbus podiceps, 
XI, 28-30, pi. 2 </p>

<p>podiceps podiceps, Podilymbus, XI, 
28-30, pi. 2 </p>

<p>Podilymbus podiceps podiceps, XI, 
28-30, pi. 2 </p>

<p>Polioptila caerulea caerulea, 478- 
481 </p>

<p>Polybori, 691 </p>

<p>Polyborus cheriway audubonii, 
182, 691 </p>

<p>polyglottos, Mimus, 705 </p>

<p>Mimus polyglottos, 450-453 
polyglottos polyglottos, Mimus, </p>

<p>450-453 </p>

<p>Pooecetes gramineus confinis, </p>

<p>659, 716 </p>

<p>gramineus, 657-658 
Pop, blue, 626 
red, 629 
Porphyrula, 208 
Porphyrula alleni, 208 </p>

<p>martinica, XI, 206-208, 698, 
pi. 22 </p>

<p>Porzana Carolina, 203-205 
Poule d’eau, 211 </p>

<p>Poultry, 168, 178, 330, 332, 334, 
339, 340, 420 
domestic, 163 </p>

<p>Prairie chicken, Attwater, 190-191 
greater, 190 
hen, 689, 697 
horned lark, 401, 633 
marsh wren, 447-448 </p>

<p>
Prairie warbler, 521, 740 </p>

<p>northern, 16, 18, 548 
pratensis, Grus canadensis, 196- 
197 </p>

<p>praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 683 
pratincola, Tyto alba, 329-331 
Preacher, 507 
Preserve, Ayers-Fisher, 23 
Northwest Game, 23 
Pass a Loutre Hunting, 23 
Singer Wild Life, 23 
Theo Terzia Game, 23 
Prey, birds of, 155 
principalis, Campephilus, XI, 380- 
382, 696, pi. 1 
Procellariiformes, IX, 30 
Progne subis subis, 413-415 
propinquus, Turdus migratorius, 
683 </p>

<p>Protection, game, 715 
Protection of birds, the, 19-23 
Prothonotary warbler, XII, 13, 15, 
16, 18, 513-516, 702, pi. 39 
Protonotaria citrea, XII, 513-516 
pi. 39 </p>

<p>Psittacidae, 323-325 
Psittaciformes, IX, 323-325 
Ptarmigan, 183 </p>

<p>pubescens, Dryobates pubescens, 
377-379, 723 </p>

<p>pubescens pubescens, Dryobates, 
377-379, 723 
Pumper, thunder, 71 
Purple finch, 625, 635 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 635, 715 
finches, 635 </p>

<p>gallinule, XI, 206-208, 698, </p>

<p>731, pi. 22 
gallinules, 757 
grackle, 604-606, 684, 751 
grackles, 751 </p>

<p>martin, 12, 14, 16, 18,413-415, 
497, 722, 752 </p>

<p>purpureus, Carpodacus purpureus, </p>

<p>635 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>816 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
purpureus purpureus, Carpodacus, </p>

<p>635 </p>

<p>pusilla, Compsothlypis americana, 
627, 528, 684 
Sitta pusilla, 433-434 
Spizella pusilla, 666-668 
Wilsonia pusilla, 568 
pusilla arenacea, Spizella, 668, 
696 </p>

<p>pusilla, Sitta, 433-434 
Spizella, 666-668 
Wilsonia, 568 </p>

<p>pusillus, Ereunetes, 267-269 
Pygopodes, 723 </p>

<p>Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, </p>

<p>401 </p>

<p>Q </p>

<p>Quail, bobwhite, 758 
Quail snipe, 263 
Quailie, 239 
Quails, 733 
Quawk, 66 </p>

<p>Querquedula cyanoptera, 690 
cyanoptera cyanoptera, 119 
discors, 116-118 
discors albinucha, 118, 681, 
723, 738 </p>

<p>querula, Zonotrichia, 668 
Quiscalus, 691, 696, 761, 755 
Quiscalus aeneus, 606-610, 684. 
quiscula, 751 
quiscula aeneus, 606 </p>

<p>aglaeus, 602, 695, 
696 </p>

<p>quiscula, 602-604, 
605, 685, 696 
ridgwayi, 684-685, 
696 </p>

<p>stonei, 604-606, 684 
quiscula, Quiscalus, 761 </p>

<p>Quiscalus quiscula, 602-604, 
605, 685, 696 </p>

<p>
quiscula aeneus, Quiscalus, 606 
aglaeus, Quiscalus, 602, 695, 
696 </p>

<p>quiscula, Quiscalus, 602 - 604 , 
605, 685, 696 </p>

<p>ridgwayi, Quiscalus, 684 - 685 , 
696 </p>

<p>stonei, Quiscalus, 604 - 606 , 684 
R </p>

<p>rafflesii, Anas, 690 
Rail, 199, 200 
black, 205-206 
Caribbean clapper, 681 
Carolina, 203 
clapper, 197, 198, 200 
king, XI, 197-200, pi. 21 
Louisiana clapper, 200-202, 
681, 694 
Virginia, 202 
yellow, 205 </p>

<p>Rails, IX, 197, 198, 200, 206, 334, 
698 </p>

<p>clapper, 759, 760 
Rain crow, 325, 693, 728 
owl, 339 </p>

<p>Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 23 
Rallidae, 197-213, 698 
Rallus elegans elegans, XI, 197- 
200, pi. 21 </p>

<p>limicola limicola, 202 
longirostris, 759 
longirostris caribaeus, 681 
crepitans, 694 
saturatus, 200-202 
ramalinae, Compsothlypis ameri¬ 
cana, 524-528 </p>

<p>Ranges of birds in Louisiana, 6 
Ravens, 386 </p>

<p>Recurvirostra americana, 273-275 
Recurvirostridae, 273-277 
Red back, 261 </p>

<p>crossbill, 713, 759 
crossbills, 694 
pop, 629 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
817 </p>

<p>
Red-backed sandpiper, 261-263, 
267, 271 </p>

<p>Red-bellied woodpecker, 367-369 
Redbird, 621 
summer, 618 </p>

<p>Red-breasted merganser, 144, 145, 
146-148 
nuthatch, 433 
sapsucker, 735 </p>

<p>Red-cockaded woodpecker, 379- 
380, 698 </p>

<p>Reddish egret, 56 
Red-eyed towhee, 639-641, 644 
vireo, 13, 15, 16, 18, 503, 506- 
509, 710 </p>

<p>Redhead, 21, 108, 125-127 
Red-headed woodpecker, 367, 370, 
371 </p>

<p>eastern, 369-372 </p>

<p>Redington, Paul Goodwin; Keep 
Marshlands for Wild Fowl 
(bibliog.), 746 </p>

<p>Red-legged black duck, 100-103, 
104 </p>

<p>Red-shafted flicker, 682 
Red-shouldered hawk, 168,169, </p>

<p>170, 183, 416 
Florida, 168, 169 
northern, 167- 
168 </p>

<p>Redstart, 570, 571 </p>

<p>American, 13, 16, 18, 569-572, 
573, 702, 744 
western, 572-573 
Redstarts, 570, 571, 572 
American, 572 </p>

<p>Red-tailed hawk, 148, 163, 165, 
166, 167, 168, 169, 
170 </p>

<p>eastern, 162 - 165 , 166, 
742 </p>

<p>Fuertes, 165-166 
western, 166 
Red-wing, 584 
Florida, 723 </p>

<p>
Red-winged blackbird, 583, 584, 
611, 719, 748 
eastern, 582-584 
giant, 587-588 
Gulf Coast, 584-587 
thick-billed, 588 
blackbirds, 574, 575, 586, 597, 
598, 606, 612, 734 
Reed, Chester Albert; North 
American Birds' Eggs (bib¬ 
liog.), 729 </p>

<p>Refuge, Bear River, 22 </p>

<p>Delta Migratory Bird, 23 
Lacassine Migratory Bird, 23 
Rockefeller Wild Life, 23 
Russell Sage Wild Life, 23 
Sabine Migratory Bird, 23 
State Wild Life, 22-23 
Upper Mississippi Wild Life, 
22 </p>

<p>Refuges, 22-23 
regalis, Buteo, 172 
regulus, Regulus, 483 
Regulus regulus satrapa, 481-483 
regulus satrapa, Regulus, 481-483 
Regulus satrapa satrapa, 481 
Reid, Savile Grey; Oates, Eugene 
William, and; Catalogue of 
the Collection of Birds’ Eggs 
in the British Museum (bib¬ 
liog.), 705 </p>

<p>Reitzell, John; and Stubbs, Barry; 
Lowery, Mrs. George Hines, 
Sr.; Lowery, George Hines, 
Sr.; Lowery, George Hines, 
Jr.; McCormack, Joe; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-fifth Christ¬ 
mas Census, Monroe La. 
(bibliog.), 754 </p>

<p>Rhynchodon peregrinus anatum, 
182-184 
Rice bird, 675 </p>

<p>Richards, Ruth; Bird Migration 
Memorandum No. 1 (bib¬ 
liog.), 767 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>818 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Richards, Ruth; Bird Migration 
Memorandum No. 2 (bib¬ 
liog.), 760 </p>

<p>Richmondena cardinalis magniro- 
stris, XI, 621-624, 702, 738, 
pi. 43, pi. 44 </p>

<p>Ridgway, Robert; The Birds of 
North and Middle America 
(bibliog.), 701 </p>

<p>Robert; Studies of the Ameri¬ 
can Falconidae, Monograph 
of the Polybori (bibliog.), </p>

<p>691 </p>

<p>Ridgway, Robert; Baird, Spencer 
Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas 
Mayo, and; A History of 
North American Birds, Land 
Birds (bibliog.), 690 
Robert; Baird, Spencer Fuller¬ 
ton; Brewer, Thomas Mayo, 
and; The Water Birds of 
North America (bibliog.), </p>

<p>692 </p>

<p>Ridgway grackle, 684-685 
ridgwayi, Quiscalus quiscula, 684- 
685, 696 </p>

<p>Ring-billed gull, 278, 281-283 
Ring-necked duck, XI, 127-129, 
pi. 20 </p>

<p>pheasant, 681 </p>

<p>Rio Grande meadowlark, 581 
riparia, Riparia riparia, 405, 407 
riparia maximiliani, Clivicola, 407 
Riparia, 405-407 
riparia, Riparia, 405, 407 
Riparia riparia maximiliani, 405- 
407 </p>

<p>riparia, 405, 407 </p>

<p>Roberts, Thomas Sadler; The Birds 
of Minnesota (bibliog.), 743 
Robertson, John McBrair; Some 
Returns of Banded Mallards 
(bibliog.), 736 </p>

<p>Robin, 244, 316, 388, 461, 462, 
464, 466, 496, 616, 618, 683 </p>

<p>
Robin, American, 460 
eastern, 460-463, 464 
southern, 463-465 
swamp, 639 
western, 683 
Robin snipe, 263 
Robins, 463, 464, 465, 746 
Rock dove, 314-315 
Rockefeller Wild Life Refuge, 23 
Roseate spoonbill, 81-85, 748 
spoonbills, 726 
tern, 295 </p>

<p>Rose-breasted grosbeak, 14, 624, 
688, 714 
Ross goose, 96 
rossi, Chen, 96, 711 
rossii, Exanthemops, 96 
rothschildi, Fregata magnificens, 
44-46 </p>

<p>Rouge, pape, 629 
Rough-legged hawk, American, </p>

<p>171-172 </p>

<p>ferruginous, 172 
Rough-winged swallow, 16, 18, 
408-409, 720 
Round-headed owl, 339 
Routes of migration of birds, 8 
Royal tern, 300-303, 304, 305, 
306, 310 </p>

<p>terns, 304, 305, 307 
ruber, Phoenicopterus, 85 
rubescens, Anthus spinoletta, 485- 
488 </p>

<p>Rubicola, 232 </p>

<p>Rubicola minor, 229-232 </p>

<p>rubida, Erismatura jamaicensis, </p>

<p>140-142 </p>

<p>rubiginosa, Dendroica aestiva, </p>

<p>531-532 </p>

<p>rubinus mexicanus, Pyrocephalus, </p>

<p>401 </p>

<p>rubra, Guara, 81 </p>

<p>Piranga rubra, XII, 618-621, 
pi. 41 </p>

<p>rubra rubra, Piranga, XII, 618- 
621, pi. 41 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
819 </p>

<p>
rubripes, Anas rubripes, 100-103 
rubripes rubripes, Anas, 100-103 
tristis, Anas, 103-104 
Ruby-crowned kinglet, 14, 483, 
717 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 17, </p>

<p>483-485 </p>

<p>Ruby-throated hummingbird, 12, 
14, 15, 17, 353-356, 479, 729 
Ruddy duck, 21, 140-142 
turnstone, 227-229 
rufa, Toxostoma rufa, 456-459 
rufa longicauda, Toxostoma, 459- 
460 </p>

<p>rufa, Toxostoma, 456-459 
rufescens, Dichromanassa rufe- 
scens, 56 </p>

<p>rufescens rufescens, Dichroma¬ 
nassa, 56 </p>

<p>ruficapilla, Vermivora ruficapilla, </p>

<p>524 </p>

<p>ruficapilla ruficapilla, Vermivora, </p>

<p>524 </p>

<p>ruficollis, Hydranassa tricolor, XI, 
56-59, pi. 12 </p>

<p>ruficollis serripennis, Stelgido- 
pteryx, 408-409 
Rufous hummingbird, 356-357 
rufum, Toxostoma, 456 
rufus, Calidris canutus, 253-254 
Selasphorus, 356-357 
Russell Sage Wild Life Refuge, 23 
rustica, Hirundo, 412 </p>

<p>rustica erythrogastris, Hirundo, </p>

<p>410-412 </p>

<p>Rusty blackbird, 14, 596-597, 726 
blackbirds, 597, 598 
ruticilla, Setophaga ruticilla, 569- 
572 </p>

<p>ruticilla ruticilla, Setophaga, 569- 
572 </p>

<p>tricolora, Setophaga, 572-573 
Rynchopidae, 311-314 </p>

<p>Rynchops nigra nigra, XII, 311- 
314, pi. 31 </p>

<p>
S </p>

<p>s. johannis, Buteo lagopus, 171- 
172 </p>

<p>Sabine Migratory Bird Refuge, 23 
Sage thrasher, 460 
thrush, 732 </p>

<p>sakhalina, Pelidna alpina, 261-263 
salicicola, Hylocichla fuscescens, </p>

<p>474-475 </p>

<p>Salt water duck, 113 </p>

<p>marsh hen, 200 
Sanctuaries, bird, 22-23 
Sanctuaries in Louisiana, bird, 
22-23 </p>

<p>Sanctuary, Rainey Wild Life, 23 
Sand martin, 406 
swallow, 406 
Sanderling, 271-273 
Sandhill crane, 21, 195-196, 693 </p>

<p>Sandpiper, 239, 258, 260, 263, </p>

<p>264 </p>

<p>Baird, 258-259 
Bartramian, 239 
Bonaparte, 257 
buff-breasted, 270 
eastern solitary, 243-245 
European green, 244 
least, 259-261, 267 
pectoral, 254-257, 258, 261 
red-backed, 261-263, 267, 271 
semipalmated, 259, 267-269 
spotted, 241-243, 244 
stilt, 266-267 
western, 267, 269-270 
western solitary, 245 
white-rumped, 257-258 
Sandpipers, 159, 217, 226, 241, 
242, 254, 255, 257, 268, 259, 
267 </p>

<p>western, 267 </p>

<p>sandvicensis acuflavidus, Thalas- 
seus, 303-305 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>820 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
sandwichensis anthinus, Passer- 
cuius, 647 </p>

<p>oblitus, Passerculus, 647-648, 
760 </p>

<p>savanna, Passerculus, 644-647 
Sanford, Leonard Cutler; Bishop, 
Louis Bennett; and Van 
Dyke, Theodore Strong; The 
Water-fowl Family (bib- 
liog.), 702 
Sapsucker, 372 
big, 376 
little, 377 </p>

<p>northern yellow-bellied, 372- 
374 </p>

<p>3d-breasted, 736 
southern yellow-bellied, 372 
yellow-bellied, 13, 14, 376, 736 
Sapsuckers, yellow-bellied, 373 
satrapa, Regulus satrapa, 481 
regulus, 481-483 
satrapa satrapa, Regulus, 481 
saturatus, Rallus longirostris, 200- 
202 </p>

<p>savanna, Passerculus sandwichen¬ 
sis, 644-647 </p>

<p>Savannah sparrow, 647, 648, 667, 
760 </p>

<p>Churchill, 647-648, 
760 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 644-647, 
712 </p>

<p>northwestern, 647 
savannarum australis, Ammodra- 
mus, 648 </p>

<p>bimaculatus, Ammodramus, </p>

<p>648 </p>

<p>perpallidus, Ammodramus, 
648-650 
Sawbill, 146 
Sawbill diver, 142 
Saw-whet owl, 343 
Saxicola oenanthe, 696 
Sayornis phoebe, 391-394, 732 
Scardafella inca inca, 322 </p>

<p>
Scarlet ibis, 81 </p>

<p>tanager, XII, 13, 16, 16, 18, 
616-617, 618, 721, pi. 42 
Scaup, lesser, 120, 134 
Scaup duck, American greater, </p>

<p>132- 133 </p>

<p>lesser, 127, 128, 132, </p>

<p>133- 135, 762 
ducks, greater, 132 </p>

<p>Scavengers, bird, 149 
Schidler, Eiler Lehn; Danmarks 
Fugle (bibliog.), 730 
Scissor-tail, 386 </p>

<p>Scissor-tailed flycatcher, 12, 386- 
387, 707 </p>

<p>scolopaceus, Limnodromus griseus, 
265-266, 744 
Scolopacidae, 229-273 
Scolopax minor, 232 
Scoter, American, 139 
surf, 139 </p>

<p>white-winged, 139, 729 
Screech owl, 334 </p>

<p>eastern, 333 
Florida, 331-334 
southern, 682 
ovjls, 333, 340, 682 
Sea bird, 707 </p>

<p>birds, 7, 724, 733, 737 
gull, 277, 281 
swallow, 291, 293 
Seaside sparrow, Howell, XI, 654, 
685, pi. 45 
Louisiana, 654-656, </p>

<p>685 </p>

<p>MacGillivray, 685 
sparrows, 724 
Howell, 740 </p>

<p>Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, 
550-553 </p>

<p>motacilla, 554-555 
noveboracensis notabilis, 553- 
554 </p>

<p>noveboracensis, 684 
Selasphorus rufus, 356-357 
selbii, Muscicapa, 568 </p>

<p>
Go 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
821 </p>

<p>
Semipalmated plover, 217-219 
sandpiper, 259, 267-269 
semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus se- 
mipalmatus, XII, 245-248, 
pi. 25 </p>

<p>Charadrius, 217-219 
semipalmatus inornatus, Catoptro¬ 
phorus, 248-249 </p>

<p>. semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 
XII, 245-248, pi. 25 
Sennett nighthawk, 350 
white-tailed hawk, 172 
sennetti, Chordeiles minor, 350 
Sentinel birds, 130 
septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 
148-152, 744 
serrator, Mergus, 146 </p>

<p>Mergus serrator, 146-148 
serrator serrator, Mergus, 146-148 
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx rufi- 
collis, 408-409 </p>

<p>Setochalcis vocifera voeifera, XII, 
345-347 </p>

<p>Setophaga ruticilla ruticilla, 569- 
572 </p>

<p>tricolora, 572-573 
Sharpe, Richard Bowdler; et al; 
Catalogue of the Birds in 
the British Museum (bib- 
liog.), 691 </p>

<p>Sharp-shinned hawk, 159-160, 161, 
170 </p>

<p>Sharp-tailed sparrow, 651, 652 
Acadian, 652 
Ontario, 652 
southern, 651-652 
Shearwater, 311 
Sheldrake, hooded, 142 
Shiras, George, Third; Wild Fowl 
and Animal Life of the Lou¬ 
isiana Marshes (bibliog.), 
754 </p>

<p>George, Third; Wild Life of 
the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts 
bibliog.), 743 
Shitepoke, 63 </p>

<p>
Shivering owl, 332 
Shorebird, 213, 220, 229 
Shorebirds, IX, 7, 21, 217, 218, 
219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 
229, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 
239, 242, 245, 249, 257, 261, 
262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 
271, 272, 273, 274, 312, 320, 
711, 713, 714, 782, 734, 736 
Short-billed marsh wren, 448-450 
Short-eared owl, XII, 343, pi. 3 / '- 
Shoveler, 119-122 
Shrike, 491, 493, 495, 728 </p>

<p>loggerhead, 491-494, 688, ' :8, 
741, 742 </p>

<p>migrant, 493, 494-495 
white-rumped, 495-496 
Shrikes, 8, 450, 491, 493, 494 
sialis, Sialia sialis, 475-478 
sialis sialis, Sialia, 475-478 
Sialia sialis sialis, 475-478 
silvestris, Meleagris gallopavo, 
193-194 </p>

<p>Singer Wild Life Preserve, 23 
Siskin, 636 </p>

<p>northern pine, 636 
pine, 699 
Siskins, pine, 699 
Sitka crossbill, 638-639, 759 
sitkensis, Loxia curvirostra, 638 
Sitta canadensis, 433 
carolinensis, 433, 719 
carolinensis atkinsi, 431, 433, 
683 </p>

<p>carolinensis, 431-433, 683 
cookei, 683 
pusilla pusilla, 433-434 
Sittidae, 431-434 
Skimmer, black, 307, 311- 314 
Skimmers, IX, 733, 752, 753 
black, XII, 296, 304, pi. 31 
Slate-colored junco, 14, 17, 662- 
663, 716 
snowbird, 662 
Sleepyhead, 140 </p>

<p>
L </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>822 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Smith, Earl R.; Grassy Island, 
Louisiana (bibliog.), 733 
Earl R.; Springtime in Dixie 
Land (bibliog.), 731 
smithsonianus, Larus argentatus, 
277-280, 691 
Smooth-billed ani, 328 
Snakebird, 41 
Snipe, 116, 233, 234 
English, 232, 263 
German, 263 
gray, 263 
quail, 263 
robin, 263 </p>

<p>Wilson, 17, 232-234, 263 
Snow bunting, eastern, 679 
geese, lesser, 751 
goose, 89, 748 
greater, 680 </p>

<p>lesser, 91-93, 94, 680, 730 
Snowbird, slate-colored, 662 
Snowy egret, XI, 43, 51, 52-55, 
58, 60, 61, 67, 80, 741, pi. 9 
egrets, XI, 50, 64, 55, 61, 78, 
pi. 10, pi. 11 
herons, 734 
owl, 336 
plover, 217 </p>

<p>Cuban, 216-217 </p>

<p>solitaria, Tringa solitaria, 243-245 
solitaria cinnamomea, Tringa, 245 
solitaria, Tringa, 243-245 
solitarius, Lanivireo solitarius, </p>

<p>505-506 </p>

<p>Vireo solitarius, 506 </p>

<p>solitarius solitarius, Lanivireo, 
505-506 
Vireo, 506 </p>

<p>Solitary sandpiper, eastern, 243- 
245 </p>

<p>western, 245 </p>

<p>Sonderegger, Victor Hugo; Oc¬ 
currence of the Wild Turkey 
in Louisiana (bibliog.), 743 </p>

<p>
Song bird, 460 </p>

<p>birds, 22, 170, 178, 183, 187, 
334, 344, 416, 417, 607, 718 
sparrow, 657, 662, 677, 678 
Dakota, 678-679 
eastern, 676-677 
Mississippi, 677-678 
sparrows, 678 </p>

<p>Sooty tern, eastern, 296, 745, 7.50 
Sora, 198, 203-205 
Sources of information regarding 
birds of Louisiana, 3-4 
Southern bald eagle, 175-177, 723, 
730 </p>

<p>blue jay, 419 
blue-winged teal, 681 
crested flycatcher, 388-390 
crow, 421-422, 423, 715 
downy woodpecker, 377-379 
flicker, 360-363 
hairy woodpecker, 375-377 
meadowlark, 577-581 
parula warbler, 524 
pileated woodpecker, 365-367, 
380 </p>

<p>robin, 463-465 
screech owl, 682 
sharp-tailed sparrow, 651-652 
teal, 724 </p>

<p>white-eyed vireo, 499-502 
yellow-bellied sapsucker, 372 
Sparrow 654, 655, 656, 661, 664, 
665, 675, 676 
Acadian sharp-tailed, 652 
Bachman, 660 </p>

<p>chipping, 521, 546, 664, 666 
Churchill Savannah, 647-648, 
760 </p>

<p>Dakota song, 678-679 
eastern chipping, 664-666 
field, 666-668 
fox, 17, 672-673 
grasshopper, 648 
lark, 659-660 </p>

<p>Savannah, 14, 644-647, 712 
song, 676-677 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
823 </p>

<p>
Sparrow, eastern swamp, 674-675 
tree, 663-664 
vesper, 14, 657-658, 711 
English, 497, 573-574, 695, </p>

<p>752 </p>

<p>golden-crowned, 669 
grasshopper, 13, 645, 710 
Harris, 668 </p>

<p>Howell seaside, XI, 654, 685, 
pi. 45 </p>

<p>Illinois, 660, 661 
Leconte, 650-651, 710 
Lincoln, 673 </p>

<p>Louisiana seaside, 654-656, </p>

<p>685 </p>

<p>MacGillivray seaside, 685 
Mississippi song, 677-678 
Nelson, 652, 653, 711 
northwestern Savannah, 647 
Ontario sharp-tailed, 652 
Savannah, 647, 648, 657, 760 
sharp-tailed, 651, 652 
song, 657, 662, 677, 678 
southern sharp-tailed, 651-652 
swamp, 715 
vesper, 657 
western field, 668 </p>

<p>grasshopper, 648-650 
Henslow, 651 
lark, 660 
swamp, 675-676 
vesper, 659 </p>

<p>white-crowned, 14, 16, 17, </p>

<p>669, 713 </p>

<p>white-throated, 14, 17, 670- 
672, 713 </p>

<p>yellow-winged, 648 
Sparrow hawk, 187, 188, 190 </p>

<p>eastern, 186-188, 189 
little, 187, 188, 189- 
190 </p>

<p>hawks, 190 </p>

<p>Sparrows, 184, 639, 644, 645, 657, 
662, 664, 670, 673, 710, 711, 
712, 713, 714, 715, 716 
field, 664 </p>

<p>
Sparrows, Howell seaside, 740 
seaside, 724 
song, 678 </p>

<p>sparveria, Cerchneis sparveria, </p>

<p>186-188 </p>

<p>sparveria paula, Cerchneis, 189- 
190, 701 </p>

<p>sparveria, Cerchneis, 186-188 
sparverius, Falco sparverius, 186 
sparverius paulus, Falco, 189 
sparverius, Falco, 186 
Spatula clypeata, 119-122 
Speckled belly, 89 
Speed of flight, 159, 161 </p>

<p>migration of birds, 9 
Speotyto cunicularia floridana, </p>

<p>338 </p>

<p>hypugaea, 336-338 
Sphyrapicus varius, 374 </p>

<p>varius atrothorax, 372-374 
varius, 372 
Spiketail, 140 </p>

<p>spinoletta rubescens, Anthus, 485- 
488 </p>

<p>Spinus pinus, 699 
pinus pinus, 636 
tristis tristis, 636-638 
Spirit duck, 136 
Spiza americana, 632-635 
Spizella arborea arborea, 663-664 
passerina passerina, 664-666 
pusilla arenacea, 668, 696 
pusilla, 666-668 
sponsa, Aix, 122-125 
Spoonbill, 82, 119 </p>

<p>roseate, 81-85, 748 
Spoonbills, IX 
roseate, 726 </p>

<p>Spotted sandpiper, 241-243, 244 
Sprague pipit, 488, 699 
spragueii, Anthus, 488, 697 
Sprig, 109 
Sprigtail, 109 </p>

<p>Spring migration in Louisiana, 
12-17 </p>

<p>spurius, Icterus, 588-592, 714 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>824 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
squatarola, Squatarola, 224 
Squatarola squatarola, 224- 
227 </p>

<p>Squatarola squatarola, 224 </p>

<p>squatarola squatarola, 
224-227 </p>

<p>Squinch owl, 332 
Stake driver, 71 </p>

<p>Starling, 496-498, 726, 730, 735, 
738 </p>

<p>European, 726, 730, 732, 734, 
735 </p>

<p>Starlings, 732, 757 
European, 788 
State bird of Louisiana, 33 
Wild Life Refuge, 22-23 
Steganopodes, 726 
Steganopus tricolor, 277 
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripen- 
nis, 408-409 </p>

<p>stellaris, Cistothorus, 448-450 
Sterna anaethetus melanoptera, 
682, 744 </p>

<p>antillarum antillarum, 296 
browni, 299 
dougallii dougallii, 295 
forsteri forsteri, 289, 290 
litoricola, 290-293 
fuscata fuscata, 296, 744 
havelli, 289, 290 
hirundo hirundo, 293-295 
Sternula albifrons, 299 </p>

<p>albifrons antillarum, XII, 296- 
299, pi. 29 
browni, 299-300 </p>

<p>Stewart, Paul Alva; Strabala, 
Lonu Balthasar, and; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-Second Christ¬ 
mas Census, Paradis, La. 
(bibliog.), 743 
Stilt, 276 </p>

<p>black-necked, XII, 275-277, pi. 
26, pi. 27 </p>

<p>Stilt sandpiper, 266-267 
stoddardi, Laterallus jamaicensis, </p>

<p>205-206 </p>

<p>
stolidus, Anous stolidus, 311 
stolidus stolidus, Anous, 311 
stonei, Quiscalus quiscula, 604- 
606, 684 
Stork, wood, 75 
Storks, IX </p>

<p>Strabala, Lonu Balthasar; and 
Stewart, Paul Alva; Bird- 
Lore’s Thirty-Second Christ¬ 
mas Census, Paradis, La. 
(bibliog.), 743 </p>

<p>Strecker, John Kern; Notes on 
Summer Birds of the North¬ 
western Parishes of Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 736 
streperus, Chaulelasmus, 106-107, 
717 </p>

<p>striata, Dendroica, 545 
strigatus, Chondestes grammacus, </p>

<p>660 </p>

<p>Strigidae, 331, 334 
Strigiformes, 329-343 
Striker, 294 
little, 297 
Strix georgica, 342 
varia alleni, 340, 342 
georgica, 340-342 
varia, 338-340 </p>

<p>Stubbs, Barry; Lowery, Mrs. 
George Hines, Sr.; Lowery, 
George Hines, Sr.; Lowery, 
George Hines, Jr.; McCor¬ 
mack, Joe; Reitzell, John, 
and; Bird-Lore’s Thirty- 
fifth Christmas Census, 
Monroe, La. (bibliog.), 754 
Sturnella magna argutula, 577-581 
hoopesi, 581 
magna, 577 
neglecta neglecta, 581 
Sturnidae, 496-498 
Stumus vulgaris vulgaris, 496- 
498 </p>

<p>subis, Progne subis, 413-415 
subis subis, Progne, 413-415 
subruficollis, Tryngites, 270 </p>

<p>
Gck 'gle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
825 - </p>

<p>
subvirgata, Ammospiza caudacuta, 
652 </p>

<p>Sula dactylatra dactylatra, 36 
leucogaster leucogaster, 37 
leucogastra leucogastra, 37 
sulcirostris, Crotophaga sulciros¬ 
tris, 328-329 </p>

<p>sulcirostris sulcirostris, Croto¬ 
phaga, 328-329 
Sulidae, 36-37 </p>

<p>sulphuratus derbianus, Pitangus, </p>

<p>388 </p>

<p>Summer duck, 122 
mallard, 104 
redbird, 618 </p>

<p>tanager, XII, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
618-621, 722, pi. 41 
yellowlegs, 251 
Surf scoter, 139 </p>

<p>Surface-feeding ducks, 113, 116, 
120, 126 </p>

<p>surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra, </p>

<p>308-310 </p>

<p>Surnia ulula caparoch, 336 
Swainson warbler, 516-518, 694, 
705 </p>

<p>swainsoni, Hylocichla ustulata, </p>

<p>470-472 </p>

<p>swainsonii, Limnothlypis, 516- 
518, 695 </p>

<p>Swallow, 156, 291, 408, 412 
American bank, 405-407 
bank, 407, 408 </p>

<p>barn, 12, 14, 410-412, 413, 722 
chimney, 351 
cliff, 720 </p>

<p>European bank, 407 
chimney, 412 </p>

<p>northern cliff, 14, 412-413 
rough-winged, 16, 18, 408-409, 
720 </p>

<p>sand, 406 
sea, 291, 293 </p>

<p>tree, XII, 13, 14, 402-405, 720, 
732, pi. 38 
white-bellied, 402 </p>

<p>
Swallows, 8, 370, 402, 403, 406, 
410, 411, 413, 414, 689, 720 
barn, 722 </p>

<p>Swallow-tailed kite, 155-157 
Swamp robin, 639 
sparrow, 715 </p>

<p>eastern, 674-675 
western, 675-676 
Swan, trumpeter, 85-86, 717 
whistling, 85 
Swans, IX, 705, 752 
Sweep, chimney, 361 
Swift, chimney, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17,. </p>

<p>351-353, 731 
Swifts, X, 182, 731 
chimney, 353 </p>

<p>Sycamore warbler, 16, 18, 541- 
543 </p>

<p>Sylvania mitrata, 698 
Sylvia childreni, 529 
domestica, 436 
Sylviidae, 478-485 </p>

<p>T </p>

<p>Taber, William Brewster, Jr.; The- 
Fall Migration of Mourning- 
Doves (bibliog.), 738 
tabida, Grus canadensis, 195-196 
Tachytriorchis albicaudatus hypo- 
spodius, 172 
Tanager, 620 
hepatic, 722 </p>

<p>Louisiana, 615, 699, 700, 721 
scarlet, XII, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
616-617, 618, 721, pi. 42 
summer, XII, 13, 16, 16, 18,. </p>

<p>618-621, 722, pi. 41 
western, 615 </p>

<p>Tanner, James Taylor; Bird-Lore’s- 
Thirty-eighth Christmas Cen¬ 
sus, Singer Tract, Madison 
Parish, La. (bibliog.), 760 
Tattler, 249 </p>

<p>Taverner, Percy Algernon; Tag¬ 
ging Migrants (bibliog.),. 
706 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>826 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Teacher bird, 650 
Teal, 113, 114 </p>

<p>blue-winged, 113, 114, 116- 
118, 681, 723, 724 
cinnamon, 119, 690, 700 
green-winged, 113-116, 728, 
767 </p>

<p>southern, 724 
southern blue-winged, 681 
Teals, blue-winged, 681 
Telltale, 249 
Telmatodytes, 702 
Telmatodytes palustris dissaeptus, 
444, 448 
iliacus, 447-448 
marianae, 445 
thryophilus, 445- 
447, 702 </p>

<p>Tennessee warbler, 15, 16, 18, 
522-523, 704 </p>

<p>tenuirostris, Charadrius alexandri- 
nus, 216-217 
nivosus, 216 </p>

<p>Tern, 287, 290, 294, 298, 301, 
303, 310, 709 
American least, 299 
Arctic, 8 
black, 308-310 
bridled, 682 
Brown, 299-300 
Cabot, 302, 303-305 
Caspian, XII, 303, 305-308, 
pi. 30 </p>

<p>common, 290, 293-295, 296 
eastern Forster, 289, 290-293 
sooty, 296, 745, 750 
European little, 299 
Forster, 289, 290 
gull-billed, 289 </p>

<p>least, XII, 296-299, 308, pi. 29 
marsh, 291 
noddy, 311 
roseate, 295 </p>

<p>royal, 300-303, 304, 305, 306, 
310 </p>

<p>western Forster, 289 </p>

<p>
Terns, IX, 31, 44, 277, 284, 291, 
293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 
301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 308, 
311, 312, 725, 733, 736, 749, 
752, 753 
Cabot, 301, 305 
Caspian, 296, 300, 301, 303, </p>

<p>304 </p>

<p>Forster, 290 
royal, 304, 305, 307 
Test, Louis Agassiz; Returns from 
Mourning Doves in Indiana 
(bibliog.), 747 
teter, Cathartes aura, 152 
Tetraonidae, 190-191 
Texas bird of paradise, 386 
horned lark, 402 
Thalasseus maximus maxim us, 
300-303 </p>

<p>sandvicensis acuflavidus, 303- </p>

<p>305 </p>

<p>Theo Terzia Game Preserve, 23 
Thick-billed red-w T inged blackbird, </p>

<p>588 </p>

<p>Thistle bird, 636 </p>

<p>Thompson, Benjamin Hunter; His¬ 
tory and Present Status of 
the Breeding Colonies of 
the White Pelican (Pele- 
canus erythrorhynchos) in 
the United States (bibliog.), 
747 </p>

<p>Thrasher, brown, 451, 456, 458, 
459, 460 </p>

<p>eastern brown, 456-459 
sage, 460 </p>

<p>western brown, 459-460 
Thraupidae, 615-621 
Threskiornithidae, 77-81 
Thrush, 466, 470 
Alma, 472 
Bicknell, 472-473 
brown, 456 </p>

<p>eastern hermit, 13, 14, 468-470 
golden-crowned, 550 
gray-cheeked, 12, 13, 473, 707 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
827 </p>

<p>
Thrush, hermit, 468, 469, 470, 
471, 707 </p>

<p>olive-backed, 12 , 470-472, 707 
sage, 732 
willow, 474-475 
wood, 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 456 , 465- 
468, 471 , 707 , 708 
Thrushes, 8 , 471 , 550 , 707 
Thryomanes, 699 , 725 
Thryomanes bewickii bewickii, 
440-441, 700 , 725 
thryophilus, Telmatodytes palus- 
tris, 445-447, 702 
Thryospiza maritima fisheri, 654- 
656, 685 , 700 , 701 , 
725 </p>

<p>howelli, XI, 654, 
685, pi. 45 
macgillivraii, 685 
Thryothorus ludovicianus ludo- 
vicianus, 441-444 
thula, Egretta thula, XI, 52-55, pi. 
9, pi. 10, pi. 11 </p>

<p>thula brewsteri, Egretta, 55-56 
thula, Egretta, XI, 52-55, pi. 9, 
pi. 10, pi. 11 
Thunder pumper, 71 
tigrina, Dendroica, 532-533 
Times of migration of birds, 7 
Tinnunculus columbarius bendirei, 
186 </p>

<p>columbarius, 184- 
186 </p>

<p>Titlark, Missouri, 697 
Titmice, 426 , 431 
Titmouse, 430 , 525 
tufted, 429-430 </p>

<p>Todd, Walter Edmond Clyde; 
Worthington, Willis Wood¬ 
ford, and; The Birds of the 
Choctawhatchee Bay Region 
of Florida (bibliog.), 731 
torquatus, Phasianus colchicus, </p>

<p>681 </p>

<p>Totanus flavipes, 251-253 
melanoleucus, 249-251 </p>

<p>
Towhee, 7, 640, 641, 644 </p>

<p>Alabama, 640 , 641, 642 , 644 , 
749 </p>

<p>New Orleans, 641-644 
red-eyed, 639-641, 644 
Towhees, 640 , 643 , 644 
Townsend, Charles Haskins; De¬ 
scriptions of a New Eagle 
from Alaska and a New 
Squirrel from Lower Cali¬ 
fornia (bibliog.), 699 
Toxostoma, 459 </p>

<p>Toxostoma rufa longicauda, 459- 
460 </p>

<p>rufa, 456-459 
rufum, 456 </p>

<p>traillii, Empidonax traillii, 396- 
397 </p>

<p>traillii brewsteri, Empidonax, 397, </p>

<p>682-683 </p>

<p>traillii, Empidonax, 396-397 
Tree duck, 123 </p>

<p>black-bellied, 680 
fulvous, 96-97 
sparrow, eastern, 663-664 
swallow, XII, 13, 14, 402-405, 
720, 732, pi. 38 </p>

<p>trichas, Geothlypis trichas, 558- 
561 </p>

<p>trichas brachidactyla, Geothlypis, </p>

<p>561 </p>

<p>ignota, Geothlypis, 562-563 
trichas, Geothlypis, 558-561 
typhicola, Geothlypis, 561 
tricolor, Steganopus, 277 
tricolor ruficollis, Hydranassa, </p>

<p>XI, 56-59, pi. 12 
tricolora, Motacilla, 573 </p>

<p>Setophaga ruticilla, 572-573 
Tringa solitaria cinnamomea, 245 
solitaria, 243-245 
tristis, Anas rubripes, 103-104 
Spinus tristis, 636-638 
tristis tristis, Spinus, 636-638 
Trochilidae, 353-357 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>828 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Troglodytes aedon, 486 
aedon aedon, 436 
parkmanii, 437 
domesticus baldwini, 437 
domesticus, 436 
parkmanii, 437-439 
troglodytes, Nannus, 440 
troglodytes hiemalis, Nannus, 439- 
440, 724 </p>

<p>Troglodytidae, 436-450 
Tropical Life-zone, 2 
Tropicbird, yellow-billed, 30-31 
Tropicbirds, IX 
Trumpeter swan, 85-86, 717 
Tryngites subruficollis, 270 
Tubinares, 726 
Tufted titmouse, 429-430 
Tule goose, 91 
Tumbler pigeon, 225 
Turdidae, 460-478 
Turdus migratorius achrusterus, 
463-465 </p>

<p>migratorius, 460-463, 
464 </p>

<p>propinquus, 683 
Turkey, 149 </p>

<p>eastern, 193-194, 716, 717 
wild, 716, 717, 718, 741, 743, 
751, 754 </p>

<p>Turkey buzzard, 148 </p>

<p>vulture, 149, 152, 153, 759 
eastern, 148-152, 154 
western, 152 
Turkeys, wild, 751, 754 
Turnstone, 228 
ruddy, 227-229 
Turnstones, 225 
Turtle dove, 315 
Tympanuchus attwateri, 697 
cupido americanus, 190 
attwateri, 190-191 
Types of country in Louisiana, 1-2 
typhicola, Geothlypis trichas, 561 
Tyrannidae, 382-401 </p>

<p>
tyrannus, Tyrannus, 382 </p>

<p>Tyrannus tyrannus, XII, 382- 
385, pi. 37 </p>

<p>Tyrannus tyrannus, 382 </p>

<p>tyrannus tyrannus, XII, 
382-385, pi. 37 
verticalis, 385-386 
Tyto alba pratincola, 329-331 
Tytonidae, 329-331 
tzitzihoa, Dafila acuta, XI, 109- 
113, pi. 19 </p>

<p>U </p>

<p>ulula caparoch, Surnia, 336 
unicinctus harrisi, Parabuteo, 172- 
173 </p>

<p>Upland game bird, 191 
plover, 21, 239-241, 716 
Upper Mississippi Wild Life 
Refuge, 22 </p>

<p>ustulata almae, Hylocichla, 472 
swainsoni, Hylocichla, 470-472 </p>

<p>V </p>

<p>valisineria, Aristonetta, 129-132 
Nyroca, 129 </p>

<p>Van Dyke, Theodore Strong; San¬ 
ford, Leonard Cutler; 
Bishop, Louis Bennett, and; 
The Waterfowl Family (bib- 
liog.), 702 </p>

<p>van Rossem, Adriaan Joseph; 
Howell, Arthur Holmes, and; 
A Study of the Red-winged 
Blackbirds of Southeastern 
United States (bibliog.), 734 
varia, Mniotilta, 511-513 
Strix varia, 338-340 
varia alleni, Strix, 340, 342 
georgica, Strix, 340-342 
varia, Strix, 338-340 
varius, Sphyrapicus, 374 
Sphyrapicus varius, 372 
varius atrothorax, Sphyrapicus, 
372-374 </p>

<p>varius, Sphyrapicus, 372 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
82 &amp; </p>

<p>
Veery, 13, 15, 473-474, 475, 707 
velox, Accipiter velox, 159-160 
velox velox, Accipiter, 159-160 
Vermilion flycatcher, 401, 754 
Vermivora bachmani, 695 
bachmanii, 521-522 
celata celata, 523-524 
chrysoptera, 519-520, 684 
lawrencei, 684 
leucobronchialis, 684, 696 
peregrina, 522-523 
pinus, 520-521, 684 
ruficapilla ruficapilla, 524 
vermivorus, Helmitheros, 518-519 
verticalis, Tyrannus, 385-386 
Vesper sparrow, 657 </p>

<p>eastern, 14, 657-658, 711 
western, 659 </p>

<p>villosus audubonii, Dryobates, 
375-377 </p>

<p>violacea, Nyctanassa violacea, 68- </p>

<p>70 </p>

<p>violacea violacea, Nyctanassa, 68- </p>

<p>70 </p>

<p>virens, Dendroica virens, 538 
Icteria virens, 564-566 
Myiochanes, 398-400 </p>

<p>virens virens, Dendroica, 538 
Icteria, 564-566 
waynei, Dendroica, 539 </p>

<p>Vireo, 500, 506, 508, 510 
Bell, 503 </p>

<p>blue-headed, 505-506 
eastern warbling, 13, 16, 18, </p>

<p>510-511 </p>

<p>northern white-eyed, 502-503 
Philadelphia, 15, 509-510, 710 
red-eyed, 13, 15, 16, 18, 503, 
506-509, 710 </p>

<p>southern white-eyed, 499-502 
warbling, 710 </p>

<p>white-eyed, 16, 18, 499, 500, 
502, 506, 507 </p>

<p>
Vireo, yellow-throated, 13, 15, 16,. </p>

<p>18, 503-505, 710 
Vireo bellii bellii, 503 
flavifrons, 503 
gilvus gilvus, 510 
griseus, 502 </p>

<p>griseus griseus, 499-502, 731 
maynardi, 502 
noveboracensis, 502-503 
olivaceus, 506 
philadelphicus, 509 
solitarius solitarius, 506 
Vireonidae, 499-511 
Vireos, 482, 483, 499, 504, 507, 
510, 710 </p>

<p>Vireosylva gilva gilva, 510-511 
olivacea, 506-509 
philadelphica, 509-510 
virescens, Butorides virescens, XI, 
63-65, pi. 14 
Empidonax, 394-396 
virescens virescens, Butorides, XI, 
63-65, pi. 14 
Virginia rail, 202 
virginianus, Bubo virginianus, 
334-336 </p>

<p>Colinus virginianus, 191-193 
virginianus virginianus, Bubo, 
334-336 </p>

<p>Colinus, 191-193 </p>

<p>vocifera, Setochalcis vocifera, XII, </p>

<p>345-347 </p>

<p>vocifera vocifera, Setochalcis, XII, </p>

<p>345-347 </p>

<p>vociferus, Antrostomus vociferus, 
XII, 345, pi. 36 
Oxyechus vociferus, XII, 220- 
222, pi. 24 </p>

<p>vociferus vociferus, Antrostomus, 
XII, 345, pi. 36 
Oxyechus, XII, 220- 
222, pi. 24 </p>

<p>vulgaris, Sturnus vulgaris, 496- 
498 </p>

<p>vulgaris vulgaris, Sturnus, 496- 
498 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>830 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Vulture, 149, 150, 153 
black, 152-155, 759 
eastern turkey, 148-152, 154 
turkey, 149, 152, 153, 759 
western turkey, 152 
Vultures, IX, 176, 744 
black, 149 </p>

<p>W </p>

<p>Wader, 246, 275 
Waders, 213, 224 
Walker, levee, 60 
Warbler, 512, 514, 520, 522, 527, 
538, 539, 540, 542, 543, 544, 
546, 547, 550, 551, 555, 557, 
658, 559, 564, 567, 568 
Alaska yellow, 531-532 
Bachman, 13, 516, 521-522, 
694, 695, 705 
bay-breasted, 16, 18, 544 
black-and-white, 13, 15, 511- 
513, 570, 704 </p>

<p>Blackburnian, 13, 15, 16, 18, 
540-541, 702 
black-polled, 534, 545 
black-throated blue, 533 </p>

<p>green, 15, 16, 18, 538, 539, 
703 </p>

<p>blue-winged, 13, 16, 18, 520- 
521, 684, 703 
Brewster, 684 
Canadian, 16, 18, 568-569 
Cape May, 532-533 
cerulean, 13, 539-540, 706 
chestnut-sided, 15, 16, 543, 
703 </p>

<p>Connecticut, 8, 558 
eastern yellow, 13, 16, 16, 18, 
528-530, 531 </p>

<p>golden-winged, 14, 15, 519- 
520, 684, 703 </p>

<p>hooded, 13, 15, 16, 18, 556, 
566-568, 698, 702 
Hoover, 537-538 
Kentucky, 13, 15, 16, 18, </p>

<p>555-557, 704 </p>

<p>
Warbler, Lawrence, 684 </p>

<p>magnolia, 13, 15, 16, 18, 532, </p>

<p>703 </p>

<p>mourning, 15, 558, 704 
myrtle, 17, 18, 533-537 
Nashville, 524 </p>

<p>Newfoundland yellow, 530-531 
northern parula, 528, 684 
pine, 546-548 
prairie, 16, 18, 548 
orange-crowned, 523-524 
palm, 549, 550 
parula, 526, 527, 705 
pine, 546 
prairie, 521, 740 
prothonotary, XII, 13, 15, 16, 
18, 513-516, 702, pi. 39 
southern parula, 524 
Swainson, 516-518, 694, 705 
sycamore, 16, 18, 541-543 
Tennessee, 15, 16, 18, 522-523, </p>

<p>704 </p>

<p>Wayne, 539 </p>

<p>western palm, 549, 550 
parula, 13, 16, 18, 524-528 
Wilson, 16, 18, 568 
worm-eating, 13, 15, 518-519, </p>

<p>705 </p>

<p>yellow, 7, 529, 570, 613, 703 
yellow palm, 549-550 
yellow-throated, 541 
Warblers, 7, 8, 511, 514, 516, 517, 
521, 624, 625, 528, 534, 546, 
652, 556, 564, 569, 702, 703, 
704, 705, 706, 707 
myrtle, 637 
yellow, 530 
Warbling vireo, 710 </p>

<p>eastern, 13, 16, 18, 
510-511 </p>

<p>Ward, Charles Willis; The Ward- 
Mcllhenny Wildfowl Refuge 
(bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>William Bethea; Owls on a 
Louisiana Highway (bib¬ 
liog.), 750 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
831 </p>

<p>
Ward heron, 46-49 
herons, 50 </p>

<p>wardi, Ardea herodias, 46-49 
Water bird, 1, 710 </p>

<p>birds, 22, 31, 41, 47, 49, 206, 
209, 211, 282, 689, 692, 701, 
722, 739 </p>

<p>marsh hen, fresh, 198 
salt, 200 </p>

<p>Waterfowl, 19, 20, 21, 22, 86, 120, 
136, 178, 211, 702, 711, 713, 
720, 721, 733, 735, 744, 746, 
750, 753, 759 </p>

<p>Waterthrush, 514, 517, 553, 554, 
684 </p>

<p>Grinnell, 553-554 
Louisiana, 13, 554-555, 705 
northern, 554, 684 
Waterthrushes, Louisiana, 555 
Waterturkey, 41-44 
Waterwitch, 28 
Wavy, 91 
Waxwing, 244 </p>

<p>cedar, 14, 488-491, 722 
Waxwings, 722 
Wayne warbler, 539 
waynei, Dendroica virens, 539 
Western brown thrasher, 459-460 
burrowing owl, 336-338 
dowitcher, 264 
field sparrow, 668 
Forster tern, 289 
grasshopper sparrow, 648-650 
Henslow sparrow, 651 
house wren, 437-439, 747 
lark sparrow, 660 
meadowlark, 581 
mourning dove, 318 
palm warbler, 549, 550 
parula warbler, 13, 16, 18, 
524-528 </p>

<p>pigeon hawk, 186, 756 
redstart, 572-573 
red-tailed hawk, 166 
robin, 683 </p>

<p>sandpiper, 267, 269-270 </p>

<p>
Western sandpipers, 267 
solitary sandpiper, 245 
swamp sparrow, 675-676 
tanager, 615 
turkey vulture, 152 
vesper sparrow, 659 
willet, 248-249 </p>

<p>Wetmore, Alexander; Grosvenor^ 
Gilbert, and, (Editors); The 
Book of Birds (bibliog.)r 
759 </p>

<p>Wheatear, Greenland, 478 
Whippoorwill, 344, 347 
eastern, XII, 345-347 
Whippoorwills, X 
Whistling plover, 225 
swan, 85 </p>

<p>White ibis, XI, 79-81, pi. 16 
pelican, 31-33, 34, 747 
White-bellied booby, 37 
swallow, 402 </p>

<p>White-breasted nuthatch, 433, 683 
White-crowned sparrow, 14, 16, 
17, 669, 713 </p>

<p>White-eyed vireo, 16, 18, 499, 500,. </p>

<p>502, 506, 507 
northern, 502-503 
southern, 499-502 
White-faced glossy ibis, 78, 79 
White-fronted geese, 90 </p>

<p>American, 91 
goose, 89, 91, 734 
American, 89-91, 730 
White-rumped sandpiper, 257-258 
shrike, 495-496 </p>

<p>White-tailed hawk, Sennett, 172 
kite, 155 </p>

<p>White-throated sparrow, 14, 17, </p>

<p>670-672, 713 </p>

<p>White-winged dove, eastern, 321 
scoter, 139, 729 </p>

<p>Whooping crane, 21, 194-195, 693,. 
737, 755, 756 
cranes, 195 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from ^ </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>832 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Widmann, Otto; Pine Siskin, Spi- 
nus pinus (bibliog.), 699 
Otto; A Visit to Audubon’s 
Birthplace (bibliog.), 701 
Wigeon, 107, 728 
American, 107 
European, 107 
Wild canary, 636 </p>

<p>fowl, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 320, 
689, 713, 714, 726, 729, 730, 
746, 749, 752, 754 
geese, 747 </p>

<p>Life Preserve, Singer, 23 
Refuge, Rockefeller, 23 
Russell Sage, 23 
State, 22-23 
Upper Mississippi, 22 
Sanctuary, Rainey, 23 
pigeons, 321 </p>

<p>turkey, 716, 717, 718, 741, 
743, 761, 754 
turkeys, 751, 764 
Willet, 248, 249 </p>

<p>eastern, XII, 245-248, pi. 25 
western, 248-249 
Willets, 248 </p>

<p>Williams, George Guion; The Re¬ 
port (bibliog.), 757, 758 
Willow thrush, 474-475 
Wilson, Alexander; American 
Ornithology, or the Natural 
History of the Birds of the 
U nited States (bibliog.), 
688 </p>

<p>Wilson, Thomas Bellerly; Dona¬ 
tions to Museum, August 
21, 1849 (bibliog.), 690 
Wilson petrel, 30, 717 
phalarope, 277 </p>

<p>plover, XI, 219-220, 221, pi. 
23 </p>

<p>snipe, 17, 232-234, 263 
warbler, 16, 18, 568 
wilsonia, Pagolla wilsonia, XI, 219- 
220, pi. 23 </p>

<p>
Wilsonia canadensis, 568-569 
citrina, 566-568 
pusilla pusilla, 568 
wilsonia wilsonia, Pagolla, XI, 
219-220, pi. 23 
wilsonianus, Asio, 342 
Asio otus, 342 </p>

<p>Winter wren, eastern, 439-440 
yellowlegs, 251 
Wood duck, 122-125 
ducks, 124 
ibis, 75-77, 85, 715 
owl, 339 
pewee, 398 </p>

<p>eastern, 16, 18, 398-400, 708 
stork, 75 </p>

<p>thrush, 12, 14, 16, 18, 456, 
465-468, 471, 707, 708 
Woodchuck, 365 </p>

<p>Woodcock, 230, 231, 232, 334, 
365, 728 </p>

<p>American, 229-232, 757 
Woodpecker, 137, 187, 367, 375, 
378, 380, 388, 427, 429, 432, 
476, 514, 693 
downy, 375, 377 
eastern red-headed, 369-372 
golden-winged, 360 
hairy, 375, 376, 377, 378 
ivory-billed, XI, 365, 380-382, 
696, 700, 728, 741, 748, 750, 
754, 758, pi. 1 
northern hairy, 375 
pileated, 365, 728 
red-bellied, 367-369 
red-cockaded, 379-380, 698 
red-headed, 367, 370, 371 
southern downy, 377-379 
hairy, 375-377 
pileated, 365-367, 380 
Woodpeckers, X, 159, 170, 360, 
365, 367, 369, 370, 372, 373, 
375, 377, 378, 431, 435, 
607, 718, 728, 735 
ivory-billed, 743, 764 
Woods, cock of the, 365 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>Index </p>

<p>
833 </p>

<p>
Worm-eating warbler, 13, 15, </p>

<p>518-519, 705 </p>

<p>Worthington, Willis Woodford; 
and Todd, Walter Edmond 
Clyde; The Birds of the 
Choctawhatchee Bay Region 
of Florida (bibliog.), 731 
Wraight, Mrs. Percival; Kopman, 
Henry Hazlitt, and; Bird- 
Lore’s Sixth Christmas Bird 
Census, New Orleans, La. 
(bibliog.), 706 
Wren, 439, 444 
Bewick, 440-441 
Carolina, 441-444, 556, 621, 
688, 696 </p>

<p>eastern house, 436 
winter, 439-440 
European, 440 </p>

<p>European golden-crested, 483 
house, 439, 445 
long-billed marsh, 445 
Louisiana marsh, 445-447, 448, 
449 </p>

<p>Marian marsh, 445 
marsh, 444, 447 
Massachusetts marsh, 444 
North American house, 750 
Ohio house, 437 
Prairie marsh, 447-448 
short-billed marsh, 448-450 
western house, 437-439, 747 
Wrens, 441, 699, 724 
house, 439 
marsh, 448 </p>

<p>Wright, Albert Hazen; Early Rec¬ 
ords of the Carolina Paro¬ 
quet (bibliog.), 714 
Albert Hazen; Early Records 
of the Wild Turkey (bib¬ 
liog.), 717, 718 
Albert Hazen; Other Early 
Records of the Passenger 
Pigeon (bibliog.), 713 </p>

<p>
Wright, Earl Grover; Bailey, 
Alfred Marshall, and; Birds 
of Southern Louisiana (bib¬ 
liog.), 738 </p>

<p>Earl Grover; and Bailey, 
Alfred Marshall; Two Spe¬ 
cies of Birds New to Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 740 </p>

<p>Wurzlow, E. C.; Sketches from 
Terrebonne Parish, Louisi¬ 
ana (bibliog.), 693 </p>

<p>X </p>

<p>xanthocephalus, Xanthocephalus, </p>

<p>581 </p>

<p>Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, </p>

<p>581 </p>

<p>Y </p>

<p>Yarrup, 360 </p>

<p>Yellow bird, 628 
hammer, 360 
palm warbler, 549-550 
rail, 205 </p>

<p>warbler, 7, 529, 570, 613, 703 
Alaska, 531-532 
eastern, 13, 15, 16, 18, 528- </p>

<p>530, 531 </p>

<p>Newfoundland, 530-531 
warblers, 530 </p>

<p>Yellow-bellied flycatcher, 394, 708 
sapsucker, 13, 14, 375, 735 
northern, 372-374 
southern, 372 
sapsuckers, 373 </p>

<p>Yellow-billed cuckoo, 15, 17, 325- 
327, 337 
tropicbird, 30-31 </p>

<p>Yellow-breasted chat, 13, 15, 16, 
18, 564-566, 702 </p>

<p>Yellow-crowned night heron, 58, 
61,67, 68-70, 
748 </p>

<p>herons, 745,755 </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>



<p>834 </p>

<p>
Bird Life of Louisiana </p>

<p>
Digitized by </p>

<p>
Yellow-headed blackbird, 581 
Yellowlegs, 221, 237, 273 
greater, 239, 249-251, 252 
lesser, 243, 249, 251-253 
summer, 251 
winter, 251 </p>

<p>Yellow-shafted flicker, 360, 682 
Yellowthroat, 560, 562 
Athens, 561 
Florida, 562-563 
Maryland, 16, 18, 558-561 
northern, 561 </p>

<p>Yellow-throated vireo, 13, 15, 16, 
18, 503-505, 710 </p>

<p>
Yellow-throated warbler, 541 
Yellow-winged sparrow, 648 
yucatanensis, Icterus gularis, 69 T </p>

<p>Z </p>

<p>Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 
XII, 315-318 
marginella, 318 </p>

<p>Zonotrichia albicollis, 670-672 
coronata, 669 </p>

<p>leucophrys leucophrys, 669 
querula, 668 </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Gck igle </p>

<p>
Original from </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN </p>





<p>Digitized by </p>

<p>
Google </p>

<p>
Origiral'frem, </p>

<p>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. , </p>





<p>• • </p>





















































<p>